THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DUCTED WIND TURBINE SIMULATION MODEL

the development of steam power托福阅读
【释义】
the development of steam power
蒸汽动力的发展
【例句】
1With analysis of implement and type selection for steam turbine power supply on LNG ship,the authors forecast the development of new-generation propulsion equipment for LNG ship in future.
作者通过蒸汽轮机动力装置在LNG船上的应用及选型分析，对未来新一代LNG船推进装置的发展趋势进行展望。

2Based on the analysis of two typical turbines(WR-21and GT25000)and other relevant information,the present situation and development trends of naval gas and steam power plants are discussed.
通过二个典型机型(WR-21,GT25000)及其他有关资料的介绍，论述了舰船燃气及蒸汽动力装置的现状与发展趋势。

3With the fast development of the construction in pithead power plant,the large air cooling steam turbine has been widely used in China.
随着我国坑口电站的建设速度加快，大功率空冷机组正成为目前市场的主流产品。

第三部分高考题型突破题型一阅读理解专题一细节理解题习思用·过关检测Passage 1 ［2020全国Ш，A]语篇类型主题词数难度建议时间应用文文化之旅228 ★4分钟Journey Back in Time with ScholarsClassical Provence（13 days）Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence， France， with Prof. Ori Z。

Soltes。

We will visit some of the best—preserved Roman monuments in the world。

Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin。

Fields of flowers， tile—roofed(瓦屋顶） villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience。

Southern Spain（15 days）Spain has lovely white towns and the scent(芳香）of oranges，but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities left by the Greeks，Romans and Arabs。

As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to hist oric Toledo, Roman Mérida and into Andalucia，we explore historical monuments and architecture.China's Sacred Landscapes（21 days）Discover the China of "past ages，" its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof。

