OFFPRINT ORDER FORM for Computational Intelligence
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:1.10 MB
- 文档页数:27
网络与信息安全管理员理论(技师、高级技师)考试题与参考答案一、单选题(共60题,每题1分,共60分)1、在一个网络中,当拥有的网络地址容量不够多,或普通终端计算机没有必要分配静态IP 地址时,可以采用通过在计算机连接到网络时,每次为其临时在IP地址池中选择一个 IP 地址并分配的方式为()A、网络地址转换分配地址B、静态分配 IP 地址C、动态分配 IP 地址D、手动分配正确答案:C2、在访问因特网时为了防止Web页面中恶意代码对自己计算机的损害,可以采取的防范措施是()。
A、将要访问的Web站点按其可信度分配到浏览器的不同安全区域B、利用SSL访问Web站点C、在浏览器中安装数宇证书D、利用IP安全协议访问Web站点正确答案:A3、以下哪个不是访问控制列表所能辨认的信息()。
A、用户名B、IP 地址C、端口号D、协议号正确答案:A4、在OSI参考模型的各层次中,()的数据传送单位是报文。
A、网络层B、数据链路层C、物理层D、传输层正确答案:D5、以下( )不属于渗透测试。
A、白盒测试B、红盒测试C、灰盒测试D、黑盒测试正确答案:B6、网络安全技术可以分为主动防御技术和被动防御技术两大类,以下属于主动防技术的是()。
A、防火墙技术B、恶意代码扫描技术C、入侵检测技术D、蜜罐技术正确答案:D7、WPKI (无线公开密钥体系)是基于无网络环境的一套遵循既定标准的密钥及证书管理平台,该平台采用的加密算法是()。
A、SM4B、优化的RSA加密算法C、SM9D、优化的楠圆曲线加密算法正确答案:D8、传输层可以通过()标识不同的应用。
A、IP地址B、逻辑地址C、端口号D、物理地址正确答案:C9、以下哪项功能是VMware环境中共享存储的优势?()A、A.允许部署HA集群B、B.能够更有效地查看磁盘C、C.资能够更有效地备份数据D、D.允许通过一家供应商部署存正确答案:A10、美国计算机协会(ACM)宣布将2015年的ACM奖授予给Whitfield Diffic和Wartfield下面哪项工作是他们的贡献()。
Elsevier [Ltd (Ireland)] Address: JASR, Elsevier Editorial-ProductionAUTHOR(S) OFFPRINT AND INDIVIDUAL ISSUE ORDER FORM Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Brookvale Plaza, East Park, Shannon, Co. Clare, Ireland (Fax: +44 8707628797)Please fill in:Meeting:Session: Our reference: JASR (COSPAR)Dear Author,We have pleasure in informing you that it will be possible to order offprints of your contribution as well as copies of the journal issue. The offprints will be made available as soon as possible after publication of the issue. Please note that if you do not return this form you will automatically receive a free PDF file of your published article.Please complete the following:TITLE OF ARTICLE ________________________________________________________________________________ A UTHOR’S NAME ________________________________________________________________________________ (if more than one author please indicate name of first author)Copies of the issue containing your article can be ordered at a reduced rate of EURO 40.00 per issue (pro rata for multiple issues). If you would like to take advantage of this offer please indicate below the number of copies required and complete the payment section below. I would like to order ............... copy/copies of the issue containing my/our article.Authors who accept to pay the production costs for illustrations to be published in colour will automatically receive an additional 100 free offprints.Please supply me with:WITHOUT COVERSWITH COVERS SIGNATURE .......................................................................................... DATE ................................................COSPARJan07 FOR PUBLISHER’S USE ONLY Volume ________ Issue ________ Pages (from) _______ (to) ______Covers are available for additional charged offprints, at the rates shown above. Please indicate on the order form the quantity required, either with or without covers. We regret that mixed orders, i.e., with and without covers, are not possible.ELSEVIEROFFPRINT TERMS OF DELIVERY1.These terms apply only to authors of articles appearing in this journal.2.Offprints can be ordered by filling in the Author(s) Offprint and Individual Issue Order Form and returning it toElsevier at the address or fax number given on the form. Offprints will be supplied only if this form iscompleted and returned. Receipt of offprint orders is not acknowledged.3.If you do not pay by credit card, your order must be accompanied by an Institutional Purchase Order (ifavailable); the reference number of which must be specified on the Offprint Order Form.4.Only the corresponding author will receive an order form. It is essential that the offprint requirements of all theauthors of a paper are included on this order form, as reprints ordered after publication are charged at 50% extra.5.Offprint orders received after the issue has been printed are treated as repeat orders costing 50% extra.6.Prices are subject to change without prior notice.7.Cancellation or return of an order will not be accepted after printing of the journal has been finalized.8.Claims for missing or damaged offprints must be made within six months of the date of publication of the issuein which your article appears.9.Any correspondence in connection with offprints (after publication) must state the name of the journal, titleand name of the corresponding author; and should be directed to the Elsevier address on the order form.10.Customers in countries where VAT or Sales Tax is applicable will be charged for any tax due, and registerednumbers must be given on the order form. US Sales Tax or exemption numbers are also required whereapplicable.。
区块链和分布式记账技术面向智能合约的数据处理语言技术要求1 范围本文件给出了面向区块链智能合约数据处理的统一底层数据模型和数据处理语言要求。
本文件适用于指导区块链平台开发者在区块链平台上进行面向智能合约的便捷开发。
2 规范性引用文件本文件没有规范性引用文件。
3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1世界状态 world state用以描述在某一个时间点上,区块链系统内所有账户相关信息的完整视图。
注:“相关信息”包括账户活跃状态、账户持有人、账户余额等。
3.2当前世界状态 current world state当前时刻(区块链最新块高)的世界状态。
3.3历史世界状态 historical world state世界状态的所有历史版本。
注:同一个状态数据会有多个版本,按照块高顺序组织。
3.4数据表 data table保存区块链数据的网格虚拟表。
3.5系统表 system table区块链系统中原始的、不可更改的,用于保存区块数据的虚拟表。
3.6业务表 business table区块链系统中,与业务相关的、可通过智能合约进行读写操作的,用于保存区块数据的虚拟表。
4 缩略语下列缩略语适用于本文件。
BNF 巴科斯范式(Backus-Naur Form)DDL 数据定义语言(Data Definition Language)DLT 分布式记账技术(Distributed Ledger Technology)DML 数据操作语言(Data Manipulation Language)5 总体架构面向智能合约的数据处理过程包括,对区块链系统数据重新规范整理形成数据表,建立统一的数据模型,并根据统一的数据模型定义数据处理语言。
其中,数据处理语言包括数据定义语言和数据操作语言。
总体架构参见图1。
数据模型包括:a)区块数据,按照不同数据类型分别整理为区块表,交易表和回执表;b)状态数据,包括当前世界状态和历史世界状态。
C#利⽤word(模板)标签功能打印和form⾃带的打印功能利⽤word标签功能打印实现public void DocumentPrint(Request request){Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Application app = null;Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Document doc = null;object missing = System.Reflection.Missing.Value;object templateFile = @"D:\Downloads\试卷命题印刷流程单.doc";try{app = new Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.ApplicationClass();doc = app.Documents.Add(ref templateFile, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing);try{#region替换书签object markName = "书签名";Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Bookmark bm = doc.Bookmarks.get_Item(ref markName);...#endregion}catch{}//打印app.Visible = false;//doc.PrintPreview();//要预览必须先把app.Visible设置成truedoc.PrintOut(ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing);}catch (Exception exp){throw new Exception(exp.Message);}//销毁word进程finally{object saveChange = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.WdSaveOptions.wdDoNotSaveChanges;if (doc != null)doc.Close(ref saveChange, ref missing, ref missing);if (app != null)app.Quit(ref missing, ref missing, ref missing);}}利⽤form⾃带的打印功能public void DocumentPrint(PrintDocument docToPrint){//打印开始前docToPrint.BeginPrint += new PrintEventHandler(docToPrint_BeginPrint);//打印输出(过程)docToPrint.PrintPage += new PrintPageEventHandler(docToPrint_PrintPage);//打印结束docToPrint.EndPrint += new PrintEventHandler(docToPrint_EndPrint); PrintDocument docToPrint = new PrintDocument();PrintDialog pd = new PrintDialog();//string filepath = @"D:\Downloads\试卷命题印刷流程单.doc";//fs = new FileStream(filepath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);pd.Document = docToPrint;if (DialogResult.OK == pd.ShowDialog()) //如果确认,将会覆盖所有的打印参数设置{//页⾯设置对话框(可以不使⽤,其实PrintDialog对话框已提供页⾯设置)PageSetupDialog psd = new PageSetupDialog();psd.Document = docToPrint;if (DialogResult.OK == psd.ShowDialog()){//打印预览PrintPreviewDialog ppd = new PrintPreviewDialog();ppd.Document = docToPrint;if (DialogResult.OK == ppd.ShowDialog())docToPrint.Print(); //打印}}}private void docToPrint_BeginPrint(object sender, PrintEventArgs e){//也可以把⼀些打印的参数放在此处设置}private void docToPrint_PrintPage(object sender, PrintPageEventArgs e){//打印啥东东就在这写了Graphics g = e.Graphics;Brush b = new SolidBrush(Color.Black);Font titleFont = new Font("宋体", 16);string title ="";//这⾥是打印内容g.DrawString(title, titleFont, b, new PointF((e.PageBounds.Width - g.MeasureString(title, titleFont).Width) / 2, 20));//e.Cancel//获取或设置是否取消打印//e.HasMorePages //为true时,该函数执⾏完毕后还会重新执⾏⼀遍(可⽤于动态分页)}private void docToPrint_EndPrint(object sender, PrintEventArgs e){//打印结束后相关操作}两种⽅法都不是特别完美。
