专题七：合同和协议的翻译

Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。

它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。

L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essentialclauses/provisions）。

协议和合同书英文回答：Agreements and Contracts。

An agreement is a legally enforceable contract when it contains four elements:1. Offer: A proposal to enter into a contract.2. Acceptance: An agreement to the terms of the offer.3. Consideration: Something of value exchanged between the parties.4. Mutual Intent: Both parties must intend to be legally bound.Types of Agreements。

Express Contract: An agreement that is clearly stated in writing or orally.Implied Contract: An agreement that is implied by the conduct of the parties.Unilateral Contract: An agreement where one party makes an offer and the other party accepts by performing an act.Bilateral Contract: An agreement where both parties make promises to each other.Contracts。

A contract is a more formal type of agreement that creates legal obligations between the parties. In addition to the elements of an agreement, a contract must also be in writing and signed by both parties.Elements of a Contract。

合同翻译术语
合同翻译是一项需要高度专业知识和准确性的工作。

在合同翻译过程中，有许多术语需要准确翻译，以确保合同的合法性和有效性。

以下是一些常见的合同翻译术语范本，供参考：
1. 合同 Contract。

2. 条款 Clause。

3. 协议 Agreement。

4. 双方 Parties。

5. 法律适用 Governing Law。

6. 争议解决 Dispute Resolution。

7. 违约 Breach。

8. 保密协议 Confidentiality Agreement。

9. 赔偿 Indemnification。

10. 解除合同 Termination of Contract。

以上仅是一些合同翻译术语的范本，实际翻译过程中还需要根据具体合同内容和法律要求进行准确翻译。

如果您需要更多专业的合同翻译服务，欢迎咨询我们的专业合同范本专家团队。

合同,协议,契约的英语单词Contracts, Agreements, and Covenants: The Foundation of Business Relationships.In the realm of business and legal transactions, the terms "contract," "agreement," and "covenant" are often encountered. While these terms may seem interchangeable, they each carry distinct meanings and legal implications. Understanding the nuances of these terms is crucial for ensuring the smooth operation of business relationships and avoiding legal disputes.Contracts.A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. It outlines the rights and obligations of each party and is enforceable by law. Contracts are typically formed through an offer and acceptance process, where one party proposes terms, and another party agrees to those terms. Contracts can be explicit, such as writtendocuments signed by both parties, or implied, such as through the conduct of the parties.Contracts can cover a wide range of transactions, from simple purchases to complex business agreements. They canbe oral or written, but in many cases, written contractsare preferred to provide a clear record of the agreement's terms. Contracts are governed by contract law, which varies from country to country. In the United States, for example, contract law is primarily based on the common law tradition, with some statutes providing additional guidance.Agreements.An agreement is a broader term than a contract. It simply refers to a mutual understanding or consent between two or more parties. Agreements can be oral or written and do not necessarily have the same legal enforceability as contracts. While agreements can form the basis for contracts, not all agreements are contracts.For example, a handshake deal between two friends tomeet for lunch is an agreement but not a contract. It lacks the legal enforceability of a contract because there is no consideration (something of value exchanged) and no clear terms and conditions. However, if the same deal were memorialized in a written document signed by both parties, it would constitute a contract.Covenants.A covenant is a specific type of contractual promise, typically found in real estate transactions. A covenant is a binding agreement between parties to do or refrain from doing a particular act. In real estate law, covenants are often included in deeds or leases to outline the rights and obligations of the property owner and the tenant or buyer.For example, a covenant may prohibit the tenant from making any structural changes to the property without the owner's consent. Or, it may require the buyer to maintain the property in a certain condition. Covenants can beeither affirmative (requiring a party to take a specific action) or negative (requiring a party to refrain fromtaking a specific action).Enforcement and Breach.If a party to a contract, agreement, or covenant failsto fulfill its obligations, it is considered a breach. Inthe case of contracts and covenants, the aggrieved party may seek legal relief, such as monetary damages or specific performance (requiring the breaching party to fulfill its obligations). The availability of relief depends on the terms of the contract or covenant and the laws governing it.Conclusion.Contracts, agreements, and covenants are essential for business transactions and relationships. Understandingtheir differences and legal implications is crucial for protecting the rights and interests of all parties involved. It is always advisable to consult with legal experts when entering into any type of legal agreement to ensure compliance with the law and avoid potential disputes.。