Do WinD Turbines AffecT WeATher conDiTions?Meghan Henschen, BrittanyH errholtz, Lacey Rhudy, Kathryn Demchak (front), Brian Doogs, Joshua H olland, Erik Larson, Johnny Martin (back, pictured left to right), and Matthew Rudkin (not pictured) are seniors in Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University. Eachmember of the group has a passion for studying weather and l earning the complexities of our atmosphere. The study started as a research project for a class entitled “Atmospheric Measurements and Observations.” They felt the project was a great opportunity and developed an interest for wind energy along the way. In January the group traveled to Seattle, Washington, to present at the 2011 American Meteorological Society Conference. They also won the Student’s Choice Award at the 2011 Under-graduate Research and Poster Symposium in the College of S cience. Meghan Henschen is the primary author and took the lead in the article submission process.Dr. Ki-Hong Min is a v isitinga ssistant professor in theD epartment of Earth and A tmospheric S ciences. Dr. Min’s research interest involves improv-ing the prediction of weather and regional climate with emphasis on s urface-air interactions usingn umerical models and observational data. His current research agenda include improving Purdue R egionalClimate Model (PRCM) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model’s s urface representation of cold season and the effect of wind turbines on regional climate. Dr. Min is actively involved in atmospheric science education and c urriculum development, and he enjoys teaching and mentoring u ndergraduate students.AbstractWind turbines are becoming increasingly widespread in the United States as the world looks for cleaner sources of energy. Scientists, policymakers, and citizens have strong opinions regarding the positive and negative effects of wind energy projects, and there is a great deal of misinformation about wind energy circulating on the Web and other media sources. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the rotation of hundreds of turbines can influence local weather conditions within a wind farm and in the surrounding areas. This experiment measures temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and evaporation with five weather instruments at Meadow Lake Wind Farm located in White, Jasper, and Benton Counties, Indiana, from November 4 through November 18, 2010. The data show that as wind passes throughout the wind farm, the air warms during the overnight and early morning hours and cools during daytime hours. Observed lower humidity rates and higher evaporation rates downwind also demonstrate that the air dries out as it travels through the wind farm. Further research over multiple seasons is necessary to examine the effects of warmer nighttime temperatures and drier conditions progressively downwind of the installation. Nevertheless, wind turbines did not negatively affect local weather patterns in our small-scale research and may actually prevent frost, which could have important positive implications for farmers by potentially prolonging the growing season.Henschen, M., Demchak, K., Herrholtz, B., Rudkin, M., Rhudy, L., Larson, E., Doogs, B., Holland, J., and J. Martin (2011). Do wind turbines affect weather conditions? A case study in Indiana. Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research , 1, 22 – 29. doi: 10.5703/jpur.01.1.4Keywordswind turbinesmicro-scale weather Indianarenewable energy agriculturewind energyStudent AuthorsFaculty Mentor22 journal of purdue undergraduate research : volume 1, fall 2011/10.5703/jpur.01.1.4IntroductionWind is a beneficial source of energy for the United States. Unlike fossil fuels, wind energy is clean, efficient, and abundant. Wind projects are springing up acrossthe country, but some individuals and communities are unfamiliar with wind turbine devices and nervous about potential effects. More research is needed to address this uncertainty and minimize local opposition to wind farm proposals. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the rotation of hundreds of wind turbines can influence weather conditions immediately within a wind farm and the surrounding areas. More specifically, we hypothesize that the motion of multiple turbines in a cluster will lead to mixing, which will cause isolated air currents, or eddies, to form downwind on the lee side of the site. The mixed air may create warmer nighttime conditions at the site and produce dryer areas downstream of the wind turbines, thus preventing or delaying frost at night and in the early morning. If these theories prove to be accurate, they could make for a longer growing season for farmers whose land lies near the wind farm—a positive, unintentional side effect of an already clean, productive source of energy.how do wind turbines create energy? According to the U.S. Department of Energy, “a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of usinge lectricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity” (U.S. Department of Energy, 2010). A wind turbine has three blades that are a erodynamically designed to create a rotating movement as air blows (Roulston, Kaplan, Hardenberg, & Smith, 2003). The basic rotation occurs when the wind blows, causing the blades to create lift, much like the wings of an airplane. The shaft is set at a low speed and will rotate 30 to 60 times per minute. The shaft is then connected to a g earbox that accelerates to 1,000 to 1,800 rotations in a m inute. The high-speed shaft drives a generator to producee lectricity. Finally, the generator is connected to a power plant that stores the electricity and sends it to the grid. Existing research on wind turbines and weather In terms of weather studies, Roy and Pacala (2004)d etermined that as wind moves through the wind t urbines’ r otating propellers, it is mixed with the air above and below, which have different starting conditions (suchas higher or lower temperatures and moisture content). When the two different air types are mixed, the air mass is modified and will either warm or cool and moistenor dry out the original air properties. Furthermore, they state, “Turbulence generated in the wake of the rotors can enhance vertical mixing that significantly affects the v ertical distribution of the temperature and humidity as well as surface sensible and latent heat fluxes” (Roy & Pacala, 2004). In other words, depending on the time of day, rotations from the blades pull warmer or cooler air toward the surface and bring cooler or warmer surface air up, which mixes the air.do Wind turbines affect Weather conditions?: A Case Study in IndianaMeghan Henschen, Kathryn Demchak, Brittany Herrholtz, Matthew Rudkin, Lacey Rhudy, Erik Larson,Brian Doogs, Joshua Holland, and Johnny Martin, Atmospheric SciencesImage 1. The Meadow Lake Wind Farm in Benton County near Fowler, Indiana, contains over 300 wind turbines(image courtesy of Erica A. Morin).do wind turbines affect weather conditions? 23Data reviewed by Roy and Traiteur (2010) suggest that, “near-surface air temperatures downwind of the wind farm are higher than upwind regions during night and early morning hours, whereas the reverse holds true for the rest of the day.” Many wind farms are built overa gricultural land, so the turbines can actually have beneficial effects, such as the nocturnal warming of ambient air to protect crops from frost. This causes a pressure gradient to flow from warmer east air to the cooler west air, resulting in surface radiation cooling of the ground and in a drier climate that is strongest in the early morning hours and decreases throughout the day (Roy & Traiteur, 2003).Experiment procedures and site description We chose to conduct this experiment at the Meadow Lake Wind Farm in White, Jasper, and Benton Counties, I ndiana. This large wind energy project is a pproximately 30 miles northwest of the campus of Purdue University. The entire Meadow Lake site consists of 121 Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, 66 Acciona AWs 1.5 MW —turbines, 69 model sle GE 1.5 MW turbines, and 47 Suzlon S88 2.1 MW turbines, for a combined total of over 300 turbines. In coming years, Horizon Wind Energy C ompany will i nstall Phase V and VI for an estimatedt otal of around 600 turbines and nameplate capacity of nearly 1,000 MW once the entire project is online (Horizon Wind Energy, 2011). These turbines are a rranged in a cluster pattern and range from approximately 135 feet tall to 380 feet tall, thereby creating a significant distance between the blade rotation and ground area.For this experiment, the weather equipment used to c ollect the data consisted of four WXT-510 weather i nstruments that measure different surface parameters, one MAWS101 weather station to measure surface conditions, and three evaporation containers. The weather equipment was set up in diverse spots in Benton County, Indiana, and arranged in a square formation with all of the weather instruments approximately equal distances apart. There was a WXT-510 at each of the four corners of the square, with the MAWS101 located in the center of the square. P arameters measured for this experiment were temperature, airp ressure, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and rainfall amount.The MAWS101 weather station was positioned in the center of the designated research area, approximately 4,500 meters away from each corner site, in a cornfield and away from roads and houses. The MAWS101 was set up near a few wind turbines in order to collect potential data supporting the hypothesis that wind turbines affect the temperatures and moisture within the wind farm (see Figure 1).Each site had technical problems collecting data due to laptop computer errors, but data were successfullyc ollected by the weather instruments for 13 days starting from November 4 to November 18, 2010. Each instrument was set to retrieve data every two minutes for each day. Data were collected from November 4 to November 11 for the MAWS and northeast sites and, after obtaining new laptop computers, the MAWS, southwest, northwest, and northeast sites were able to retrieve data from November 11 to November 17.The evaporation containers were put out at the MAWS, northwest, and northeast sites on November 5. Thee vaporation containers were filled with water andm easured upon initial placement at the sites, again on November 11, and at the terminus of data collection. M easurements a ccounted for the amount of precipitation that fell during the experiment time. Rainfall at the sites was recorded daily and added into the containers’ total amount while winds were averaged each day to create an “average wind direction” for the day.Temperature and relative humidity results From approximately November 4 to November 6, winds were out of the northwest. Pressure steadily increased throughout these days, and by the end of November 5, the relative humidity was nearing 90 percent. From nightfall until approximately mid-morning on November 6, a short-wave warm front came through that switched the winddirection from northwest to south. When the warm frontFigure 1. This map shows the experiment site in BentonC ounty. The red dots represent the location of weatheri nstruments, and the blue dots represent each wind turbine.24 journal of purdue undergraduate research : volume 1, fall 2011Figure 2 and Figure 3. These graphs show the temperature and relative humidity for the MAWS and northeast site from November 4 through November 12, 2010. The arrows indicate that the southwest and northwest winds had greater nightly temperature and relative humidity differences.Figure 4. Conditions at the MAWS and northeast sites at 8:50 a.m. on November 5, 2010. Wind from the northwest is i ndicated by the red arrows. The text boxes contain the t emperature and relative humidity at the two sites.Figure 5. Conditions at the MAWS and northeast sites at7:30 a.m. on November 8, 2010. Wind from the southwest is i ndicated by the red arrows. The text boxes contain thetemperature and relative humidity at the two sites.do wind turbines affect weather conditions ? 25passed, air pressure was steady for roughly two days, and relative humidity dropped to 60 percent during d aytime hours. Another front passed through on N ovember 10, shifting winds to the south for the remainder of thep eriod. Figures 2 and 3 show the temperature and relative humidity in this period.From November 4 through November 11, significant nighttime differences were observed in temperature and relative humidity under the southwest flow. At most other times, the temperature and relative h umidity remained fairly consistent between the two sites due to wind d irection. In particular, the nighttime mixing was most prevalent for two days during the experiment period. The first of these days was November 5, with o bservation o ccurring at 8:50 a.m. (see Figure 4). On thism orning, Benton County experienced a northwest wind. The MAWS recorded a temperature of 32.3°F, and then ortheast site recorded 32.7°F. At this point, the wind direction was nearly perpendicular to the plane of the two sites, and it is safe to assume that the mixing was nearly identical. The MAWS did, however, record a r elative humidity of 86 percent while the northeast site onlyrecorded 79 percent. Throughout the experiment, though, the MAWS consistently recorded higher relative humidity than the other WXT instruments had recorded throughout the duration of the experiment, which suggests a bias in the instrument data. With this said, the two sites weree ssentially experiencing the same atmospheric environ-ment on that particular morning.Figure 6 and Figure 7. These graphs show the temperature and relative humidity for the MAWS, southwest site, northwest site, and northeast site from November 11 through November 18, 2010. The arrows indicate that the southeast and southwest winds resulted in the greatest temperature and relative humidity differences.The next date analyzed was November 8, 2010, with observation at 7:30 a.m. (see Figure 5). On this m orning, the site location had southwest winds. This flow was favorable to our research because we could compare the surface variables at a site in the center of the wind farm—under the mixing influence of the southwest portion of the wind farm—and a site at the northeast corner of the wind farm. The MAWS recorded a temperature of 36.3°F, and the northeast site recorded a temperature of 41.2°F. Since these two sites are only about 4,500 meters apart, this is a significant temperature difference. There was obvious mixing at the surface due to the wind turbines. Again, we noted that the MAWS recorded higher relative humidity, but at this time the MAWS recorded 68 percent relative humidity, and the northeast site recorded 54 percent. Accounting for the higher relative humidity bias in the MAWS, the relative humidity difference became much greater during the southwest flow, suggesting that these results were due to the bias plus the mixing. These results were significant because they indicated that mixing also reduced relative humidity throughout the wind farm.From November 11 to November 17, all sites except the southeast site were able to be analyzed. The placement of functioning weather instruments in this period was more ideal, because they covered more ground within the wind farm and provided better spatial results. Starting onN ovember 13, winds changed from southeast to south -west, with wind speeds increasing at each site as winds shifted westward. The pressure dropped dramatically26 journal of purdue undergraduate research : volume 1, fall 2011Figure 8. Conditions at the southwest, northwest, northeast, and MAWS sites at 4:40 a.m. on November 13, 2010. Wind from the southeast is indicated by the red arrows. The text boxes list the temperature and relative humidity at the four sites.Figure 9. Conditions at the southwest, northwest, northeast, and MAWS sites at 12:30 a.m. on November 15, 2010. Wind from the south-southwest is indicated by the red arrows. The text boxes list the temperature and relative humidity at the four sites.Figure 10. Air begins to dry out as it travels from the southwest to the northeast in the wind farm.from November 12 to November 13, and then became steady until November 15 at 8:00 p.m.. Winds also shifted dramatically during this time. Southwest winds became southerly, and then shifted to easterly by November 16. On November 18, winds were blowing from the north in the morning and from the west by midday. This was indicative of a cyclonic flow due to a low pressure s ystem. During this time frame, the air pressure dropped from about 984 hPa to 973 hPa. Figures 6 and 7 show thet emperature and relative humidity in this period. According to the data collected from November 11 to N ovember 18, temperature and relative humidityd ifferences were less obvious between the four sitesd uring this period and the two sites from the previous period. The most significant nighttime differences were associated with a southwest flow, and we observed two additional dates and times in which the nighttime m ixing was most prevalent. The first date was November 13 at 4:40 a.m. (see Figure 8). This wind pattern was not ideal for gathering information, given the placement of the instruments. With the southeast WXT-510 not c ollecting data, the northeast and southwest WXT-510 and MAWS were positioned almost perpendicular to the windd irection. This scenario provided our research team with less opportunity to determine temperature and relative humidity variation before and after the wind mixing with the turbines. The three functioning weather instruments received wind simultaneously and therefore exhibited roughly the same temperature and relative humiditydo wind turbines affect weather conditions ? 27readings. The southwest site recorded a t emperature of 52.9°F and r elative humidity of 49 percent; the MAWS recorded 53.3°F and 49 percent relative humidity; and the northeast site recorded 51.3°F and 51 percent r elative humidity. These were all fairly consistent with only slight variations. The MAWS captured the warmest of the three t emperatures, which was also the farthest n orthwest.To further the results, the northwest site recorded at emperature of 53.6°F and a relative humidity of 46p ercent. Even though this site was not within the bounds of the wind farm, this is the highest temperature andl owest relative humidity of the four sites. This implies that wind turbine mixing extends outside the bounds of the wind farm and into the surrounding land.The second date was November 15 at 12:30 a.m. (see Figure 9). Winds from the south-southwest provided ideal conditions at that time. The southwest site recorded at emperature of 34.7°F and relative humidity of 66 p ercent; the northwest site recorded a temperature of 38.7°F and relative humidity of 56 percent; the MAWS recorded 36.6°F and 65 percent relative humidity; and the north-east site recorded 39°F and 55 percent relative humidity. One can see that the southwest portion of the wind farm had the lowest temperature, while the northern portionof the wind farm had the highest temperatures. From the southwest site to the northeast site, temperatures varied by 4.3°F and relative humidity varied by 11 percent. These are significant differences given the close proximity of these two sites.Evaporation resultsEvaporation containers were placed at three sites: the northwest site, the northeast site, and the central MAWS site. Rainfall at these sites was recorded daily and added into the containers’ total amount, while winds were a veraged each day to create an “average windd irection” for the day. Our results demonstrated that relative h umidity decreased and evaporation increasedp rogressively downwind of the wind farm.At the time of initial container placement and up until the first observation, winds came out of the southwest57 p ercent of the time, the north seven percent of the time, and the south 29 percent of the time. During the second half of the observation period, winds came outof the southwest most frequently, 57 percent of the time. South winds prevailed 14 percent of the time and south-west winds another 14 percent. Looking at winds for theentire period, it is clear that southwest winds were the Figure 11. Increases in temperature and relative h umidity in the areas surrounding wind farms may prevent frost and i ncrease the growing season for local farmers (image c ourtesy of Erica A. Morin).28 journal of purdue undergraduate research: volume 1, fall 2011most common, occurring 54 percent of the time. Other wind directions included north at eight percent, south at 23 p ercent, and northwest at 15 percent of the time. With winds out of the southwest more than 50 percent of the time, we expected more evaporation would occur from southwest to northeast. In other words, the air should have been getting drier as it traveled through the wind farm (see Figure 10).Evaporation amounts throughout the study show that the northeast site had the most evaporation, with a total of 3.2 mm. The MAWS site had evaporation totals of 1.4 mm, and the northwest site had 1.5 mm of evaporation. The northeast site had 52 percent more evaporation then the MAWS site, which further verifies the results of the study. These results coincide with the relative humidity findings of conditions becoming drier as winds blow through the wind farm.ConclusionWe found that the constellations of wind turbines in a wind farm impact local climate conditions in and around the wind farm. The results of this study show that as air travels through the wind farm, it is “churned” by the wind turbine propellers, which causes the air at a higher elevation to mix with air at the surface. The data show that the air warms consistently as it mixes throughout the wind farm during overnight and early morning hours.In addition to warming, the air that travels through the wind farm also dries out. The data showed lower relative h umidity and higher evaporation where the wind exited the wind farm. Since the air is warming and drying out as it passes through the wind farm, this could potentially prevent frost within the vicinity of the establishment. These effects have positive implications for farmers in the area, as the prevention of frost may help create a longer growing season for crops.These results show evidence that wind turbines do affect micro-scale weather variables, but it would bea ppropriate for this study to be reexamined with a l onger e xperimental period through multiple seasons. Ana dditional parameter, such as soil moisture, should also be analyzed to determine differences in soil moisture at wind turbine sites and its possible impact on crops. A study over multiple months would also help reinforce the theory of wind turbine impacts on local climate, as well as help to better distinguish atmospheric variables.AcknowledgmentsThis research is supported by the College of Science Instructional Equipment Grant. The authors would like to thank editorial members for improving this manuscript and the farmland owners for allowing access to their properties.ReferencesHorizon Wind Energy. (2011). Meadow Lake Wind Farm.R etrieved April 28, 2011, from http://www. Roulston, M. S., Kaplan, D. T., Hardenberg, J., & Smith, L. A. (2003). Using medium-range weather forecasts to improve the value of wind energy production. Renewable Energy, 28(4), 585-602.Roy, S. B., & Pacala, S. W. (2004). Can large wind farmsa ffect local meteorology? Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D19101.Roy, S. B., & Traiteur, J. J. (2010). Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures. PNAS, 107(42), 17899-17904. U.S. Department of Energy. (2010). How Wind Turbines Work. Retrieved April 28, 2011, from Find out more about Dr. Ki-Hong Min’sresearch in the Department of Earth andAtmospheric Sciences:/pup/mindo wind turbines affect weather conditions? 29。