如何做好英文专利翻译Ⅰ.总则1. 专利说明书的中译,应特别注重"信"与"达"两大要求,即译文必须与原文内容完全相符,不得有任何出入或节略。
但中文必须通顺易读,使任何人不必参阅原文,即能了解中文内容。
2. 一件专利申请会包含「说明书摘要」、「摘要附图」、「权利要求书」、「说明书」及「说明书附图」,除摘要附图不需编页码外,其它个部分均需独立编页,亦即每一部份均需从「1」开始编页码(见附件一)。
3. PCT案件之摘要附图为首页之附图,CN案件本所则会另有指示,「摘要附图」不需加上页码,同时必须将「图X」之字样去除。
4. 在「说明书附图」中,请勿以「1/4」之页码编排而应在下方加阿拉伯数字自然排序,就如同「说明书」页码一样,但是附图中之「图1」,「图2」...则仍须保留。
5. 专利申请中的说明书应依以下各部分编译并写明各部分的标题(发明名称除外),每一部份之标题均需完全与下列标题完全相同:3.1 发明名称(Title)3.2 技术领域(Technical Field):要求保护的技术方案所属的技术领域;3.3 背景技术(Background Art):对要求保护的技术方案的理解、检索、审查有用的背景技术;3.4 发明内容(Contents of the invention):要求保护的技术方案所要解决的技术问题以及解决该技术问题所用的技术方案,及对照现有技术所得的有益效果;3.5 附图说明(Description of figures):各幅附图的简略说明;3.6 具体实施方式(Mode of Carrying out the Invention):要求保护的技术方案的优选方式得详细说明,其中可能包含实施例或对照附图的说明。
6. 书写规则:4.1 规格:用纸规格为297毫米×210毫米(A4);4.2 页边:译文的顶部(有标题的,从标题上沿至页边)应当留有25毫米空白;左侧应当留有25毫米空白;右侧应当留有15毫米空白,底部从页码下沿至页边应当留有15毫米空白;4.3 字体:应当使用宋体、仿宋体或者楷体,不应当使用草体及其它字体;4.4 字高:应当在3.5毫米至4.5毫米之间;行距应当在2.5毫米至3.5毫米之间。
技能认证EPC知识考试(习题卷1)说明:答案和解析在试卷最后第1部分:单项选择题,共38题,每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]哪些原因可能会导致PDP激活成功率下降?The following reason may cause the PDP activation success ratio to decrease: ( ).A)GGSN内部故障GGSN internal faultB)IP地址池资源耗尽Resource exhaustion of the IP address poolC)OCS故障OCS faultD)以上都是All of the above2.[单选题]观察到机框风扇的告警,网管OMM需要连接 ( )。
A)OMPB)CMMC)CDMD)GSWU3.[单选题]在配置SGSN数据的时候, 本局移动数据配置中的SGSN信令IP地址, 应该配置成为()。
A)SGSN GTP-C地址B)SGSN GTP-U地址C)GGSN GTP-C地址D)GGSN GTP-U地址4.[单选题]在uMAC-MME中,内置OMM的上电方式为:A)Fast modeB)Bios hard diskC)Os setupD)Bios USB5.[单选题]非签约PCC用户,在进行PCC功能部署时,在SPR中逐步放号,对还未签约的接入用户,PCRF将在用户会话创建时,给PCEF回特定的响应Result-Code结果码为()。
For non-subscribed PCC users, when the PCC function is deployed, the system gradually allocates numbers in SPR. For accessed users that are not subscribed yet, when PCRF creates a session for the user, the Result-Code in the response returned to PCEF is ( ).A)1812B)1813C)5030D)50316.[单选题]在执行升级退出后,直到查询计费服务器状态为()状态时,才说明升级退出执行完毕。
f-MRP 主要用語Purchaseing 用語CPO C utomer P rchase O rder顧客注文書Description品目/型番PSI P roduction S ales I nventory生産数 販売数 在庫数Unit Price単価WPS W ork in P rocess S chedule投入生産計画Amount合価WIP W ork I n P rocess生産仕掛Payment Terms支払条件MPS M aster P roduct S chedule基準生産計画Partial Shipment分納 可/否MRP M eterial R equirement P lanning所要量計算Shipment By輸送方法BOM B ill o f M aterial製品構成Place of delivery引渡場所F/G F nish G oods完成品Port of Entry入港地R/M R ow M aterials原材料Freight運賃P/O P rchase O rder購買注文Insurance保険A/P A ccounting P ayrable買掛金Warranty Period保障期間A/R A ccounting R eceveble売掛金Title and Risk危険負担W/H W are H ouse倉庫Inspection検査QTY Quantity数量Assignment譲渡FCST Forecast予測T/T Telegraphic Trasfer支払換金条件Production ticket生産指示表B/C Bill for Collection代金立替手形Picking List出庫指示表A/B Air Waibill貨物受け取り状TAG現品票B/L Bill of Lading引渡し書Release释放P/O Purchase Order注文書On the Way輸送途中AMS After Manthly Statement月閉め支払いOutstanding注残On Hand On Hand stock現在庫International Commers Tearms Pull Inn前倒しEXW Ex Works工場渡しPush out後倒しFCA Free Carrier輸送人渡しCut Off Cut off or Close閉めFOB Free on Board本船渡しCFR Cost and Freight運賃込み条件ETA Estimatimate Arrived到着予定CIF Cost Insurance Freight運賃保険料込みETD Estimatimate Departure出発予定COD Cash on delivery現金配送RMA Retuen Material Athrise原材料返却承認Production生産Sales営業Purchase購買Account経理Inventory在庫Stock在庫Customer顧客Material原材料。
International versenden –eine Anleitung zur Erstellung Ihrer HandelsrechnungenUnsere Zollexpertise und die Logistik von UPS helfen Ihnen, Ihren Export zu meisternDas Ausfüllen von Ausfuhrdokumenten kann einem wie eine echte Herausforderung vorkommen, wenn man noch nicht damit vertraut ist. Die Handelsrechnung (oder ProformaRechnung) ist das üblichste Zolldokument, das Ihnen begegnet, wenn Sie etwas aus der EU in NichtEUStaaten verschicken. Falsche Angaben sind die häufigste Ursache für Verzögerungen im Zoll.Es ist also wichtig, dass Sie die Handelsrechnung richtig ausfüllen.UPS ist stolz auf seinen Ruf einer schnellen, effizienten Zollabfertigung. Deshalb haben wir diese Anleitung geschrieben, um Ihnen zu helfen, Verzögerungen zu vermeiden. Sie unterteilt das Dokument in leichtverständliche Abschnitte. Die beiden Hauptbereiche, die Sie beachten müssen, sind:WarenbeschreibungWarenwertMachen Sie in der Erklärung immer möglichst genaue Angaben. Geben Sie alles an, was Sie über die Waren wissen, die exportiert werden sollen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Ihr Dokument deutlich den Grund für den Export benennt.Machen Sie sich keine Sorgen, wenn Sie einige Informationen nicht zur Hand haben, wie zum Beispiel den harmonisierten Tarifcode. Mit der Wahl von UPS erhalten Sie einen kostenlosen Zollabfertigungsservice*, was bedeutet, dass wir uns für Sie darum kümmern.Arbeiten Sie diese Anleitung durch und lesen Sie einige Tipps von unseren besten Zollexperten bei UPS.* Der UPS Zollabfertigungsservice wird ohne Zusatzkosten für gewöhnliche Zollabfertigungen durchgeführt. Außerdem bieten wir MehrwertServiceleistungen und zusätzliche Serviceleistungen für die Verzollung gegen eine Gebühr an.1. Sie benötigen 3 KopienSie müssen Ihrer Sendung 3 Exemplare beilegen: Ein Original und mindestens zwei Kopien. Diese müssen auch unterschrieben sein. Außerdem empfehlen wir Ihnen, eine Kopie in Ihr Paket zu legen (oder eins Ihrer Pakete, wenn Sie mehrere versenden).Original Kopie 1Kopie 22. RechnungsdetailsFinden Sie heraus, wie Sie jeden Abschnitt Ihrer Rechnung Schritt für Schritt ausfüllen. Klicken Sie einfach auf jeden markierten Abschnitt der angezeigten Rechnung ODER lassen Sie sich mit einem Klick alle SchritteanzeigenBitte geben Sie alle Details an, wie die SteuerID (oder in der EU die Nummer zur Registrierung undIdentifizierung von Wirtschaftsbeteiligten (EORI)), Name der Kontaktperson, Adresse mit Postleitzahl undLand sowie Telefonnummer (sehr wichtig).DieKontrollnummer ist die Nummer auf dem Versandaufkleber (der automatisch generiert wird, wenn Sie einen Versand mit dem UPS Versandsystem erstellen). Wenn es mehr als ein Paket gibt, sollte es die Leitnummer oder die erste Kontrollnummer sein.Falls es eine Rechnungsnummer gibt, wird diese vom Versender eingetragen.Datum. Nicht notwendigerweise das Datum, an dem die Sendung an UPS übergeben wird. Es sollte das Datum sein, an dem die Transaktion gemäß den Unterlagen des Verkäufers stattgefunden hat. (Das Datum auf dem Versandaufkleber sollte dem Tag entsprechen, an dem die Sendung an UPS übergeben wird.)Tipp: Das korrekte Datum des Verkaufs/der Transaktion ist besonders wichtig, wenn die Waren mit einerGarantie erworben werden.Falls es eine Auftragsnummer gibt, wird diese vom Versender eingetragen.A.From >B.ShipmentDetails >KontrollnummerRechnungsnummerDatumAuftragsnummerDie Verkaufsbedingungen (Incoterm) beziehen sich auf die Abrechnungsbedingungen auf der Rechnung.Die Bedingungen geben an, wer (Verkäufer oder Käufer) für die Begleichung verschiedener Kosten –Versand, Versicherung, Einfuhrzölle und steuern – verantwortlich ist