协议合同英语翻译Agreement ContractThis Agreement Contract ("Agreement") is made and entered into between [Party A] (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), and [Party B] (hereinafter referred to as the "Client") on the [Date of Agreement].1. Basic InformationParty A:Address:Contact Person:Tel:Fax:Email:Party B:Address:Contact Person:Tel:Fax:Email:2. Identity, Rights, ObligationsParty A is a legal entity duly organized and existing under the laws of [Country/Region], with the power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement.Party B is a natural person or legal entity that desires to engage the services of Party A and has the authority to enter into this Agreement.Party A agrees to provide legal services to Party B in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Party B agrees to pay for these services in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.3. Performance and DurationParty A agrees to provide legal services to Party B in a timely and professional manner, with due diligence, and in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.The duration of this Agreement shall be [Insert Duration], unless otherwise terminated by mutual agreement.4. Breach of ContractIn the event of a breach of this Agreement, the parties agree that the non-breaching party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement and seek any and all legal remedies available for breach of contract.5. Compliance with Applicable LawsThe parties agree to comply with all applicable laws and regulations governing the provision of legal services in [Country/Region].6. Rights and ObligationsThe parties agree that Party A shall have the right to receive compensation for the services provided. Party B agrees to pay for the services rendered by Party A in accordance with the fee schedule outlined in this Agreement.Party A agrees to maintain the confidentiality of all information provided by Party B and to safeguard such information in accordance with their professional obligations.Party B agrees to provide Party A with all relevant information necessary for the provision of legal services.7. Legal Effectiveness and EnforceabilityThe parties agree that this Agreement represents a binding and enforceable contract between them. Any disputes arising out of this Agreement shall be resolved through mediation and arbitration in accordance with the laws of [Country/Region] and the rules of the [Arbitration Association/Center].This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Country/Region].8. OtherAny modifications, amendments, or alterations to this Agreement shall be made in writing and signed by both parties.This Agreement contains the full and complete understanding of the parties and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous negotiations, representations, understandings, or agreements between the parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first written above.[Party A][Party B]By:By:Name: Name:Title: Title:。

合同和合同书英文回答：Contract vs. Contractual Document。

In the realm of legal agreements, the terms "contract" and "contractual document" are often used interchangeably, but there are subtle distinctions between the two.A contract is a legally binding agreement between twoor more parties that creates, modifies, or extinguishes a legal relationship. It is an umbrella term that encompasses various forms of agreements, including written contracts, oral contracts, and even implied contracts.A contractual document, on the other hand, refers tothe physical or electronic record that evidences a contract. It is a written or digital representation of the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties. A contractual document can take the form of a formal contract, a purchaseorder, a memorandum of understanding (MOU), or even an email exchange.The key difference between a contract and a contractual document lies in their legal significance. A contract is the actual legal obligation, while a contractual document serves as proof of that obligation. The absence of a contractual document does not necessarily invalidate a contract, provided that the essential elements of a contract are met (offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutuality of obligation).However, a well-drafted contractual document is crucial for establishing the terms of the agreement, preventing misunderstandings, and facilitating enforcement in case of a breach. It provides a clear and comprehensive record of the parties' rights, obligations, and remedies.Key Features of a Contract:Offer and acceptance。

法律英语之合同和协议-(多应用版)法律英语之合同和协议一、引言在法律领域，合同和协议是两个核心概念，它们在商业交易、国际贸易、法律诉讼等方面扮演着重要角色。

法律英语作为一种专业语言，具有独特的表达方式和术语体系。

本文将重点探讨法律英语中合同和协议的概念、特点、要素以及翻译技巧，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这两个概念。

二、合同和协议的概念与特点1.概念合同（Contract）是指当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

