毕业设计英文

Compensation of Control System1．Multiple Constrains in DesignThe performance of a feedback control system is of primary importance.We have found that a suitable control system should have some of the following properties.1)It should be stable and present acceptable response to inputcommand,i.e,the controlled variable should follow the changes in the input at a suitable speed without unduly large oscillations or overshoots.2)It should operate with as little error as possible.3)It should be able to mitigate the effect of undesirabledisturbances.A feedback control system that provided an optimum perfprmance without any necessary adjustments is rare ually it is necessary to compromise among the many conflicting and demanding specifications and to adjust the system parameters to provide a suitable and acceptable performance when it is not possible to obtain all the desired optimum specifications.The preceding chapters have showen that it is often possible to adjust the system parameters in order to provide the desired system response.When the achievement of a simple performance requirement may be met by selecting a particular value of K, the process is called gain compensation.However,we often find that it is not sufficient to adjust a system parameter and thus obtain the desired performance.Rather we are required to reconsider the structure of the system and redesign the system in order to obtain a suitable one.That is ,we must examine scheme of the system and obtain a new design that results in a suitable system.Thus the design of a control system is concerned with the arrangement of the systemstructure and the selection of suitable components and parameters.When we are not able to relax several perfprmance requirements,we must alter the system in some way.The alteration or adjustment of a control system in oreder to provider a suitable performance is called compensation.In redesigning a control system to alter the system response,an additional component or device is inserted within the structure of the feedback system to compensate for the performance deficiency.The compensating device may be electric,mechanical,hydraulic,pneumatic,or some other type of devices or networks and is often called a monly an electric network serves as a compensator in many control systems.Quite often,in practice,the best and simplest way to improve the performance of a control system is to alter,if possible,the plant itself.That is,if the system designer is able to specify and alter the design of the plant,then the performance of the system may be readily improved.For example,to improve the transient behavior of a servomechanism position controller,we often can choose a better motor for the system.Thus a control system designer should recognize that an alteration of the plant maybe result in an improved system.However,often the plant is unalterable or has been altered as much as possible and still result in unsatisfactory performance.Then the addition of compensator becomes useful for improving the performance of the system.2．Types of CompensationThe compensator is placed in a suitable location within the system,and can be done in several ways .An additional component may be interested in the forward path.This is called the cascade or serial compensation.The transfer function of the compensator is designated as Gc(s),whereas that of the original plant(or process)is denoted by Gp(s).Alternatively,the compensator may be placed in the feedbackpath .This is called the feedback compensation. A combination of these two schemes.The selection of the compensation scheme depends upon a consideration of the specifications, the power levels at various signal nodes in the system,and the compensators available for us.3.Cascade CompensationAlthough many different types of compensators can be used,the simplest among them are cascade phase-lead,phase-lag,and phase-lag-lead networks.Each of these can be realized by using an operational amplifier network.The Bode diagram is used to determine a suitable cascade compensator in preference to other frequence plots.The frequence response of the cascade compensator is added to the frequency response of the uncompensated system.It is assumed, in below discussion, that the compensator Gc(s),is used with an uncompensated system so that the overall open-loop gain can be set to satisfy the steady-state error requirement,then Gc(s) is used to adjust the system dynamics favorably without affecting the steady-stste error.For convenience,the open-loop transfer function of the uncompensated system,Gp(s)H(s),is denoted by Go(s).At first,consider a system described by the open-loop transfer functionGo(s)=k/s(0.2s+1)Suppose we wish the closed-loop system to meet the following performance requirements:a)The steady-state error for a unit ramp is to be no more than 0.00316.b)The phase margin is to be no less than 45.For the first requirement,the static velocity error constant can be cocalculated from equationεss=1/Kv=1/K≦0.00316and thus the required open-loop gain is K=Kv=3.16It may also be seen that the phase margin will be about 45.at w=5 rad/s;therefore,to meet the second requirement,the magnitude must be zero at this frequency.Obviously,it is not possible to satisfy both system performance requirements with a singular value of gain.The system needs to be modified in some way,i.e,the shape of the Bode diagram has to be altered in some way to allow it to achieve both perfprmance requirements. The system perfprmance requirements stated in the example are typical of those found in many design cases;a steady-state error determines one value of gain while a desired transient response determines anthor.Note how each requirement relates to a different region of frequency acxis in the Bode diagram.