地理大发现英文The Great Geographical DiscoveriesThe period known as the Great Geographical Discoveries refers to the era between the 15th and 17th centuries when European explorers embarked on groundbreaking voyages that expanded the known boundaries of the world. These intrepid adventurers ventured into unknown territories, charting new maps, establishing colonies, and bringing back valuable resources from distant lands. These discoveries forever changed the course of history and shaped our modern understanding of geography.One of the most significant figures of this era was Christopher Columbus. In 1492, under the sponsorship of the Spanish Crown, Columbus set sail with the intention of finding a new sea route to Asia. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas, completely unaware of the major impact it would have on the world. This accidental encounter opened up a new world to European explorers and led to the eventual colonization of the Americas.Another noteworthy explorer of this period was Ferdinand Magellan. In 1519, Magellan embarked on a voyage to find a western route to the Spice Islands, located in modern-day Indonesia. His expedition, which included the first circumnavigation of the globe, proved that the Earth was round and significantly expanded our understanding of its size and shape.The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama is also recognized for his monumental achievements during this period. In 1497, da Gama became the first European to reach India by sea, establishing a direct trade route between Europe and the Indian subcontinent. This discovery greatly impacted global trade and solidified Portugal's status as a major maritime power.These discoveries not only reshaped the maps of the world but also led to far-reaching consequences. The colonization and exploitation of the newly discovered lands led to the tragic displacement and annihilation of indigenous populations, as well as thetransatlantic slave trade. The Great Geographical Discoveries also sparked an era of exploration and colonization, with European powers vying for territorial influence and resources across the globe.Furthermore, these voyages of discovery brought about a significant exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between different continents. The Columbian Exchange, named after Christopher Columbus, describes the widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. This exchange had profound effects on both ecosystems and societies, as new crops were introduced, population demographics shifted, and diseases wreaked havoc on previously isolated populations.In conclusion, the Great Geographical Discoveries of the 15th to 17th centuries were pivotal moments in history. They not only expanded our knowledge of the world but also reshaped economic systems, altered power dynamics, and brought about immense cultural exchanges. Although these discoveries had both positive and negative consequences, their impact on the course of human history cannot be overstated. The explorations of Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Vasco da Gama forever changed our understanding of geography and set the stage for the globalization that we see today.。

a wind turbine作文Wind turbines are a form of renewable energy technology that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. These towering structures, with their large spinning blades, are a common sight in many countries around the world. Wind turbines are an important part of the transition to more sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy sources.风力涡轮机是一种利用风力发电的可再生能源技术。

这些高耸的结构和旋转的大叶片在世界许多国家都是常见的景观。

风力涡轮机是向更可持续和环保的能源来源过渡的重要组成部分。

One of the key benefits of wind turbines is that they produce electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants. This is in stark contrast to traditional fossil fuel power plants, which contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change. By generating clean energy from the wind, wind turbines play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and combating global warming.风力涡轮机的一个关键好处是它们在不排放温室气体或其他污染物的情况下产生电力。

11.8号托福阅读真题答案解析本文关于2017年11月18日阅读真题回忆，有利于考生备考复习。

让我们回忆一下最近考试的内容：环境类，生物类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的阅读哦，来店铺会给你不一样的精彩内容，店铺会在考试后第一时间更新。

11.8号托福阅读答案解析阅读部分考试回忆如下：1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branchesshedding剪枝的意义。

一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。

词汇题补充：exposed = unprotectedwith no warning = without any indication beforehandcongestion = overcrowding2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs冠状棘海星，话题重复2011.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)词汇题补充：outbreak = sudden increaseaccompany = occur along withconverge = come togetherseverity = seriousness原题重现：The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Sincethe mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains thatmost species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas othershave suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.3.Dorset Culture格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。

于对区爱美学校2014高考英语阅读理解抓分训练（57）及答案阅读理解There’s an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just can’t get started.” People say. But it’s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.What you’re seeking is not physical energy. It’s emotional energy. Yet, sad to say life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations (义务). We encounter (遭遇) emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue (疲劳), a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child I observed people who were poor or disabled or ill, but who nevertheless faced life with optimism and vigor (活力). Consider Laura Hillenbrand, who despitean extremely weak body wrote the best-seller Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed. Unlike physical energy, which is finite (有限的) and diminishes (减少) with age, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringing. So how do you get it? You can’t simply tell yourself to be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work.1. Do something new.Very little that’s new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emotional energy is gradual, but huge: It’s l ike a tire(轮胎) with a slow leak（漏）. You don’t notice it at first, but eventually you’ll get a flat. It’s up to you to plug the leak—even though there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull routines of life. That’s where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself a year ago. Fortunately, Maura had a lifeline—a group of women friends who meetregularly to discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life altering changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with ashort haircut and new black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business. Here’s a challenge: If it’s something you wouldn’t ordinarily do, do it. Trya dish you’ve never eaten.Listen to music you’d ordinarily tune out. You’ll discover these small things add to your emotional energy.2. Reclaim life’s meaning.So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning, but that somewhere along the line things went stale (厌倦的). The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about, and then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. “I mistakenly believed that all the money I made would me an something.” she says. “But I feel lost, like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her life.” Ivy’s solution? She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process, Ivy filled her life with meaning.3. Put yourself in the fun zone.Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived（缺乏的）. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation.A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients（客户）. “I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care,” she says. “It’s a challenge—and the least desirable properties a re usually the most fun.” We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this: If you put just a bit of it into your day, you energy will increase quickly4. Bid farewell （告别）to guilt and regret.Everyone’s past is filled with regrets that s till cause pain. But from an emotional energy point of view, they are dead weights that keep us from moving forward. While they can’t merely be willed away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened in the past, nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the present.5. Make up your mind]Say you’ve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylish—or too extreme? You endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy drain. Every time you can’t decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision; instead, make a choice and don’t look back.6. Give to get.Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality: the more you give, the more you get back. This is the difference between emotional and physical energy with the latter. You have to get it to be able to give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it. Start by asking everyoneyou meet, “How are you?” as if you really want to know, and then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you don’t smile at the person you love first thing in the morning, you’re sucking energy out of your relationship. Finally, help another person—and make the help real, concrete. Give a massage to someone you love, or cook her dinner, then, expand the circle to work. Try asking yourself what you’d do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient. After all, if i t’s true that what goes around comes around, why not make sure that what’s circulating around you is the good stuff?16. Laura Hillenbrand is an example quoted to show how ________ in life.A. physical energy can contribute to one’s unsuccessB. emotional energy can contribute to one’s successC. physical energy can contribute to one’s successD. emotional energy can contribute to one’s unsuccess17. The author believes emotional energy is ________.A. inherited and genetically determinedB. related to inherited and genesC. not inherited and genetically determinedD. related to inherited and upbringing18. Even small changes people make in their lives ________ their emotional energy.A. cannot help controlB. cannot help increaseC. can help controlD. can help increase19. Ivy filled her life with meaning by launching a program to ________.A. help herselfB. teach herselfC. teach poor childrenD. help poor children20. The real-estate broker the author knows enjoyed ________.A. redecorating the housesB. mentally redecorating the housesC. the same day-to-day workD. defining fun differently参考答案 BCDDB(2011·江苏卷，C) According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gigawatts of electricity every year.Unfortunately，the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway，however，could help put them anywhere.The project, called Hywind，is the world's first large­scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机)．Although it uses a fairly standard 152­ton,2.3­megawatt turbine，Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see picture)，a technology Hywind's creator，the Norwegian company StatoilHydro，has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cables(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.Hywind's stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it's difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar's centre of gravity must be moved much closer to the ocean's surface. To do that, the company plans to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades(see picture)．Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind­farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing off shore windmills are planted. Deep­sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill­as­eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet's surface to one of the best low­carbon power sources available.本文为科普短文，讲述世界上第一个深海风力发电机——涡轮发电机以及它的发电原理及好处。