und klärt den Zeitpunkt, an dem dieWare den Eigentümer wechselt.Exportgrund.Zum Beispiel, ob die Sendung verkauft, verschenkt oder zur Reparatur etc. versendet wird.Bitte geben Sie alle Details an , wie die SteuerID (oder in der EU die Nummer zur Registrierung und Identifizierung von Wirtschaftsbeteiligten (EORI)), Name der Kontaktperson, Adresse mit Postleitzahl und Land sowie Telefonnummer (sehr wichtig).Bitte geben Sie alle Details an , wie die SteuerID (oder in der EU die Nummer zur Registrierung und Identifizierung von Wirtschaftsbeteiligten (EORI)), Name der Kontaktperson, Adresse mit Postleitzahl und Land sowie Telefonnummer.C.Ship to >D.Sold toInformation >E.PackageDetails >VerkaufsbedingungenGrundEinheiten bezieht sich auf die Warenmenge, also die Anzahl der einzelnen Artikel je beschriebenem Warentyp, der versendet wird.Maßeinheiten gibt an, ob die Einheiten Einzelartikel oder gebündelt oder auf einer Rolle etc. sind.Hier geben Sie eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Artikel an, die sich in dem Paket oder den Paketen befinden.Die Details der Beschreibung sollten Folgendes beinhalten:Artikel und BeschreibungMaterial VerwendungszweckIhre detaillierten Beschreibungen werden von der Zollabteilung im Bestimmungsland verwendet, um die Zölleund Steuern für die Wareneinfuhr einzuschätzen und zu erheben.Harmonisierte Tarifcodes . Falls vorhanden, geben Sie diese mit an, um bei der Abwicklung Ihrer Waren zuhelfen. Das internationale Klassifikationssystem (GPC) beschleunigt Exporte, reduziert Verzögerungen und vermeidet mögliche Zusatzkosten und gebühren.Tipp:Machen Sie sich keine Sorgen, wenn Sie die harmonisierten Tarifcodes für Ihre Sendung nicht kennen bzw. nicht alle. UPS hat ein Team von Zollexperten, das sich für Sie darum kümmert und sicherstellt, dass es beim Zoll keine Verzögerungen gibt.Ursprungsland . Das ist das Land, in dem die Artikel produziert oder zusammengesetzt wurden. Es ist NICHT das Land, aus dem sie verschickt werden. Wenn zum Beispiel Waren, die in Italien produziert wurden, ausden USA verschickt werden, ist das Ursprungsland Italien und nicht die USA.DerEinheitenwert ist der Wert der einzelnen Einheiten. Werden zum Beispiel 15 TShirts zu jeweils 10€verschickt, beträgt der Einheitenwert 10€.Der Gesamteinheitenwert ist der Wert aller Einheiten zusammen. Werden zum Beispiel 15 TShirts zu jeweils 10€ verschickt, beträgt der Gesamtwert 150€.Tipp: Geben Sie den Ihnen bekannten Wert möglichst genau an. Wenn Zollbeamte im Zielland Grund zur Annahme haben, dass die Wertangaben für Ihre Waren nicht korrekt sind, können sie das zum Anlass nehmen,eine Sendung zur weiteren Begutachtung zurückzuhalten. Es ist wichtig, zu wissen, dass alle Materialien auch einen Eigenwert haben. Wenn Sie zum Beispiel eine Produktprobe verschicken, sollte Ihre Werteinschätzung zumindest die Materialkosten abdecken, die zur Produktion notwendig waren.EinheitenMaßeinheitenWarenbeschreibungHarmonisierte TarifcodesUrsprungslandEinheitenwertGesamtwertF. Additional Comments (Zusatzkommentare)Fügen Sie weitere Informationen an, die nützlich sein könnten.G. Declaration statement, shipper and date (Deklarations-Anweisung, Versender und Datum)EineDeklarationsAnweisung könnte auf der Rechnung für Güter erforderlich sein, die einer Lizenz odereiner Lizenzausnahme bedürfen.Tipp:Bei Bedarf sollte der Zweck des Exports hier eingefügt werden, um sicherzustellen, dass Ihre Waren beider Zollabfertigung angemessen eingeschätzt werden – zum Beispiel wenn die Waren nicht verkauft werden,sondern in ein Land nur zeitweise zur Reparatur oder für eine Veranstaltung eingeführt werden.Setzen Sie hier Ihren Titel und Ihre Unterschrift ein.Das Datum, an dem Sie (der Versender) die Erklärung abgegeben haben.H. Final Cost / Value Information(Gesamtkosten/Wertangabe)Die GesamtRechnungsposition ist der Gesamtwert des Inhalts, ausgenommen der Verpackung, der zur Sendung gehört.Ermäßigung/Rabatt ist jeder Nachlass oder Rabatt, der von dem Versender gegeben wird.Rechnung Zwischensumme ist der Gesamtbetrag nach Abzug aller Ermäßigungen oder Rabatte.F.AdditionalComments >G.DeclarationStatement >H.Final cost/value Info >VersenderDatumGesamt-RechnungspositionErmäßigungRechnung ZwischensummeFracht© 2014 United Parcel Service of America, Inc. UPS, das Markenzeichen und die Farbe Braun sindeingetragene Marken United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.Fracht sind die Transportkosten für die Sendung.Versicherung ist der Betrag, den der Versender oder Empfänger zahlt, um die Kosten zum Ersatzabzudecken, falls die Sendung verloren geht oder beschädigt wird.Weiteres ist für weitere Kosten, die von dem Versender auf die Sendung aufgeschlagen werden, wie zum Beispiel Bearbeitungsgebühren.Der Gesamtrechnungsbetrag ist die Gesamtsumme nach Abzug aller Ermäßigungen und inklusive aller Zusatzkosten.Gesamtanzahl der Pakete ist die Anzahl der Pakete, die zur Sendung gehören.Das Gesamtgewicht (kg oder lbs) ist das Gewicht der Sendung inklusive Verpackung.Der Währungscode gibt an, in welcher Währung die Werte aufgelistet werden, zum Beispiel GBP, EUR, USDetc.VersicherungWeiteresGesamtrechnungsbetragGesamtanzahl der PaketeGesamtgewichtWährungscode。
Edgeport USB-to-serial converters offer instant I/O expansion for peripheral device connectivity. An out-of-the-box (external) alternative to PCI cards, Edgeport makes iteasy to add serial, USB or parallel ports to a PC, server or thin client in minutes – without opening the chassis, reconfiguring or rebooting the system. EdgeUSB technology, shipping with Edgeport since 1998, adds Plug-and-Play USB compatibility to Windows ®NT and Windows NT Embedded systems – an industry first.Edgeport is available in multiple configurations for maximum flexibility and scalability.Choose from compact form factors for space-prohibitive applications; single port “bump-in-the-cable” solutions for notebook expansion; software-selectable MEI(EIA-232/422/485 multi-electrical interface) versions to connect any type of serial device to one box; metal enclosures for rugged applications; and DB-9, DB-25 or RJ-45 connectors to meet cabling requirements. Accessories include Edgeport/E USB Ethernet adapter, rack mount kits, PCI to USB 1.1 card and USB cables.Feature-rich design, reliability and unmatched operating system support make Edgeport USB-to-serial converters ideal for any mission-critical enterprise application. Integrators and end users around the globe rely on Edgeport for peripheral device connectivity in retail stations, self check-out systems, emergency vehicles, kiosks, ATMs and more.Inside Out Networks, a Digi International company, is the leader in enterprise USB connectivity. Digi International, the leader inConnectware, makes device networking easy by developing products and technologies that are cost-effective and easy to use. With over 20 million ports shipped worldwide, Digi has been offering the highest levels of performance, flexibility, and quality since 1985.Product Data SheetOverviewEdgeport offers an easy out-of-the-box solution for I/O expansion and is available in a wide variety of configurations for maximum flexibility and scalability.Features/Benefits12 or 16 serial ports to a PC, thin client or server in minutes >Unmatched operating system support includes Windows NT 4.0, CE, 2000, XP and more >Multi-interface, softwareselectable MEI, USB PowerPlus , industrial, compact and metal versions >Lower total cost of ownership with external, user-installable