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外文原文：ACCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 123BORROWING COSTSAASB 123 2 COPYRIGHTAbstractThe Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is implementing the Financial Reporting Council’s policy of adopting the Standards of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for application to reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. The AASB has decided it will continue to issue sector-neutral Standards, that is, Standards applicable to both for-profit and not-for-profit entities, including public sector entities.Except for Standards that are specific to the not-for-profit or public sectors or that are of a purely domestic nature, the AASB is using the IASB Standards as the “foundation” Standards to which it adds material detailing the scope and applicability of a Standard in the Australian environment. Additions are made, where necessary, to broaden the content to cover sectors not addressed by an IASB Standard and domestic, regulatory or other issues.Core Principle1 Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition,construction or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense.ApplicationAus1.1 This Standard applies to:(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;(b) general purpose financial reports of each other reporting entity; and(c) financial reports that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial reports.Aus1.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009.Aus1.3 This Standard may be applied to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before1 January 2009. When an entity applies this Standard to such an annual reporting period, it shall disclose that fact.Aus1.4 The requirements specified in this Standard apply to the financial report where information resulting from their AASB 123 9 STANDARD application is material in accordance with AASB 1031Materiality.Aus1.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes AASB 123Borrowing Costs as notified in the Commonwealth ofAustralia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.Scope2 An entity shall apply this Standard in accounting for borrowingcosts.3 The Standard does not deal with the actual or imputed cost of equity,including preferred capital not classified as a liability.4 An entity is not required to apply the Standard to borrowing costsdirectly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of:(a) a qualifying asset measured at fair value, for example abiological asset; or(b) inventories that are manufactured, or otherwise produced, inlarge quantities on a repetitive basis.Definitions5 This Standard uses the following terms with the meaningsspecified:Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that an entity incursin connection with the borrowing of funds.A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantialperiod of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.6 Borrowing costs may include:(a) interest on bank overdrafts and short-term and long-termborrowings;(b) amortisation of discounts or premiums relating to borrowings;(c) amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection with thearrangement of borrowings;AASB 123 10 STANDARD(d) finance charges in respect of finance leases recognised in accordance with AASB 117 Leases; and(e) exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.7 Depending on the circumstances, any of the following may be qualifying