a design on ultrasonic high-speed data acquisition system

生物医学工程研究Journal of Bi om edical Engi neering R es earch2008,27(4):240～2423基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(60471057)。

△通信作者　@;y @基于AD9228的超声数据采集电路的设计3李粤得,张雷刚,余胜康,彭虎△(中国科学技术大学电子科学与技术系,合肥230027)摘要:介绍了数字超声成像系统中数据采集电路的设计方案和功能特性。

该电路以ADI 公司的高速A ΠD 转换芯片A D9228为基础,可以实现最高达65MSPS 的模数转换速率,并使用FPG A 实现LV DS 信号的电平转换,以及串并转换,最后实现数字信号的并行输出。

测试结果表明:该系统的12位数字化输出只在最后1位有抖动,可满足实际设计要求。

关键词:超声成像;数据采集;高速A ΠD 转换;LVDS 信号;串并转换中图分类号:R318 文献标识码:A 文章编号:167226278(2008)0420240203The Design of U ltrasonic Data Acquisition Circuits based on A D9228L I Yuede ,ZH ANG Leigang ,YU Shengkang ,PENG H u(Department o f Electronic Science and Techno log y ,Un iv ersity o f Scien ce and Techn ology o f China ,Hefei 230027,Ch ina)A bstr act :W e describ ed th e design of data acquisition circuit in u ltras onic imag ing sys tem.T he des ign was bases on high speed A ΠD conv erter AD 9228,wh ich can reach th e highest converter rate at 65MSPS.In th e circuits ,FPG A w as used to conv ert LV DS data in to LVCO MS data ,and converted s erial data into parallel data ,finally accom plish ed the parallel d ig ital s ig nal ou tput.It is tes ted that on ly the las t one of tw elve bits ou tput data have jittered.T he result meets the design requirements.K ey w or ds :Ultras on ic imagin g ;Data acqu isition ;High speed A ΠD conv erter ;LV DS data ;Deserializer1　引　言随着计算机、现代信号处理技术的不断发展,超声成像系统逐渐向全数字化方向发展。

基于FPGA和USB接口的超声波信号高速采集卡许西宁;余祖俊【摘要】An AD acquisition card with a sampling rate up to 100 MS/s is needed in the ultrasonic rail flaw detection system, so the high speed ultrasonic signal acquisition card based on FPGA and USB interface is designed. FPGA-based hardware design and programming method, firmware and driver design based on CY7C68013 USB 2.0 chip are introduced in detail. Analog signal acquisition frequency up to 100 MHz, the maximum data transfer rate of 20 MB/s, the acquisition card can acquire ultrasonic signals in real-time without missing data.%在超声波钢轨缺陷检测系统中,需使用采集频率大于100 MHz的AD采集卡,为此设计了应用现场可编程门阵列(Field-Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)和基于USB 2.0接口的超声波信号高速采集卡.文中论述了硬件电路设计方案及程序设计方法,在基于CY7C68013的USB 2.0通用接口芯片上实现了大量数据传输的固件程序设计、驱动程序设计.该采集卡模拟信号采集频率可达100 MHz,数据传输速率大于20 Mb/s,可实时采集超声波信号,运行稳定,无丢包现象.【期刊名称】《北京交通大学学报》【年(卷),期】2011(035)006【总页数】4页(P89-92)【关键词】现场可编程门阵列;USB 2.0;中触发;驱动程序【作者】许西宁;余祖俊【作者单位】北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044;北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP274.2随着我国高速铁路的飞速发展,无缝线路技术得到了广泛的应用.无缝钢轨在外界温度发生变化时,其内部将产生极大的温度应力,如果在钢轨内部存在伤损缺陷点,很容易发生钢轨折断.对于高速铁路无缝线路,实时监测钢轨内部缺陷状态,及时预警维修,是提高高速铁路运行安全的重要保障.目前,在钢轨缺陷检测技术中,超声波无损检测技术应用广泛,超声波接收探头输出的模拟信号中心频率高达2.5 MHz,需使用采集频率大于100 MHz的AD采集卡.目前国内还没有此类产品,国外高速采集卡价格普遍较高,在5万元(人民币)以上.为此我们实验室自主研发了基于FPGA和USB的超声波信号高速采集卡,主要应用在超声波无损检测装置中,采集超声波接收探头输出的信号.1 硬件设计1)AD转换芯片.系统AD转换芯片采用Analog Devices公司的AD9433,它是12位单通道模拟信号采样转换器,具有片上跟踪和保持电路,该产品转换速率高达125MSPS[1],具有优异的动态性能.模拟信号输入至AD9433之间的通道采用了变压器交流耦合电路,这样实现有几个优点:①易于实现模拟信号输入端的阻抗匹配;②可隔离直流分量;③可将单端模拟输入信号转换为差分信号,直接接入AD9433的AIN+、AIN-端.AD9433的编码时钟支持差分或单端输入,为了获得最佳的时钟性能,采用差分输入模式.由FPGA的PLL时钟输出作为AD9433的编码时钟输入,这样能很方便实现数据采集的同步.FPGA的PLL时钟输出为 LVTTL电平信号,AD9433的编码时钟可兼容LVPECL信号,需要进行电平转换,系统采用SY10EPT8L实现.SY10EPT8L可实现LVT TL到差分 LVPECL的信号转换,延时小于600 ps.SY10EPT8L的差分LVPECL信号输出端经电容耦合后,可直接接入AD9433的ENCODE+和ENCODE-管脚.AD9433的AD转换及数据结果输出需要在编码时钟驱动下进行,每个时钟周期启动AD转换一次、输出转换结果一次,启动一次AD转换到输出当前结果之间有8个时钟周期的延时.2)FPGA.AD转换输出结果需要同步读取,系统使用的编码时钟为100 MHz,如此高的同步传输速率采用一般的MCU无法实现,与通用MCU相比,FPGA内部集成锁相环,通过倍频,核心频率可以到几百兆,FPGA的不同逻辑可以并行执行,一个时钟周期可以同时处理不同任务,因此,FPGA具有高速的数据处理能力.系统选用了ALTERA公司的Cyclone系列FPGA——EP1C12,该FPGA有12 060个逻辑单元,52个 M4K RAM,总 RAM位数239 616 bit,2个锁相环,249个用户可用IO管脚[2].FPGA主要完成AD数据高速同步读取、数据缓存、数据传输等任务.3)USB.AD数据采集采用中触发模式,只采集超声波信号中心区域附近的有用信息,每检测到一次超声波信号,采集2 KB的数据,设超声波发射频率为1 kHz,每秒钟有效数据量为2 MB.计算机串口波特率最高可设置为128 000 b/s,采用串口传输模式,每秒钟可输出数据只有12.5 KB,无法满足系统需求.目前,USB 2.0接口在PC的采集系统中得到了广泛的应用,USB 2.0在每个上微帧中最大可传输13个块传输包,每个传输包512 B,每个微帧长固定为125 μ s,其最高传输速率可达 53 MB/s.系统选用Cypress公司推出的USB 2.0控制器CY7C68013,向下完全兼容流行的USB 1.1协议,是USB 2.0的完整解决方案.该芯片包括带8.5 KB片上RAM的高速8051单片机、4 KB FIFO存储器及通用可编程接口(GPIF)、串行接口引擎(SIE)和USB 2.0收发器,无需外加芯片即可完成高速USB传输,性价比较高[3].4)硬件总体结构.FPGA经PLL输出同步时钟至AD9433,在同步时钟驱动下,AD9433进行AD转换,AD9433输出的AD转换结果直接送入FPGA内部FIFO,由FPGA内部接口控制模块控制内部FIFO的写入、读出,通过CY7C68013将采集的数据经USB接口发送给PC机.系统硬件总体结构如图1所示.图1 硬件总体框图Fig.1 Hardware general structure2 FPGA程序设计FPGA程序主要完成读取AD转换结果、数据缓存、通过USB接口将数据发送至PC机等任务.对超声波接收信号的数据采集采用中触发模式[4],从检测到有效信号时刻起,记录当前时刻前后各1 KB的数据,如图2所示.FPGA内部时钟和AD9433编码时钟采用同一时钟源,由FPGA的内部PLL产生,以保证数据同步[5].AD9433输出的AD转换结果,直接送入FPGA内部FIFO,由FPGA内部接口控制模块,控制内部FIFO的写入、读出,当采集到有效数据信号后,再由接口控制模块控制FIFO读出并写入CY7C68013的内部FIFO中.其程序设计原理见图3.整个程序流程分为5个阶段,如图4所示.Stage1:每个CLK的上升沿将一组AD转换结果写入FIFO,共写入2 KB数据. Stage2:每个CLK的上升沿将一组AD转换结果写入FIFO,同时读出一组数据,保持FIFO内部有2 KB的数据,同时检测是否有达到阈值的数据.Stage3:当检测到有效的超声波信号后,边读出边写入,继续存储1 KB的AD转换结果.Stage4:停止将AD结果写入FIFO,并将2 KB的有效数据写入USB接口芯片.图2 中触发采集模式Fig.2 Middle trigger acquisition mode图3 FPGA程序设计原理框图Fig.3 Block diagram of FPGA programming图4 FPGA程序时序图Fig.4 FPGA programming timing diagramStage5:等待USB接口将数据送出.FPGA将FIFO中的数据写入到USB接口芯片的操作比较简单,将CS信号置低,用ADR选通所使用的USB端点号,数据在每个WR的下降沿被写入到该端点的FIFO.3 USB芯片固件程序设计固件程序在CY7C68013内部运行,主要完成USB接口配置、处理USB驱动程序的请求.为了简化固件编程,CYPRESS提供了固件编程框架,只需在此基础上添加少量代码就可以完成固件编程.CYPRESS的固件编程框架主要包括:dscr.a51,FW.C,PERIPH.C等文件[6].其中:Fw.c是固件框架源文件;Periph.c是用户调度函数;Dscr.a51是USB描述符列表. 复位上电时,固件先初始化一些全局变量,接着调用初始化函数TD-Init()初始化设备,循环1 s后重枚举,直到端点0接收到SETUP包退出循环,进入循环语句while,执行任务函数,函数包括:a.TD-POLL()用户任务调度函数;b.如果发现 USB设备请求,则执行对应的USB请求;c.如果发现 USB空闲置位,则调用TD-Suspend()挂起函数,调用成功则内核挂起,直到出现USB远程唤醒信号,调用TD-Resume(),内核唤醒重新进入while循环. FPGA采集的AD数据经过CY7C68013的EP6端点送入USB接口,在固件程序开发时,主要修改Dscr.a51中的USB描述符列表及Periph.c中TD-Init()函数.1)修改Dscr.a51中的USB描述符列表.端点6描述符设置如下:db 7; 描述符长度db 5; 描述符类型5:端点db 86H; 端点6方向:INdb 2; 端点类型:Bulkdb 00H; 最大包长度(LSB)db 02H; 最大包长度(MSB)db 00H;2)修改 TD-Init()函数.程序如下:完成以上修改后,将USB固件程序编译后下载到CY7C68013,程序运行后,CY7C68013工作在Slave FIFO模式,FPGA根据相应ADR将AD转换结果写入EP6的FIFO,PC机应用程序调用驱动程序就可以从EP6中读出AD转换数据.4 USB驱动程序开发USB设备驱动程序的设计是基于WDM(WindowsDriver Model,驱动程序模型)的,主要任务是建立应用程序和CY7C68013的通信通道,将FPGA获取的AD有效数据从相应通道读入PC机.程序使用DriverStudio中的DriverWizards驱动程序向导生成,按照向导进行配置:设定Device ID、Vender ID的值;新建端点 6(m-Endpoint6IN);设置端点6的方向为IN;传输模式为BULK.在基于DriverStudio开发的驱动程序中,向存储器空间读写大量数据一般选用Write/Read函数,Read()函数对应着Win32 API函数中的 ReadFile(),其中参数通过KIrp I传递进来,使用 I.Mdl()声明内存空间,并映射到用户读取数据的缓存区地址,使用I.ReadSize()函数来获取读取数据的长度.在Read()函数中添加以下程序:在编写的应用程序中的调用ReadFile(hDevice,buf,n,&nRead,NULL)函数,可将USB端点6中的数据读入PC机中.5 实验与结论在京沪高速铁路先导段试验现场,安装了此次研制的超声波信号采集卡,在列车高速通过时,采集到的超声波信号脉冲如图5所示.图5 现场采集超声波信号Fig.5 Ultrasonic signal collecting on-site基于FPGA和USB的超声波信号采集卡实现了100 MHz高速模拟信号的采集,并能将有效信号实时传输至PC机显示、存储,便于后续数字信号处理,为钢轨裂纹、断轨检测提供了大量的数据样本.该采集卡还具有较好的推广应用价值,可广泛应用于高频小信号模拟信号的采集系统中.参考文献(References):[1]ANALOG DEVICES Inc.AD9433 device handbook[Z].ANALOG DEVICES Inc,Rev.A,2009.[2]ALTERA.Cyclone device handbook[Z].ALTERA,Volume 1,2005.[3]CYPRESS.EZ-USB FX2 Technical reference manual[Z].CYPRESS,Version 2.1,2001.[4]林莉,李喜孟.超声波频谱分析技术及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009:1-25.LIN Li,LI Ximeng.Ultrasonic spectrum analysis andapplication[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2009:1-25.(in Chinese)[5]黄正谨,徐坚,章小丽,等.CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002:93-159.HUANG Zhengjin,XU Jian,ZHANG Xiaoli,et al.CPLD system design technology and application[M].Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2002:93-159.(in Chinese)[6]王成儒,李英伟.USB 2.0原理与工程开发[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004:295-340.WANG Chengru,LI B 2.0 principles and engineeringdevelopment[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2004:295-340.(in Chinese)。

摘要作为评价灌浆工艺的一项重要指标，浆液密度的高精度实时测量具有重要意义。

传统的浆液密度测量方法多与整个灌浆系统的工艺设计配合使用，创新性不足，浆液密度测量精度也有待提高。

本文提出一种新的测量方法，将超声波测量技术与基于FPGA的高速信号处理系统结合起来，共同实现分辨率优于0.01kg/m3的浆液密度测量。

利用超声波的传播速度与介质密度之间存在的函数关系来实现密度测量，即通过检测超声波波速的变化来获得介质的密度信息，完成密度的精密测量。

当超声波传播距离一定时，精密测量超声波在介质中的传输时间就可得出超声波的速度，再根据传播速度间接求得密度值。

文中系统分析了超声波浆液密度测量原理，完成了超声波浆液密度测量方案的设计，并结合实验验证了该方法的可行性。

超声波浆液密度测量的核心技术体现在多声道测量结构、稳定可靠的超声波信号、高速信号处理系统和特殊软件算法等四个方面。

完成基于FPGA的高速硬件电路设计和基于Verilog HDL的软件设计，是实现浆液密度精密测量的关键。

硬件设计以FPGA为核心，主要包括超声波换能器驱动电路设计和超声波回波信号采集、处理电路设计，FPGA的功能主要体现在三个方面：与DDS技术相结合完成超声波换能器的驱动设计，产生超声波信号；与高分辨率的A/D转换电路结合起来，完成超声波回波信号的高速采样、存储设计；其内部构建的处理器能够对存储在RAM区的采样数据进行处理。