合同具有法律约束力，当事人应当履行合同约定的义务，否则将承担相应的法律责任。

协议（Agreement）是指当事人之间就某一事项达成一致的意思表示。

协议可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。

协议具有约束力，但相较于合同，其法律效力较弱。

2.特点（1）自愿性：合同和协议是当事人自愿达成的，不存在强迫、欺诈等情形。

（2）平等性：合同和协议的当事人地位平等，任何一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

（3）合法性：合同和协议的内容应当符合法律规定，不得违反法律法规的强制性规定。

（4）真实性：合同和协议应当真实反映当事人的意思表示，不得含有虚假成分。

三、合同和协议的要素1.要约（Offer）：一方当事人（要约人）向另一方当事人（受要约人）发出的意思表示，表明其愿意与对方订立合同。

2.承诺（Acceptance）：受要约人同意要约人提出的合同条款，表示愿意与其订立合同。

3.条件（Consideration）：当事人为履行合同所承担的义务或作出的让步。

4.目的（Object）：合同和协议的标的，即当事人通过合同和协议所追求的利益。

5.形式（Form）：合同和协议的表现形式，可以是书面的、口头的或其他形式。

四、法律英语翻译技巧1.术语准确：在翻译合同和协议时，要注意选用准确的法律术语，避免使用日常英语中的词汇。

2.结构清晰：法律英语翻译要注重段落结构，使文章层次分明，便于读者理解。

3.逻辑严密：在翻译过程中，要注意保持原文的逻辑关系，确保译文通顺、合理。

商务英语：Contract与AgreemProtocol：一般指为某种可能发生的事件或状况而准备的行动方案。

比如：Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案〞。

Agreement：是协议/合同最常用的叫法。

大多数的英文合同都以“Agreement〞命名。

比如：Security Agreement 〔担保协议〕， Deposit Account Control Agreement 〔帐户控制协议〕以及Share Subscription Agreement〔认股协议〕。

Contract：指法律上“合同〞的概念。

比如：The document constitues a binding contract upon the signing parties。

商务环境里一般不会用Contract来命名合同，因为这个词带有对抗性，不如Agreement来的委婉。

Agreement创造的语境是双方合作，互惠互利。

而用到Contract这次词时，一般都是出了问题，一方想用合同这个概念制约另一方。

国内一些银行用Loan Contract来命名贷款协议是会被人鄙视的。

正确的翻译是Credit Agreement。

Draft：一般指草稿。

例如：Draft Share Subscription Agreement = 认股协议草稿。

不过Draft在银行法里还有另一个意思：如果A写了张条子，命令B〔一般是银行〕把一定数目的钱给C，这张条子叫做Draft，也就是汇票。

2.Protocol, Agreement, Contract, Draft几个词有何区别Protocol：一般指为某种可能发生的事件或状况而准备的行动方案。

比如：Emergency Response Protocol就是中国报道灾难新闻时一定会提到的“某政府启动了应急预案〞。

Agreement：是协议/合同最常用的叫法。

与英语contract(合同)相关的几个同义词辨析合同Contract：合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。

合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。

协议书Agreement：与合同同义，常用于企业、法人团体或政府之间。

【注】上述解释说明中，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。

合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。

可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。

也就是说Contract is an agreement，即可将合同说成是An agreement which binds the parties concerned或者说合同说成是An agreement which is enforceable by law，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。

确认书Confirmation：合同的简化形式，销售合同和销售确认书的性质和效力完全一样。

仲裁、索赔、不可抗力条款可不列入。

备忘录Memorandum of Understanding：交易合作的依据，有时等同合同，亦用于团体、政府之间外交需要而洽谈的信贷、合作开发、援建惠赠项目之用。