assets:(a) inventories(b) manufacturing plants(c) power generation facilities(d) intangible assets(e) investment properties.Financial assets, and inventories that are manufactured, or otherwise produced, over a short period of time, are not qualifying assets. Assets that are ready for their intended use or sale when acquired are not qualifying assets.Recognition8 An entity shall capitalise borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. An entity shallrecognise other borrowing costs as an expense in the period in which it incurs them.9 Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition,construction or production of a qualifying asset are included in the cost of that asset. Such borrowing costs are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset when it is probable that they will result in future economic benefits to the entity and the costs can be measured reliably. When an entity applies AASB 129 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies, it recognises as an expense the part of borrowing costs that compensates for inflation during the same period in accordance with paragraph 21 of that Standard.AASB 123 11 STANDARDBorrowing Costs Eligible for Capitalisation10 The borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition,construction or production of a qualifying asset are those borrowing costs that would have been avoided if the expenditure on the qualifying asset had not been made. When an entity borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a particular qualifying asset, the borrowing costs that directly relate to that qualifying asset can be readily identified.11 It may be difficult to identify a direct relationship between particular borrowings and a qualifying asset and to determine the borrowings that could otherwise have been avoided. Such a difficulty occurs, for example, when the financing activity of an entity is co-ordinated centrally. Difficulties also arise when a group uses a range of debtin struments to borrow funds at varying rates of interest, and lends those funds on various bases to other entities in the group. Othercomplications arise through the use of loans denominated in or linked to foreign currencies, when the group operates in highly inflationary economies, and from fluctuations in exchange rates. As a result, the determination of the amount of borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of a qualifying asset is difficult and the exercise of judgement is required.12 To the extent that an entity borrows funds specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the entity shall determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that borrowing during the period less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings.13 The financing arrangements for a qualifying asset may result in an entity obtaining borrowed funds and incurring associated borrowing costs before some or all of the funds are used for expenditures on the qualifying asset. In such circumstances, the funds are often temporarily invested pending their expenditure on the qualifying asset. In determining the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization during a period, any investment income earned on such funds is deducted from the borrowing costs incurred.14 To the extent that an entity borrows funds generally and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the entity shall determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate shall