软件设计包括回波数据采集设计、特征波查找算法和超声波传输时间精密算法。

回波数据采集设计针对换能器接收端输出的回波信号制定采集方案。

采集完成的数据存储于FPGA内构建的RAM中，特征波查找算法分析、比较这些采样数据，以便找出回波信号中幅值最大的特征波。

高精度传输时间精密算法在精确确定传输时间起点、终点位置后，利用软件细分算法计算出传输时间的终点时刻。

实验研究部分，以纯净水作为被测介质，验证超声波密度测量方案的可行性。

实验结果表明超声波传输时间的测量精度达到纳秒级，为研制超声波浆液密度计，实现高精度浆液密度测量奠定了基础。

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联轴器951Crimping tools 卷边工具Cutters 刀具Cutting-off machines 切断机Diamond cutters 钻石刀具Dicing saws 晶圆切割机Die casting dies 压铸冲模Die casting machines 压铸机Dies-progressive 连续冲模Disposable toolholder bits 舍弃式刀头Drawing machines 拔丝机Drilling machines 钻床Drilling machines bench 钻床工作台Drilling machines,high-speed 高速钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle 多轴钻床Drilling machines,radial 摇臂钻床Drilling machines,vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头Electric discharge machines(EDM) 电火花机Electric power tools 电动刀具Engraving machines 雕刻机Engraving machines,laser 激光雕刻机Etching machines 蚀刻机Finishing machines 修整机Fixture 夹具Forging dies 锻模Forging,aluminium 锻铝Forging,cold 冷锻Forging,copper 铜锻Forging,other 其他锻造Forging,steel 钢锻Foundry equipment 铸造设备Gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机Gears 齿轮Gravity casting machines 重力铸造机Grinder bench 磨床工作台Grinders,thread 螺纹磨床Grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床Grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机Grinding machines 磨床Grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床Grinding machines,universal 万能磨床Grinding tools 磨削工具Grinding wheels 磨轮952Hand tools 手工具Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Heat preserving furnaces 保温炉Heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉Honing machines 搪磨机Hydraulic components 液压元件Hydraulic power tools 液压工具Hydraulic power units 液压动力元件Hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸Jigs 钻模Lapping machines 精研机Lapping machines,centerless 无心精研机Laser cutting 激光切割Laser cutting for SMT stensil 激光钢板切割机Lathe bench 车床工作台Lathes,automatic 自动车床Lathes,heavy-duty 重型车床Lathes,high-speed 高速车床Lathes,turret 六角车床Lathes,vertical 立式车床Lubricants 润滑液Lubrication Systems 润滑系统Lubricators 注油机Machining centers,general 通用加工中心Machining centers,horizontal 卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical 立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式双柱加工中心Magnetic tools 磁性工具Manifolds 集合管Milling heads 铣头Milling machines 铣床Milling machines,bed type 床身式铣床Milling machines,duplicating 仿形铣床Milling machines,horizontal 卧式铣床Milling machines,turret vertical 六角立式铣床Milling machines,universal 万能铣床Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床Mold & die components 模具单元Mold changing systems 换模系统Mold core 模芯Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹953Mold repair 模具维修Molds 模具Nail making machines 造钉机Oil coolers 油冷却器Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 铝轮冒口切断机P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC高分子防水PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机Planing machines 刨床Planing machines vertical 立式刨床Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳Pneumatic power tools 气动工具Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机presses,crank 曲柄压力机Presses,eccentric 离心压力机Presses,forging 锻压机Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床Presses,servo 伺服冲床Presses,transfer 自动压力机Pressing dies 压模Punch formers 冲子研磨器Quick die change systems 速换模系统Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉Rollers 滚筒Rolling machines 辗压机Rotary tables 转台Sawing machines 锯床Sawing machines,band 带锯床Saws,band 带锯Saws,hack 弓锯Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯Saws,vertical band 立式带锯shafts 轴Shapers 牛头刨床Shearing machines 剪切机Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机Slotting machines 插床spindles 主轴Stamping parts 冲压机Straightening machines 矫直机954Switches & buttons 开关及按钮Tapping machines 攻螺丝机Transmitted chains 传动链Tube bending machines 弯管机Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床Vises 虎钳Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机Wrenches 扳手离心压力机Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床Grinders,thread冷却机Coolers冷锻Forging,cold冷锻冲压机Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column type立式铣床Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床Planing machines vertical立式车床Lathes,vertical立式带锯Saws,vertical band立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床Drilling machines,vertical联轴器Coupling连续溶解保温炉Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces连续冲模Dies-progressive链传动Chain drive切断机Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆CNC toolings曲柄压力机presses,crank修整机Finishing machines舍弃式刀头Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统Lubrication Systems润滑液Lubricants熔热处理炉Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床Presses,servo输送链Conveying chains手工具Hand tools砂轮修整器Wheel dressers955蚀刻机Etching machines外圆磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机Honing machines搪孔头Boring heads卧式铣床Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical万能铣床Milling machines,universal万能磨床Grinding machines,universal镗床Boring machines弯曲机Bending machines弯管机Tube bending machines通用加工中心Machining centers,general铜锻Forging,copper铣头Milling heads铣床Milling machines无心磨床Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机Lapping machines,centerless压模Pressing dies压铸冲模Die casting dies压铸机Die casting machines油冷却器Oil coolers造链机Chain making tools造线机Cable making tools造钉机Nail making machines印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床Drilling machines,radial硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant辗压机Rolling machines液压元件Hydraulic components液压冲床Presses,hydraulic液压动力元件Hydraulic power units液压工具Hydraulic power tools液压回转缸Hydraulic rotary cylindersP型PVC高分子防水P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant刨床Planing machines牛头刨床Shapers其他铸造Casting,other其他锻造Forging,other模芯Mold core模具Molds模具维修Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹Mold polishing/texturing956模具单元Mold & die components模具加热器/冷却器Mold heaters/chillers磨轮Grinding wheels磨削工具Grinding tools磨床Grinding machines磨床工作台Grinder bench平衡设备Balancing equipment气油压虎钳Pneumatic hydraulic clamps气动冲床Presses,pneumatic气动工具Pneumatic power tools轴shafts轴承Bearings轴承配件Bearing fittings轴承加工机Bearing processing equipment肘杆式压力机Presses,knuckle joint铸铝Casting,aluminium铸铜Casting,copper铸造设备Foundry equipment铸钢Casting,steel铸灰口铁Casting,gray iron织麦激光切割机Woven-Cutting machines重力铸造机Gravity casting machines重型车床Lathes,heavy-duty主轴spindles扳手Wrenches 拔丝机Drawing machines保温炉Heat preserving furnaces插床Slotting machines齿轮Gears齿轮切削机Gear cutting machines冲压机Stamping parts冲子研磨器Punch formers超声波打磨机Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台Lathe bench磁性工具Magnetic tools传动链Transmitted chains床身式铣床Milling machines,bed type带传动Belt drive带锯Saws,band带锯床Sawing machines,band电脑数控镗床CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机CNC bending presses电脑数控铣床CNC milling machines电脑数控线切削机CNC wire-cutting machines电脑数控磨床CNC grinding machines957电脑数控车床CNC lathes电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC EDM wire-cutting machines电脑数控电火花机CNC electric discharge machines电脑数控雕刻机CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件CNC machine tool fittings电脑数控剪切机CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床CNC drilling machines电动刀具Electric power tools电火花机Electric discharge machines(EDM)雕刻机Engraving machines刀片Blades刀具Cutters倒角机Chamfer machines多轴钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝Forging,aluminium锻压机Presses,forging锻模Forging dies仿形铣床Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机Powder metallurgic forming machines反射炉Reverberatory furnaces钢锻Forging,steel高速车床Lathes,high-speed高速钻床Drilling machines,high-speed管筒制造机Pipe & tube making machines滚筒Rollers工具磨床Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机Tapping machines弓锯Saws,hack虎钳Vises换模系统Mold changing systems夹盘Chucks夹具Fixture夹具/支持系统Clamping/holding systems剪切机Shearing machines加工中心机刀库A.T.C.system激光切割Laser cutting激光雕刻机Engraving machines,laser激光钢板切割机Laser cutting for SMT stensil集合管Manifolds矫直机Straightening machines金属板成型机Sheet metal forming machines金属板加工机Sheet metal working machines锯片Blades,saw锯床Sawing machines958卷边工具Crimping tools晶圆切割机Dicing saws精密平口钳Vises,tool-maker精研机Lapping machines可锻铸铁Casting,malleable iron快速换模系统Quick mold change systems卡口Bayonet开关及按钮Switches & buttons钻石刀具Diamond cutters钻头drills钻模Jigs钻床Drilling machines钻床工作台Drilling machines bench自动压力机Presses,transfer959。

Supertex inc.AN-H56Application NoteIntroductionThe MD1812 and the MD1813 are two unique composite return-to-zero (RTZ) pulser drivers for ultrasound applications. The ICs have built-in level shifters that provide negative P-MOS gate DC bias and fast AC coupled gate drivesignals. They enable the fast damping functions necessary to generate return-to-zero bipolar pulses, and are also able to keep the zero-state to as long as needed, even to infinity. These kinds of fast return-to zero and DC coupled features are very useful for medical ultrasound imaging equipment, piezoelectric transducer drivers, material flaw detection, ultrasonic NDT detection, and sonar ranger applications, especially for those that need to launch ultrasound in pseudo-random codes. Designing a Pulser with the MD1812/13This a pplication n ote d escribes h ow t o u se M D1812 o r M D1813 to design the basic channel of an ultrasound transmitter with the RTZ feature. The circuit is a single channel ultrasound transmitter using the MD1812 or MD1813 to drive TC6320 & TC2320 MOSFETs. It can generate fast return to zero waveforms. The output of high voltage to transducer has ±2A source and sink current capability. A CPLD programmable logic circuit and on-board 40MHz crystal oscillator generate a fast logic signal to control the pulse circuit. The CPLD hasa six-pin JTAG connection for Xilinx’s USB or a convenient parallel-port programming link cable. The circuit consists of one MD1812K6 or MD1813K6 in a 16-lead 4x4x0.9mm QFN package, driving TC6320FGs and TC2320FGs, two complementary high-voltage P and N- channel MOSFETs in one single SO-8 package. The input stage of the MD1812/13 is a high-speed level translator that is able to operate with logic input signals of 1.2V to 5.0V amplitude. In this circuit, the CPLD output logic is typically 3.3V. An adaptive threshold circuit is used with the OE pininside of the MD1812 to set the level translator threshold to the middle of the input logic 0 and logic 1 levels. The OE pin serves a dual purpose. First, its logic 1 level is used to compute the threshold voltage level for the channel input level translators. Second, when OE is low, the outputs are disabled, with the A and C outputs high and the B and Doutputs low (for MD1812 only). This assists in properly pre-charging the coupling capacitors that may be used in series in the gate drive circuit of external PMOS and NMOS FETs. The MD1812/13 level translator uses a proprietary composite drive circuit, which provides DC coupling, together with high-speed operation. The output pin, OUT C , is designed to drive the return-to-zero PMOS FET through a capacitor as fast as an AC coupling gate driver, and OUT G provides delayed DC coupling negative biased gate control to the same PMOS FET. The OUT C swings between V H and V L voltages, while OUT G is within V SS or V NEG levels. Note that the OUT C and OUT G pins of one chip are designed to drive together forone PMOS FET, and that the PMOS FET source is typicallyconnected to the same potential of the MD1812/13 V SS voltage. Each of the output stages of OUT A , OUT B , OUT C & OUT D of MD1812/13 are capable of peak currents of up to ±2.0A, depending on the supply voltages used and load capacitance. But a 2kΩ resistor, R36, must be between OUT G and the gate of the PMOS FET, which is driven by the OUT C through a capacitor. This configuration provides the optimal series resistance value of the gate DC bias driver circuit.The output stage of the MD1812/13 has separate power connections enabling the output signal high and low levels to be chosen independently from the driver supply voltages. As an example, the input logic levels may be 0V and 1.8V, the control logic may be powered by +5V and –5V, and the output high and low levels may be varied anywhere over the range of +5V to -5V. In this design example, MD1812/13’s V DD and V H are both powered by +10V, V SS and V L are grounded, and V NEG is –10V. The source pin of the RTZ PMOS FET driven by the OUT C and OUT G pins is connected to ground.PCB Layout TechniquesIt is very important that the slab at the bottom of the IC package, which is the IC substrate “pin”, be externally connected to the V NEG pin to make sure it always has the lowest potential in any condition.Designing An Ultrasound Pulser with MD1812/MD1813 Composite DriversBy Ching Chu, Sr. Application EngineerUse high-speed PCB trace design practices that are compatible with the circuit’s operating speed. The internal circuitry of the MD1812/13 can operate at up to 100MHz, with the primary speed limitation being due to load capacitance. Because of this high speed and the high transient currents that result when driving capacitive loads, the supply voltage bypass capacitors should be as close to the supply pins as possible. The V SS and V L pins should have low inductance feed-through connections that are connected directly to a solid ground plane. If these voltages are not zero, they will require bypass capacitors similar to the positive power supplies. The V DD and V H supplies determine the output logic levels. These two pins can draw fast transient currents of up to 2.0A, so they should be provided with a low-impedance bypass capacitor at the chip’s pins. A ceramic capacitor of up to 1.0µF may be appropriate. Minimize the trace length to the ground plane, and insert a ferrite bead in the power supply lead to the capacitor to prevent resonance in the power supply lines. A common voltage source and local decoupling capacitor may be used for the V DD and V H pins, which should always have the same DC level applied to them. For applications that are sensitive to jitter and noise, insert another ferrite bead between V DD and V H and decouple each pin separately.Pay particular attention to minimizing trace lengths and using sufficient trace width to reduce inductance. Surfacemount components are highly recommended. Since the output impedance of this driver is very low, in some cases it may be desirable to add a small value resistor in series with the output to obtain better waveform integrity at the load terminals. This will, of course, reduce the output voltage slew rate at the terminals of a capacitive load. Pay particular attention to the parasitic coupling from the driver’s output to the input signal terminals. This feedback may causeoscillations or spurious waveform shapes on the edges of signal transitions. Since the input operates with signals down to 1.2V, even small coupling voltages may cause problems. Use of a solid ground plane and good power and signal layout practices will prevent this problem. Also ensure that the circulating ground return current from a capacitive load cannot react with common inductance to create noise voltages in the input logic circuitry.Testing the Ultrasound Pulser The MD1812 RTZ pulser design example is tested with the following power supply voltage and current limiting: V PP 0 to +100V 5mA, V NN 0 to -100V 5mA, V DD = +10V 50mA, V NEG -10V 5mA, V CC +3.3V, 90mA.The HV OUT signal appears at the SMA connector J6. There is a 5:1 attenuation of the signal, due to the value of resistor R11. When driving a real transducer load, the value of this resistor should be reduced in value to match the load impedance.The HV OUT signal passes through jumper J5, which can be used to terminate the HV OUT signal in a dummy load, comprising a 220pF capacitor in parallel with a 1kΩ resistor. When an external load is connected, the dummy load is not required, and J5 can be configured to pass the signals straight through to the output connector J6.All the on-board test points are designed to work with an active oscilloscope probe, such as the Tektronix P6243 1MΩ active probe. Because TP7 is connected to the HV OUT , where potentially damaging voltages could be present, make sure that V PP /V NN does not exceed the probe limit. If using another type of high impedance oscilloscope probe for the test points, ensure that the ground lead connections to the circuit board ground plane are as short as possible.There are multiple frequency and waveform combinations that can be selected as bipolar pulses, PW or CW waveforms. An external clock input can be used if the on-board 40MHz-oscillator is disabled. The external trigger input can be used to synchronize the output waveforms. There are five push buttons for selecting demo waveform, frequency, phase, and MD1812 chip enable functions. Color LEDs indicate the demo selection states. The CH1 output allows the monitoring of one of the 5 inputs (IN A , IN B , IN C , IN D or O E ) of the MD1812/13 via the select button. The MD1812 and the MD1813 are very similar in function. The only differences between them are the control of the OE (MD1812) vs VLL (MD1813) pin and their logic functions. Please read their data sheets for the details. In this design example, the CPLD program is using an on-board solder jumper, R34, to sense the difference and works accordingly. The example MD1812/13 pulser circuit schematic, detailsignals definitions, and some measured waveforms areshown below.Waveform C, 20MHz, 8 cycles Load: 220pF//1kPulser Circuit SchematicWaveform AWaveform CWaveform BWaveform DOE INA INB INC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOE INA INB INC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOE INAINBINC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOEINAINBINC IND HV OUTV PPV NNNote: The duty cycle of the PW burst is set about 0.2% for limitedpower dissipationNote: The duty cycle of the PW burst is set about 25% at ≤5.0MHz forlimited power dissipation.AN-H56MD1812/13 Reference DesignJ 6X D C RJ E X = L oFig. 1 Waveform of 2.5MHz Fig. 2 Waveform of 5MHzFig. 3 Waveform of 10MHz Fig. 4 Waveform of 10MHz InvertingFig. 5 Waveform of 20MHz 8 Cycles Fig. 6 Waveform of 5mHz & Delay ReadingsFig. 7 Waveform of 10MHz(at IN C , OUT C , OUT G , and P- Gate, V DD = 12V, V NEG = -10V)Fig. 8 Waveform of 5MHz(at IN C , OUT C , OUT G , and P- Gate, V DD = 5V, V NEG = -10V)Supertex inc. does not recommend the use of its products in life support applications, and will not knowingly sell them for use in such applications unless it receives an adequate “product liability indemnification insurance agreement.” Supertex inc. does not assume responsibility for use of devices described, and limits its liability to the replacement of the devices determined defective due to workmanship. No responsibility is assumed for possible omissions and inaccuracies. Circuitry and specifications are subject to change without notice. For the latest product specifications refer to the Supertex inc. (website: http//)©2013 Supertex inc.All rights reserved. Unauthorized use or reproduction is prohibited.Supertex inc.。