Unit 2 – Section A Language Focus – Words in Use1. In our class, most discussions and activities take place in assigned small groups. These groups provide a supportive and safe environment that (promotes) learning.2. It is the development strategy of the company to (accelerate) its overseas expansion in order to take a slice of the world market.3. Nearly six million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year, attracted by the (mystery) of her smile. When you're not looking at her, she seems to be smiling; when you look at her, she stops.4. To live with a family whose native language is English is the ideal way to further improve one's English and to gain (insight) into its culture.5. There is a real need to (boost) academic achievement in schools and help with the development of a student's overall character.6. Einstein said his scientific discoveries grew from his imagination rather than from (analysis) , reason and language.7. Being a single parent, there is no way for her to (calculate) the time and energy she has devoted to her children for the past 10 years.8. It is essential that you start by listening because one of the main (barriers) teenagers and their parents face in forming positive relationships is that neither listens to the other.9. We all know the dangers of an earthquake: the (destruction) to buildings, the troubles can be caused by falling trees, and the terror occurs when the earth actually opens up.10. Not until recently have we realized that the increasing world population may lead to a potential gloomy (prospect) for humanity: starvation.Word Building1.promise2.bear3.house4.object5.offensive6.exclusive7.excessive8.executive9.intense10.identify1.promising2.bearing3.housing4.objective5.offend6.exclude7.excess8.execute9.intensive / intensify10.identity1. The woman has made up her mind again to go on a diet to get rid of the (excess) of her weight, though she failed several times in the past.2. Experts generally agree that diet has an important (bearing) on one's health in addition to many other known factors.3. Despite the fact that I have tried to be (objective) , the book is still a bit subjective, as it reflects my own interests and experiences.4. With more overseas companies trying to obtain the big project recently open to the public, the competition in this market is bound to (intensify) .5. It was difficult to make a decision, but now that we have made the decision, we may (execute) the scheme as previously agreed.6. The new movie to be shown this summer is a(n) (promising) one; it is likely to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time.7. While going over the document, please make sure that there are no provisions in the treaty that would (exclude) either side from taking part in it.8. For security purposes, always remember to check carefully the (identity) of any caller who wants to get permission to your home.9. I don't think it's wise of you to show off your intelligence or great knowledge in front of the director, for it may (offend) him.10. As the strong earthquake had done severe damage to their homes, many people had to stay in temporary (housing) for a few months.●Banked ClozeThrough exploration of the humanities, we learn how to think creatively and critically, to analyze, and to ask questions. Because these skills allow us to gain new (1) (insight) into everything from poetry and paintings to business models and politics, humanistic subjects have been at the heart of a liberal arts (2) (education) since the ancient Greeks first used them to educate their citizens. Research into the human experience helps to (3) (boost) our knowledge about our world. Through the work of humanities scholars, we learn about the values of different cultures, about what goes into making a work of art, and about the (4) (mystery) of how history is made. Their efforts depict the great accomplishments of the past, help us understand the world today, and give us tools to imagine the (5) (prospect) of our future.Today, humanistic knowledge continues to (6) (promote) the ideal foundation for exploring and understanding the human experience. Learning another language might help to (7) (invest) you with great insights as well as gain much (8) (appreciation) of different cultures. Taking a close look at a sculpture might make you think about how an artist's life (9) (affected) his creative decisions. Reading a book from another region of the world might help you (10) (speculate) about the meaning of democracy. Listening to history courses might give you a clearer picture of what the future will be like.●Language Focus – Expressions in Use1. Because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food and (are liable to) experience an iron deficiency.2. Some reform advocates ignore the impact of class size on student achievement, and they are (in favor of) what they call as a priority: teacher effectiveness.3. Because of easy access to the Internet, the new breakthrough to create something truly creative (is bound to) happen anytime now.4. Indeed, if teachers want to (speculate about) how far students might get in life, a better measurement than grades might be how hard the students try.5. Nature has (1) (invested) these animals (2) (with) a capacity for not showing fear.6. During the weeks of discussion, delegations from groups who are interested in the resolution may call on representatives to (stand up for) their point of view.7. Plato was a superb writer, and his works are part of the world's great literature. Most of his existing work is (in the form of) dialogs and letters.8. Young people should enter into a broad flexible training program, through which they can learn a lot and be (prepared for) their future careers.9. The young man is very happy and proud to be (in the company of) the old professor because he always feels great when talking with him.10. One day they passed more than 20 villages (in succession) , and some of these are said to have stretched for six miles or more.●Translation●➢英译汉A MOOC (massive open online course) is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web. MOOCs are a recent development in distance education and have now become a surging trend in higher education. These classes are aimed at expanding a university's reach from thousands of tuition-paying students who live in town, to millions of students around the world. In addition to traditional course materials, MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support interactions between students and professors. MOOCs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course; inspire people to "try on" subjects that they wouldn't otherwise pursue or even try on education itself; provide multiple ways to engage with course material, encouraging multimodal (多模式的) learning that can address the needs of learners with a variety of learning styles; and inspire better teaching and use of technologies for face-to-face courses.慕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。