意向书Letter of Intent：达成最后协议前的合作意愿，不具有法律效力的文件。

形式发票proforma invoice：源自法语，相当于合同，供买方领取许可证和筹措资金。

议定书Protocol：国际上公约、条约之类订单order：在同一合同或老客户中，每批次下的数量和需要的时间，不像合同那么详尽。

合同翻译-协议翻译-专联译盟网合同协议翻译类型包括但不限于：合同公证翻译、加盟合同翻译、合同书翻译、商务合同翻译、契约合同翻译、购销合同翻译、购房合同翻译、网站合同翻译、分销合同翻译、代理合同翻译、聘用合同翻译、融资合同翻译、合资合同翻译、工程合同翻译、房屋担保借款合同翻译、住房公积金购房合同翻译、转让合同翻译、贷款合同翻译、租赁合同翻译、房产租赁合同翻译、买卖合同翻译、房产合同翻译、服务合同翻译、保险合同翻译、劳动合同翻译、房产买卖合同翻译、外贸合同翻译、商务合同翻译、转让协议翻译、离婚协议翻译、加盟协议翻译、技术协议翻译、委托协议翻译、居间协议翻译、合作协议翻译、补充协议翻译、经营协议翻译、仲裁协议翻译、保密协议翻译、质量保证协议翻译、涉外信贷合同等翻译服务。

如您有协议翻译服务需求，请您与我们通过在线QQ客服、企业微信、服务热线沟通，有关翻译的要求及文件请咨询“专联译盟网”合同协议文件内涵及特点合同（Contract）是一种法律文书，又称为契约、协议，是平等的当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

依法成立的合同受法律保护。

合同作为一种民事法律行为，是当事人协商一致的产物，是两个以上的意思表示相一致的协议。

只有当事人所作出的意思表示合法，合同才具有国家法律约束力。

依法成立的合同从成立之日起生效，具有国家法律约束力。

广义合同指所有法律部门中确定权利、义务关系的协议。

狭义合同指一切民事合同。

还有最狭义合同仅指民事合同中的债权合同。

《中华人民共和国民法通则》规定：合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。

依法成立的合同，受法律保护。

合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。

合同、协议的特点：法律文书、受法律约束、形式规范、时效性强、业务应用范围广泛。

合同（协议）翻译要点鉴于以上提及的合同（协议）含义及特点，合同（协议）翻译需要具备如下能力：良好的法律知识体系、广泛的业务经验或经历、法律语言表达能力、准确解读外文表达内容，例如：在英译中协议项目中，英文的协议通常使用非常冗长的表达方式，如果直译处理，中文译文的句子会非常长、中文读者难以理解原文的意思，因此，需要翻译译员、译审采用中文化的表达方式，对大段落的句子进行分割、逻辑化、括号备注等方式进行处理，抓住句子的主干，穿插相关的修饰成分。

合同和协议甲方：__________乙方：__________第一条定义1.1“合同”是指双方之间达成的具有法律约束力的协议，包括但不限于本协议。

1.2“协议”是指双方之间达成的谅解、安排或共识，无论是否具有法律约束力。

1.3“甲方”是指在本协议中约定的提供法律英语服务的主体。

1.4“乙方”是指在本协议中约定的接受法律英语服务的主体。

第二条服务内容2.1甲方应向乙方提供法律英语服务，包括但不限于法律文件的翻译、法律文件的撰写、法律咨询等。

2.2乙方应按照甲方的指示和要求提供必要的文件和信息，以便甲方能够顺利提供服务。

第三条服务费用3.1甲方应向乙方收取服务费用，具体金额和支付方式由双方另行协商确定。

3.2乙方应在收到甲方开具的发票后，按照约定的支付方式和期限支付服务费用。

第四条服务期限4.1本协议自双方签署之日起生效，除非双方另有约定，否则本协议的有效期为____年。

4.2在本协议有效期内，甲方应按照约定向乙方提供服务。

第五条保密条款5.1双方应对本协议的内容和履行过程予以保密，未经对方同意，不得向第三方披露。

5.2除非法律另有规定，否则本保密条款在本协议终止或解除后仍然有效。

第六条违约责任6.1如果一方违反本协议的约定，导致对方遭受损失的，应承担相应的违约责任。

6.2违约方应向受损方支付违约金，具体金额由双方另行协商确定。

第七条争议解决7.1双方应通过友好协商解决本协议履行过程中的任何争议。

7.2如果协商无果，任何一方均有权将争议提交至有管辖权的人民法院解决。

第八条其他条款8.1本协议的修改和补充必须采用书面形式，并由双方签署。

8.2本协议的附件是本协议不可分割的一部分，与本协议具有同等法律效力。

8.3本协议未尽事宜，双方可另行协商补充。

甲方（盖章）：__________乙方（盖章）：__________签署日期：__________附件：1.法律文件清单2.服务费用支付方式及期限3.其他相关文件========本合同更广泛的场景，特设场景及条款========特殊应用场合及增加条款：1.国际贸易合同：增加条款：贸易条款：明确双方在贸易过程中的权利和义务，包括货物的交付、质量标准、包装要求、运输方式、保险责任等。