（机械制造行业）机械专业中英文对照翻译大全机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine 拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics 流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism 串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment 公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design 共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturingsystem, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair 空间运动链spatial kinematic chain 空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action 隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon。

This flowmeter is a clamp-on type ultrasonic flow meter based on transit-time measuring method.Making full use of the latest electronics and digital signal processing technologies, we realized a compact and light-weight design, and improved the accuracy and easiness to use while keeping with anti-bubble performance.The communication function (MODBUS: Option) is also applicable.)($785(61. Compact and light-weightThanks to the adoption of the latest electronics the flow transmitter size and mass are 1/3 of our traditional instrument.2. Full variety of sensorsThe flowmeter can be used with various types of sensors applicable for wide range of pipe size (ø13 to ø6000mm) and fluid temperature (-40 to +200°C).3. High accuracyThe flowmeter is designed for high accurary (better than ±1.0% of rate) by dynamic correction of fully-developed flow profile. Reynolds Number is calculated and a meter factor (K) is automatically applied for best accuracy at all flow velocities. Further, the adoption of new sound velocity measurement system permits measurements of fluids of unknown sound velocity. Moreover, affection from fluid temperature and pressure is negligible (Auto-Temp./Press. compensation).4. Excellent resistance against aerated flowFuji's unique ABM feature improves measurement reli-ability for different flow like slurries, sludge, raw sewage and bubble-contained flow (acceptable up to air bubble of 12% volume at 1m/s velocity).5. Quick responseWith the use of high-speed micro-processor suitedfor digital signal processing, the fast response time is realized.6. Multi-lingualThe following languages are supported for display:Japanese (Katakana), E nglish, German French, and Spanish.7. Excellent performance and easy operationLCD and function keys are allowing easy configuration and trouble shooting.− LCD with back light− Easy mounting of sensor− Trouble shooting− E asy operation with keypad on the front surface of the flow transmitter (FSV···S)63(&,),&$7,216Operational specificationsSystem configuration:Single-path system of a flow transmit-ter (Model FSV) and a detector (ModelFLS/FSG/FSD)Applicable fluid: Homogenous liquid where the ultra-sonic signal can be transmittedBubble quantity: 0 to 12vol% (for pipesize 50A, water, velocity 1m/s)Fluid turbidity: 10000mg/L max.Type of flow: Fully-developed turbulentor laminar flow in a full-filled pipeFlow velocity range:0 to ±0.3 ... ±32m/s6(5,(68/75$621,& )/2:0(7(5Detector (FSD32)Flow transmitter (FSV···S)Detector(FLSE12)(FLSE22)Detector (FSG)Detector (FSD22)Power supply: 100 to 240V AC +10%/-15%, 50/60Hz;or 20 to 30V DCSignal cable (between detector and converter):Coaxial cable (5m standard, 300m (60mfor popular detector (FLS)) max.)Heat resistance: 80°CInstallation environment:Non-explosive area without direct sun-light, corrosive gas and heat radiation. Ambient temperature:Flow transmitter: -20 to +55°CDetector: -20 to +60°C-20 to +80°C(for FLSE 2 2-A only) Ambient humidity:95%RHmax.Grounding: Class D (100 Ω)Arrester:Provided as standard at output andpower supplyApplicable piping and fluid temperature:Note 1: If the pipe material is PP or PVDF, select FSGS31, FSGS41 or FSGS5.Note that the wall thickness is 15mm or less for PP, and 9mm or less for PVDF. Note 2: For cast iron pipe, lining pipe, old steel pipe or others through which the ultrasonic signal could not be transmitted easily, select FSGS31,FSGS41 or FSGS50.Lining material: Tar epoxy, mortar, rubber, etc.* In case the lining is not glued to a pipe, the measurement may be impossible.Straight pipe length: Typically 10D for upstream and 5D for dowstream.(D: Pipe inner diameter)Refer to conditions on straight pipe for details(Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers'Association Standard JEMIS-032).Note 3: If silicone-free grease is used as acoustic coupler, the fluid temperature range is0 to 60°C regardless of the detector.Note 4: When the 9th digit in the code symbol is “A”, the applicable piping diameter is up t o 150mm.Performance specificationsResponse time: 0.5s (standard mode)0.2s as selected (quick response mode)Power consumption:15VA max. (AC power supply)6W max. (DC power supply)Functional specificationsAnalog signal: 4 to 20mA DC (1 point)Load resistance: 1 kΩ max.Digital output:Forward total, reverse total, alarm,acting range, flow switch, total switchassignable arbitrarily(1) Mechanical relay contact (isolated,socket provided, arrester incorpo-rated)• Output: 1 point• Normal: Open/Close selectable• Contact capacity: 240V AC, 30V DC, 1A• Output frequency: 1P/s max. (pulsewidth: 50, 100, 200ms)(2) Transistor contact (isolated, open col-lector, arrester incorporated)• Outputs: 2 points• Normal: ON/OFF selectable• Contact capacity: 30V DC, 0.1A• Output frequency: 1000P/s max. (pulsewidth: 5, 10, 50, 100, 200ms)Digital input: 1 point (no-voltage contact) (option)/Set zero, Preset total assignableSerial communication (option):RS-232C equivalent or RS-485, isolated,arrester incorporatedConnectable quantity: 1 unit (RS-232C)/upto 31 units (RS-485: MODBUS)Baud rate: 9600, 19200, 38400bpsParity: None/Odd/Even selectableStop bits: 1 or 2 bits selectableCable length: 15m max. (RS-232C)/1km max. (RS-485)Data: Flow velocity, flow rate, forwardtotal, reverse total, status, etc.Display device: 2-color LED (Normal: green, Extraordi-nary: red)LCD with 2 lines of 16 characters andback lightIndication language: Japanese (Katakana)/English/French/German/Spanish (changeable)Flow velocity/flow rate indication: Instantaneous flow velocity, instantaneousflow rate indication (minus indication for reverse flow)Numerals: 8 digits (decimal point iscounted as 1 digit)Unit: Metric/Inch system selectableMetric systemInch system Velocitym/sft/sFlow rate L/s, L/min, L/h, L/d, kL/d, ML/d, m 3/s, m 3/min, m 3/d, km 3/d, Mm 3/d, BBL/s, BBL/min, BBL/h, BBL/d, kBBL/d, MBBL/d gal/s, gal/min, gal/h,gal/d, kgal/d, Mgal/d, ft 3/s, ft 3/min, ft 3/d, Kft 3/d, Mft 3/d, BBL/s, BBL/min, BBL/h, BBL/d, kBBL/d, MBBL/dNote: The ”gal” means USgal.Total indication: Forward or reverse total value indica-tion (negative indication for reverse direction)Numerals: 8 digits (decimal point iscounted as 1 digit)Unit: Metric/Inch system selectableMetric systemInch systemTotalmL, L, m 3, km 3, Mm 3, mBBL, BBL, KBBL gal, kgal, ft 3, kft 3, Mft 3,mBBL, BBL, kBBL,ACRE-ftConfiguration:Fully configurable from the 4-key pad (ESC, , , ENT)Zero adjustment: S et zero/Clear available External zero adjustment: Set zero available upon digital inputsettingDamping: 0 to 100s (every 0.1s) for analog outputand flow velocity/flow rate indicationLow flow rate cutoff: 0 to 5m/s in terms of flow velocity Alarm: Digital output available for Hardwarefault or Process faultBurnout: Analog output: Hold/Overscale/Under-scale/Zero selectable Flow rate total: Hold/Count selectable Burnout timer: 0 to 100s (every 1s)Bi-directional range: Forward and reverse ranges configu-rable independently. Hysteresis: 0 to 10% of working range Working range applicable to digitaloutputAuto-2 range: 2 forward ranges configurable indepen-dentlyHysteresis: 0 to 10% of working range Working range applicable to digitaloutputFlow switch:Lower limit, upper limit configurableindependentlyDigital output available for status atactuated pointTotal switch: Forward total switching point configu-rable Digital output available when actuated External total preset: Preset total settable upon contact inputsettingPhysical specificationsType of enclosure: Flow transmitter: FSV···S: IP66 FSV···H: IP67 (With large LCD) Detector: FLS (popular type): IP65 (When waterproot BNC con-nector is provided) FSG (common type): IP67 (Silicone compound is filledon the terminal part when wiring)FSG (submersible type): IP68 (submersible in water for 5days)FSD (small diameter and high tempera-ture type): IP52Mounting method:Flow transmitter: Mounted on wall or by2B pipeDetector: Clamped on pipe surfaceAcoustic coupler: Silicone rubber, silicone grease or silicone-free greaseNote: The acoustic coupler is a mediumthat eliminates a gap between detector and pipeProcure silicone grease (G40M), if necessary, as an optional accessory.Material: Flow transmitter: Aluminum alloy Detector:DetectorSensor housing Sensor cover SUS304Guide railPBT FLSE1SUS304PBT FLSE2Aluminum alloy + plasticPBT FSD22SUS304–PBT FSGS41FSGS5SUS304SUS304 + plasticPBT FSGS3––––SUS304 + aluminum alloySUS304FSD320($685,1* 35,1&,3/(With ultrasonic pulses propagated diagonally between the upstream and downstream sensors, flow rate is measured by detecting the time difference obtained by the flow offluid.Detector02817,1* 2) '(7(&725&21),*85$7,21 ',$*5$0(1) Single-path system (V method)Signal cable:FLY3 (applicable detector: FLS)• S tructure: Heat-resisting high-frequencycoaxial cable (3D2V)• S heath: Flame-resisting PVC• O uter diameter: ø5mm• T ermination: M3 amp terminal (flowtransmitter side) and BNC connector(sensor side)FLY8, FLY9 (applicable detector: FSG,FSD)• S tructure: High frequency coaxial cable(double shield)• S heath: Black flame-resisting PVC• O uter diameter: ø7.3mm• T ermination: M3 amp terminal (flowtransmitter side) and M4 amp terminal(FLY8).Note, however, that the detecterside of FSD22 and FSD32 is providedwith BNC connector (FLY9).• M ass: Approx. 90g/mDimensions: Flow transmitter FSV···S (IP66):H170×W142×D70mmFlow transmitter FSV···H (IP67):H277×W244×D95mmDetector:H50×W228×D34mm (FLSE1)H50×W348×D34mm (FLSE2)H90×W320×D53mm (FSD22)H46×W410×D50mm (FSGS3)H46×W54×D37mm (FSGS41)H67×W78×D84mm (FSGS5)H205×W530×D52mm(FSD32)Mass: Flow transmitter (indoor type):1.5kgFlow transmitter (outdoor type):4.5kgDetector:0.3kg(FLSE1)0.4kg(FLSE2)0.6kg(FSD22)0.6kg(FSGS3)0.3kg(FSGS4)1.2kg(FSGS5)1.6kg(FSD32)Provided as standard•Compatible model is PC/AT compatible instrument.•Operation is undefined for PC98 series (NEC).•Main functions: Software for Main unit parameter set-ting/change on PC•OS: Windows 2000/XP•Memory requirement: 125MB min.•Disk unit: CD-ROM drive compatible with Windows2000/XP•Hard disk capacity: Minimum vacant capacity of 52MBor moreNote: Optional communication board (specified at the5th digit of code symbols) and loader cable (ModelZZP*TK4J1236) are additionally necessary for RS232Cserial communication.Note: USB-RS232C converterFor PC that does not support RS-232C serial interface,a converter is necessary for connecting the PC andmain unit.USB-RS232C converter should be combined with theabove loader cable.<Recommendation>USB-CVRS9 (manufactured by Sanwa Supply)'(7(&725 6(/(&7,21 *8,'(Note: The ultrasonic signal cannot be transmitted easily when the classification of piping material is Px or the turbidity is high. In such a case, a preliminary check by a portable ultrasonic flowmeter is recommended.Px : PP , PVDFP : Plastic (PVC, etc.)M : Msetallic piping (steel pipe, copper pipe, aluminum, etc.)Classification ofpiping materials&2'( 6<0%2/<Flow transmitter>1YF S VY Description1234567891011121314(Destination) (4th digit)Standard (English)(Communication) (5th digit)NoneRS232C+DI RS485+DI(Use) (6th digit)Single measuring path (Power supply) (7th digit)AC100 to 240V 50/60Hz DC20 to 30V(Case structure) (9th digit)IP66IP67(Wire connection port) (10th digit)Weatherproof gland provided[G1/2 and G3/8 (internal threads)]Union (for pilica) with gland [G1/2 female screw](when "H" is specified 9th digit)(Combination with explosion-proof detector) (11th digit)None(Parameter setting) (12th digit)NoneSetting providedSetting provided + tag Tag(Mounting method) (13th digit)Pipe mount (if the 9th digit is S)Wall mountPipe mount (if the 9th digit is H)(Area) (14th digit)AmericaEurope, Middle East, Africa AsiaE Y AS H 14Y Y A BYY A B C A B CN E A<Detector, small diameter/high temperature type>112345678Small diameter sensor (ø13 to ø100) V method High-temperature sensor *1 (ø50 to ø400)V or Z method220S 1320F S D F S D Y *1:Note: As standard acoustic coupler, silicone rubber (KE-348W) isprovided for small diameter sensor, or grease for high temperature (KS62M) for high-temperature sensor.For turbid fluid or old pipe, cast iron pipe, mortar lining pipe orothers through which the ultrasonic signal could not betransmitted easily, use an optional guide rail (TK4C6164C1), and carry out mounting by Z method.Applicable diameter range V method: ø50 to ø250 Z method: ø150 to ø400&2'( 6<0%2/<Detector, popular type><Detector, common type>DescriptionType (5th and 6th digits)Small sensor 2MHz (ø50 to ø300)Small sensor 1MHz (ø50 to ø300)*2Middle sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø1200)Large sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø6000)Large sensor 0.5KHz (ø200 to ø6000)*2Acoustic coupler (10th digit)None *5Silicon rubber (KE348)Silicone-free grease (HIGH-Z) (Note 2)Silicone grease (G40M) (Note 2)Additional specification (11th digit)None Tag plateWire rope for mounting (12th digit)Specify it in the case of FSGS41 or FSGS5.NoneNominal diameter: up to ø500mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1500mmNominal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø6000mm 1F S G SY Y 112345678910111213Y A B C 3231415150Y AY A B C D EV methodV or ZmethodCan be specified only for FSGS5*2:*3:*5:For aging pipes, cast iron pipes or mortar-lined pipes that interruptsthe propagation of ultrasonic signals, select FSGS31 or FSGS50.Procure type FLY for the signal cable.Silicone rubber (KE-348W) is provided as a standard accessory to fillthe wiring mold. (It can also be used as an acoustic coupler.)If an additional acoustic coupler is required, select one among A, B and C.<Detector, submersible type>Description1F S G SA 112345678910111213A CBCDEFGH J K L M N P Q R Z3231415150Y AY A B C D EDedicated signal cable (9th digit)10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m 70m 80m 90m 100m 110m 120m 130m 140m 150mSpecified length(Contact us if length is more than 150m. Max. length is 300m.)Type (5th and 6th digits)Small sensor 2MHz (ø50 to ø300)Small sensor 1MHz (ø50 to ø300)*2Middle sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø1200)Large sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø6000)Large sensor 0.5KHz (ø200 to ø6000)*2Acoustic coupler (10th digit)Silicon rubber (KE348)Silicone grease (G40M) (Note 2)Additional specification (11th digit)None Tag plateWire rope for mounting (12th digit)Specify it in the case of FSGS41 or FSGS5.NoneNominal diameter: up to ø500mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1500mmNominal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø6000mm V methodV or ZmethodCan be specified only for FSGS5*2:For aging pipes, cast iron pipes or mortar-lined pipes that interruptsthe propagation of ultrasonic signals, select FSGS31 or FSGS50.3F L S EDescription12345678910Type (4th, 5th and 6th digits)Small diameter sensor, 2MNz (ø25 to ø100mm)Small sensor, 2MHz(ø50 to ø225mm) (Note 1)Acoustic coupler (7th digit) (Note 2)NoneSilicone rubberSilicone-free grease1222Y A BY A Optional specification (10th digit)None TagY BFluid temperature range (9th digit)-20 to +100°C 0 to +120°CV methodNote 2:Normally select silicone rubber as acoustic coupler. Siliconerubber in tube (100g) is furnished. If you place an order for several units, 1 tube may suffice for every 5 units.Select silicone-free grease for semiconductor manufacturing equipment or the like that is vulnerable to silicone. Thesilicone-free grease is water-soluble and, therefore, cannot be used in environment exposed to water or on piping subjected to a condensation. Since the grease does not set, a periodic maintenance (cleaning, refilling every about 6 months at normal temperature) is necessary.Note 1: When the 9th digit in the code symbol is “A”,the applicable piping diameter is up to 150mm.&2'( 6<0%2/<Signal cable>• For detector FLSF 1DescriptionL Y12345678F 1DescriptionL Y12345678Type of sensor (4th digit code) (for FLS)Cable length (5, 6 and 7th digit) 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 mOthers (contact us)005010015020025030040050060Z Z Z3 Type of sensor (4th digit)Small and large sensor (for FSG)Small dia and hight temp sensor (for FSD) Cable length (5,6 and 7th digit) 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 35 m 40 m 45 m 50 m 55 m 60 m 65 m 70 m 75 m 80 m 85 m 90 m 95 m 100 m 110 m 120 m 130 m 140 m 150 mOthers (contact us)005010015020025030035040045050055060065070075080085090095100110120130140150Z Z Z89Note: Must be procured unless the sensor is a submersible type.• For detector FSG and FSDConditions on straight pipe(Note) The source : JEMIS-032( D : Inside diameter of pipe)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Flow transmitter : FSV···S (IP66)Flow transmitter : FSV···H (IP67)Detecter (type : FLSE 2) (popular type)U bolt (M8)(option)U bolt (M8)& output cable (PF1/2)cable (PF1/2)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Detector FSD22 (Small diameter sensor)D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o Detector FSGS5 (Large sensor)Detector FSGS3 (Small sensor)Detector FSD32 (High-temperature sensor)(Common type)(Submersible type)(Common type)(Submersible type)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Signal cable : FLY3 (For FLS)Signal cable : FLY8 (For FSG)Signal cable : FLY9 (For FSD)Loader cable : ZZP*TK4J1236Detector FSGS41 (Middle sensor)(Common type)(Submersible type)&211(&7,21 ',$*5$0NameDrawing No.123456789ZZP*TK4C6164C1ZZP*TK4J1236C1ZZP*45231N5ZZP*45735N2ZZP*TK7M0981P1ZZP*TK7G7983C1ZZP*TK7N3827P8ZZP*TK7J1005P1ZZP*TK745007P1ZZP*TK464686C1ZZP*TK464686C2ZZP*TK464686C3ZZP*TK464686C6ZZP*TK464686C13Guide rail for high-temperature sensor PC Loader cable Silicon grease (G40M)Silicone rubber (KE 348W)Silicone-free grease (HIGH Z)High-temperature grease (KS62M)Fuse for AC power Fuse for DC powerWire rope for mounting the sensor Spring Wire ropeNomal diameter: up to ø500mm Nomal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nomal diameter: up to ø1500mm Nomal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nomal diameter: up to ø6000mmtransmitter432N 1L 43−21+DC20 to 30V4TXDR1321SHILD RS-485TXDR24TXD321DI1GND RXD RS-232CDI1Status input(DI)AC power supplyDC power supplyOptionStatus input(DI)Earth terminal (M4)AC100 to 240V50/60Hz*1) Only for double shield coaxial cable (type FLY8, 9)<Flow transmitter><Detector>6&23( 2) '(/,9(5<•Flow transmitter (provided with U-bolt and nuts for pipe mount)•Detector (provided with mounting fixture and acoustic coupler)*The acoustic coupler is option for popular type detec-tors.•Signal cable•CD-ROM (contains instruction manual, loader software),7(06 '(6,*1$7(' 25'(5,1*1. Detector code symbols2. Flow transmitter code symbols3. Signal cable code symbols4. For large sensor: Mounting pipe size5. Tag No. as necessary6. If parameter setting is specified, send back the attached parameter specification table duly filled.237,21$/ $&&(6625,(6Printed in JapanCaution on Safety*Before using this product, be sure to read its instruction manual in advance.Information in this catalog is subject to change without notice.Note1: When total pulse output has been selected for DO1, DO2 or DO3 specify total pulse value and total pulse width so that conditions 1 and 2 shown below are satisfies.* In the case of 2 ranges, perform calculations using either flow span-1 or flow span-2, whichever is greater.Condition 1 :1000 [In the case of DO1 and DO2]1 [In the case of DO3]Flow span-1*[m 3/s]total pulse value*[m 3]Condition 2 :Flow span-1*[m 3/s]total pulse value*[m 3]10002 × total pulse width [ms]。