风能的发展潜力和优势英语小作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1The development potential and advantages of wind energy are super cool! Wind energy is like a big breath of fresh air for our planet because it is clean, renewable, and good for the environment. It's like having a superhero that can help save the Earth!First of all, wind energy is unlimited because the wind is always blowing somewhere. This means that we will never run out of wind energy, unlike non-renewable sources like coal or oil. By using wind energy, we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and help combat climate change. How amazing is that?Another awesome thing about wind energy is that it doesn't produce any pollution. When we use wind turbines to generate electricity, there are no harmful emissions released into the air. This helps to keep our air clean and our planet healthy for future generations. Plus, it's so cool to see those big wind turbines spinning around and making energy!Wind energy also has economic benefits. By investing in wind power, we can create jobs in the renewable energy sector and stimulate economic growth. This means more opportunities for people to work in a clean and sustainable industry. And because wind energy is free, it can help to lower electricity costs for everyone. How cool is that?In conclusion, wind energy has huge potential and lots of advantages. It's clean, renewable, and good for the environment. By harnessing the power of the wind, we can create a brighter and cleaner future for ourselves and for the planet. So let's all support wind energy and help make the world a better place!篇2Wind power is a super cool way to make electricity! It comes from the wind blowing really strong and turning big wind turbines. These wind turbines look like giant fans and they spin around really fast when the wind blows.There are many advantages to using wind power. First of all, it's a renewable energy source, which means we can use it over and over again without running out. That's awesome because we won't have to worry about running out of energy like we do with fossil fuels. Also, wind power doesn't produce any pollution, soit's great for the environment. It helps us reduce our carbon footprint and fight climate change.Another cool thing about wind power is that it's getting more and more popular. People are starting to realize how important it is to use clean energy sources, and wind power is a big part of that. More and more wind farms are popping up all over the world, and they're producing tons of electricity. That's super cool because it means we can rely less on dirty energy sources like coal and oil.The future of wind power is looking really bright. As technology gets better, wind turbines are becoming more efficient and cheaper to make. That means we can produce even more electricity from wind power in the future. Plus, there's still so much untapped potential for wind power. There are lots of windy places in the world where we could build more wind farms and harness even more energy.In conclusion, wind power is amazing! It's clean, renewable, and super cool. With its growing popularity and untapped potential, wind power is definitely a great energy source for the future. Let's keep harnessing the power of the wind and make the world a cleaner and greener place!篇3Title: The Potential and Advantages of Wind EnergyHey guys, do you know that wind energy is super cool? It's a renewable energy source that is created by the movement of air, and it has a lot of potential and advantages. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, wind energy is awesome because it's clean and green. Unlike fossil fuels like coal or oil, wind energy doesn't produce any harmful greenhouse gases that can pollute the air and contribute to climate change. So, using wind energy can help protect our planet and keep it healthy for future generations.Another great thing about wind energy is that it's abundant and free! The wind is always blowing somewhere, so we can harness its power to generate electricity without worrying about running out. And because the wind is free, we don't have to pay for it like we do for other sources of energy. That means we can save money on our electricity bills and help reduce our dependence on non-renewable resources.Plus, wind energy is versatile and can be used in many different ways. We can use large wind turbines to generateelectricity for homes, schools, and businesses, or we can use smaller windmills to pump water or grind grain. And because wind energy can be generated locally, it can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in rural communities.In conclusion, wind energy has a lot of potential and advantages that make it a great choice for powering our world. It's clean, abundant, and free, and it can help us protect the environment and save money. So let's harness the power of the wind and embrace a brighter, more sustainable future for all of us!篇4Wind energy is awesome! It has so much potential and advantages that can help make the world a better place. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, wind energy is renewable, which means we can use it over and over again without running out. This is super cool because it helps us reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, which are not only bad for the environment but also running out. So, by using wind energy, we can make sure there will always be plenty of energy for the future.Second, wind energy is clean. When we use wind to generate electricity, we don't create any pollution or harmful gases that can harm the air, water, or soil. This is important because it helps us keep our planet healthy and safe for all living things. Plus, it can help us fight against climate change, which is a big problem facing the world right now.Another great thing about wind energy is that it's becoming more and more affordable. As technology improves and more wind farms are built, the cost of producing wind energy keeps going down. This means more people can have access to clean and renewable energy without having to spend a lot of money.And let's not forget about the job opportunities that come with wind energy. Building and maintaining wind farms create lots of jobs for people in different fields, from engineering to construction to maintenance. This can help boost the economy and improve the lives of many people.In conclusion, wind energy has so much potential and advantages that can benefit both the environment and society. It's a clean, renewable, and affordable source of energy that can help us create a sustainable future for generations to come. So, let's keep supporting wind energy and make the world a better place!篇5Wind energy is so cool! It has so much potential and advantages, just like a superhero saving the planet. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, wind energy is renewable, which means it will never run out. The wind is always blowing, so we can always use it to generate electricity. This is super important because we won't have to worry about running out of energy like we do with fossil fuels.Another awesome thing about wind energy is that it's clean. When we use wind turbines to generate electricity, we don't produce any pollution or greenhouse gases. This means we can help fight climate change and keep our planet healthy.Wind energy is also cost-effective. It may seem expensive to build wind turbines at first, but once they are up and running, they can produce electricity for a long time without needing much maintenance. This can help us save money in the long run.In addition, wind energy can create jobs. We need people to design, build, and maintain wind turbines, as well as people to work in wind energy research and development. This can help boost the economy and create new opportunities for people.Overall, wind energy has so much potential and advantages. It's clean, renewable, cost-effective, and can create jobs. Let's harness the power of the wind and make the world a better place!篇6Title: The Potential and Advantages of Wind Energy DevelopmentHey guys, do you know that wind energy is a super cool and awesome source of renewable energy? Today, let's talk about the amazing potential and advantages of wind energy development!First of all, did you know that wind energy is totally free? Yup, that's right! Wind is a natural resource that is always blowing around us, and we can use special machines called wind turbines to capture the wind's energy and turn it into electricity. This means we don't have to pay for fuel like we do with other types of energy, how cool is that?Another great thing about wind energy is that it's super good for the environment. When we use wind energy, we don't release any harmful greenhouse gases into the air like we do when we burn fossil fuels. This helps to reduce air pollution andfight against climate change. So, by using wind energy, we are helping to protect our planet!What's more, wind energy is also creating a lot of jobs. When we build wind farms and maintain wind turbines, we need lots of workers like engineers, technicians, and construction workers. This not only provides job opportunities for people but also helps to boost the economy.And guess what? Wind energy is also super reliable. Even when the sun is not shining, or the rain is pouring, the wind is still blowing. This means we can generate electricity from wind energy all year round, which helps to ensure a stable and secure energy supply.In conclusion, wind energy has incredible potential and so many advantages. It's free, clean, creates jobs, and is reliable. By investing in wind energy, we can build a more sustainable and brighter future for ourselves and the planet. Let's harness the power of the wind and make the world a better place!篇7Wind energy is super cool! It's like using the power of the wind to make electricity. Isn't that amazing?Wind energy has a lot of potential to grow and become even more awesome. One of the biggest advantages of wind energy is that it's renewable. That means we can keep using it over and over again without running out. The wind will always blow, so we can always make more energy from it.Another super cool thing about wind energy is that it's clean. That means it doesn't pollute the air like some other forms of energy do. So, it helps us keep our planet clean and healthy. Isn't that great?Wind energy also has the advantage of being cost-effective. Once we set up the wind turbines to capture the wind's energy, we can generate electricity without having to spend a lot of money on fuel. That means we can save money and still have plenty of power to use.With all these advantages, it's no wonder that wind energy has so much potential to grow in the future. It's a clean, renewable, and cost-effective source of power that can help us protect the environment and save money. So let's keep harnessing the power of the wind and make the world a better place!篇8Wind energy is super cool! It has so much potential and advantages. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, did you know that wind is a renewable energy source? That means we can never run out of it! The wind keeps blowing and blowing, so we can use it to generate electricity over and over again. This is awesome because we won't have to worry about running out of energy like we do with fossil fuels.Another great thing about wind energy is that it's clean and doesn't produce any pollution. When we burn fossil fuels like coal and oil, it releases harmful gases into the air that can make us sick and harm the environment. But with wind energy, there are no harmful emissions. That's good news for our planet!Wind energy also has the potential to create a lot of jobs. When we build wind farms and install wind turbines, we need lots of people to do the work. This means more jobs for everyone and a boost to the economy. Plus, once the wind farms are up and running, they don't require a lot of maintenance, so those jobs will stick around for a long time.And last but not least, wind energy is becoming more and more affordable. The technology for harnessing the power of the wind has improved a lot over the years, making it cheaper to produce electricity from wind energy. This means that more andmore people can access clean, renewable energy without breaking the bank.So as you can see, wind energy has a ton of potential and advantages. It's good for the environment, good for the economy, and good for our future. Let's keep supporting the development of wind energy so we can all enjoy these benefits for years to come!篇9I can't write an essay longer than 2000 words, but I can give you a summary of the potential and advantages of wind energy in a more casual and simple way.Hey guys, did you know that wind energy is super cool? It's like a superhero that can save the planet! Wind energy has a lot of potential to help us in the future.First of all, wind energy is renewable, which means we can use it over and over again without running out. That's awesome because we won't have to worry about hurting the Earth. Also, wind energy doesn't produce any harmful gases like coal or oil, so it's really clean and good for the environment.Another cool thing about wind energy is that it's free! We don't have to pay for the wind, it's everywhere for us to use. And since it's free, we can save a lot of money on our electricity bills.Plus, wind energy is getting better and better every day. People are finding new ways to capture the wind and turn it into electricity more efficiently. That means we can use more wind power without hurting the planet.So, let's all cheer for wind energy and help it grow. It's our friend and it can make the world a better place for us and for our future. Yay for wind energy!篇10Wind energy is awesome! It has so much potential and so many advantages. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, wind energy is renewable. That means we can keep using it over and over again without ever running out. Isn't that cool? And because wind is always blowing somewhere, we can always count on it to generate power for us. That's super important for the environment because it helps reduce the amount of pollution and greenhouse gases that are released into the air.Another great thing about wind energy is that it'scost-effective. Once we have the turbines set up, they can keep producing electricity for a long time with very little maintenance. That helps keep our electricity bills down and makes it easier for more people to have access to clean energy.And did you know that wind energy can create jobs too? Building, installing, and maintaining wind turbines all require people to work on them. That means more opportunities for people to find employment and contribute to the growing green economy.Overall, wind energy is a win-win situation. It's good for the planet, good for our wallets, and good for creating more jobs. So let's embrace the power of the wind and help it reach its full potential!。