be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the entity that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made.AASB 123 12 STANDARDspecifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. The amount of borrowing costs that an entity capitalises during a period shall not exceed the amount of borrowing costs it incurred during that period.15 In some circumstances, it is appropriate to include all borrowings of the parent and its subsidiaries when computing a weighted average of the borrowing costs; in other circumstances, it is appropriate for each subsidiary to use a weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to its own borrowings.Excess of the Carrying Amount of the Qualifying Asset OverRecoverable Amount16 When the carrying amount or the expected ultimate cost of the qualifyingasset exceeds its recoverable amount or net realisable value, the carrying amount is written down or written off in accordance with the requirements of other Standards. In certain circumstances, the amount of the write-down or write-off is written back in accordance with those other Standards.Commencement of Capitalisation17 An entity shall begin capitalising borrowing costs as part of the cost of a qualifying asset on the commencement date. The commencement date for capitalisation is the date when the entity first meets all of the following conditions:(a) it incurs expenditures for the asset;(b) it incurs borrowing costs; and(c) it undertakes activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale.18 Expenditures on a qualifying asset include only those expenditures that have resulted in payments of cash, transfers of other assets or the assumption of interest-bearing liabilities.Expenditures are reduced by any progress payments received and grants received in connection with the asset (see AASB 120 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance). The average carrying amount of the asset during a period, including borrowing costs previously capitalised, is normally a reasonable approximation of the expenditures to which the capitalisation rate is applied in that period.AASB 123 13 STANDARD19 The activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale encompass more than the physical construction of the asset. They include technical and administrative work prior to the commencement of physical construction, such as the activities associated with obtaining permits prior to the commencement of the physical construction. However, such activities exclude the holding of an asset when no production or development that changes the asset’s condition is taking place. For example, borrowing costs incurred while land is under development are capitalised during the period in which activities related to the development are being undertaken. However, borrowing costs incurred while land acquired for building purposes is held without any associated development activity do not qualify for capitalisation.Suspension of Capitalisation20 An entity shall suspend capitalisation of borrowing costs during extended periods in which it suspends active development of a qualifying asset.21 An entity may incur borrowing costs during an extended period in which it suspends the activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use or sale. Such costs are costs of holding partially completed assets and do not qualify for capitalisation. However, an entity does not normally suspend capitalising borrowing costs during a period