(1)The steady-state error relates to the slope and magnitude at lowfrequency.(2)The phase margin relates to the gain crossover frequency,which usuallyoccurs at higher frequency.4．Approaches to System DesignThe performance of a control system can be specified by requirement of certain maximum overshoot and setting time for a step input. Furthermore it is usually necessary to specify the maximum allowable steady-state error for several test signal inputs and disturbances .These performance specifications are related to the location of the poles and zeros of the closed-loop transfer function.Thus the location of the closed-loop poles and zeros can be specified.As we found in chapter4,the locus of the roots of the closed-loop system can be readily obtained for the variation of one system parameter.However,when the locus of roots does not result in a suitable root configuration,we must add a compensator to alter the locus of the roots as parameter is varied.Therefore we can use the root locus method and determine a suitsble compensator transfer function so that the resultant root ;ocus yields the desired closed-looproot configuration.Alternatively,the performance of a control system can be specified in terms of the relative resonant peak,resonant frequency,and bandwidth of the closed-loop frequency response,or in terms of the phase margin, gain margin and gain crossover frequency of the open-loop frequency response.We can add a suitable compensator,if necessary,in order to satisfy the system perfprmancr.The design of the compensator is developed in terms of the frequency response as portrayed on the polar plot,the Bode diagram,or the Nichols chart.Because a cascade transfer function is readily accounted for on a Bode diagram by adding the frequency response of the compensator,we usually prefer to approach the frequency response method by utilizing the Bode diagram.5．Phase-Lead Compensation1. Phase-Lead CompensationThe phase-lead compensator is a form of high-pass filter,through which the signals at high frequencies are amplified relatively than that at low frequencies.It introduces a gain at high frequencies,which in general is destabilizing.However,its positive phase angle is stablilzing .Hence,we must carefully choose two break frequencies so that the stabilizing effect of the positive phase angle is dominant.ments on the Applicability and ResultsPhase-lead compensation has some distinct advantages over other forms of compensation,wherease it may also be difficult to use .Some observations from the example just analyzed allow a few generalizations to be made regarding phase lead compensation.1)The phase-lead compensation method provides an additional phaselead to limit the system’s overshoot to a required value.2)The open-loop(and usually the closed-loop)bandwidths isincreased.This is usually beneficial since the inclusion ofhigher frequencies in the response results in a faster response.Itmay cause problem,however,if noise exists at the higherfrequencies.3)Problem may occur when the uncompensated phase plot has a steeoslope in the vicinity of φm.This occurs because,as the new gaincrossover point moves to the right ,larger and larger phase leadis required from the compensator,demanding very large value ofα.This is difficult to achieve when the compensator is realizedwith physical components.For this reason ,value of α>15 shouldbe avoided,and methods to compensate the system using othertechniques,such as phaselag,should be investigated.6．Phase-Lag Compensation1.Phase-Lag Compensation ProcessIn phase-lag compensation,the magnitude part of the uncompensated Bode diagram is attenuated in order to reduce the gain crossover frequency,thereby allowing the uncompensated phase plot to produce the necessary phase margin.The phase-lag compensator is used to provide an attenuation and therefore to lower the crossover frequency of the system.Furthermore,at lower crossover frequency,we usually find that the phase margin of the system is increased,and the specifications can be satisfied.Of cause,the influence of the phase lag caused by the compensator should be taken into ually,the lag phase is about 5~12 if the break frequency corresponding to the zero of the compensator is wz=(0.1~0.2)wc.ments on the Applicability and Results1)The phase-lag method provides the necessary damping ratio in orderto limit the overshoot to the required value.2)The compensation process is somewhat simpler than the phase-leadcompensation in that the selection of the break frequencies is not too critical.3)As can be seen from the compensated system,the phase-lag techniquereduces the open and hence the closed-loop bandwith,which results ina slower response.4)Unlike phase-lead compensation,theoretically,phase lag compensationmay change the phase margin by more than 90.7．