Contract and Agreement 合同和协议1.A contract cannot arise out of an illegal act.违法行为不能构成合约。

2.A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.承诺生效即合同成立。

3.A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。

4.A person is not liable for debts contracted during his minority.一个人无须对他在未成年时期的合同债务承担责任。

5.A transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.合约不约束第三人。

6.An acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents.除非要约人同意,承诺一经做出即不得撤回。

7.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。

8.An offeror may withdraw an offer at any time before it has been accepted.在要约被受要约人接受以前,要约人可以随时撤回要约。

9.Any amendment to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by Patry A and Party B.对本合同的任何修改,只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。

Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)定义•Contract(合同)：一种用于两个或多个实体之间约束或规定的文书。

因此，它是一种形式化的、法律上的、具有约束力的协议或契约。

•Agreement(协议)：指的是任何双方或多方达成的共同意见的书面形式。

它可以是法律上具有约束力的，也可以是非法律上的共识。

区别虽然合同和协议在本质上都是双方或多方达成协议的书面形式，但在它们的核心方面存在显著的差异。

基本构成要素•Contract(合同)：合同是一种法律上具有约束力的文书。

为了成为有效的合同，必须满足以下三个基本要素：–提供有价项：比如说是货币或任何财务补偿。

–能力要素：参与该合同的各方必须都是合法行为的主体。

–同意项：即双方内容的确切清单和议定书。

•Agreement(协议)：协议是指双方或多方之间达成的共识。

虽然协议是一种约定，但它没有法律约束力。

适用范围•Contract(合同)：合同是在严格的法律框架下，在双方达成一致意见时参考的有法律约束力的文书。

它是一种具有规定对象和双方职责的法律文书。

•Agreement(协议)：协议大多是由对等的双方达成的共识和理解。

虽然协议不一定采取法律约束力，但它通常用于协调共同意见并解决国际、组织、企业之间的合作。

格式区别•Contract(合同)：合同通常具有严格的格式，使其容易理解和管理。

它必须经过所有参与方的书面签署，方可生效。

合同必须是一个视觉上易于区分出合同的文件。

•Agreement(协议)：协议可以采用任何书面或口头的形式，包括电子邮件、手写的邮件或纸张记录。

它没有严格的格式要求，但必须经过至少两方书面签署才能成为有效的协议。

使用场景•Contract(合同)：合同通常用于以下方面：–两个或多个法律主体之间的交易，以确保双方遵循约定的条款。

–企业与员工、客户、供应商或承包商之间的各种协议和合作关系。

–个人和实体之间的协议或合同关系。

•Agreement(协议)：协议可以应用于几乎任何方面的共谋、合作和合作关系：–个人之间的承诺或理解。

Unit 7 合同协议Section I 译例研究Passage OnePurchase ContractThis contract is made on the ___ day of ___ 20 _ _ , by and between¹ _______ Ltd (hereinafter² referred to as the Seller) and______ Company (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer). Through friendly negotiation, both Parties have hereby agreed on the terms and conditions stipulated hereunder:1. Contract Products: _________________2. Specification: _________________3. Quantity: _________________4. Unit Price: _________________5. Total Value:_________________ F.O.B³6. Country of Origin: _________________7. Shipping Marks: _________________8. Shipment: _________________To be shipped on or before ____________subject to acceptable Letter of Credit (L/C) reaches Sellers before the end of ____________, and partial shipments allowed, transshipment allowed.9. Grace Period:Should4last shipment have to be extended for fulfilment of this contract, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.10. Insurance:To be effected by the Buyer.11. Packing:In new Kraft paper bags of ____________kg/bag or in wooden cases of ____________kg/case, free of charge.12. Payment:The Buyer shall open a 100% confirmed, irrevocable, divisible and negotiable and partial shipment permitted Letter of Credit5in favor of the Seller within 5 calendar days from the date of the agreement through the Issuing Bank. The L/C shah be drawn against draft at sight upon first presentation of the following documents:(1) Full set of Seller's Commercial Invoices;(2) Full set of clean, blank, endorsed Bill of Lading6;(3) Inspection Certificates of quality and weight.13. Notice of Readiness:The Buyer shall advise the Seller by telex the scheduled time of arrival of cargo vessel at least seven days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the loading port.14. Performance Guarantee:(1) Upon receipt of Buyer' s Irrevocable L/C by the Advising Bank, the Seller shall perform a Performance Guarantee representing ______________ % of the L/C value.