when it carries out substantial technical and administrative work. An entity also does not suspend capitalising borrowing costs when a temporary delay is a necessary part of the process of getting an asset ready for its intended use or sale. For example, capitalization continues during the extended period that high water levels delay construction of a bridge, if such high water levels are common during the construction period in the geographical region involved.Cessation of Capitalisation22 An entity shall cease capitalising borrowing costs when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the qualifying asset for its intended use or sale are complete.23 An asset is normally ready for its intended use or sale when the physical construction of the asset is complete even though routine administrative work might still continue. If minor modifications, such as the decoration of a property to the purchaser’s or user’s specification, are all that are outsta nding, this indicates that substantially all the activities are complete.AASB 123 14 STANDARD24 When an entity completes the construction of a qualifying asset in parts and each part is capable of being used while construction continues on other parts, the entity shall cease capitalizing borrowing costs when it completes substantially all the activities necessary to prepare that part for its intended use or sale.25 A business park comprising several buildings, each of which can be used individually, is an example of a qualifying asset for which each part is capable of being usable while construction continues on other parts. An example of a qualifying asset that needs to be complete before any part can be used is an industrial plant involving several processes which are carried out in sequence at different parts of the plant within the same site, such as a steel mill.Disclosure26 An entity shall disclose:(a) the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period;and(b) the capitalisation rate used to determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.Transitional Provisions27 When application of this Standard constitutes a change in accounting policy, an entity shall apply the Standard to borrowing costs relating to qualifying assets for which the commencement date for capitalisation is on or after the application date.28 However, an entity may designate any date before the application date and apply the Standard to borrowing costs relating to all qualifying assets for which the commencement date for capitalisation is on or after that date.中文译文：澳大利亚会计准则会计准则123借贷成本AASB 123 2 COPYRIGHT摘要澳大利亚会计准则委员会（AASB第）正在执行财务汇报局的政策，采用的标准国际会计准则委员会（IASB）的申请报告期间或之后开始的2005年1月1日。
独具特色的澳大利亚会计一、澳大利亚会计的法律规范澳大利亚是通过公司法对公司的活动包括会计与财务活动进行立法管理的，强调“真实与公允”。
澳大利亚公司公司法对会计的规范主要体现在：（1）公司必须建立能够对交易事项和财务状况正确记载和解释的会计记录，根据这种记录要能够编制出符合“真实与公允”要求的会计报表，并且能够接受传统而正规的统计；（2）规定了公司向全体股东及公司员工提交会计报表的期限；（3）必须提示公司对外投资持股的具体情况及关联子公司的状况，必须编制合并会计报表，并对关联方交易的处理作了具体规定；（4）在报表资料有可能被误解的情况下，必须增列有关补充资料加以说明；（5）要求在董事报告书中说明公司的主要经营活动、税后利润形成准备金的情况、股票和债券发行情况、股利发放情况、坏帐的处理估价、或有负债、董事津贴及重要的期后事项等。
此外，对审计师的聘任及会计报表的审计也作出了规定。
值得注意的是，为什么同为联邦制结构的美国没有产生建立统一的公司法律规范的动机呢？可能的答案昌两国不同的企业组织和经济结构。
在美国，它的50个州对公司事务具有基本的管辖权，联邦法规则适用于于证券在证券交易所上市的公司，企业活动和公司控制相对分散。
而在澳大利亚，特别是在新南威尔士和维多利亚这些大州，公司控制则较为集中。
同时，澳大利亚远远大小于美国的经济规模，造成澳大利亚人从规模效益的角度认为，与缺乏统一公司法有关的额外成本是一种负担，这无疑也是一个重要原因。
二、澳大利亚会计职业团体与会计准则澳大利亚全国性的会计职业团体有澳大利亚特许会计师协会（ICAA）和澳大利亚会计师联合会（ASA）。
1966年，在两个团体的联合倡导下，建立了“澳大利亚会计研究基金会”（AARF）负责拟订和公布会计准则。
在已发布的18项澳大利亚会计准则（AAS）中，引人注意的是《AAS-7：矿产采掘业会计》和《AAS-11：建筑合同的会计处理》。