机械专业中英文对照英语词汇瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine 动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram 工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point 节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead 螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor齿轮internal gear齿圈ring gear力internal force圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector 平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth。

机械专业机械工具扳子spanner (美作:wrench)双头扳子double-ended spanner活扳子,活络扳手adjustable spanner, monkey wrench半自动滚刀磨床semi-automatic hob grinder半自动化semi-automation; semi-automatic 扳手wrench备件spare parts 边刨床side planer 变速箱transmission gear 柄轴arbor 部件units; assembly parts 插床slotting machine 拆卸to disassemble超高速内圆磨床ultra-high-speed internal grinder车床lathe; turning lathe 车刀lathe tool车轮车床car wheel lathe 车削turning 车管钳子box spanner (美作:socket wrench) 卡规calipers夹钳pincers, tongs 剪子shears 钢锯hacksaw剪线钳wire cutters万能手钳multipurpose pliers, universal pliers可调手钳adjustable pliers 冲子punch 钻drill 卡盘chuck 三角刮刀scraper扩孔钻reamer 孔径规calliper gauge铆钉rivet 螺母nut 自锁螺母,防松螺母locknut 螺栓bolt销钉pin, peg, dowel 垫圈washer U形钉staple油壶oil can 工作服jack 注油枪grease gun机械加工抛光polishing 安装to assemble 衬套bushing半机械化semi-mechanization; semi-mechanized 轴axle金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor 几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing 滑动轴承sliding bearing 弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead 联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining 粗加工rough machining 变速箱体gearbox casing 腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design 有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel2D Solid 二维实体2D Wireframe 二维线框3D Array 三维阵列3D Dynamic View 三维动态观察3d objects 三维物体3D Orbit 三维轨道3D Orbit 三维动态观察3D Studio 3D Studio3D Viewpoint 三维视点3dpoly 三维多段线3dsin 3DS 输入3DSolid 三维实体3dsout 3DS 输出abort 放弃abort 中断absolute coordinates 绝对坐标abut 邻接accelerator key 加速键access 获取acisin ACIS 输入acisout ACIS 输出action 操作active 活动（的）adaptive sampling 自适应采样add 添加Add a Printer 添加打印机Add mode 添加模式Add Plot Style Table 添加打印样式表Add Plot Style Table 添加打印样式表Add Plotter 添加打印机Add Plotter 添加打印机Add to Favorites 添加到收藏夹ADI ADI(Autodesk 设备接口)adjacent 相邻Adjust 调整Adjust Area fill 调整区域填充AdLM (Autodesk License Manager) AdLM（Autodesk 许可管理器）Administration dialog box 管理对话框Advanced Setup Wizard 高级设置向导Aerial View 鸟瞰视图affine calibration 仿射校准alert 警告alias 别名aliasing 走样align 对齐aligned dimension 对齐标注alignment 对齐(方式) allocate 分配Altitude 标高ambient color 环境色ambient light 环境光angular dimension 角度标注angular unit 角度单位annotation 注释anonymous block 无名块anti-aliasing 反走样aperture 靶框apparent intersections 外观交点append 附加Application key 授权申请号appload 加载应用程序Apply 应用/申请approximation points 近似点arc 圆弧Architectual Ticks 建筑标记area 区域,面积Argument 参数Arrange icons 排列图标array 阵列arrowhead 箭头ASCII ASCII （美国标准信息交换码）aseadmin ASE 管理aseexport ASE 输出aselinks ASE 链接aserows ASE 行aseselect ASE 选择asesqled SQL 编辑Aspect 纵横向间距aspect ratio 宽高比assign 指定Assist 助理associative dimension 关联标注associative hatches 关联填充attach v.附着attdef 属性定义attdisp 属性显示attedit 属性编辑attenuation 衰减attenuation of light 灯光衰减attext 属性提取attredef 属性重定义attribute definition 属性定义Attribute Display 属性显示attribute extraction file 属性提取文件attribute extraction template file 属性提取样板文件attribute prompt 属性提示attribute tag 属性标签attribute value 属性值audit 核查authorization code 授权码AutoCAD library search path AutoCAD 库搜索路径autocommit 自动提交AutoTrack 自动追踪axis tripod 三轴架azimuth 方位角Back Clipping On 后向剪裁打开back view 后视图background color 背景色backup 备份Backward 反向bad 不正确的base 基点base dimension 基准标注base grips 基夹点base point 基点baseline 基线baseline dimension 基线标注Basic color 基本色batch plotting 批处理打印beam angles of spotlights 聚光灯光束角度Beep on Error 出错报警bevel 倒角bevel 倒角beveling objects 斜角对象Bezier curve Bezier 曲线Big Font 大字体bind 绑定bitmap 位图blend 合成blipmode 点标记模式block 块block definition 块定义block reference 块参照block table 块表bmpout BMP 输出body 体Boolean operation 布尔运算borders 边框bottom view 仰视图boundary 边界boundary sets 边界集bounding 边（框）break (v.) 打断Bring Above Object 置于对象之上Bring to Top 顶置brower 浏览器built-in 内置的bulge 凸度bump map 凹凸贴图button menu 按钮菜单BYBLOCK 随块BYLAYER 随层byte 字节cabling 电缆布线cal 计算器calibrate 校准call 调用callback 回调(for LISP) callback 回叫camera 相机camera angle 相机角度Cancel 取消cap 封口cascade 层叠（的）case （大小）写cast 投射catalog 目录cell 单元Center 圆心center mark 圆心标记centerline 中心线centroid 形心,质心chamfer 倒角change 修改character 字符Check 检查Check Box 复选框Check Spelling 拼写检查child dimension style 下级标注样式chord 弦chprop 修改特性circle 圆circular external reference 循环外部参照Circumference 圆周class 类clause 子句Clean 清除Clean 清除clear 清除client 客户机clip 剪裁Clipboard 剪贴板clipping boundaries 剪裁边界clipping planes 剪裁平面Close 闭合cluster 组code pages 代码页color 颜色color depth 颜色深度color map 色表Color Wheel 颜色轮盘color-dependent 颜色相关Color-Dependent Plot Style Table 颜色相关打印样式表column 列combine 结合comma 逗号command history 命令历史command line 命令行command window 命令窗口comment 注释commit 提交Compatibility 兼容性compile 编译complex solids 复杂实体component 分量Component 部件composite regions 组合面域composite tolerances 混合公差compound documents 合成文档cone 圆锥面config 配置configuration 配置conic 圆锥曲线Constant 常量Construction Line 构造线containers 容器Content Explorer 内容管理器Content Explorer 内容管理器contents 内容context 环境continuation 顺序Continue 继续Continue 继续continue dimension 连续标注contour lines 轮廓线contrast 对比度contrast 对比度control (n.)控件coordinate filters 坐标过滤器coordinate system 坐标系coplanar 同一平面的copy 副本Copy Hyperlink 复制超级链接copyclip 复制剪贴copyhist 复制历史copylink 复制链接Corner 角点corner joint 角点correct v. 更正corrupt 毁损create 创建Create Layout 创建布局criteria 条件criteria 条件Crop 修剪crosshair 十字光标crossing 窗交crossing polygon 交叉多边形crossing window 交叉窗口cube 立方体Cubic 三次Current UCS 当前UCS Current UCS 当前UCS cursor 游标cursor menu 光标菜单curve 曲线custom 自定义Custom installation 自定义安装Customize Menus 自定义菜单Customize Menus 自定义菜单Cut 剪切cutclip 剪切cylinder 圆柱体cylindrical coordinate 柱坐标dangle 不固定的Dark Color 暗色dash 虚线data integrity 数据完整性database 数据库datum 基准datum axis 基准轴datum dimension 基准标注datum identifier 基准标识datum reference frames 基准参考框架datum reference letters 基准参考字母dbConnect 数据库连接dbConnect Manager 数据库连接管理器dblist 数据库列表DBMS drivers DBMS 驱动ddattdef 属性定义对话框ddatte 属性编辑对话框ddattext 属性提取对话框ddcolor 颜色对话框ddedit 文字编辑对话框ddgrips 夹点对话框ddim 标注设置对话框ddinsert 插入对话框ddmodify 图元编辑对话框ddptype 点类型对话框ddrename 重命名对话框ddrmodes 绘图模式对话框ddselect 对象选择对话框dducs UCS 对话框dducsp UCS 方向对话框ddunits 单位对话框ddview 视图对话框ddvpoint 视点对话框deactivate 释放dealer 经销商decal effect 修剪效果decimal dimensions 十进制标注decurve 非曲线化default 缺省default drawing 缺省图形default drawing 缺省图形definition point 定义点Degenerate 退化delay 延迟delete 删除DELta 增量demand loading 按需加载dependent symbols 依赖符号deployment 展开Depth Map 深度贴图derive 导出description 说明Design Center 设计中心detach 拆离Detection 检测deviation 极限偏差deviation tolerances 极限公差device 设备device 设备Device and Default Selection 设备和默认选择Dia 直径diameter 直径（标注）dictionary 词典diffuse color 漫射色digitizer 数字化仪digitizing puck 数字化仪游标digitizing puck 数字化仪游标dim 标注dimaligned 对齐标注dimangular 角度标注dimbaseline 标注基线dimcenter 圆心标注dimcontinue 连续标注dimdiameter 直径标注dimedit 标注编辑dimension 标注dimension definition points 标注定义点dimension format 标注格式dimension geometry 构成要素dimension line arc 尺寸线圆弧dimension properties 标注特性dimension scale 标注比例dimension style 标注样式dimension style families 标注样式族dimension style name 标注样式名dimension style overrides 标注样式替代dimension text 标注文字dimension units 标注单位dimension variables 标注变量dimlinear 线性标注dimordinate 坐标标注dimoverride 标注替代dimradius 半径标注dimstyle 标注样式dimtedit 标注文字编辑Direct Hatch 直接填充Direction Control 方向控制Directory 目录Disable 禁用discard 放弃Discontinued 停止使用的dish 下半球面disk space 磁盘空间displacement point 位移点display 显示Display Order 显示次序dist 距离distant light 平行光distributing 分布dithering 抖动diverge 分散的Divide 等分divide 等分Division 等分dock(undock) 固定（浮动）document 文档dome 上半球面donut 园环Draft 草图drafting standards 绘图标准drafting techniques 绘图技术drag and drop 拖放draw 绘制/绘图(如果后面未接宾语) drawing 图形Drawing Aids 绘图辅助工具drawing area 绘图区域drawing boundaries 图形边界drawing browser 图形浏览器drawing database 图形数据库drawing environment 图形环境drawing extents 图形范围drawing file 图形文件drawing limits 图形界限drawing order 图形次序drawing project 图形项目drawing scale 图形比例drawing standard 图形标准drawing status 图形状态drawing time 绘图时间drawing units 图形单位driver 驱动程序Dropdown List 下拉列表dsviewer 鸟瞰视图dtext 动态文本dump 转储duplicate 重复duplicating 复制dview 动态观察dxbin DXB输入dxfin DXF输入dxfout DXF输出Dynamic 动态Dynamic Dragging 动态拖动Dynamic Update 动态更新dynamic viewing 动态观察dynamic zooming 动态缩放edge 边Edge Surface 边界曲面edgesurf 边界曲面editor 编辑器EDUCATION VERSION 教学版effect 效果Element 元素elev 标高elevation 标高ellipse 椭圆embed 内嵌，嵌入Encapsulated 封装See also "EPS" end 端点end angle 端点角度end tangent 端点切向end width 端点宽度Ending 终止English units 英制单位ENTER ENTER（输入）entity 图元entry 条目environment 环境environment variable 环境变量equation 方程式erase 删除existing 现有的Exit 退出export 输出expression 表达式extend 扩展extend 延伸，超出量（用于标注）extension line 尺寸界线Extent(s) 范围external data 外部数据external database 外部数据库External Reference 外部参照Extract 选集extrude 拉伸face 面facet 镶嵌面factor 因子(see Scale Factor)fade 褪色度falloff angle 收缩角Fast Zoom mode 快速缩放模式fatal 致命错误Favorites 收藏夹Favorites 收藏夹feature 功能/（几何）特征fence 栏选(See also Selection fence field 字段file 文件fill 填充Filled Text 填充文字Filmroll Filmrollfilter 过滤器find 查找finish 完成finish 修饰（for render only)fit 自适应设置fit points 拟合点flag 标志Flat Shaded, Edges on 带边框平淡着色flat-shaded （平淡）着色floating viewports 浮动视口flood 布满Flyout Properties 弹出特性对话框fog 雾fold 折叠Follow 跟随font 字体font map file 字体映射文件form tolerance 形状公差formatting text 设置文字格式frame 框架frame 帧frame 边框free-form 自由形式（的）freehand line 徒手画线Freeplotting 自由绘图freeze 冻结freezing layers 冻结图层From 自Front Clipping On 前向剪裁打开front view 主视图Full Preview 全视口预览General 基本generate 生成geometric characteristic symbols 几何特性Geometric Tolerance 形位公差geometry 几何图形global 全局（的）Gouraud renderings Gouraud Gouraud 着色Gradient 百分度Grads 百分度graphic area 图形区graphics cursor 图形光标graphics screen 图形屏graphics window 图形窗口graphscr 图形屏gray 灰度grid 网格grid 网格,栅格grid mode 栅格模式grip 夹点group 编组group code 组码Haltftoning 半色调handle 句柄handshaking 握手信号Hardcopy 硬拷贝hardware linetype 硬件线型hardware lock 保密锁hardware requirement 硬件需求hatch 图案填充hatch areas 填充区域hatch boundaries 填充边界hatch pattern 填充图案hatch styles 填充样式hatchedit 填充编辑Heads-up Design 轻松设计Height 高度help 帮助Hidden Line 隐藏线hidden-line image 消隐图像hide 隐藏(adj.)hide 消隐(v.)hideplot 消隐出图highlight 突出显示highlight 亮光(for the color of 3D objeHIGHLIGHT 亮显home page 主页home position 起始位置hook line 钩线hotspot 聚光角Hyperlink 超级链接Icon 图标Identifier 标识符IGES (International Graphics Exchange Sp 初始图形交换标准Ignore 忽略image 图像implement 实现import 输入Imprint 压印Imprint 压印included angle 包含角infinite lines 无限长线information 信息Inherit Properties 继承特性initial environment 初始环境Initialize 初始化in-place 在位inquiry 查询inscribed polygons 内接正多边形insert 插入Insertion 插入点insertobj 插入对象instance 引用Instruction 指示integer 整数IntelliMouse 智能鼠标IntelliMouse 智能鼠标Intensity 强度interactive 交互的Interchange 互换interface 介面interfere 干涉Interference 干涉Interference 干涉interlace 隔行internal 内部的Internet Utilities Internet应用程序interpolation points 插值点intersect 交集interval 间距/间隔Invalid 无效（的）inverse linear attenuation of light 线性衰减inverse square attenuation of light 平方衰减Invisible 不可见invoke 调用island 孤岛Island detection 孤岛检测ISO (International Standards Organizatio ISO(国际标准化组织) Isolation levels 隔离级别isoline 素线isometric 等轴测isometric snap style 等轴测捕捉样式isometric view 等轴测视图isoplane 等轴测平面ISOPLANE 等轴测平面Italic 斜体iterator 枚举器join 合并joint 连接Justification 对正justify 对正key 主键key n.名称knot vector 节点矢量label 标签landscape 横向Landscape 配景，风景,if used for "landsc Landscape Edit 编辑配景Landscape Library 配景库lateral tolerance symbol 尺寸公差符号layer index 图层索引Layout 布局Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout Wizard 布局向导leader 引线Leading 前导Learning Assistance 学习助手Left View 左视图legacy 传统length 长度lengthen 拉长Lens Length 镜头长度License Agreement 许可协议license key 许可证号License Manager 许可管理器License Server 许可服务器licenses 授权light 光源light color 浅色(for RAMT-wood ) Light Color 暖色lighting 照明效果Lightness 亮度limits 图形界限line 行line 直线line font 线型line object 线性对象line segment 线段line width 线宽Linear Dimension 线性标注linetype 线型Lineweight 线宽link 链接list 表list 列表list box 列表框List Files 文件列表load 加载locale 局部location 网址(for Internet) location 位置(for file and directory) locked 锁定locked layer 锁定图层logfileoff 关闭日志文件logfileon 打开日志文件logical 逻辑long file name 长文件名loop 环ltscale 线型比例LTSCALE 线型比例Ltype 线型lump 块magnet 磁吸magnification （缩放）比例magnifying glass 放大镜main window 主窗口major axis 长轴Make 新建Make 建立malformed 有缺陷Manipulate 操作Manipulate 操作Manufacture 制造商mapper 贴图mapping 贴图marble 大理石mark 标记massprop 质量特性match 匹配material condition 包容条件material condition symbols 包容条件符号Materials 材质对话框Materials Library 材质库matlib 材质库measure 测量measure 等距等分（菜单内容）Measurement 测量单位MEASUREMENT 在图形中设置测量值member 成员memory 内存menu 菜单menu bar 菜单栏menuload 加载菜单Merge 合并message 信息metafile 图元文件Method 方法Middle 中央点Middle Center 正中点Midpoint 中点minsert 多重插入mirror 镜像mirror line 镜像射线mirror3d 三维镜像Miscellaneous File Names 其他文件名Miter 斜接mledit 多线编辑mline 多线mlstyle 多线样式mode 模式model 型号model 型号model (v)建模，(n)模型model space 模型空间Modification 修改monitor resolution 显示器分辨率monochrome 单色（的）mouse 鼠标move 移动mslide 制作幻灯mspace 模型空间mtext 多行文字Multiline 多线比例multiline scale 多线比例Multiline Style 多线样式mview 生成视口mvsetup 设置图纸规格named object 命名对象named plot style table 命名的打印样式表Named UCS 命名UCSnamed view 命名视图NE Isometric 东北等轴测NE Isometric 东北等轴测Nearest 最近点nested 嵌套nested blocks 嵌套块new 新建new 新的New Layout 新建布局New Layout 新建布局NURB surfaces NURBS（非一致有理B 样条曲线）NW Isometric 西北等轴测NW Isometric 西北等轴测object 对象Object Properties 对象特性Object Properties Manager 对象特性管理器Object Snap 对象捕捉object snap override 对象捕捉覆盖Object Snap Setting 对象捕捉设置objects 对象Oblique 斜尺寸界线obsolete 废弃ODBC database ODBC数据库offset 偏移OLE OLE（对象链接和嵌入）olelinks OLE链接online help 联机帮助online manuals 联机手册oops 恢复opacity map 不透明贴图open 打开open 打开(的)OPM(Object Property Manager) 对象特性管理器Optimization 优化option 选项Orbit 轨道Ordinate 坐标标注orientation 方向origin 原点（对于坐标系）origin 原始位置(used for external Dat origin 起点（对于尺寸界线和标注）ortho 正交Ortho mode 正交模式orthogonal 正交orthographic 正交osnap 对象捕捉outside 外部的overall dimension scale 全局比例overflow 溢出overlay 覆盖overline 上划线override 忽略- For common sentences override 替代- For dimension overwrite 覆盖Palette 控制板。