solution >Ideal for point-of-sale, mobile computing, industrialautomation, medical and moreC V ou c h a r de rB a r -c o d e n e r Edgeport®USB-to-Serial Converters•USB 1.0 and 1.1 compatible;backwards compatibility for 2.0•USB-IF certified•Plug-and-Play•Baud rate:to 230Kbps per serialport simultaneously•Automatic port reacquisition•COM port assignmentsmaintained across reboots•Full hardware and softwareflow control•Tri-state LED displays devicestatus and COM port activity•No additional IRQ or memoryaddress requirements•Low power consumption•Rack mountable•Hot-swappable•One-meter USB cable included(unless otherwise specified)•Bulk packaging and customizedcabling options•Multiple versions available formaximum flexibility andscalabilityEdgeport Serial•One,two,four,eight,12 or16 EIA-232 serial ports•DB-9,DB-25,RJ-45 connectors•Versions with onboard USB hub(four ports)Edgeport Compact•Two versions with DB-9connectors-Two EIA-232 serial ports-Two EIA-232 serial,twoUSB ports•Captive two-meter cable forsecure connection in ruggedenvironments like mobilecomputing•Smaller form factor and lowercost per port than standardEdgeportEdgeport Industrial•One,two,four or eight serialports with DB-9 connectors•EIA-232,-422 and -422/485•Software selectableEIA-232/422/485 MEIEdgeport Metal•Two or four serial ports withDB-9 connectors•Aluminum chassis•Designed for rugged environmentslike emergency vehicles andrestaurant kitchens•Rack mount brackets for addedsecurityEdgeport Multi-Interface•Two versions with DB-9 connectors-Two EIA-232 serial;1 parallelprinter port-Four USB,two EIA-232 serial,1parallel printer port•Ideal for workstations orthin clientsEdgeport USB Plus•Four powered USB,two EIA-232serial ports with DB-9 connectors•Connect standard USB,poweredUSB and legacy serial devices toone box•Cable locking mechanisms ensuresecure connection forperipheral devices•Part of Digi’s USB Plus Series(visit Web site for moreinformation)Edgeport/E USB EthernetAdapter•USB to RJ-45•Add a PC or laptop to a 10/100Base-T Ethernet in minutes•Data transfer rates up to 10Mpbs•Bus-poweredF E A T U R E SFeatures/Specifications• Ambient temperature:32º F to 131º F (0º C to 55º C)• Relative humidity:0% to 95% (non-condensing)E N V I R O N M E N T A L•FCC Part 15,Class B•CE•EN55022•EN55024•EN60950•UL 1950•CSA 2.2 No.950•IEC-950R E G U L A T O R YA P P R O V A L S•External power supply notrequired for versions without USBports (USB-powered)•Versions with USB ports(Edgeport/421,416,412,42+)ship with plug-mounted powersupply:120/230VAC 60/50Hz at5Vdc @3Amps maxP O W E RR E Q U I R E M E N T S•Windows®XP,Windows XP Embedded•Windows NT®4.0,Windows NT Embedded•Windows CE•Windows 2000•Windows Me•Windows 98/SE•Windows 95•Windows Server™2003•Linux•Sun Solaris (SPARC)O P E R A T I N G S Y S T E M Sd ge por t/Ve r aR uNDimensionsEdgeport/E, 1, 1i,•Length: 3.15 in (8.0 cm)•Width: 1.75 in (4.4cm)•Height:0.80 in (2.03 cm)•Weight: 1.6 oz (45.36 g)Edgeport/2c, 22c•Length: 2.38 in (6.04 cm)•Width: 4.94 in (12.55cm)•Height: 1.0 in (2.54 cm)•Weight: 5.0 oz (141.75 g)Edgeport/2, 2i, 2+2i, 21,4, 4i, 4s MEI, 421, 8r•Length:4.35 in (11.05 cm)•Width:7.2 in (18.29cm)•Height: 1.03 in (2.61 cm)•Weight:10.0 oz (311.0 g)Edgeport/4/DB-25, 42+, 8, 8i•Length:4.35 in (11.05 cm)•Width:7.2 in (18.29cm)•Height: 1.75 in (4.45 cm)•Weight:16.0 oz (453.59 g)Edgeport/2m, 4m•Length: 4.35 in (11.05cm)•Width:7.2 in (18.29cm)•Height: 1.03 in (2.61 cm)•Weight:10.0 oz (311.0 g)Edgeport/412, 412/DB-25,416, 416/DB-25, 8/DB-25•Length: 5.0* in (12.7cm)•Width:17.0** in (43.118cm)•Height: 1.8 in (4.53 cm)•Weight:41.3 oz (1170.84 g)*8.63 in (21.92 cm) with optionalmounted power supply tray** 19.0 in (48.26 cm) withoptional rack mount earsr e di t Ca r dR ea de re c ei p tP r in t ero ne yD i sp en se re po si t or yApplications•Retail/Point-of-Sale•Mobile computing•Medical•Financial•Hospitality•Industrial AutomationModelNorth America International Edgeport Serial Edgeport/1 (1 serial DB-9)301-1001-11301-1001-11Edgeport/1 25-Unit Bulk Pack (25 ea.301-1001-11)301-1001-21301-1001-21 Edgeport/1 100-Bulk Pack (100 ea.301-1001-11)301-1001-22301-1001-22 Edgeport/1 Captive Cable (1 serial DB-9,attached 2m USB cable)301-1001-15301-1001-15Edgeport/2 (2 serial DB-9)301-1000-02301-1000-02Edgeport/4 (4 serial DB-9)301-1000-04301-1000-04Edgeport/4/DB-25 (4 serial DB-25)301-1016-01301-1016-01Edgeport/412 (4 USB,12 serial DB-9)301-1004-12301-2004-12Edgeport/412/DB-25 (4 USB,12 serial DB-25)301-1016-12301-2016-12Edgeport/416 (4 USB,16 serial DB-9)301-1000-10301-2000-10 Edgeport/416/DB-25 (4 USB,16 serial DB-9)301-1016-16301-2016-16Edgeport/8 (8 serial DB-9)301-1002-08301-1002-08Edgeport/8/DB-25 (8 serial DB-25)301-1016-08301-1016-08Edgeport/8r (8 serial RJ-45)301-1002-14301-1002-14Edgeport CompactEdgeport/2c (2 serial DB-9,captive 2m USB cable)301-1003-10301-1003-10Edgeport/22c (2 serial DB-9,2 USB,captive 2m USB cable)301-1003-30301-1003-30Edgeport IndustrialEdgeport/1i (1 EIA-422/485 serial DB-9)301-1001-31301-1001-31Edgeport/2i (2 EIA-422/485 serial DB-9)301-1000-12301-1000-12Edgeport/2+2i (2 EIA-232 serial,2 EIA-422 serial DB-9)301-1022-04301-1022-04Edgeport/4i (4 EIA-422 serial DB-9)301-1000-24301-1000-24Edgeport/8i (8 EIA-422 serial DB-9)301-1000-28301-1000-28 Edgeport/4s MEI (4 EIA-232/422/485 software selectable)301-1000-94301-1000-94Edgeport MetalEdgeport/2m (2 serial DB-9,metal chassis)301-1000-80301-1000-80Edgeport/4m (4 serial DB-9,metal chassis)301-1000-81301-1000-81Edgeport Multi-Interface Edgeport/21 (2 serial DB-9,1 parallel)301-1000-21301-1000-21Edgeport/421 (4 USB,2 serial DB-9,1 parallel)301-1004-21301-2004-21Edgeport USB PlusEdgeport/42+ (4 powered USB,2 serial DB-9)301-1001-42301-2001-42AccessoriesEdgeport/E (USB Ethernet adapter)301-1050-01301-1050-01USB 1.1 Upgrade Kit (PCI to USB 1.1 card)301-1101-01301-1101-011-Meter USB Cable (A to B USB cable,3.3 ft)301-9000-01301-9000-012-Meter USB Cable (A to B USB cable,6.6 ft)301-9000-07301-9000-073-Meter USB Cable (A to B USB cable,9.8 ft)301-9000-06301-9000-064-Meter USB Cable (A to B USB cable,13 ft)301-9000-10301-9000-105-Meter USB Cable (A to B USB cable,16.4 ft)301-9000-02301-9000-02USB Repeater/Extender Cable A to A extender,16.4 ft)301-9002-01301-9002-01USB to Parallel Printer Cable (1.8 m,6 ft)301-9006-01301-9006-01Rack Mount Kit (19”shelf)301-9001-01301-9001-01Small Shelf Mount Bracket (mounts Edgeport/4-sized boxes to wall or shelf)301-9003-01301-9003-01Large Shelf Mount Bracket (mounts Edgeport/8-sized boxes to wall or shelf)301-9004-01301-9004-01Serial ports are EIA-232 unless otherwise specified.Bulk packs include one copy of software and documentation with limited use reproduction license.M O D E L......................P A R T N U M B E R SFeatures/SpecificationsDigi Internationa l11001 Bren Road E.Minnetonka,MN 55343 USA PH:877-912-3444952-912-3444FX:952-912-4952Email:*************Digi Internationa l GmbH J oseph-von-Fraunhofer Str.23D-44227 Dortmund GermanyPH:+49-231-9747-0 FX:+49-231-9747-111www.digi.deDigi Internationa l (HK)LimitedSuite 1703-05,17/F.,K Wah Centre 191 Java RoadNorth Point,Hong Kong PH:+852-2833-1008FX:+Inside Out Networks7004 Bee Caves Road Building 3,Suite 200Austin,TX 78746 USA PH:512-306-0600FX:512-306-0694Email:*******************91001226A2/604© 2003-2004 Digi International, Inc.Digi, Digi International, the Digi logo, the Digi Connectware logo, Inside Out Networks, the Inside Out Networks logo, Edgeport, and Watchport are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Digi International, Inc. in the United States and other countries worldwide. Microsoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks, or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.D I G I SE R V I C EA N DS U P P O R TYou can purchase with confidence knowing that Digi is here to support you with expert technical support and a strong five-year warranty.Connectware ™®。