因为澳大利亚幅员辽阔，矿产资源丰富，采掘业和建筑业是澳大利亚的经济支柱之一，因而有必要对其进行专门的会计规范，而这两项专门准则在英美等西方国家是没有的。
中澳会计规范体系之比较（1）澳大利亚是一个幅员辽阔，政治上受英国影响，经济上以私有企业占绝对优势的联邦制国家。
历史上，澳大利亚曾是英国的殖民国家，很长一段时间在英联邦的统治之下，直到1986年，澳大利亚才正式脱离英国，所以在会计上澳大利亚深受英国会计的影响。
澳大利亚是一个后起的发达资本主义国家，实行市场经济，属于净资本输入国，而美国是澳大利亚最大的投资来源国也是澳大利亚海外投资的最大场所，所以在澳大利亚脱离英联邦之后，会计的发展也逐渐倾向美国模式。
在经济全球化的今天，澳大利亚积极参与国际会计协调，致力于会计准则国际一体化的远期目标。
澳大利亚的会计准则经历了50多年的发展历程。
早在20世纪50年代，澳大利亚就有了会计准则。
但当时的会计准则制定程序不严密，缺乏法律效力。
随着民间会计团体澳大利亚特许会计师协会（ICAA）和澳大利亚注册会计师学会（ASCPA）的成立以及经济的迅速发展，会计准则制定机构的架构逐渐清晰，会计准则也日益完善起来。
20世纪80年代末澳大利亚对会计准则制定机构的改革，使得公营部门的会计准则制定机构（PSASB）与主要负责制定私营部门会计准则的会计准则委员会（AASB）合并，建立了改组后的会计准则委员会（AASB）。
AASB从此负责制定和发展适用于澳大利亚国内一切报告主体的会计准则及澳大利亚的会计原则，并受直属于财政部的财务报告委员会（FRC）的监督。
但是FRC无权干涉AASB在制定会计准则时属于技术性方面的工作，保证了AASB在会计准则制定过程中的独立性。
在AASB下，还设有一个紧急事项工作组（UIG）和一个非常设机构——协商小组（CG），分别负责对紧急的财务报告问题提供适时的指导性意见和就AASB在制定会计准则中遇到的主要技术问题、工作计划、研究项目的先后顺序以及其他与AASB和UIG行为有关的问题进行讨论。
一、澳大利亚会计规范体系澳大利亚的会计规范体系层次分明，主要分成以下三个层次：2、澳大利亚证券委员会法案。
澳大利亚会计①澳大利亚曾经是英国殖民地，采用盎格鲁-撒克逊会计模式，它的财务制度属于资本市场型而非信贷型，强调财务会计的主要目的是为投资者提供决策有用的信息和为评价管理层的受托责任的履约情况提供信息基础，并以企业经营实际和使用为导向，强调自我发展和职业自律。
②就人口或经济规模而言，澳大利亚拥有巨大的资本市场，其证券交易所的总市值名列世界前10位，澳大利亚拥有庞大、复杂的会计职业界，在国际会计界也扮演着超过其相对稀少的人口所能扮演的主要角色。
主要内容一、澳大利亚会计环境二、澳大利亚会计职业团体与会计准则三、澳大利亚会计准则体系四、中澳具体会计准则比较五、澳大利亚现行会计准则与实务的主要特点一、澳大利亚会计环境全称：澳大利亚联邦面积：769万平方公里人口：1908万首都：堪培拉语言：英语国歌：《前进，美丽的澳大利亚》国家组成：新南威尔士、昆士兰、南澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚、维多利亚、西澳大利亚与北部地区、首都直辖区组成1、经济因素①澳大利亚有高度发达的自由市场经济制度，经济生活中重视公平、公正、公开，推崇市场主导的英美模式。
②澳大利亚具有以外部股东为主体的强大的权益市场，拥有规模庞大的审计职业界，故而在澳大利亚会计报表的目标，不仅是向投资者和债权人提供会计信息，而且重视向公司职员提供会计信息。
2、法律因素①澳大利亚财务报告的法律框架，在联邦政府与州政府、政府与会计职业界之间的矛盾冲突下，发生了多次变化。
②20世纪60年代以前，由于澳大利亚是联邦制国家，其公司法不是一部而是多部，各州都制定各自的公司法，一直像英国公司法的过时版本；后来，人们意识到进一步规范股票市场的必要性，在1978年联邦和州政府之间达成一项正式协议，目的在于实现公司法及其管理的统一。
③1981年联邦政府颁布《公司法案和法典》，其中大量的会计细则被包含在根据《公司法案和法典》制定的《公司法规》中。
④基本的会计规定（《公司法案和法典》269条）是：所有公司都必须编制能真实与公允地反映企业状况、在不影响本规定的情况下遵守《公司法规》具体规定的资产负债表和利润表。
澳大利亚采掘行业会计准则的选择Wise and Spear(2002)将采掘行业定义为极度复杂，变化莫测且不可预计的行业，在经营过程中面临着众多风险。
下面是编辑老师为大家准备的澳大利亚采掘行业会计准则的选择。
矿产，石油及天然气的生产过程包括勘探，评估，开发和建设四个阶段。
本文着重对澳大利亚采掘行业生产的前期阶段，即勘探和评估阶段会计准则的选择进行探讨。
由于采掘行业行业的特殊性，勘探和评估阶段具有高度的不确定性，例如探测失败，市场对矿产品需求的变化，价格波动及政府出台的相关政策，都使得前期阶段的活动面临着高风险。
因而，为了规避风险以及风险所可能造成的后果，不同的经济主体会采用不同的会计准则。
根据Henderson, Pearson and Herbolm (2006)的研究，采掘行业在核算勘探及评估费用时一般采用四种方法： 直接费用法：将所有勘探评估阶段的支出作为费用，无论勘探结果是否成功费用还原法：若发现有经济效益的可开采的资源，将所有支出作为费用并纳入资产类的会计科目完全支出法：将所有支出资本化，若发掘成功，则将这部分被资本化的支出作为费用从收入中扣除成功作用法：允许所有勘探和评估阶段产生的支出被资本化，直至项目被终止 澳大利亚会计行业准则(以下简称AASB)第六条矿产资源的勘探及评估指出勘探及评估支出产生于经济主体获得勘探的法定资格之后且矿产资源的技术可行性和经济效益可持续行都明确之前。
该准则规定不管出于何种利益，该经济主体可将勘探及评估支出记录为费用，也可将该支出部分或者全部资本化。
该支出只有在以下情况才可累计或者延后记录： 勘探区域土地的使用权及保有权的期限为短期的支出预计可通过进一步的项目开发，出售，或者在该区域内的其他活动且此类活动还未达到可获得经济收益的，予以扣除的通过对澳大利亚前30强矿产资源集团的年度报表的分析，对于矿产的勘探和评估费用的会计处理，各集团出于各自利益的考量有着不同的处理方式。
澳大剩亚会计模式曾深受英国会计模式的影响，不过。
为７适应经济形势的变化，澳大利亚会计界经历Ｔ迅速的变革。
改革以屠，澳大利亚的会计准则制订权转移至财政部ｎ，基本确立７国际会计准则在本国的地位，同时准则的制订程序、制订机构和入员构成得到７完善。
本文对澳大利亚会计准则制订权的变迁过程与会计环境进行分析。
盔望碰丝瘟藏笪会荭蕉趔数邈堇杰庞启筮。
澳大利亚会计准则的制订模式■刘金星／文澳大利亚采用盎格鲁——撒克逊会计模式有其历史原因，因为它曾是英国的殖民地。
英国会计模式对澳大利亚会计的影响一直延续到２０世纪６０年代。
此时，澳大利亚的经济环境开始发生变化，会计国际趋同日益加强。
２００２年７月，欧盟第１６０６号规则“关于运用国际会计准则”要求欧盟的上市公司最晚不迟于２００５年采用国际会计准则委员会（ＩＡＳＢ）发布的准则。
对会计准则的制订负有监管和指导职责的澳大利亚财务报告委员会（ＦＲＣ）呼吁：澳大利亚会计准则的国际化协调不应该落后于欧洲。
会计“国际标准化”运动迅速展开，并以国际会计准则为基础，分析它的经济利益与操作可能，进行适当修改，制订出一套澳大利亚等同国际财务报告准则（Ａ—ＩＦＲＳＳ）。
盎格鲁——撒克逊会计模式的财务系统属于资本市场型。
在国际资本市场上，该会计模式是标准的会计模式。
由于受英国传统的影响，澳大利亚会计模式同样十分强调“真实与公允”，不过澳大利亚的立法以及官方和民间的有关部门和组织未对“真实与公允”的含义做出权威性的解释，使得公司主管和会计师据此处理会计实务时有较大的斟酌空间，无助于股东和外部相关利益人的知情与监督。
因此，基于保护股东和相关利益人利益的目的，政府必然对准则制订进行干预与监督。
２００５年１月１日，澳大利亚开始全面采用国际会计准则作为其国内报告准则，这项举措并不令人感到震惊。
因为资本市场型的公司财务报告比信贷型的财务报告更需要庞大而先进的会计职业界的支持，且要求会计职业界具有国际水准。