Aberration 像差Accessory 附件Accessory Shoes 附件插座、热靴Achromatic 消色差的Active 主动的、有源的Acutance 锐度Acute-matte 磨砂毛玻璃Adapter 适配器Advance system 输片系统AE Lock(AEL) 自动曝光锁定AF(Autofocus) 自动聚焦AF IlluminatorAF 照明器AF spotbeam projectorAF 照明器Alkaline 碱性Ambient light 环境光Amplification factor 放大倍率Angle finder 弯角取景器Angle of view 视角Anti-Red-eye 防红眼Aperture 光圈Aperture priority 光圈优先APO(APOchromat) 复消色差APZ(Advanced Program zoom) 高级程序变焦Arc弧形ASA(American Standards Association) 美国标准协会Astigmatism像散Auto bracket自动包围Auto composition自动构图Auto exposure自动曝光Auto exposure bracketing 自动包围曝光Auto film advance自动进片Auto flash自动闪光Auto loading自动装片Auto multi-program自动多程序Auto rewind自动退片Auto wind自动卷片Auto zoom自动变焦Automatic exposure(AE)自动曝光Automation自动化Auxiliary辅助的BBack 机背Back light 逆光、背光Back light compensation 逆光补偿Background 背景Balance contrast 反差平衡Bar code system 条形码系统Barrel distortion 桶形畸变BAse-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS) 基存储影像传感器Battery check 电池检测Battery holder 电池手柄Bayonet 卡口Bellows 皮腔Blue filter 蓝色滤光镜Body-integral 机身一体化Bridge camera 桥梁相机Brightness control 亮度控制Built in 内置Bulb B 门Button 按钮Cable release 快门线Camera 照相机Camera shake相机抖动Cap 盖子Caption 贺辞、祝辞、字幕Card 卡Cartridges 暗盒Case 机套CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 电荷耦合器件CdS cell 硫化镉元件Center spot 中空滤光镜Center weighted averaging 中央重点加权平均Chromatic Aberration 色差Circle of confusion 弥散圆Close-up 近摄Coated 镀膜Compact camera 袖珍相机Composition 构图Compound lens 复合透镜Computer 计算机Contact 触点Continuous advance 连续进片Continuous autofocus 连续自动聚焦Contrast 反差、对比Convetor 转换器Coreless 无线圈Correction 校正Coupler 耦合器Coverage 覆盖范围CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理器Creative expansion card 艺术创作软件卡Cross 交叉Curtain 帘幕Customized function 用户自选功能Data back 数据机背Data panel 数据面板Dedicated flash 专用闪光灯Definition 清晰度Delay 延迟、延时Depth of field 景深Depth of field preview 景深预测Detection 检测Diaphragm 光阑Diffuse 柔光Diffusers 柔光镜DIN (Deutsche Industrische Normen) 德国工业标准Diopter 屈光度Dispersion 色散Display 显示Distortion 畸变Double exposure 双重曝光Double ring zoom 双环式变焦镜头Dreams filter 梦幻滤光镜Drive mode 驱动方式Duration of flash 闪光持续时间DX-code DX 编码EED(Extra low Dispersion)超低色散Electro selective pattern(ESP)电子选择模式EOS(Electronic Optical System)电子光学系统Ergonomic人体工程学EV(Exposure value)曝光值Evaluative metering综合评价测光Expert专家、专业Exposure曝光Exposure adjustmentExposure compensation曝光补偿Exposure memory曝光记忆Exposure mode曝光方式Exposure value（EV）曝光值Extension tube近摄接圈Extension ring近摄接圈External metering 外测光Extra wide angle lens 超广角镜头Eye-level fixed眼平固定Eye-start眼启动Eyepiece目镜Eyesight correction lenses 视力校正镜Field curvature 像场弯曲Fill in 填充（式）Film 胶卷（片）Film speed 胶卷感光度Film transport 输片、过片Filter 滤光镜Finder 取景器First curtain 前帘、第一帘幕Fish eye lens 鱼眼镜头Flare 耀斑、眩光Flash 闪光灯、闪光Flash range 闪光范围Flash ready 闪光灯充电完毕Flexible program 柔性程序Focal length 焦距Focal plane 焦点平面Focus 焦点Focus area 聚焦区域Focus hold 焦点锁定Focus lock 焦点锁定Focus prediction 焦点预测Focus priority 焦点优先Focus screen 聚焦屏Focus tracking 焦点跟踪Focusing 聚焦、对焦、调焦Focus ing stages 聚焦级数Fog filter 雾化滤光镜Foreground 前景Frame 张数、帧Freeze 冻结、凝固Fresnel lens 菲涅尔透镜、环状透镜Frontground 前景Fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑GGN(Guide Number) 闪光指数GPD(Gallium Photo Diode) 稼光电二极管Graduated 渐变HHalf frame 半幅Halfway 半程Hand grip 手柄High eye point 远视点、高眼点High key 高调Highlight 高光、高亮Highlight control 高光控制High speed 高速Honeycomb metering 蜂巢式测光Horizontal 水平Hot shoe 热靴、附件插座Hybrid camera 混合相机Hyper manual 超手动Hyper program 超程序Hyperfocal 超焦距IIC(Integrated Circuit) 集成电路Illumination angle 照明角度Illuminator 照明器Image control 影像控制Image size lock 影像放大倍率锁定Infinity 无限远、无穷远Infra-red(IR) 红外线Instant return 瞬回式Integrated 集成Intelligence 智能化Intelligent power zoom 智能化电动变焦Interactive function 交互式功能Interchangeable 可更换Internal focusing 内调焦Interval shooting 间隔拍摄ISO(International Standard Association) 国际标准化组织JJIS(Japanese Industrial Standards) 日本工业标准LLandscape 风景Latitude 宽容度LCD data panel LCD 数据面板LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示LED(Light Emitting Diode) 发光二极管Lens 镜头、透镜Lens cap 镜头盖Lens hood 镜头遮光罩Lens release 镜头释放钮Lithium battery 锂电池Lock 闭锁、锁定Low key 低调Low light 低亮度、低光LSI(Large Scale Integrated) 大规模集成MMacro 微距、巨像Magnification 放大倍率Main switch 主开关Manual手动Manual exposure 手动曝光Manual focusing 手动聚焦Matrix metering 矩阵式测光Maximum最大Metered manual 测光手动Metering测光Micro prism 微棱Minimum 最小Mirage 倒影镜Mirror 反光镜Mirror box 反光镜箱Mirror lens 折反射镜头Module 模块Monitor 监视、监视器Monopod 独脚架Motor 电动机、马达Mount 卡口MTF (Modulation Transfer Function 调制传递函数Multi beam 多束Multi control 多重控制Multi-dimensional 多维Multi-exposure 多重曝光Multi-image 多重影Multi-mode 多模式Multi-pattern 多区、多分区、多模式Multi-program 多程序Multi sensor 多传感器、多感光元件Multi spot metering 多点测光Multi task 多任务Negative 负片Neutral 中性Neutral density filter 中灰密度滤光镜Ni-Cd battery 镍铬(可充电)电池OOff camera 离机Off center 偏离中心OTF(Off The Film) 偏离胶卷平面One ring zoom 单环式变焦镜头One touch 单环式Orange filter 橙色滤光镜Over exposure 曝光过度PPanning 摇拍Panorama 全景Parallel 平行Parallax 平行视差Partial metering 局部测光Passive 被动的、无源的Pastels filter 水粉滤光镜PC(Perspective Control) 透视控制Pentaprism 五棱镜Perspective 透视的Phase detection 相位检测Photography 摄影Pincushion distortion 枕形畸变Plane of focus 焦点平面Point of view 视点Polarizing 偏振、偏光Polarizer 偏振镜Portrait 人像、肖像Power 电源、功率、电动Power focus 电动聚焦Power zoom 电动变焦Predictive 预测Predictive focus control 预测焦点控制Preflash 预闪Professional 专业的Program 程序Program back 程序机背Program flash 程序闪光Program reset 程序复位Program shift 程序偏移Programmed Image Control (PIC) 程序化影像控制Q Quartz data back 石英数据机背Rainbows filter 彩虹滤光镜Range finder 测距取景器Release priority 释放优先Rear curtain 后帘Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity Law 倒易律Recompose 重新构图Red eye 红眼Red eye reduction 红眼减少Reflector 反射器、反光板Reflex 反光Remote control terminal 快门线插孔Remote cord 遥控线、快门线Resolution 分辨率Reversal films 反转胶片Rewind 退卷Ring flash 环形闪光灯ROM(Read Only Memory) 只读存储器Rotating zoom 旋转式变焦镜头RTF(Retractable TTL Flash) 可收缩TTL 闪光灯Second curtain 后帘、第二帘幕Seco ndary Imaged Registratio n(SIR)辅助影像重合Segment 段、区Selection 选择Self-timer 自拍机Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity range 灵敏度范围Sensor 传感器Separator lens 分离镜片Sepia filter 褐色滤光镜Seque nee zoom shooti ng 顺序变焦拍摄Sequential shoot 顺序拍摄Servo autofocus 伺服自动聚焦Setting 设置Shadow 阴影、暗位Shadow control 阴影控制Sharp ness清晰度Shift 偏移、移动Shutter 快门Shutter curtain 快门帘幕Shutter priority 快门优先Shutter release 快门释放Shutter speed 快门速度Shutter speed priority 快门速度优先Silhouette 剪影Single frame advance 单张进片Single shot autofocus 单次自动聚焦Skylight filter 天光滤光镜Slide film 幻灯胶片Slow speed synchronization 慢速同步SLD(Super Lower Dispersion) 超低色散SLR(Single Lens Reflex) 单镜头反光照相机SMC(Super Multi Coated) 超级多层镀膜Soft focus 柔焦、柔光SP(Super Performa nee )超级性能SPC(Silicon Photo Cell) 硅光电池SPD(Silieon Photo Dioxide) 硅光电二极管Speedlight 闪光灯、闪光管Split image 裂像Sport 体育、运动Spot metering 点测光Standard 标准Standard lens 标准镜头Starburst 星光镜Stop 档Synehronization 同步TTele eonverter增距镜、望远变换器Telephoto lens长焦距镜头Trailing-shutter eurtain后帘同步Trap foeus陷阱聚焦Tripod三脚架TS(Tilt and Shift)倾斜及偏移TTL flashTTL 闪光TTL flash meteringTTL 闪光测光TTL(Through The Lens) 通过镜头、镜后Two touch 双环UUD(Ultra-low Dispersion) 超低色散Ultra wide 超阔、超广Ultrasonic 超声波UV(Ultra-Violet) 紫外线Under exposure 曝光不足VVari-colour 变色Var-program 变程序Variable speed 变速Vertical 垂直Vertical traverse 纵走式View finder 取景器WWarm tone 暖色调Wide angle lens 广角镜头Wide view 广角预视、宽区预视Wildlife 野生动物Wireless remote 无线遥控World time 世界时间XX-sync X- 同步ZZoom 变焦Zoom lens 变焦镜头Zoom clip 变焦剪裁Zoom effect 变焦效果其他：TTL 镜后测光NTTL 非镜后测光UM 无机内测光，手动 测光 MM 机内测光，但需手动设定 AP 光圈优先SP 快门优先PR 程序暴光ANCILLARY DEVICESBACKPLANESCABLES AND CONNECTORSENCLOSURES 围圈 FACTORYAUTOMATION POWER SUPPLIES 电源 APPLICATION-SPECIFIC SOFTWARE INDUSTRIAL-INSPECTION SOFTWARE MEDICAL-IMAGING SOFTWARE SCIENTIFIC-ANALYSISSOFTWAREFIBEROPTIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 光纤照明系统辅助产品 底板 连线及连接器 工厂自动化应用软件 工业检测软件 医药图象软件 科学分析软件 SEMICONDUCTOR-INSPECTION CAMERAS SOFTWARE 半导体检测软件 相机 AREA-ARRAY CAMERAS CAMERA LINK CAMERAS CCDCAMERAS-COLOR CCDCAMERAS COOLED CHARGE-INJECTION-DEVICE 面阵相机CAMERA-LINK 相机 ccd 彩色相机 ccoled 型 ccd 相机 CAMERAS 充电相机 CMOS CAMERAS DIGITAL-OUTPUT CAMERAS FIREWIRE(1394) CAMERAS HIGH-SPEED VIDEO CAMERAS INFRARED CAMERAS LINESCAN CAMERAS LOW-LIGHT-LEVEL CAMERAS MULTISPECTRAL CAMERAS SMART CAMERAS TIME-DELAY-AND-INTEGRATION USBCAMERAS VIDEO CAMERASDIGITIZERSMEASUREMENT DIGITIZERSMOTION-CAPTURE DIGITIZERSDISPLAYSCATHODE-RAY TUBES(CRTs)INDUSTRIAL DISPLAYS LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAYS ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS BACKLIGHTING DEVICES cmos 相机 数码相机 1394接口相机 高速摄象机红外相机 行扫描相机 暗光相机多光谱相机 微型相机CAMERAS 时间延迟集成相机usb 接口相机 摄象机 数字转换器 数字测量器 数字运动捕捉器阴极摄像管 工业用型显示器 液晶显示器 光源系统 背光源FLUORESCENT ILLUMINATION INFRARED LIGHTING LED LIGHTING STRUCTURED LIGHTING ULTRAVIOLET ILLUMINATION WHITE-LIGHT ILLUMINATION XENON ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS IMAGE-PROCESSING SYSTEMS AUTOMATION/ROBOTICS DIGITAL IMAGING SYSTEMS DOCUMENT-IMAGING SYSTEMS GUIDANCE/TRACKING SYSTEMS INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEMS INSPECTION/NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMSINTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 智能交通系统MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEMS METROLOGY/MEASUREMENT/GAUGING MICROSCOPY SYSTEMS MOTION-ANALYSIS SYSTEMS OPTICAL-CHARACTER-RECOGNITION/OPTICAL-CHARACTER-VERIFICATION处理控制系统 高保真系统遥感系统网状扫描系统 图象处理工具包 编译器 数据采集工具套件 开发工具DEVELOPMENT TOOLKITS 数字信号处理开发工REAL-TIME OPERATINGSYSTEMS(RTOSs) 实时操作系统 WINDOWS 窗口IMAGE SOURCESFLASHLAMPS FLUORESCENT SOURCESLASERS图象资源 闪光灯 荧光源 激光器 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES(LEDs) 发光二极管 STROBE ILLUMINATION 闪光照明 TUNGSTEN LAMPS 钨灯ULTRAVIOLET LAMPS 紫外灯WHITE-LIGHT SOURCES白光灯 XENON LAMPS 氙气灯X-RAY SOURCES x 射线源 IMAGE-STORAGE DEVICES 图象存储器HARD DRIVESOPTICAL STORAGE DEVICESSYSTEMS 荧光照明系统红外照明 led 照明 结构化照明 SYSTEMS 紫外照明系统 SYSTEMS 白光照明系统 氙气照明系统 图象处理系统 自动化 /机器人技术 数字图象系统 数据图象系统 制导/跟踪系统 红外图象系统 SYSTEMS 检测 /非破坏性 测试系统 测试设备系统 医疗诊断系统 SYSTEMS 测绘系统 微观系统 运动分析系统 SYSTEMS 光学文字识别系统 PROCESS-CONTROL SYSTEMSQUALITY-ASSURANCE SYSTEMSREMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS WEB-SCANNING SYSTEMS IMAGE-PROCESSING TOOLKITS COMPILERS DATA-ACQUISITION TOOLKITS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS DIGITAL-SIGNAL-PROCESSOR(DSP)硬盘设备光存储设备视频处理芯片 镜头 相机镜头 放大镜 高分辨率镜头 图象扫描镜头 聚光透镜 望远镜 摄象机镜头CATHODE-RAY-TUBE(CRT) CATHODE-RAY-TUBE(CRT)LIQUID-CRYSTAL-DISPLAY(LED) MONITORS 纠正几个错误： 相机Smart Cameras 好象应该翻译成“智能相机” ，跟 IntelligentCameras 一样 镜头——1。

Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesApplication NoteAN-56 High-Speed Design Guidelines© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesGround metalApplication NoteAN-56 High-Speed Design Guidelines© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesApplication NoteAN-56 High-Speed Design Guidelines© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesApplication NoteAN-56 High-Speed Design Guidelines© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesApplication NoteAN-56 High-Speed Design Guidelines© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012G53065, Rev 1.0Page 1111/26/01© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Tel: (800) VITESSE • FAX: (805) 987-5896 • Email: prodinfo@Internet: Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design GuidelinesCORPORATE HEADQUARTERSVitesse Semiconductor Corporation741 Calle Plano, Camarillo, CA 93012Tel: 1-800-VITESSE · FAX:1-(805) 987-5896For application support, latest technical literature, and locations of sales offices,please visit our web site atCopyright © 2001 by Vitesse Semiconductor CorporationPRINTED IN THE U.S.AVitesse Semiconductor Corporation (“Vitesse ”) retains the right to make changes to its products or specifications to improve performance, reliability or manufacturability. While the information funished herein is held to be accurate and reliable, no responsibility will be assumed by Vitesse for its use. Fur-thermore, the information contained herein does not convey to the purchaser of microelectronicdevices any license under the patent right of any manu-facturer.Vitesse products are not intended for use in life support products where failure of a Vitesse product could reasonably be expected to result in dealth or personal injury. Anyone using a Vitesse product in such an application without express written consent of an officer of Vitesse does so at their own risk,and agrees to fully indemnify Vitesse for any damages that may result from such use or sale.Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation is a registered trademark and H-GaAs is a trademark of Vitesse. All other products or service names used in this publication are for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. All other trademarks or registered trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective holders.Application NoteAN-56High-Speed Design Guidelines Page 12G53065, Rev 1.011/26/01© VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION • 741 Calle Plano • Camarillo, CA 93012Tel: (800) VITESSE • FAX: (805) 987-5896 • Email: prodinfo@Internet: 。