联东网上提单样本(ESI)提交功能介绍为适应MSC 新的提单样本(ESI)提交流程,联东网站已于近期开发了MSC 提单样本(ESI)提交功能,现将该功能的使用方法介绍如下:一、联东网上提单样本提交功能的总体流程介绍:二、关于浏览器设置:编辑提单样本推荐使用IE浏览器。
在IE浏览器的“工具”下拉菜单中选择“INTERNET选项”,“INTERNET选项”里点击“设置”按钮,WIN XP版的IE与WIN 7版的IE的INTERNET 选项菜单稍有不同,请注意选择左边有“删除”按钮的“设置”键即可。
点击“设置”键后会跳出“网站数据设置”窗口,在窗口中的四个选项中选择第一个“每次访问网页时”,在“使用的磁盘空间”的数值设置为936M,设置完成后全部按确定。
如下图所示:再次点击浏览器菜单的“工具”,选择兼容性视图设置在打开的窗口中将联东网站添加入兼容性视图网站。
二、具体使用功能介绍:图11、提单样本的编辑首先,您可以在“待编辑提单样本”页面,通过输入订舱号查询到所需要编辑的提单,将鼠标移动到提单号码上单击即可进入该提单的提单样本编辑界面。
提单样本的初始内容取自舱单数据(包括收发货人、品名、件毛体等内容),你可以对上述内容进行编辑,并增加MSC 提单样本需要的集装箱封号等数据。
TO ORDER 提单,在下拉框内选择特定TO ORDER 输入方式中的一种。
如果TO ORDER OF后跟公司或银行名称的,请在后面的收货人名称中输入公司或银行名称,地址、电话、传真、城市、ZIP 等按常规填写。
USE BL按键功能:如果您要出的提单上显示的SHIPPER 与舱单数据不完全一致时(比如您要求出的提单上要求不显示发货人的电话传真,您可以在编辑完整准确的舱单SHIPPER 信息之后,点击对应的“USE BL”按键(图1),在NAME ON BILL里相应位置会将原SHIPPER/CNEE/NOTIFY里的抬头地址及电话传真复制下来,若有要求不显示的信息请在NAME ON BILL的相关信息里删除电话传真(注意事项:点击USE BL后会在CONTACT ON BILL中显示出电话传真及EMAIL地址,但若需要特殊字母显示方式,如:TEL:12345678,PHONE:12345678,FAX:12345789,请在相应的号码前自行编辑相关字母。
Jennifer HenríquezProduction EditorJhenriquez@ Dear Contributor to Computational Intelligence:Following are page proofs for your article in the forthcoming issue of Computational Intelligence. Please check your page proofs carefully and answer the queries generated during copyediting. Please note that only copyeditor’s and typesetter’s errors are allowable corrections. Rewriting of material submitted will not be allowed.Your corrected proofs should be returned via express mail, fax or email to:Jennifer HenriquezBlackwell Publishing350 Main StreetMalden, MA 02148Phone: (781) 388-8342Fax: (781) 338-8342jhenriquez@PLEASE NOTE: It is important that you make every effort to return proofs within 72 hours of receipt to avoid any delay in publication. Rewriting of material submitted will not be allowed.Thank you!Jennifer350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-9933, USAPhone: +1 (781) 388-8200; Fax: +1 (781) 388-8259P.O. Box 805, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1HF, UKPhone: +44 (0) 1865 244083; Fax: +44 (0) 1865 381381Dear Contributor:Thank you for contributing to this journal. Together with the Editorial office, our mission is to ensure that this journal and your contribution to it are read and consulted by researchers, students, and professionals around the world.You can also receive the tables of contents from this journal e-mailed directly to your desktop. Uniquely flexible, our online alerting service allows you to choose exactly the information you need. For free updates on this and otherBlackwell titles, simply visit .Please help us ensure this journal reaches the widest audience by recommending that your library subscribe. Online access to almost all Blackwell journals is available to all members at subscribing institutions at no extra charge from the publisher. For details regarding our online journals program, visit /online/.Yours sincerely,The Management, Blackwell PublishingP.S. If you do not currently have a personal subscription to this journal, and would like to find out more about personal subscriptions, please visit our website at , or contact our Customer Service Department at either of the locations listed above.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Library Recommendation FormTo: Librarian / Library Acquisition Committee / _____________________________________________________________From:______________________________________________________________________________________________Department:_________________________________________________________________________________________Please include the journal: _________________________________ ISSN ______________________________________in your next serials review meeting with my recommendation to subscribe.This journal is published by Blackwell Publishing, P.O. Box 805, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1FH, UK; 350 Main Street,Malden, MA 02148-9933, USA. Phone: +44 (0) 1865 244083 (UK office); 800-835-6770 (toll-free in North America); +1 (781) 388-8200 (US office). Fax: +44 (0) 1865 381381 (UK office); +1 (781) 388-8232 (US office). Email:jnlinfo@The majority of Blackwell Publishing’s journals are available electronically. A library subscription to the print versionentitles members of the institution access to the electronic version. There is no extra charge from the publisher. For moreinformation on online access visit /online .I recommend the journal for the following reasons: (1 = very important; 2 = important)1 2 REFERENCE: I will refer to this journal frequently for new research articles related to my work.1 2 STUDENT READINGS: I will be referring my students to this journal regularly to assist their studies.1 2 BENEFIT FOR LIBRARY: My evaluation of the journal’s content and direction is very high. Its acquisition will add tothe library’s success in fulfilling department, faculty, and student needs.1 2 OWN AFFILIATION: I am a member of the journal’s Editorial Board. I therefore support it strongly and use it regularlyin my work. I will regularly recommend articles to colleagues and students.Signature:______________________________________________________________Date:________________________Computational Intelligence,V olume18,Number2,2002NEGOTIATING THE SEMANTICS OF AGENTCOMMUNICATION LANGUAGESC HRIS R EEDDepartment of Applied Computing,University of DundeeT IMOTHY J.N ORMANDepartment of Computing Science,University of AberdeenN ICHOLAS R.J ENNINGSDepartment of Electronics and Computer Science,University of Southampton This paper presents a formal framework and outlines a method that autonomous agents can use to negotiate the semantics of their communication language at run-time.Such an ability is needed in open multi-agent systems so that agents can ensure they understand the implications of the utterances that are being made and so that they can tailor the meaning of the primitives to bestfit their prevailing circumstances.To this end,the semantic space framework provides a systematic means of classifying the primitives along multiple relevant dimensions.This classification can then be used by the agents to structure their negotiation(or semanticfixing)process so that they converge to the mutually agreeable semantics that are necessary for coherent social interactions.Key words:agent communication languages,semantic space,semanticfixing.1.INTRODUCTIONInter-agent communication is the most common means by which autonomous agents cooperate,coordinate and negotiate.To this end,such agents are typically equipped with a particular agent communication language(ACL).This language defines the set of com-munication primitives(both syntax and semantics)that the agents can either generate or receive during their social exchanges.In systems in which there is a single authority that has complete control over the design and implementation of all the agents,achieving meaningful inter-operation is not overly problematic.However,when no such authority exists,which is the case for many of the applications for which agents are best suited(Jennings2000), effective communication is more difficult to