６级考前冲刺试题二Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Improper Translations of Signs in Public Places following the outline given below. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.1. 公共场所中的提示标牌翻译不当甚至错误的现象屡见不鲜2. 这种现象会带来什么影响3. 你怎么看待这种现象Improper Translations of Signs in Public Places________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer thequestions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with theinformation given in the passage.The Fuel of the FutureWhich source of renewable energy is most important to the European Union? Solar power, perhaps? (Europe has three-quarters of the world’s total installed capacity of solar photovoltaic energy.) Or wind? (Germany trebled its wind-power capacity in the past decade.) The answer is neither. By far the largest so-called renewable fuel used in Europe is wood.In its various forms, from sticks to pellets(颗粒) to sawdust, wood (or to use its fashionable name, biomass) accounts for about half of Europe’s renewable-energy consumption. In some countries, such as Poland and Finland, wood meets more than 80% of renewable-energy demand. Even in Germany, home of the Energiewende (energy transformation) which has poured huge subsidies into wind and solar power, 38% of non-fossil fuel consumption comes from the stuff. After years in which European governments have boasted about their high-tech, low-carbon energy revolution, the main beneficiary seems to be the favoured fuel of pre-industrial societies.The idea that wood is low in carbon sounds bizarre. But the original argument for including it in the EU’s list of renewable-energy supplies was respectable. If wood used in a power station comes from properly managed forests, then the carbon that billows out of the chimney can be offset (抵消) by the carbon that is captured and stored in newly planted trees. Wood can be carbon-neutral. Whether it actually turns out to be is a different matter. But once the decision had been taken to call it a renewable, its usage soared.In the electricity sector, wood has various advantages. Planting fields of windmills is expensive but power stations can be adapted to burn a mixture of 90% coal and 10% wood (called co-firing) with little new investment. Unlike new solar or wind farms, power stations are already linked to the grid. Moreover, wood energy is not intermittent (断续的) as is that produced from the sun and the wind: it does not require backup power at night, or on calm days. And because wood can be used in coal-fired power stations that might otherwise have been shut down under new environmental standards, it is extremely popular with power companies.Money grows on treesThe upshot was that an alliance quickly formed to back public subsidies for biomass. It bound together greens, who thought wood was carbon-neutral; utilities, which saw co-firing as a cheap way of saving their coal plants; and governments, which saw wood as the only way to meet theirrenewable-energy targets. The EU wants to get 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020; it would miss this target by a country mile if it relied on solar and wind alone.The scramble to meet that 2020 target is creating a new sort of energy business. In the past, electricity from wood was a small-scale waste-recycling operation: Scandinavian pulp(纸浆) and paper mills would have a power station nearby which burned branches and sawdust. Later came co-firing, a marginal change. But in 2011 RWE, a large German utility, converted its Tilbury B power station in eastern England to run entirely on wood pellets (a common form of wood for burning industrially). It promptly caught fire.Undeterred, Drax, also in Britain and one of Europe’s largest coal-fired power stations, said it would convert three of its six boilers to burn wood. When up and running in 2016 they will generate 12.5 terawatt hours of electricity a year. This energy will get a subsidy, called a renewable obligation certificate, worth £45 a megawatt hour (MWh), paid on top of the market price for electricity. At current prices, calculates Roland Vetter, the chief analyst at CF Partners, Eu rope’s largest carbon-trading firm, Drax could be getting £550m a year in subsidies for biomass after 2016—more than its 2012 pretax profit of £190m.With incentives like these, European firms are scouring the Earth for wood. Europe consumed 13m tonnes of wood pellets in 2012, according to International Wood Markets Group, a Canadian company. On current trends, European demand will rise to 25m-30m a year by 2020.Europe does not produce enough timber to meet that extra demand. So a hefty (大量的) chunk of it will come from imports. Imports of wood pellets into the EU rose by 50% in 2010 alone and global trade in them (influenced by Chinese as well as EU demand) could rise five- or sixfold from 10m-12m tonnes a year to 60m tonnes by 2020, reckons the European Pellet Council. Much of that will come from a new wood-exporting business that is booming in western Canada and the American south. Gordon Murray, executive director of the Wood Pellet Association of Canada, calls it “an industry invented from nothing”.Prices are going through the roof. Wood is not a commodity and there is no single price. But an index of wood-pellet prices published by Argus Biomass Markets rose from €116 a tonne in August 2010 to €129 a tonne at the end of 2012. Prices for hardwood from we stern Canada have risen by about 60% since the end of 2011.This is putting pressure on companies that use wood as an input. About 20 large saw mills making particle board for the construction industry have closed in Europe during the past five years, says Petteri Pihlajamaki of Poyry, a Finnish consultancy (though the EU’s building bust is also to blame). Higher wood prices are hurting pulp and paper companies, which are in bad shape anyway: the production of paper and board in Europe remains almost 10% below its 2007 peak. In Britain,furniture-makers complain that competition from energy producers “will lead to the collapse of the mainstream British furniture-manufacturing base, unless the subsidies are significantly reduced or removed”.But if subsidising biomass energy were an efficient way to cut carbon emissions, perhaps this collateral damage might be written off as an unfortunate consequence of a policy that was beneficial overall. So is it efficient? No.Wood produces carbon twice over: once in the power station, once in the supply chain. The process of making pellets out of wood involves grinding it up, turning it into a dough and putting it under pressure. That, plus the shipping, requires energy and produces carbon: 200kg of CO2 for the amount of wood needed to provide 1MWh of electricity.This decreases the amount of carbon saved by switching to wood, thus increasing the price of the savings. Given the subsidy of £45 per MWh, says Mr Vetter, it costs £225 to save one tonne of CO2 by switching from gas to wood. And that assumes the rest of the process (in the power station) is carbon neutral. It probably isn’t.A fuel and your moneyOver the past few years, scientists have concluded that the original idea—carbon in managed forests offsets carbon in power stations—was an oversimplification. In reality, carbon neutrality depends on the type of forest used, how fast the trees grow, whether you use woodchips or whole trees and so on. As another bit of the EU, the European Environment Agency, said in 2011, the assumption “that biomass combustion would be inherently carbon neutral…is not correct…as it ignores the fact that using land to produce plants for energy typically means that this land is not producing plants for other purposes, including carbon othe rwise sequestered.”Tim Searchinger of Princeton University calculates that if whole trees are used to produce energy, as they sometimes are, they increase carbon emissions compared with coal (the dirtiest fuel) by 79% over 20 years and 49% over 40 years; there is no carbon reduction until 100 years have passed, when the replacement trees have grown up. But as Tom Brookes of the European Climate Foundation points out, “we’re trying to cut carbon now; not in 100 years’ time.”In short, the EU has created a subsidy which costs a packet, probably does not reduce carbon emissions, does not encourage new energy technologies—and is set to grow like a leylandii hedge.1. Now the most important source of renewable source in EU is _______.A) wind B) sunlight C) wood D) tides2. In theory, wood can be carbon-neutral if _______.A) the speed of growing trees is higher that that of cutting treesB) carbon in managed forests offsets carbon in power stationsC) wood are cut into chips and mix with coal in power stationD) they are used as pure fuel in power stations with high tech3. Why is wood extremely popular with power companies?A) It helps save their coal plants.B) It is available everywhere.C) It can attract a large investment.D) It is cheaper than coal as fuel.4. What does the author say about the EU’s 2020 renewable-energy target?A) It is unrealistic and needs adjustment.B) It would be impossible without wood.C) It requests cooperation of the whole Europe.D) It will be achievable if EU uses solar power.5. In the past, generating electricity by burning wood was _______.A) criticized by the greensB) a pure waste of moneyC) not supported by the EUD) operated on a small scale6. What does Europe do to meet the huge demand for wood?A) It cultivates all the barren land to farm trees.B) It subsidizes those who grow trees for timber.C) It imports a large amount of wood pellets.D) It promotes the high-yield planting technology.7. According to Britain’s furniture manufacturers, subsidies to energy companies _______.A) will force the furniture making industry to innovateB) can’t stop the wood energy industry from decliningC) make the latter less competitive in global marketsD) indirectly influence the country’s furniture industry8. According to the author, wood produces carbon in both the power station and _____________________.9. The European Environment Agency suggested that it was not correct to _____________________ that burning wood was carbon neutral.10. By Tim Searchinger’s calculation, _____________________ will increase in the next 100 yearseven if we use whole trees to generate electricity.Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be apause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), anddecide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.11. A) The results of her finals are ironic.B) The man should have attended the lectures.C) The result of the final is unbelievable, too.D) The man should not have chosen urban planning.12. A) She wanted to please the man.B) She bought the ticket on impulse.C) She wanted to invite her professor to the concert.D) She meant to ignore the appointment with her professor.13. A) He declined the bookstore job once.B) He really wants to work in the bookstore.C) He didn’t know where the bookstore was.D) He wasn’t offer ed the job in the bookstore.14. A) The tailor’s. C) The theatre.B) A dress-up party. D) A shopping mall.15. A) Her mom has approved without hesitation, while her dad hasn’t.B) Her dad has approved of it, and her mom will probably do the same.C) Her dad still needs time to think, while her mom has already agreed.D) Her dad needs time to think, while her mom definitely won’t consider it.16. A) He couldn’t make time for it. C) He was not in the mood for it.B) He had probably caught the flu. D) He went floating with some other students.17. A) She feels very hot in the room. C) She wants to avoid meeting people.B) She doesn’t like the smell inside.D) She wants to smoke a cigarette there.18. A) He dislikes this job, so he will quit soon.B) He likes the job, if not for those working hours.C) He’s not decided, but he knows he shouldn’t quit.D) He wants to change his job for all he likes about it.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) The climate there is too cold. C) He has visited it twice before.B) The air-fare is quite expensive. D) He does not have the passport.20. A) He has just reconditioned his house. C) He has just come back from abroad.B) His old car has just been repaired. D) He doesn’t have long enough time.21. A) He hasn’t been there before.C) His friend will accommodate him.B) He can meet his girlfriend there. D) He can find a temporary job there.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) Frank. C) Indirect.B) Modest. D) Confident.23. A) Money is important.B) Responsibility means more than salary.C) High salary secures better performance.D) Future income is more important than starting salary.24. A) “Can do” spirit.C) Honesty and responsibility.B) Motivation and teamwork. D) Hard-working and cooperation.25. A) Tolerance. C) Clearer wording.B) Civilization. D) Communication.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) A little girl. B) A little boy. C) A secretary. D) A dog.27. A) The medical treatment in Sweden. C) The daily life of the Swedes.B) Keeping a dog in Sweden. D) Social welfare in Sweden.28. A) Dog owners in Sweden needn’t to pay any taxes on their pets.B) Dog owners in Sweden are greatly subsidized by government.C) Dog owners in Sweden must pay for any damage their dog does.D) Two thirds of people in Sweden keep pets.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) One that is already extinct in some parts of the world.B) One that is extremely dangerous to humans.C) One that will naturally die out in its natural surroundings.D) One that is confronted with extinction in its living environment.30. A) Polluted water. B) Decreasing fish. C) Climate change. D) Over-hunting.31. A) About 15%. B) About 20%. C) About 25%. D) About 30%.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) The unequal distribution of housework between men and women.B) The change of women’s attitude towards housework.C) The influence of men sharing the housework in American families.D) The change of the time spent on housework in American families.33. A) Marriage gives men more freedom.B) Marriage has effects on job choices.C) Men shares more housework nowadays than before.D) Having children means doubled housework.34. A) About 12 hours. B) About 13 hours. C) About 17 hours. D) About 21 hours.35. A) Unmarried men. C) Younger married men.B) Older married men. D) Married men with children.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for thesecond time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exactwords you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill inthe missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you havejust heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage isread for the third time, you should check what you have written.Why do so many people live to a healthy old age in certain parts of the world? What is the (36) _________ of their long lives? Three things seem to (37) _________ to it: fresh air, fresh food and a simple way of life. People work near their homes in the clean, mountain air instead of travelling long (38) _________ to work by bus, car or train. They do not sit all day in (39) _________ offices or factories, but work hard outdoors in the fields. They take more exercise and eat less food than people in the cities of the West. For years, the Hunaz of the Himalayas did not need policemen, lawyers or doctors. There was no crime, no (40) _________ and not much illness in their society. They were a happy, peaceful people, famous all over India for their long, healthy lives.Although many people are keen on (41) _________ out ways to live a longer life, there are people worrying about their (42) _________ years. Once a retired doctor I (43) _________ shared with me his worries: It’s only natural to loo k forward to something better. (44) ___________________________________________________________________. It is one of life’s great ironies that the longer we live, the less there is to look forward to Retirement may bring with it the fulfillment of a lifet ime’s dreams. (45) ___________________________________________________________________. From then on, the dream fades. (46) ___________________________________________________________________. Who wants to live long enough to become a doddering wreck? Who wants to go back to that most dreadful of all human conditions, a second childhood?Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewestpossible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.The battery, which has powered our lives for generations, may soon be consigned to the dustbin of history. British scientists say they have created a plastic that can store and release electricity, revolutionising the way we use phones, drive cars — and even wear clothes.It means the cases of mobiles and iPods could soon double up as their power source — leading to gadgets as thin as credit cards. The technology could also lead to flexible computer screens that can befolded up and carried around like a piece of paper. And it could even be used to create 'electric clothes' that charge up as a person moves around and which slowly release heat when the weather gets cold.Dr Emile Greenhalgh, from Imperial College London's Department of Aeronautics, said the material is not really a battery, but a supercapacitor —similar to those found in typical electrical circuits. His team's prototype —which is around five inches square and wafer-thin —takes five seconds to charge from a normal power supply and can light an LED for 20 minutes.Dr Greenhalgh, who is working with car company V olvo on a three-year, £3million project to use the material in hybrid petrol-electric cars, said: “We think the car of the future could be drawing power from its roof or even the door, thanks to our material. The applications for this material don't stop there —you might have a mobile that is as thin as a credit card because it no longer needs a bulky battery, or a laptop that can draw energy from its casing so it can run for longer.”The material charges and discharges electricity quicker than a conventional battery, and does not use chemical processes — giving it a longer lifespan, he added.The scientists plan to use it to replace the metal floor of a V olvo car's boot which holds the spare wheel. This would mean V olvo could shrink the size of its hybrid battery — and cut down the weight of the car, making it more efficient.Dr Greenhalgh said: “No one has created a material like this— within ten years it could replace batteries.”The new patented material from scientists at Imperial College could do away with the need for traditional batteries forever.47. According to the passage, the way we use phones may be soon changed due to the invention of thesubstitute of the _____________________.48. The application of the technology could give computer screens some _____________________ interms of portability.49. Where could the future V olvo hybrid petrol-electric cars get power from according to Dr. Greenhalgh?50. Compared with traditional batteries, the newly-invented material may have_____________________ due to its way of charging and discharging.51. Shrinking the size of a V olvo car’s hybrid battery will finally lead to the improvement of its_____________________.Section BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Millions of school-leavers in the rich world are about to bid a tearful goodbye to their parents and start a new life at university. Some are inspired by a pure love of learning. But most also believe that spending three or four years at university—and accumulating huge debts in the process—will boost their chances of landing a well-paid and secure job.Their elders have always told them that education is the best way to equip themselves to thrive in a globalised world. Blue-collar workers will see their jobs offshored and automated, the familiar argument goes. School dropouts will have to cope with a life of cash-strapped insecurity. But the graduate elite will have the world at its feet. There is some evidence to support this view. A recent study from Georgetown University's Centre on Education and the Workforce argues that “obtaining a post-secondary credential(证书) is almost always worth it.” Educational qualification s are tightly correlated with earnings: an American with a professional degree can expect to pocket $3.6m over a lifetime; one with merely a high-school diploma can expect only $1.3m. The gap between more- and less-educated earners may be widening. A study in 2002 found that someone with a bachelor's degree could expect to earn 75% more over a lifetime than someone with only a high-school diploma. Today the premium is even higher.But is the past a reliable guide to the future? Or are we at the beginning of a new phase in the relationship between jobs and education? There are good reasons for thinking that old patterns are about to change—and that the current recession-driven downturn in the demand for Western graduates will morph into something structural. The gale of creative destruction that has shaken so many blue-collar workers over the past few decades is beginning to shake the cognitive elite as well.The supply of university graduates is increasing rapidly. The Chronicle of Higher Education calculates that between 1990 and 2007 the number of students going to university increased by 22% in North America, 74% in Europe, 144% in Latin America and 203% in Asia. In 2007 150m people attended university around the world, including 70m in Asia. Emerging economies—especially China—are pouring resources into building universities that can compete with the elite of Americaand Europe. They are also producing professional-services firms such as Tata Consulting Services and Infosys that take fresh graduates and turn them into world-class computer programmers and consultants. The best and the brightest of the rich world must increasingly compete with the best and the brightest from poorer countries who are willing to work harder for less money.52. Most school-leavers think that going to college will ______.A) improve their social skillsB) mean being fully independentC) be a worthwhile investmentD) help them soak up knowledge53. According to their elders, in a globalised world, college graduates will ______.A) have the chance to become very successfulB) find it difficult to get a job they can rely onC) have more opportunities to work overseasD) be in seriously student debt and feel trapped54. The recent survey from Gerogretown University’s Cente r on Education and the Workforce showsthat ______.A) workers with a high-school diploma are less paidB) degrees are closely associated with incomesC) less-educated workers are living an insecure lifeD) workers without a bachelor’s degree can’t get pre mium today55. Which kind of structural change will happen to the old patterns?A) The creative destruction is sweeping the cognitive elite now.B) We are in a new stage in the relationship between jobs and education.C) The demand for Western graduates is reduced due to current recession.D) So many blue-collar workers are going through the creative destruction.56. Tata Consulting Services and Infosys foster the new school-leavers to ______.A) work harderB) be first-class talentsC) offer professional servicesD) get more moneyPassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging global knowledge society, so new ways of providing access to education for a much higher percentage of the population are now being devised. The most dramatic examples of access to education are found in the 11 distance-education mega-universities found around the world. In “distance education”, the student is separated in time or space from the teacher or professor. The largest of these high enrollment universities is in China, the China Central Radio and Television University, with more than 3 million students. The English-speaking world has the British Open University, with 215,000 students, and the University of South Africa, with 120,000 students. In addition to the mega-universities, dozens of other national and regional systems are providing education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education mega-universities is television, supplemented by other technologies or even some online instruction in more developed countries. Some distance-education systems use two-way interactive video connections to particular locations where students gather; others supplement with the Internet, and still others deliver only by Internet. With video-and-audio-streaming now available, the Internet appears to be the technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers. Of course, these technologies merely add to the radio-delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming. Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education, where 90% or more of the required credits are given at a distance, as are dozens of master’s degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that 50,000 university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions: those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students. Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university, then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated. Rege nt’s College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States, now serving mainly the 18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges. Students will come to the colleges for their social, artistic, athletic, and spiritual programs. The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community. Students will access their courses。