陶瓷c e r a m i c s 合成纤维s y n t h e t i c f i b r e 电化学腐蚀e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c o r r o s i o n 车架a u t o m o t i v e c h a s s i s 悬架s u s p e n s i o n转向器r e d i r e c t o r变速器s p e e d c h a n g e r 板料冲压s h e e t m e t a l p a r t s孔加工s p o t f a c i n g m a c h i n i n g车间w o r k s h o p 工程技术人员e n g i n e e r气动夹紧p n e u m a l o c k 数学模型m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l画法几何d e s c r i p t i v e g e o m e t r y机械制图M e c h a n i c a l d r a w i n g 投影p r o j e c t i o n视图v i e w剖视图p r o f i l e c h a r t 标准件s t a n d a r d c o m p o n e n t 零件图p a r t d r a w i n g 装配图a s s e m b l y d r a w i n g 尺寸标注s i z e m a r k i n g 技术要求t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s 刚度r i g i d i t y 内力i n t e r n a l f o r c e位移d i s p l a c e m e n t 截面s e c t i o n 疲劳极限f a t i g u e l i m i t 断裂f r a c t u r e 塑性变形p l a s t i c d i s t o r t i o n 脆性材料b r i t t l e n e s s m a t e r i a l 刚度准则r i g i d i t y c r i t e r i o n 垫圈w a s h e r垫片s p a c e r直齿圆柱齿轮s t r a i g h t t o o t h e d s p u r g e a r 斜齿圆柱齿轮h e l i c a l-s p u r g e a r 直齿锥齿轮s t r a i g h t b e v e l g e a r 运动简图k i n e m a t i c s k e t c h 齿轮齿条p i n i o n a n d r a c k 蜗杆蜗轮w o r m a n d w o r m g e a r 虚约束p a s s i v e c o n s t r a i n t曲柄c r a n k摇杆r a c k e r凸轮c a m s 共轭曲线c o n j u g a t e c u r v e 范成法g e n e r a t i o n m e t h o d 定义域d e f i n i t i o n a l d o m a i n 值域r a n g e 导数\\微分d i f f e r e n t i a l c o e f f i c i e n t 求导d e r i v a t i o n 定积分d e f i n i t e i n t e g r a l不定积分i n d e f i n i t e i n t e g r a l 曲率c u r v a t u r e 偏微分p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l毛坯r o u g h 游标卡尺s l i d e c a l i p e r 千分尺m i c r o m e t e r c a l i p e r s攻丝t a p 二阶行列式s e c o n d o r d e r d e t e r m i n a n t 逆矩阵i n v e r s e m a t r i x 线性方程组l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s 概率p r o b a b i l i t y 随机变量r a n d o m v a r i a b l e 排列组合p e r m u t a t i o n a n d c o m b i n a t i o n 气体状态方程e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e o f g a s 动能k i n e t i c e n e r g y势能p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y 机械能守恒c o n s e r v a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y动量m o m e n t u m桁架t r u s s轴线a x e s 余子式c o f a c t o r 逻辑电路l o g i c c i r c u i t 触发器f l i p-f l o p 脉冲波形p u l s e s h a p e 数模d i g i t a l a n a l o g y 液压传动机构f l u i d d r i v e m e c h a n i s m 机械零件m e c h a n i c a l p a r t s 淬火冷却q u e n c h淬火h a r d e n i n g回火t e m p e r i n g 调质h a r d e n i n g a n d t e m p e r i n g 磨粒a b r a s i v e g r a i n 结合剂b o n d i n g a g e n t砂轮g r i n d i n g w h e e l 后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design 有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination气体状态方程 equation of state of gas动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表 notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传 rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疵shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车 mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷 safe load凹面、凹度 concavity扳手 wrench板簧 flat leaf spring半圆键 woodruff key变形 deformation摆杆 oscillating bar摆动从动件 oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel包角 angle of contact保持架 cage背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement背锥 back cone ； normal cone背锥角 back angle背锥距 back cone distance比例尺 scale比热容 specific heat capacity闭式链 closed kinematic chain闭链机构 closed chain mechanism臂部 arm变频器 frequency converters变频调速 frequency control of motor speed 变速 speed change变速齿轮 change gear change wheel变位齿轮 modified gear变位系数 modification coefficient标准齿轮 standard gear标准直齿轮 standard spur gear表面质量系数 superficial mass factor表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度 surface roughness并联式组合 combination in parallel并联机构 parallel mechanism并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism并行工程 concurrent engineering并行设计 concurred design, CD不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量 amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing波发生器 wave generator波数 number of waves补偿 compensation参数化设计 parameterization design, PD残余应力 residual stress操纵及控制装置 operation control device槽轮 Geneva wheel槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism ； Maltese cross槽数 Geneva numerate槽凸轮 groove cam侧隙 backlash差动轮系 differential gear train差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism差速器 differential常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床 lathe承载量系数 bearing capacity factor承载能力 bearing capacity成对安装 paired mounting尺寸系列 dimension series齿槽 tooth space齿槽宽 spacewidth齿侧间隙 backlash齿顶高 addendum齿顶圆 addendum circle齿根高 dedendum齿根圆 dedendum circle齿厚 tooth thickness齿距 circular pitch齿宽 face width齿廓 tooth profile齿廓曲线 tooth curve齿轮 gear齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rack齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构 gear齿轮轮坯 blank齿轮传动系 pinion unit齿轮联轴器 gear coupling齿条传动 rack gear齿数 tooth number齿数比 gear ratio齿条 rack齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链 silent chain齿形系数 form factor齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机 gear shaper重合点 coincident points重合度 contact ratio冲床 punch传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置 gearing; transmission gear传动系统 driven system传动角 transmission angle传动轴 transmission shaft串联式组合 combination in series串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism串级调速 cascade speed control创新 innovation creation创新设计 creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮 driven pulley从动件 driven link, follower从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face从动件停歇 follower dwell从动件运动规律 follower motion从动轮 driven gear粗线 bold line粗牙螺纹 coarse thread大齿轮 gear wheel打包机 packer打滑 slipping带传动 belt driving带轮 belt pulley带式制动器 band brake单列轴承 single row bearing单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing 单万向联轴节 single universal joint单位矢量 unit vector当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷 equivalent load刀具 cutter导数 derivative倒角 chamfer导热性 conduction of heat导程 lead导程角 lead angle等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam等效构件 equivalent link等效力 equivalent force等效力矩 equivalent moment of force等效量 equivalent等效质量 equivalent mass等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model底座 chassis低副 lower pair点划线 chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀 pitting垫圈 gasket垫片密封 gasket seal碟形弹簧 belleville spring顶隙 bottom clearance定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学 dynamics动密封 kinematical seal动能 dynamic energy动力粘度 dynamic viscosity动力润滑 dynamic lubrication动平衡 dynamic balance动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine动态特性 dynamic characteristics动态分析设计 dynamic analysis design动压力 dynamic reaction动载荷 dynamic load端面 transverse plane端面参数 transverse parameters端面齿距 transverse circular pitch端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile端面重合度 transverse contact ratio端面模数 transverse module端面压力角 transverse pressure angle锻造 forge对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承 multi-row bearing多楔带 poly V-belt多项式运动规律 polynomial motion多质量转子 rotor with several masses惰轮 idle gear额定寿命 rating life额定载荷 load ratingII 级杆组 dyad发生线 generating line发生面 generating plane法面 normal plane法面参数 normal parameters法面齿距 normal circular pitch法面模数 normal module法面压力角 normal pressure angle法向齿距 normal pitch法向齿廓 normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm法向力 normal force反馈式组合 feedback combining反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法 kinematic inversion反正切 Arctan范成法 generating cutting仿形法 form cutting方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD防振装置 shockproof device飞轮 flywheel飞轮矩 moment of flywheel非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear非接触式密封 non-contact seal非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮 non-circular gear粉末合金 powder metallurgy分度线 reference line; standard pitch line分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder分母 denominator分子 numerator分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法 analytical method封闭差动轮系 planetary differential复合铰链 compound hinge复合式组合 compound combining复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带 compound flat belt复合应力 combined stress复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism复杂机构 complex mechanism杆组 Assur group干涉 interference刚度系数 stiffness coefficient刚轮 rigid circular spline钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子 rigid rotor刚性轴承 rigid bearing刚性联轴器 rigid coupling高度系列 height series高速带 high speed belt高副 higher pair格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law根切 undercutting公称直径 nominal diameter高度系列 height series功 work工况系数 application factor工艺设计 technological design工作循环图 working cycle diagram工作机构 operation mechanism工作载荷 external loads工作空间 working space工作应力 working stress工作阻力 effective resistance工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment 公法线 common normal line公共约束 general constraint公制齿轮 metric gears功率 power功能分析设计 function analyses design 共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles共轭凸轮 conjugate cam构件 link鼓风机 blower固定构件 fixed link; frame固体润滑剂 solid lubricant关节型操作器 jointed manipulator惯性力 inertia force惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia冠轮 crown gear广义机构 generation mechanism广义坐标 generalized coordinate轨迹生成 path generation轨迹发生器 path generator滚刀 hob滚道 raceway滚动体 rolling element滚动轴承 rolling bearing滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code 滚针 needle roller滚针轴承 needle roller bearing滚子 roller滚子轴承 roller bearing滚子半径 radius of roller滚子从动件 roller follower滚子链 roller chain滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆 ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch 过度切割 undercutting函数发生器 function generator函数生成 function generation含油轴承 oil bearing耗油量 oil consumption耗油量系数 oil consumption factor 赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation合成弯矩 resultant bending moment 合力 resultant force合力矩 resultant moment of force 黑箱 black box横坐标 abscissa互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears 花键 spline滑键、导键 feather key滑动轴承 sliding bearing滑动率 sliding ratio滑块 slider环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧 annular spring缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁 grey cast iron回程 return回转体平衡 balance of rotors混合轮系 compound gear train积分 integrate机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构 mechanism机构分析 analysis of mechanism机构平衡 balance of mechanism机构学 mechanism机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合 synthesis of mechanism机构组成 constitution of mechanism机架 frame, fixed link机架变换 kinematic inversion机器 machine机器人 robot机器人操作器 manipulator机器人学 robotics技术过程 technique process技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation技术系统 technique system机械 machinery机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery机械动力学 dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计 modern machine design机械系统 mechanical system机械利益 mechanical advantage机械平衡 balance of machinery机械手 manipulator机械设计 machine design; mechanical design机械特性 mechanical behavior机械调速 mechanical speed governors机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation 机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构 fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命 basic rating life基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD基圆 base circle基圆半径 radius of base circle基圆齿距 base pitch基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle基圆柱 base cylinder基圆锥 base cone急回机构 quick-return mechanism急回特性 quick-return characteristics急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio急回运动 quick-return motion棘轮 ratchet棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism棘爪 pawl极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩 calculated bending moment加权系数 weighting efficient加速度 acceleration加速度分析 acceleration analysis加速度曲线 acceleration diagram尖点 pointing; cusp尖底从动件 knife-edge follower间隙 backlash间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism减速比 reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear减速器 speed reducer减摩性 anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面 involute helicoid渐开线 involute渐开线齿廓 involute profile渐开线齿轮 involute gear渐开线发生线 generating line of involute 渐开线方程 involute equation渐开线函数 involute function渐开线蜗杆 involute worm渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute 渐开线花键 involute spline简谐运动 simple harmonic motion键 key键槽 keyway交变应力 repeated stress交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动 cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears胶合 scoring角加速度 angular acceleration角速度 angular velocity角速比 angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承 angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽 hinge校正平面 correcting plane接触应力 contact stress接触式密封 contact seal阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft结构 structure结构设计 structural design截面 section节点 pitch point节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线 pitch line节圆 pitch circle节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle节圆直径 pitch diameter节圆锥 pitch cone节圆锥角 pitch cone angle解析设计 analytical design紧边 tight-side紧固件 fastener径节 diametral pitch径向 radial direction径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating 径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing径向平面 radial plane径向游隙 radial internal clearance径向载荷 radial load径向载荷系数 radial load factor径向间隙 clearance静力 static force静平衡 static balance静载荷 static load静密封 static seal局部自由度 passive degree of freedom矩阵 matrix矩形螺纹 square threaded form锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor绝对运动 absolute motion绝对速度 absolute velocity均衡装置 load balancing mechanism抗压强度 compression strength开口传动 open-belt drive开式链 open kinematic chain开链机构 open chain mechanism可靠度 degree of reliability可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design, RD空气弹簧 air spring空间机构 spatial mechanism空间连杆机构 spatial linkage空间凸轮机构 spatial cam空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain空转 idle宽度系列 width series框图 block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力 centrifugal force离心应力 centrifugal stress离合器 clutch离心密封 centrifugal seal理论廓线 pitch curve理论啮合线 theoretical line of action 隶属度 membership力 force力多边形 force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩 moment力平衡 equilibrium力偶 couple力偶矩 moment of couple连杆 connecting rod, coupler连杆机构 linkage连杆曲线 coupler-curve连心线 line of centers链 chain链传动装置 chain gearing链轮 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组 V 带 tight-up V belt联轴器 coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam临界转速 critical speed六杆机构 six-bar linkage龙门刨床 double Haas planer轮坯 blank轮系 gear train螺杆 screw螺距 thread pitch。

IntroductionIn today's competitive business landscape, delivering products and services of exceptional quality is paramount to maintaining customer satisfaction, fostering brand loyalty, and ensuring long-term success. A robust quality confirmation process is the linchpin that underpins this endeavor, serving as an intricate system of checks and balances designed to verify, validate, and guarantee the conformity of goods and services to predefined high standards. This comprehensive essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of a rigorous quality confirmation process, emphasizing its critical role in upholding the highest levels of quality across various industries and contexts.1. Defining Quality Standards and SpecificationsThe foundation of any quality confirmation process lies in establishing clear, measurable, and attainable quality standards and specifications. These criteria serve as the benchmark against which the performance, functionality, safety, and aesthetic appeal of products or services are evaluated. The process begins with a thorough understanding of customer needs, industry regulations, and best practices, which are then translated into specific, quantifiable requirements.Quality standards may encompass diverse aspects such as material properties, dimensional accuracy, performance parameters, durability, reliability, user-friendliness, environmental compatibility, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. They should be documented in detailed technical specifications, quality plans, or standard operating procedures, providing a common reference point for all stakeholders involved in the production, inspection, testing, and approval processes.2. Design and Development Phases: Incorporating Quality by Design (QbD)Quality confirmation extends to the early stages of product development, where the principles of Quality by Design (QbD) are employed to ensure that quality is built into the product from its inception. QbD emphasizes proactive risk assessment, identifying potential failure modes and implementingmitigation strategies during the design phase. It also involves using advanced statistical tools, simulations, and prototyping to optimize product design, materials selection, and manufacturing processes, minimizing the likelihood of defects and enhancing overall product performance.During the design and development phases, thorough design reviews, feasibility studies, and pilot runs are conducted to validate the product's conformance to quality standards and customer requirements. Design verification and validation activities, such as functional testing, stress testing, and accelerated life testing, provide empirical evidence of the product's ability to meet or exceed established quality benchmarks.3. In-Process Quality Control and InspectionOnce the production phase commences, a stringent in-process quality control system is implemented to monitor and control critical process parameters, detect defects at their earliest stage, and prevent their propagation. This involves regular inspections, measurements, and testing of work-in-progress, utilizing various techniques such as Statistical Process Control (SPC), Six Sigma methodologies, and Poka-Yoke (error-proofing) systems.Inspection plans, checklists, and work instructions guide operators and inspectors in assessing product characteristics against defined tolerances, ensuring consistent application of quality standards throughout the production line. Automated inspection systems, machine vision, and sensor technologies can further enhance the speed and accuracy of in-process inspections, particularly in high-volume, high-precision manufacturing environments.4. Finished Goods Inspection and TestingUpon completion of the production process, a comprehensive finished goods inspection and testing regimen is carried out to confirm the final product's compliance with all specified quality standards and customer requirements. This may involve visual inspections, dimensional inspections, functional testing, performance testing, environmental testing, and, if applicable, regulatory compliance testing.Advanced non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic testing, X-ray imaging, and computed tomography, can be employed for products with complex internal structures or hidden defects. Independent third-party inspections and certifications can further bolster confidence in the product's quality, particularly for critical applications or when entering new markets.5. Continuous Improvement and Quality Management SystemsA robust quality confirmation process is inherently iterative and adaptive, incorporating mechanisms for continuous improvement based on feedback from internal audits, customer complaints, non-conformances, and performance metrics. This is facilitated by the implementation of a robust Quality Management System (QMS) aligned with international standards such as ISO 9001, IATF 16949, or AS9100.The QMS provides a structured framework for documenting, implementing, and continually improving quality policies, procedures, and processes across the organization. It encompasses elements such as document control, change management, corrective and preventive action (CAPA), internal auditing, management review, and supplier quality management. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement and data-driven decision-making, the QMS ensures that the quality confirmation process remains responsive to changing customer needs, market dynamics, and technological advancements.6. Supply Chain Management and Supplier Quality AssuranceThe quality of raw materials, components, and services supplied by external partners significantly impacts the overall quality of the end product. Therefore, an integral part of the quality confirmation process is the establishment of a robust supplier quality assurance program. This includes:- Supplier selection based on rigorous evaluation criteria, including quality track record, certifications, technical capabilities, and financial stability.- Clear communication of quality requirements and expectations through detailed purchase specifications, quality agreements, and supplier scorecards.- Regular supplier audits and assessments to verify compliance with quality standards, regulatory requirements, and contractual obligations.- Implementation of incoming inspection and testing protocols to screen incoming materials and components for defects, deviations, or non-conformances.- Active collaboration with suppliers on continuous improvement initiatives, sharing best practices, and addressing quality issues promptly and effectively.7. Customer Feedback and After-Sales SupportCustomer satisfaction is the ultimate measure of quality. A comprehensive quality confirmation process incorporates mechanisms to capture, analyze, and act upon customer feedback, both positive and negative. This includes: - Establishing customer feedback channels, such as surveys, online reviews, social media monitoring, and direct customer interactions, to gather insights on product performance, usability, and reliability.- Implementing a robust complaint management system to promptly address customer concerns, initiate root cause analysis, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.- Offering comprehensive after-sales support, including warranty services, maintenance, repair, and product upgrades, to ensure continued customer satisfaction and loyalty.ConclusionIn summary, a comprehensive quality confirmation process is a multi-dimensional, systematic approach that encompasses every stage of the product lifecycle –from defining quality standards and specifications, through design and development, production, and post-production activities, to ongoing customer engagement. By meticulously verifying, validating, and continuously improving the quality of goods and services, organizations can ensure they consistently deliver high standards and uncompromising excellence, thereby securing a competitive edge in the marketplace and fostering enduring customer trust and loyalty.。

机械专业英语词汇陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疵splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth权重集weight sets球ball。

学位论文时差法超声采集卡设计作者姓名：王琛学科专业：测控技术与仪器学号：102028125指导教师：黄刚（副教授）完成日期：2014-6-15太原工业学院Taiyuan Institute of Technology太原工业学院毕业设计(论文)诚信申明本人申明：本人所提交的毕业设计（论文）《时差法超声采集卡设计》的所有材料是本人在指导教师指导下独立研究、写作、完成的成果，设计（论文）中所引用他人的无论以何种方式发布的文字、研究成果，均在设计（论文）中加以说明；有关教师、同学和其他人员对我的设计（论文）的写作、修订提出过并为我在设计（论文）中加以采纳的意见、建议，均已在我的致谢辞中加以说明并深致谢意。

本设计（论文）和资料若有不实之处，本人承担一切相关责任。

特此申明。

本人签名：2014年6月6日I时差法超声采集卡设计毕业设计（论文）任务书设计（论文）题目：时差法超声采集卡设计系部：电子工程系专业：测控技术与仪器学号：102028125 学生：王琛指导教师（含职称）：黄刚(副教授)1．课题意义及目标通过本次毕业设计，综合运用所学过的基础理论知识以及在其他方面的学习，设计一款应用于超声无损检测的数字化的四通道时差法超声采集卡。

超声无损检测在现代无损检测领域占有重要的地位。

因此,开发一套优秀的超声检测系统是十分必要的，而超声采集卡是其中重要的一环，所以，本设计要研制出一种时差法超声采集卡，为学生在毕业后从事这方面工作打好基础。

2．主要任务了解超声检测与时差法超声采集卡研究的工程背景，在国内外的发展现状及趋势，研究有什么意义。

明确实验的基本系统构架，掌握基本原理，明白能实现什么功能有什么应用。

对超声波的部分特性及在介质中传播的了解研究。

设计数字化的超声调理电路，能实现增益数字化程控，实现多路超声信号的发射、接收、同时可以对回波信号进行放大、检波、门控以及峰值保持等处理。

主控芯片选择与学习（使用STM32F103），模数转换学习（使用AD7891-1），时间测量模块学习（使用TDC-GP1），ISA总线，门控模块（NEC82C54），压控模块（TLC5620）。