achieve.To date,there have been two broad approaches to addressing this problem.Thefirst is to define a standard for agent communica-tion and then dictate that all the agents must adhere to it(examples of such standards include FIPA-ACL(FIPA2000)and KQML(Labrou and Finin1997)).The second is to assume there is no existing communication language and to allow the agents to generate one for themselves (e.g.,Steels and Kaplan1999).Both of these approaches have their respective drawbacks, however.In the former case,the need to be encompassing means that many of the primitives’definitions are not well suited to expressing the agent’s communication needs in the particu-lar situation in which itfinds itself.Also an agent has no means of checking at run-time the precise semantics being used by the agent with which it is communicating(it simply has to assume they are conforming to the standard).In the latter case,convergence to a set of usable primitives can be extremely slow and it is a process that must be repeated for each new agent that is encountered.To overcome both sets of shortcomings,we advocate a hybrid approach in which the agents dynamically negotiate the precise semantics of their communication primitives according to their prevailing needs using a systematic multi-dimensional frame-work.We term the framework the semantic space of the communication primitives(since it represents the range of possible semantics that the primitives may take)and the process of setting the semantics of the primitives as semanticfixing(since it involves negotiation about the meaning of the primitives and,eventually,an agreement about their meaning).C 2002Blackwell Publishing,250Main Street,Malden,MA02148,USA,and108Cowley Road,Oxford,OX4IJF,UK.230C OMPUTATIONAL I NTELLIGENCEThe motivating hypothesis behind this work is that there are no definitive(absolute)defi-nitions of agent communication primitives that are universally applicable.Thus,it is desirable for agents to have the ability to define and agree upon the semantics at run-time according to their prevailing interaction needs.Since the agents are autonomous,and typically represent different stake-holders,the process by which they come to an agreement will necessarily be some form of negotiation since the agreement must be one that is mutually acceptable (Jennings et al.2001;Walton and Krabbe1995).Without a systematic underpinning frame-work to guide this negotiation process,however,the cost of reaching such agreements would be prohibitively expensive.Against this background,the contribution of this work can be viewed as twofold.First, we introduce the notion of semantic space and provide a systematic framework for defining primitives within it.A semantic space provides a multi-dimensional structure within which all potential communication primitives can be located.Thus,rather than viewing communication primitives as being arranged in some rigid taxonomy whose semantics arefixed at design time, we explicitly acknowledge that(seemingly subtle)variations in the meaning of a primitive can make a significant difference to its efficacy in a given encounter.For this reason we believe these meanings should be decided at run-time so that they can be tailored to reflect the agent’s current context.In more detail,all ACL primitives can be thought of as identifying a single point or a region in semantic space,regardless of the tradition,scheme or library of which they form a part.The distribution of primitives in semantic space is not even but clumpy, with primitives occurring in clusters.Thus,for example,the commissive acts defined within the FIP A,KQML and KAoS specifications would lie close together in a region of semantic space(though would not be at exactly the same point—see section3for more details)and this cluster would be relatively distant from a cluster representing a selection of assertive acts such as FIP A’s inform and KQML’s tell—see section2for a more detailed discussion of these. The concept of semantic space extends the parsimonious approach of Hindriks et al.(2000), in which a small number of basic primitives can be composed to produce(epiphenomenally) a range of speech acts,such as are provided by KQML or FIPA.The approach advocated by Hindriks et al.will allow access,by composition,to a large portion of semantic space, but is inevitably unable to characterise the entire space.The approach would be unable,for example,to capture both KQML and FIP A variants of an inform.The second contribution of this work is that we outline a mechanism by which agents can use the semantic space framework to negotiate the meaning of their communication primitives according to the type of dialogue in which they are engaged.The method that we advocate for this semanticfixing is a simple voting mechanism.In particular,we motivate this choice from amongst the range of potential negotiation mechanisms,we describe the assumptions that are necessary for this approach to operate and we describe a specific operational protocol that is appropriate for this task.The remainder of this article is structured as follows.Section2uses probably the most familiar type of communicative act—the assertive—to illustrate the fundamental differences that exist between the specifications provided by existing agent communication languages. The examples used are based on three prominent,yet fundamentally different ACLs.Our purpose here is to highlight the fact that each definition,when viewed in isolation,appears reasonable;however it is impossible to say that any one of them is“correct”and that the others are“wrong.”Rather,each definition is suitable for agents interacting in different contexts.With this motivation,Section3presents an analysis of some of the key dimensions of semantic space with a focus on the types of move made in the establishment of contracts between agents.The reason for this focus is that the negotiation of contracts is of particular importance to both the current efforts in specifying agent communication languages and in the application of agent technology in general.In Section4,the issue of semanticfixing isN EGOTIATING THE S EMANTICS OF A GENT C OMMUNICATION L ANGUAGES231 discussed and the simple voting mechanism is detailed;an example of which is examined in Section5.Section6discusses the many issues raised by our approach and relates our work to that of others in thefield.Finally,Section7concludes the article and outlines the avenues of further work.2.EXAMPLE:ASSERTIVES IN SEMANTIC SPACETo provide an example of disparate primitives in a uniform semantic space,three closely related primitives are here characterised in terms of the FIP A SL—the Semantic Language used to specify the communicative acts of FIPA-ACL.The use of the FIPA SL is not crucial to the exposition,which could equally employ some other,possibly novel,language.The choice is expedient simply because the formalism is already available and familiar,and intuitive explanations of the modalities and abbreviations used in FIPA SL are given where necessary.The example adopted is that of the assertives:inform(FIPA2000),tell(Labrou and Finin1997)and INF(Smith et al.1998).For the sake of clarity,throughout the remainder of the article the definitions of primitives in these three ACLs are specified and discussed using a common set of terms to denote states(p,q,etc.),actions(a,a ,etc.)and agents (i,j,etc.).The full FIP A definition of inform is given in Definition1.Note that this includes