Phase Lag-Lead CompensationIn the compensator design it is usual to assume that the two break frequencies of the lag portion are lower than the two break frequencies of the lead portion.Further features of the Bode diagram include the following.1)The magnitude at lower frequencies is 0 db while the magnitude athigher frequencies is 20lg(αβ)ually,the compensator provides attenuation only and no gain.2)The phase angle first lags and then leads ,but the high-andlow-frequency phases are both zeros.3)The maximum phase-lag and the maximum phase-lead occur between theirrespective break frequencies.The phase lag-lead compensator utilizes the best feature of the individual lag and lead portions,usually without their disadvantages.For example,the lag-lead compensation allows the introduction of phase lead to stabilize a system,while providing attenuation at higher frequencies to filter out noise.8．Feedback CompensationIn order to improve the system performances,besides the cascade compensation,the feedback compensation is often used as another scheme.By using local feedback compensation,almost same effect,as that of cascade compensation,can be obtained.Morever ,additional specific functions forimproving system perfprmance are obtained.。

英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。

It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。

The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。

The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。

翻译部分英文原文SELF-ADVANCING HYDRAULIC POWERED SUPPORTSModern longwall mining employs hydraulic powered supports at the face area . The support not only holds up the roof , pushes the face chain conveyor , and advances itself , but also provides a safe environment for all associated mining activities . Therefore its successful selection and application are the prerequisite for successful longwall mining . Furthermore , due to the large number of units required , the capital invested for the powered support usually accounts for more than half of the initial capital for a longwall face . Therefore both from technical and economic points of view , the powered support is a very important piece of equipment in a longwall face .The application of modern powered supports can be traced back to the early 1950’s . Since then , following its adoption in every part of the world , there have been countless models designed and manufactured in various countries . But unfortunately , there still is no uniform system of classification .A simplified classification is used in this section . since a powered support consists of four major components(i. e. , canopy , caving shield , hydraulic legs or props , and base plate ) , the ways by which they are interrelated are used for classification . In this respect , two factors are most important : (1) presence or absence of a caving shield - if a caving shield is included , the support is a “ shield ”type , otherwise , a frame or a chock ; (2) number and type of arranging the hydraulic legs - since support capacity is generally proportional to the number of hydraulic legs , it is important to specify the number of hydraulic legs that a support has . Furthermore , the way the hydraulic legs are installed is important ; for example , a vertical installation between the base and the canopy has the highest efficiency of application whereas an inclined installation between the base and the caving shield has the least efficiency in supporting the roof .Based on this concept , there are four types of powered support , that is , the frame , chock , shield , and chock shield , in order of evolution of their development . However , it must be noted that the trend of development in each type is such that it becomes less distinguishable in terms of application .The four types of roof supports can be obtained for either longwall retreating or advancing systems , and they are available in standard , one-web-back , and immediate forward support ( IFS ) versions .With the standard system , the winning machine takes a cut or a slice , and the armored face conveyor is pushed over by the hydraulic rams that are fixed to the support units . The support units then are advanced sequentially to the conveyor . With the one-web-back system , a support is set back from the conveyor by a device that automatically keeps the leading edge of the support at a fixed distance from the conveyor .This allows easy access through the face and employs the standard method of advancing ; i. e. , pushing the conveyor first , and then advancing the support .With the IFS system , the support unit is advanced to