(2) The Performance Guarantee shall be returned in full to the Seller aftercompletion of shipment and delivery of the contracted goods. In case of non-delivery of ( all or part) of the goods for reasons other than those specified in clause 12, the Performance Guarantee shall be forfeited in favor of the Buyer in proportion to the quantity in default.(3) Should the Buyer breach the contract or fail to open the L/C in favor of the Seller within the period specified in clause 9 (except for clause 12), the Buyer has to pay the Seller the same value as the Performance Guarantee.(4) The Letter of Credit must fulfill all the terms and conditions of this contract. The terms of the L/C should be clear, fair and made payable to the Seller. Upon acceptance of L/C by the Advising Bank, the Advising Bank shah send the Performance Guarantee to the Issuing Bank.15. Force Majeure7:The Seller or the Buyer shall not be responsible for non-delivery or breach of contract for any reason due to Force Majeure incidents.In case the time of delivery or shipment has to be extended, the Buyer or the Seller shall have to provide evidence for such event.16. Arbitration:All disputes or divergences arising from the execution of the contract shah be settled through friendly discussion between both Parties. In case no settlement can be reached, the case at issue shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission8in accordance with the provisions of the said Commission.The award by the said Commission shall be deemed as final and binding upon both Parties. The Arbitration fee shah be borne by the losing Party. In course of Arbitration, the contract shah continuously be executed by both Parties except for the part under Arbitration.17. Currency Devaluation:In the event of any official devaluation of U. S. Currency, the Seller reserves the right to readjust the contract price in proportion to the devaluation ratio.18. Valid Period:This contract will automatically become null and void should the Buyer fail to open a L/C in favor of the Seller within seven days after signing this contract. 4 However, the Buyer shall still be responsible for the payment of compensation in accordance with the terms in clause 11, items 2 and 3.This contract is made in duplicate, both Parties have read carefully and agreed to abide by all the terms and conditions stipulated. The contract is signed by both Parties in the presence of witnesses.Seller: Buyer: Witnesses:词汇提示hereinafter adv. 在下文stipulate v. 规定specification n. 规格confirm vt. 确认；保兑kraft n. 牛皮纸irrevocable adj. 不可撤销的divisible adj. 可分割的negotiable adj. 可转让的in favor of somebody 以...为受益人endorse v. 背书；为...代言guarantee n. 保证金non-delivery n. 无法交货forfeit vt. 没收in proportion to 按...比例default n. 不履行、违约breach vt./n 违反、不履行arbitration n. 仲裁dispute n. 纠纷、争端divergence n. 分歧、歧异in accordance with 依据、按照provision n. 规定award n./vt. 裁决；授予、判给arbitral award 仲裁裁决statute n. 法令、法规ratio n. 利率valid adj. 有效的null adj. 无效的void adj. 无效的compensation n. 补偿术语unit price 单价shipping mark 唛头letter of credit (L/C) 信用证grace period 优惠期限issuing bank 开证行advising bank 通知（银）行bill of lading (B/L) 货运提单to be drawn against draft at sight 见票即付commercial invoice 商业发票inspection certificate 检验证明performance guarantee 履约保证金force majeure 不可抗力losing party 败诉方要点解析1. By and between，“由...和...间”。