compo-nents which are omitted from the FIPA summary,including the intentional effect—property4 (FIPA2000,p.49).In the case of inform,the intentional effect is the second“rational effect”(RE)given in Definition1:the recipient,j,believes that the sender,i,intends that j believe p.This definition(and Definitions2b and3b)also specify a set of“feasibility preconditions”(FPs)that state the circumstances in which,by performing the act,the rational effects may be established.1<i,inform(j,p)>(1)FP:B i p∧¬B i(Bif j p∨Uif j p)∧¬B i B j pn>1¬AB n,i,j B i pn>2¬AB n,i,j B j pRE:B j p∧B j I i B j ptell(i,j,p)(2a)Pre(i):bel(i,p)∧know(i,want(j,know(j,q)))Pre(j):intend(j,know(j,q))Post(i):know(i,know(j,bel(i,p)))Post(j):know(j,bel(i,p))<i,tell(j,p)>(2b)FP:B i p∧B i C j Bif j p∧I j Bif j pRE:B i B j B i p∧B j B i p1Modality B indicates belief and is a KD45modal operator(Chellas1980).Bif i p abbreviates B i p∨B i¬p.Uif i p abbre-viates U i p∨U i¬p,where U i p represents agent i being uncertain about the truth condition of p but that p is more likely than ¬p.AB n,i,j represents the belief of agent i about the belief of agent j etc.to a level of nesting n.Finally,I denotes intention, and I i p represents i’s commitment to satisfying p.232C OMPUTATIONAL I NTELLIGENCEThe closest equivalent —the primitive employed for assertive communication —in KQML is tell .The de finition,from (Labrou and Finin 1997),is given in De finition 2a,and a translation into the FIP A SL in De finition 2b.2The preconditions of sender,i ,and recipient,j ,in De finition 2a map onto the feasibility preconditions in De finition 2b.Similarly,the postconditions of sender,i ,and recipient,j ,in De finition 2a map onto the rational effects in De finition 2b —communicative act postconditions (in KQML)and the rational effect of a communicative act (in FIP A ACL)are equivalent notions.It is,however,important to point out that,to paraphrase the FIP A speci fication document (FIPA 2000,p.31),“[an]agent will select acts based on the relevance of the act ’s expected outcome or rational effect to its goals[,but]it cannot assume that the rational effect will necessarily result from sending the message.”This is,of course,true for any action that an agent may perform in a non-deterministic environment,even if it is,arguably,a more pervasive issue in agent communication.There are a number of comments and caveats regarding this translation of the KQML tell .It should be noted that the languages offered in the two works are signi ficantly different;there is not always a simple one-to-one translation between them.In particular,justi fication is required for this translation of bel and know .The bel operator is used when reference is being made to a sentence in the knowledge representation language of a particular agent,whereas know is used when reference is made to an abstract cognitive state.This is useful if it is important to make explicit the fact that agents may not share the same knowledge representation,but in this paper they are treated as equivalent.The know operator is also used to refer to some q in Pre (i )and Pre (j ).This q can be either bel (j ,p )or ¬bel (j ,p )and,because we make no distinction between know and bel ,know (j ,q )can simply be translated as Bif j p .The aim,however,is not to provide a rigorous inter-translation,but rather,to capture the spirit of the primitives and to investigate their differences at that abstract level.Given this aim,it is also instructive to examine the work of Cohen and Levesque (C&L)(1990)and Smith et al.(1998)on agent communication in the same way,despite the fact that their de finitions are in terms of denotational,rather than operational semantics.De finition 3a summarizes the de finition of inform used in the KAoS system (Smith et al.1998),3a FIPA SL translation is offered in De finition 3b.INF (i ,j ,e ,p )def =BEL (i ,¬BMB (j ,i ,p ))∧(3a)GOAL (i ,HAPPENS (i ,e ;✸BMB (j ,i ,p )?))∧INT (i ,e ;BMB (j ,i ,BEL (i ,p )))<i ,inf(j ,p )>(3b)FP:B i n >1¬AB n ,j ,i p∧C i Possible n >1AB n ,j ,i p∧I i n >1AB n ,j ,i B i pRE: n >1AB n ,j ,i p2C i p represents i ’s desire that pholds.3A different notation is used for the sake of consistency within this article;(Smith et al.1998)use a Lisp-like notation,e.g.(INF i j e p ).N EGOTIATING THE S EMANTICS OF A GENT C OMMUNICATION L ANGUAGES 233Again,there are several comments on the translation.Some aspects are reasonably straightforward:the use of an in finite conjunction for mutual belief is in direct accordance with Cohen and Levesque ’s Cohen and Levesque ’s (1990,p.232)de finition,and the HAPPENS operator can be captured reasonably well using SL ’s Feasible operator,upon which Possible is de fined as Possible (p )≡(∃a )Feasible (a ,p ).The most important liberty taken in this translation is to con flate Cohen and Levesque ’s notion of the ‘minimum acceptable result ’into the rational effect.Thus,in the example above,the minimum acceptable result is that the speaker and hearer mutually believe that the speaker believes the content of the utterance —i.e.,BMB (j ,i ,BEL (i ,p )).Because FIPA does not explicitly formalise any equivalent of an ‘attempt ’within its semantics,and cannot therefore distinguish between an ultimate goal and a minimum acceptable result,the rational effect is taken to be the satisfaction of the ultimate goal of the utterance.The intention to achieve the minimum acceptable result and the ulti-mate goal are included in the feasibility preconditions.Although BMB (j ,i ,BEL (i ,p ))is not a priori derivable from BMB (j ,i ,p ),the difference lies in ABEL (n ,j ,i ,BEL (i ,p ))for even values of n —i.e.B j B i Bi p ,B j B i B j B i B i p ,and so on,in our SL translation.Although thesedo not follow directly from n >1ABn ,j ,i p ,FIP A SL is a KD45logic,so they can be con-cluded by introspection.Thus the rational effect need include only the BMB (j ,i ,p )clause.In effect,for the purposes of investigating the character of the primitives,we are assuming that communication is reliable (fallibility handling would be captured on yet further axes of semantic space).Finally,Cohen and Levesque ’s GOAL operator needs to be translated as the FIPA SL Ci modality,because the selection of the primitive (by FIPA property 1)rests upon an extant intention of achievement of the rational effect.Thus a communicative act a with rational effect p ,is only selected if the agent holds Ii p ;therefore,including I i p as afeasibility precondition wouldbe vacuous.De finitions 1,2b,and 3b each purport to capture an assertive communicative act.Y et clearly,they differ from one another along many axes.The first,and perhaps most obvious,is that FIP A and KQML explicitly demand sincerity:B i p is a precondition in both de fini-tions.For Cohen and Levesque,no such requirement is imposed.Instead,they explain that sincerity may be derivable from agents ’mental states in particular circumstances,but is not ubiquitous.Pitt and Mamdani (2000)discuss a number of examples that mitigate against the blanket adoption of sincerity,but whichever point is selected on this particular binary dimension in semantic space,it is clearly crucial that agents involved have a common un-derstanding of it.A second dimension of difference between these three examples is what might be termed ‘level of success ’in the outcome.FIPA is perhaps the most optimistic,since it includes B j p —that the hearer does,in fact,believe the content of the inform.Next is the C&L act,which (if successful)leads