Moving Object Counting with an InfraredSensor NetworkBy Chi-Keung KiABSTRACTWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently.Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications,covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions.Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN.The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment.We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system. KEYWORDS Infrared radiation;Wireless Sensor Node1 Wireless Sensor Network1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves.Infrared have be widely used nowadays including data communications,night vision,object tracking and so on.People commonly use infrared in data communication,since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference.Take the TV remote control as an example,which can be found in everyone's home.The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed.A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV,VCR,and cable box,without interference,systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal.To encode the data, systems generally vary thewidth of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation).Another popular system,bi-phase encoding,uses signal transitions to convey information.Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR energy.There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, some quasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80.In addition,many manufacturers,such as NEC,have also established their own standards.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,acoustics,vibration,pressure,motion or pollutants,at different locations.Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device,a small microcontroller, one or more sensors,and an energy source, usually a battery.The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust,depending on different applications.The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable,ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes.The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes,therefore,have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy,memory, computational speed and bandwidth.The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance.Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS),embedded microprocessors,and wireless networking,the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas,including habitat monitoring,healthcare applications,and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applicationsand the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms.The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore,the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement.Tiny OS is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks.Unlike most other operating systems,Tiny OS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading.Tiny OS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics.When an external event occurs,such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading,TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event.The TinyOS and programs are both written in a special programming language called NesC which is an extension to the C programming language.NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki ,and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and run-time loading of standard ELF files.The Contiki kernel is event-driven,like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel,the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading.With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network.Sensor node should be in small size,consuming extremely low energy,autonomous and operating unattended,and adaptive to the environment.As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source.The main components of a sensor node include sensors,microcontroller,transceiver,and power source.Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density.The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter.The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for furtherprocessing.Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors.Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the enviro nment with active probing,while no notion of “direction”is involved in these monly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor).In practice,a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Micro-controller performs tasks,processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node.The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand.It handles the interruption from the transceiver.In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device known as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes.Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver).The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit,Receive,Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors.Batteries are the main source of power supplying for the sensor nodes.Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as Nickel-cadmium,Nickel-zinc,Nickel metal hydride,and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar to vibration energy.Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management and Dynamic V oltage Scaling. DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active.DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage.Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSN nodes.WSNnodes are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions,with ad-hoc communications as key.For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization,robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration.The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives,current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently,the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed.In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred.Furthermore,to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation and operation.These include hardware,software and middle-ware,which means primitives between the software and the hardware.As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated nodes,the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement,errors reduction,sensor network application,data security,sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors.In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN.They focused in various areas, including physical property,sensor training,security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access,sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination,addressing,energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling,energy conserved routing,connectivity,data dissemination and gathering,sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.REFERENCE[1] G . 5 . Cheung , J . Y . M , Azzi , 0 . Intelligenc in building : the prtential advanced modelling Loveday . D . L . Virk . Automation in Construction . 1997:447-461.[2] Kirill Yelizarov v . home security System . Microchip Technology InC .1998:44-48.[3] B.D.Moore. Tradeoffs in selecting IC temperature sensors. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 1999, 23:181-184.[4] AT89C51 DATA SHEEP Philips Semiconductors 1999:55-58.[5]Yang. Y., Yi. J., Woo, Y.Y., and Kim. B·Optimum design for linearity and efficiency of microwave Doherty amplifier using a new load matching technique, Microw. J., 2001, 44:20–36.采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数作者Chi-Keung Ki摘要近来，无线传感器网络(WSN)已经成为一个热点的研究方向。

基于FPGA和DSP的超声波风向风速测量系统丁向辉;李平【摘要】本文研究了数字化超声风速测量系统,提出并实现了完整的系统设计方案.该方案的核心足基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)和数字信号处理器(DSP)的硬件系统架构和基于包络重心法的信号处理算法.该设计可实现超声信号的高速数据采集和复杂的信号处理算法.测试结果表明所实现的超声风速测量系统具有体积小、反应速度快、抗干扰能力强和分辨率高等优点,且具有成本优势,并保持较低的功耗.%A digital ultrasonic anemometer system is proposed in this paper.A new design scheme is studied and realized.The key elements of this new scheme are DSP and FPGA and gravity center of the envelop estimation method.The designed system supports very high sample rates and more complicated digital signal processing algorithms.Experiments show that the proposed system has a small size, a fast response speed, and a high resolution, and is more robust in noisy environments.Besides, the system has cost effective advantages while maintaining low power consumption.【期刊名称】《应用声学》【年(卷),期】2011(030)001【总页数】7页(P46-52)【关键词】超声风速仪;FPGA;DSP;传播时间【作者】丁向辉;李平【作者单位】中国科学院声学研究所,北京,100190;中国科学院声学研究所,北京,100190【正文语种】中文1 引言较之传统的机械式及基于激光多普勒、空速管、热线等技术的测量方法，基于超声波的风速风向测量技术具有反应速度快、量程广、盲区小、线性度好、精度高和易于安装维护、不需校正等优点[1]。

TI MSP430FR604(3)xSoC超声波水流量检测参考设计TIDM－1019 TI公司的MSP430FR604x和MSP430FR603x系列是超声检测和测量系统级芯片(SoC),提供集成的超声波检测解决方案(USS)模块,为宽范围流速提供高精度的测量.USS模块由于最大化集成度而很少外部组件,因而把超低功耗的计量和低成本系统组合在一起.MSP430FR604x和MSP430FR603x MCU实现高速基于ADC的数字信号收集,采用集成的低能量加速度计(LEA)模块进行优化的信号处理,以得到高精度计量解决方案和电池供电的测量应用的超低功耗.USS模块包括可编程的脉冲发生器(PPG)和带低阻抗输出驱动器的物理接口(PHY),以及精确的阻抗匹配,以提供零流量漂移(ZFD).模块还包括可编程增益放大器(PGA),高速12位8Mbps sigma-delta ADC (SDHS),用来对工业标准超声传感器进行精确的信号收集.此外,MSP430FR604x和MSP430FR603x MCU还集成电其它外设,以改善计量系统集成度.器件具有计量测试接口(MTIF)模块,以实现脉冲发生.此外MCU还具有8复接器的LCD驱动器,RTC,12位SAR ADC,模拟比较器,高档加密加速度计(AES256)和循环冗余校验(CRC)模块.主要用在超声智能水表,超声智能热表,液为检测和漏水检测.中电网为您整理如下详细资料,本文介绍了MSP430FR604x系列主要特性,MSP430FR604(3)x系列功能框图,以及参考设计TIDM-1019主要特性和主要系统指标,框图,软件架构框图,电路图,材料清单和PCB设计图.The Texas Instruments MSP430FR604x and MSP430FR603x family of ultrasonic sensingan dmea surement SoCs are powerful, highly integrated microcontrollers (MCUs) that are optimized for waterand heat meters. The MSP430FR604x MCUs offer an integrated Ultrasonic Sensing Solution (USS)module, which provides high accuracy for a wide range of flow rates. The USS module helps achieveultra-low-power metering combined with lower system cost due to maximum integration requiring very fewexternal components. MSP430FR604x and MSP430FR603x MCUs implement a high-speed ADC-basedsignal acquisition followed by optimized digital signal processing using the integratedLow-EnergyAccelerator (LEA) module to deliver a high-accuracy metering solution with ultra-low power optimum forbattery-powered metering applications.The USS module includes a programmable pulse generator (PPG) and a physical interface (PHY) with alow-impedance output driver for optimum sensor excitation and accurate impendence matching to deliverbest results for zero-flow drift (ZFD). The module also includes a programmable gain amp lifi er (PGA) anda high-speed 12-bit 8-Msps sigma-delta ADC (SDHS) for accurate signal acquisition from industrystandard ultrasonic transducers.Additionally, MSP430FR604x and MSP430FR603x MCUs integrate other peripherals to improve systemintegration for metering. The devices have a metering test interface (MTIF) module to implement pulsegeneration to indicate flow measured by the meter. The MSP430FR604x and MSP430FR603x MCUs alsohave an on-chip 8-mux LCD driver, an RTC, a 12-bit SAR ADC, an analog comparator, an advancedencryption accelerator (AES256), and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) module.MSP430FR604x and MSP430FR603x MCUs are supported by an extensive hardware and softwareecosystem with reference designs and code examples to get your design started quickly. Developmentkits include the MSP-TS430PZ100E 100-pin target development board andEVM430-FR6047 ultrasonicwater flow meter EVM. TI also provides free software including the ultrasonic sensing design center,ultrasonic sensing software library, and MSP430Ware™ software.TI’s MSP430 ultra-low-power (ULP) FRAM microcontroller platform combines uniquely embedded FRAMand a holistic ultra-low-power system architecture, letting system designers increase performance whilelowering energy consumption. FRAM technology combines the low-energy fast writes, flexibility, andendurance of RAM with the nonvolatility of flash.MSP430FR604x系列主要特性:• Best-in-Class Ultrasonic Water-Flow MeasurementWith Ultra-Low Power Consumption– <25-ps Differential Time-of-Flight (dTOF)Accuracy– High-Precision Time Measurement Resolution of<5 ps– Ability to Detect Low Flow Rates (<1 Liter perHour)– Approximately 3-μA Overall CurrentConsump tion With One Measurement perSecond• Compliant to and Exceeds ISO 4064, OIML R49,and EN 1434 Accuracy Standards• Ability to Directly Interface Standard UltrasonicSensors (up to 2.5 MHz)• Integrated Analog Front End – Ultrasonic SensingSolution (USS)– Programmable Pulse Generation (PPG) toGenerate Pulses at Different Frequencies– Integrated Physical Interface (PHY) With Low-Impedance (4-Ω) Output Driver to Control Inputand Output Channels– High-Performance High-Speed 12-Bit Sigma-Delta ADC (SDHS) With Output Data Rates upto 8 Msps – Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) With–6.5 dB to 30.8 dB– High-Performance Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)With Output Range of 68 MHz to 80 MHz• Metering Test Interface (MTIF)– Pulse Generator and Pulse Counter– Pulse Rates up to 1016 Pulses per Second (p/s)– Count Capacity up to 65535 (16 Bit)– Operates in LPM3.5 With 200 nA (Typical)• Low-Energy Accelerator (LEA)– Operation Independent of CPU– 4KB of RAM Shared With CPU– Efficient 256-Point Complex FFT:Up to 40× Faster Than Arm® Cortex®-M0+ Core• Embedded Microcontroller– 16-Bit RISC Architecture up to 16-MHz Clock– Wide Supply Voltage Range From 3.6 V Downto 1.8 V (Minimum Supply Voltage is Restrictedby SVS Levels, See the SVS Specifications)• Optimized Ultra-Low-Power Modes–Active Mode: Approximately 120 μA/MHz– Standby Mode With Real-Time Clock (RTC)(LPM3.5): 450 nA (1)– Shutdown (LPM4.5): 30 nA• Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM)– Up to 256KB of Nonvolatile Memory– Ultra-Low-Power Writes– Fast Write at 125 ns Per Word (64KB in 4 ms)– Unified Memory = Program + Data + Storage inOne Space– 1015 Write Cycle Endurance– Radiation Resistant and Nonmagnetic• Intelligent Digital Peripherals– 32-Bit Hardware Multiplier (MPY)– 6-Channel Internal DMA– RTC With Calendar and Alarm Functions– Six 16-Bit Timers With up to SevenCapture/Compare Registers Each– 32-Bit and 16-Bit Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC)• High-Performance Analog– 16-Channel Analog Comparator– 12-Bit SAR ADC Featuring Window Comparator,Internal Reference, and Sample-and-Hold, up to16 External Input Channels– Integrated LCD Driver With Contrast Control forup to 264 Segments• Multifunction Input/Output Ports– Accessible Bit-, Byte-, and Word-Wise (in Pairs)– Edge-Selectable Wake From LPM on All Ports– Programmable Pullup and Pulldown on All Ports• Code Security and Encryption– 128- or 256-Bit AES Security Encryption andDecryption Coprocessor– Random Number Seed for Random NumberGeneration Algorithms– IP Encapsulation Protects Memory FromExternal Access– FRAM Provides Inherent Security Advantages• Enhanced Serial Communication– Up to Four eUSCI_A Serial CommunicationPorts– UART With Automatic Baud-Rate Detection– IrDA Encode and Decode– Up to Two eUSCI_B Serial CommunicationPorts– I2C With Multiple-Slave Addressing– Hardware UART or I2C Bootloader (BSL)• Flexible Clock System– Fixed-Frequency DCO With 10 SelectableFactory-Trimmed Frequencies– Low-Power Low-Frequency Internal ClockSource (VLO)– 32-kHz Crystals (LFXT)– High-Frequency Crystals (HFXT)• Development Tools and Software (Also See Toolsand Software)– Ultrasonic Sensing Design Center GraphicalUser Interface– Ultrasonic Sensing Software Library– EVM430-FR6047 Water Meter EvaluationModule Board– MSP-TS430PZ100E Target Socket Board for100-Pin Package– Free Professional Development EnvironmentsWith EnergyTrace++ Technology–MSP430Ware™ for MSP430™ Microcontrollers• Device Comparison Summarizes the AvailableDevice Variants and Package Options • For Complete Module De scriptions, See theMSP430FR58xx, MSP430FR59xx, and MSP430FR6xx Family User ’ s GuideMSP430FR604x系列应用:• Ultrasonic Smart Water Meters• Ultrasonic Smart Heat Meters• Liquid Level Sensing• Water Leak Detection图1.MSP430FR604x系列功能框图图2.MSP430FR603x系列功能框图水流测量的超声波检测子系统参考设计TIDM-1019This reference design helps designers develop anultrasonic water-metering subsystem using anintegrated, ultrasonic sensing solution (USS) module,which provides superior metrology performance, withlow-power consumption and maximum integration.Thedesign is based on the 256KB MSP430FR6047microcontroller (MCU), with integratedhigh-speed,ADC-based, signal acquisition and an integrated lowenergyaccelerator (LEA) to optimize digital signalprocessing.The TIDM-1019 device was built using the MSP430FR6047 MCU from TI and other discrete components.The implementation is based on the calculation of differential time of flight (ToF), involving two transducersfor upstream and downstream paths. Transducer excitation and signal captures are implemented usingthe internal, ultrasonic sensing solution (USS) module of the MSP430FR6047 MCU. The signal is thenpassed through a series of algorithms using the LEA of the MSP430™ MCU, to calculate the necessaryoutput data in a quick and power-effective manner.The TIDM-1019 device uses the EVM430-FR6047 evaluation kit, targeted specifically for ultrasonicsensing applications like water-flow meters. The EVM includes a connector to interface with otherBoosterPack™ plug-in modules. The reference design includes all the hardware files required.The software is written in a modular and portable manner by using MSP430Ware™ softwareandMSP430’s Ultrasonic Sensing Water Metering Library from TI.The reference design also includes the Ultrasonic Design Center, which enable s designers to modify andoptimize different configuration parameters through an easy-to-use GUI. The USS Design Center letsusers implement and customize different transceivers easily without modifying the application code in theexample project.The design files include source code for an application example and corresponding Code ComposerStudio™ (CCS) and IAR Embedded Workbench™projects.参考设计TIDM-1019主要特性:• Best-In-Class Metrology Performance: 25-ps Zero-Flow Drift (ZFD) and 32-ps Single-Shot StandardDeviation• Low-Power Consumption: Approximately 2.5 μAWith 1-MHz Transducer at 1 Measurement perSecond For Metrology• Flexibility to Test Different Pipes and Transducers;Direct Interface to Pair of Transducers• Easy to Test and Customi ze Using UltrasonicSensing Design Center Graphical User Interface(GUI) • Ultrasonic Sensing Software Library Includes Timeof Flight (ToF) Algorithms• Stand-Alone Demo Using Liquid-Crystal Display(LCD)参考设计TIDM-1019应用:• Water Meter• Heat Meter• Flow T ransmitter图3.MSP430FR604x系列MCU超声检测EVM EVM430-FR6047外形图图4.参考设计TIDM-1019框图图5.参考设计TIDM-1019软件架构框图参考设计TIDM-1019主要系统指标:图6.EVM430-FR6047连接水表固定连接图图7.参考设计TIDM-1019电路图(1)图8.参考设计TIDM-1019电路图(2)图9.参考设计TIDM-1019电路图(3)图10.参考设计TIDM-1019电路图(4)图11.参考设计TIDM-1019电路图(5)。