地理大发现英语The Age of Exploration: A Journey Through the UnknownThe modern world as we know it today is a product of the great geographical discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries. This period, often referred to as the Age of Exploration, saw a remarkable surge in human curiosity, technological advancement, and the desire to unlock the mysteries of the unknown. It was a time when brave explorers set out to chart uncharted territories, encounter new cultures, and push the boundaries of human knowledge.The driving force behind these explorations was a combination of factors, including the quest for trade, the search for new sources of wealth, and the desire to spread the influence of European powers. The advancement of navigational tools, such as the compass and the astrolabe, as well as the development of more reliable and seaworthy ships, enabled these explorers to venture farther and with greater confidence.One of the most significant achievements of the Age of Exploration was the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. This landmark event not only opened up a new continent toEuropean exploration and colonization but also initiated a dramatic exchange of cultural, economic, and biological resources between the Old and New Worlds. The Columbian Exchange, as it is known, had far-reaching consequences, transforming the lives of people on both sides of the Atlantic.Following Columbus's initial voyages, other renowned explorers such as Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and Jacques Cartier made significant contributions to the mapping of the world. Da Gama's voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 opened up a new trade route to the East, while Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe from 1519 to 1522 proved that the Earth was indeed round.The quest for new trade routes and the desire to establish colonial empires also drove the exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Explorers like Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, and James Cook made significant discoveries, uncovering the vast expanses of the Pacific and encountering diverse indigenous cultures.The Age of Exploration was not without its controversies and dark chapters. The exploitation of indigenous peoples, the forced displacement of populations, and the introduction of new diseases had devastating consequences for many native civilizations. The slave trade, which thrived during this period, was a particularly egregious example of the human cost of these explorations.Despite these troubling aspects, the Age of Exploration also led to remarkable scientific and cultural advancements. The exchange of knowledge, technologies, and ideas between the East and the West, as well as the emergence of global trade networks, laid the foundation for the modern world. The exploration of the natural world also led to significant developments in fields such as cartography, astronomy, and biology.The legacy of the Age of Exploration is still felt today, shaping our understanding of the world and our place in it. The maps, trade routes, and cultural exchanges that emerged during this period continue to influence global politics, economics, and social interactions. Moreover, the spirit of adventure and the desire to push the boundaries of human knowledge that drove these explorers continue to inspire generations of scientists, adventurers, and visionaries.In conclusion, the Age of Exploration was a transformative period in human history, marked by both remarkable achievements and profound ethical challenges. As we reflect on this era, we must grapple with its complex legacy, acknowledging both the remarkable feats of human ingenuity and the devastating consequences of colonial expansion. By doing so, we can gain a deeper understandingof our shared history and use these lessons to chart a more equitable and sustainable future.。