to the speaker ’s belief that speaker and hearer mutually believe.Finally,the most pessimistic is KQML,which captures the hearer ’s be-lief that the speaker believes the content of the utterance (the hearer believes the speaker is sincere),and the speaker ’s belief that that is what the hearer believes (the speaker be-lieves the hearer will trust it).This dimension has many more points —from full,bilateral mutual belief,down to nothing more than very weak nested constructs,such as FIPA ’s inten-tional effect (the hearer recognises the speaker ’s intention to effect belief change).Crucially,each point along this scale seems reasonable in a given context —in tightly knit,reliable,trustworthy relationships,shifting to bilateral mutual belief with a single utterance might be highly cost effective.In contrast,a more loosely coupled,unreliable,possibly new re-lationship might demand greater caution in the conclusions to be drawn from an inform .Again,though,agents need to be aware of the precise nature of the inform that they are employing.This example,contrasting the different conceptions of assertives,illustrates how indi-vidual extant primitives lie at particular,individuatable points within the space of speech-act234C OMPUTATIONAL I NTELLIGENCEsemantics.This shows that,although one assertive may seem to be,intuitively,no different from any other,a deeper investigation may reveal subtle distinctions.Moreover,it is simply not possible to say which of these is“correct”and which are“wrong.”Given this,the fol-lowing section presents an analysis of three of the main dimensions of the semantic space of communicative acts.3.MAPPING SEMANTIC SPACEThe key argument of this paper is that the mapping of semantic space provides a means to systematically analyse inter-agent communication.To cover the range of possible com-munication primitives,this space needs to be highly multi-dimensional—the above analysis of assertives illustrates this—although not all of the dimensions will be relevant to all types of primitives.Our purpose,then,in this section is to focus on three of the dimensions and to focus on primitives that are concerned with making contracts.Our aim is not to exhaustively detail all the dimensions,nor to show how other types of communication primitive can map into the semantic space structure we propose(both these activities are worthy longer-term goals,but they fall beyond the scope of this article).It is worth noting at this point that we assume that there are no dependencies between the dimensions of semantic space(hence the use of the term dimension).Having said this, a number of theories of agency do rely on constraints between modalities such as belief and intention(Grosz and Kraus1996;Panzarasa et al.2001),but this is to do with the model of a particular agent rather than the model of communicative acts that agents use.It could be the case that the agent’s internal model precludes the use of a particular communicative act specification that exists within semantic space,but this doesn’t mean that semantic space should be restricted in this way.The dimensions we focus on refer to a single agent and a single proposition.Conversely, if an agent is not permitted to bring about p and some authority(possibly some other agent) permits it to do so,its freedom to act towards that proposition is increased.Such moves are especially critical during the negotiation of contracts between agents(Norman et al.1998).These commissive and permissive moves serve to decrease and increase the freedom of an agent towards some proposition respectively.For these reasons,two of the dimensions considered employ Lindahl’s jurisprudential analysis of normative positions(Lindahl1977) since it is the normative position of an agent that characterises its freedom towards a propo-sition.4Thefirst dimension characterises the preconditions in the semantics of a primitive, and the second is used to define its postconditions.The third dimension relates to belief and,as the discussion is restricted to changes in normative position,will appear only in the preconditions of a primitive.3.1.Normative PositionsIn this section we concentrate on thefirst two dimensions.These characterise how the normative position of a single agent changes as the result of a communicative act:the norma-tive position specified in the preconditions is replaced by that specified in the postconditions of the act.Lindahl’s model specifies seven distinct points on each ing the modality P to refer to permission and E i p to refer to agent i bringing about the state of affairs p,a 4For a more detailed analysis of normative positions and their uses in the specification of computing systems,see Sergot (1999).N EGOTIATING THE S EMANTICS OF A GENT C OMMUNICATION L ANGUAGES235F IGURE1.Hasse diagram representing Lindahl’s seven one-agent types of normative position for a single agent,i and a single proposition,p.A shaded top-left segment indicates that the agent,i is permitted to bring about the state of affairs,p:P E i p.A shaded top-right segment indicates that i is permitted to bring about¬p: P E i¬p.A shaded bottom segment indicates that i is permitted to remain passive towards the state of affairs p: P(¬E i p∨¬E i¬p).Unshaded segments indicate that i is not so permitted:i is forbidden.single normative position may be composed from a permutation of the following and their negation:1.permission to bring about p:P E i p;2.permission to bring about¬p:P E i¬p;or3.permission to remain passive towards p:P(¬E i p∨¬E i¬p).The logic of the E operator is one of successful action:it includes the axiom schema E i p→p and the rule of inference if p↔q then E i p↔E i q.Lindahl(1977),in fact, uses the notation Do(i,p)for E i p—the latter notation adopted here follows that used by Jones and Sergot(1996).P can be read“it is permitted that”and it is the dual of O,or“it is obligatory that”,i.e.O p≡¬P¬p.The logic of O contains the rule of inference if p then O p,and the axiom schemas O(p→q)→(O p→O q)and O p→¬O¬p.Again, Lindahl uses a different notation:Shall and May rather than O and P respectively.One possible legal position,T1,represents complete freedom(an agent is permitted to bring about p,to bring about¬p,or to do nothing to p at all),and another position,T5, represents a specific obligation(permitted to bring about p,but not permitted to bring about ¬p or to remain passive).The seven distinct types can be arranged as a partial ordering,shown in Figure1(reproduced from Lindahl(1977)),from complete freedom(at the bottom),to maximal restriction(at the top).The arcs in Figure1represent potential communicative actions.Moving from T1to T2, for example,represents a communicative exchange which decreases the freedom of i(from complete freedom towards p,to a restriction whereby i may not bring about¬p).There are thus nine legitimate primitive communicative actions that reduce an agent’s freedom (traversing arcs upwards),and nine more that increase its freedom(traversing downwards). This represents a subset of all those that are possible:a designer of an agent system may wish agents to be able to move from any one of the seven positions to any other in a single communication exchange.Thus the initial and resultant Lindahl states can be seen as distinct axes in semantic space,offering,in this plane,42possible primitives that effect a change in the normative position of the agent.This space,and the eighteen primitive moves mentioned, are shown in Figure2.。