The Wonders of the Tundra The tundra is a unique and fascinating ecosystem that is often overlooked in favor of more glamorous environments such as rainforests or coral reefs. However, the tundra is a vital part of the planet's biodiversity and plays a crucial role in the global climate system. In this essay, we will explore the wonders of the tundra from multiple perspectives, including its ecological significance, its cultural importance to indigenous peoples, and the threats it faces from climate change and human activity. From an ecological perspective, the tundra is a harsh and unforgiving environment characterized by low temperatures, permafrost, and a short growing season. Despite these challenges, the tundra is home to a surprisingly diverse array of plant and animal species. The iconic image of the tundra is one of vast, treeless plains dotted with hardy shrubs, mosses, and lichens. However, the tundra is also home to a variety of wildlife, including caribou, musk oxen, Arctic foxes, and polar bears. These animals have adapted to the extreme conditions of the tundra, developing thick fur, specialized diets, and unique behaviors to survive in this challenging environment. The tundra also plays a crucial role in the global climate system. The vast expanse of permafrost in the tundra acts as a massive carbon sink, storing an estimated 1,400 gigatons of carbon – twice the amount currently in the Earth's atmosphere. However, as the planet warms, this permafrost is beginning to thaw, releasing carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere and contributing to the feedback loop of climate change. Additionally, the tundra's reflective snow and ice help to regulate the planet's temperature by reflecting sunlight back into space, but as these areas melt, they expose darker land and water, which absorb more heat and further contribute to global warming. From a cultural perspective, the tundra holds immense significance for indigenous peoples who have lived in these harsh environments for thousands of years. The Inuit, Sami, Nenets, and other indigenous groups have developed rich and complex cultures that are intimately tied to the land and its resources. Traditional knowledge of the tundra's plants, animals, and weather patterns has been passed down through generations, allowing these communities to thrive in a place that many would consider uninhabitable. The tundra is not just a physical environment for these peoples, but a spiritual andcultural one as well, with deep connections to their identity, traditions, and way of life. However, the tundra faces numerous threats from climate change and human activity. As temperatures rise, the tundra is experiencing more frequent and severe wildfires, which release even more carbon into the atmosphere and destroy vital habitat for plants and animals. Additionally, the expansion of industrial activities such as oil and gas extraction, mining, and infrastructure development is encroaching on tundra ecosystems, disrupting wildlife migration patterns and polluting the land and water. These activities also pose a threat to thetraditional ways of life of indigenous peoples, as their lands and resources are exploited without their consent or consideration for their cultural heritage. In conclusion, the tundra is a remarkable and essential part of the planet's natural and cultural heritage. Its ecological significance, cultural importance to indigenous peoples, and the threats it faces from climate change and humanactivity make it a topic worthy of our attention and concern. As we strive to address the challenges of climate change and protect the world's biodiversity, we must not forget the wonders of the tundra and the vital role it plays in sustaining life on Earth.。

新视野大学英语（第三版）第二册课后翻译-答案及原文新视野大学英语（第三版）第二册课后翻译答案及原文Unit 1原文：English is known as a world language, regularly used by many nations whose English is not their first language. Like other languages, English has changed greatly. The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English. The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language. During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early 17th century its influence began to be felt throughout the world. The processes of European exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in English. T oday, American English is particularly influential, due to the popularity of American cinema, television, music, trade and technology, including the Internet.翻译：人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。

the develop of printing托福阅读The development of printingThroughout the ages, people have relied on various methods to reproduce written information. Before the invention and development of printing, the only means of disseminating information to more than a few people was by hand copying. This tedious and time-consuming task was often limited to the production of a few copies of religious texts, legal documents, or other important documents.The Chinese are credited with the invention of what is commonly referred to as 'woodblock printing' around 200 A.D. This method involved carving special characters and symbols that could be used in printing into wooden blocks that were then inked and used to make prints. In the fifteenth century, Johannes Gutenberg improved the process by devising a printing method using movable type. This enabled the creation of near perfect copies of documents in a much shorter amount of time. In the centuries that followed, printing techniques improved significantly. New methods such as photo offset printing and lithography were developed, and the number of books and other printed materials increased exponentially.These days, printers are more advanced than ever, and the amount of information that can be printed in a single day is almost unimaginable.Printing has helped to spread knowledge and ideas around the world in ways that were impossible only a few hundred years ago. It is hard to imagine a world without printing and it is likely that human progress would be significantly slower if it had not been invented. Printing has also enabled us to collect and store vast amounts of information in libraries and other media. This has enabled us to easily access information that would have otherwise been lost or forgotten.。

new era in various fields, but also have discovered into a parked car while riding home after school. A student scratched the car by accident. He didn’t escape, but wait for about half an hour in the distance. Later, he left a note forthe car owner and was in a hurry to leave. After seeing the note, the car ownerwas deeply moved and contacted the student, saying that there was no need to compensate. He wrote on his Weibo account. If our next generation is like this,there will be hope in society!It is with a young example like the student that China in the new era is fullof vitality.Finally, I sincerely thank every who has worked for the great achievementsof the new era, the deputies to the National People’s Congress and youth role models. It is with your hard work and dedication that we feel the earth shaking changes brought to us by the new era and great achievements.Great Achievements of the New Era新时代的伟大成就◎成都二中 王敏嘉 指导教师：陈小雪At the beginning of the year, my family got a new electric car. I fell inlove with this car. Dad told me a story. Recently, Senard, the boss of French automaker Renault Group, said, “When I talk about the ‘China storm’, it meansthe big pressure of electric cars exported from China to Europe.” I’m thrilled toknow that China’s auto industry is developing rapidly.(初中天地）65/校园派CampusAs the saying goes, in the prime of life, teenagers should be more energetic and unrestrained.A Young Diplomat Strives for a Better Future少年外交官 毕生外交梦◎广州市番禺区象贤中学 刘子瑶 指导教师：谢杰文Full of curiosity, I searched online. The exports have been on the rise in recent years. Statistically, the number of Chinese auto exports was 3.111 million in 2022 and outperformed Germany, turning into the second-largest vehicle exporter in the world. Now, China’s auto exports have replaced Japan as the No. 1 vehicle exporter in the first half, which is an exciting event.My dad told me that the development of the electric car has a close relationship with the 20th CPC Congress. The report of the 20th CPC Congress says that China should insist on innovation as an important position in China’s modernization, speed up to achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance, and accelerate to build a powerful nation with science and technology. I have no doubt that the development of a new energy automobile industry is an inevitable option （必然的选择）for the high-quality development of the automobile industry.I am so proud to see the significant achievements of our motherland, and I will study hard and devote myself to the development of my country in the future.66Crazy English。

新托福TPO21阅读原文(一)：Geothermal EnergyTPO21-1：Geothermal EnergyEarth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180°centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermalelectric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.TPO21-1译文：地热能地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。

TPO18-3：LightningLightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to the ground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places.TPO18-3译文：闪电闪电是由雷雨云放电产生的一道明亮夺目的闪光。