the conveyor immediately after the cutting machine has passed , and the forward canopy of the support unit is long enough to support both the recently and newly exposed roof sections . After the supports have been advanced , the conveyor is pushed over .FRAMEThe frame support is an extension of the single hydraulic props conventionally used underground . Thus it is the first type developed in modern self-advancing hydraulic powered supports .It involves setting up two hydraulic props or legs vertically in tandem that are connected at the top by a single or two segmented canopies .The two segmented canopies can be hinge-jointed at any point between the legs or in front of the front leg .The base of the two hydraulic legs may be a circular steel shoe welded at bottom of each leg or a solid base connecting both legs (Fig .8.8) .Generally , a frame support consists of two or three sets of hydraulic legs . The set moving first is the secondary set , the set moving later is the primary set .There is a double-acting ram installed between each set . The piston of the ram is connected to the secondary set and the cylinder to the primary set . During support advance ( Fig. 8.9) , the primary set is set against the roof while the secondary set is lowered and pushed forward by the piston . Having reached the new position , the secondary set is set against the roof while the primary set is lowered and pulled forward by the cylinder . The distance of each advance ranges from 20 to 36 in. (0.50~0.91m) .Fig . 8.8 Frame supporta-primary set b-secondary setA B CFig . 8.9 Method of advancing the frame supportThe frame support is very simple , but more flexible or less stable structurally . There are considerable uncovered spaces between the two pieces of canopy which allows broken roof rock to fall through . Consequently , the frame support is not suitable for a weak roof . Frames have become seldom used because they are less stable and require frequent maintenance .CHOCKIn a chock support , the canopy is a solid piece and the base may be either a solid piece or two separate parts connected by steel bars at the rear and / or the front ends . In both cases a large open space is left at the center for locating the double-acting hydraulic ram which is used to push and pull the chain conveyor and the chock in a whole unit ,respectively , a distinctive difference from the frame support . This setupdesigned for thin seams with two legs in the front and four legs in the rear , separated by awalkwa is also used in the shields and chock shields .Again , all hydraulic legs are installed vertically between the base and the canopy (Fig. 8. 10) . The number of legs ranges from three to six , but the four-leg chocks are by far the most popular ones . The six-leg chocks are y (Fig. 8.10c) . For the six-leg chocks , the canopy is generally hinge-jointed above the walkway . Most chock are also equipped with a gob window hanging at the rear end of the canopy . The gob window consists of several rectangular steel plates connected horizontally at both ends.A B CFig . 8.10 Schematics of various chock supportIn most chock supports , there are hinge joint connections between the legs and the canopy and between the legs and the base . But in order to increase the longitudinal stability , it is reinforced mostly with a box-shaped steel frame between the base and each leg . A leg restoring device is installed around each leg at the top of the box-shaped steel frame .The chocks are suitable for medium to hard roof . When the roof overhangs well into the gob and requires induced caving , the chocks can provide access to the gob .SHIELDShields , a new entry in the early seventies , are characterized by the addition of a caving shield at the rear end between the base and the canopy . The caving shields , which in general are inclined , are hinge-jointed to the canopy and the base making the shield a kinematically stable support , a major advantage over the frames and the chocks . It also completely seals off the gob and prevents rock debris from getting into the face side of the support . Thus the shield-supported face is generally clean .The hydraulic legs in the shields are generally inclined to provide more open space for traffic . Because the canopy , caving shield , and base are interconnected , it can well resist the horizontal force without bending the legs . Thus , unlike the solid constraint in the frame/ chock supports , the pin connections between the legs and the canopy ,and between the legs and the base in a shield support make it possible that the angle of inclination of the hydraulic legs varies with the mining heights . Since only the vertical component of hydraulic leg pressure is available for supporting theroof ,the actual loading capacity of the shield also varies with the mining heights .There are many variations of the shield supports . In the following ,six items areused to classify the shields , which enables a unified terminology to be developed for all kinds of shields . The types of motional traces of the canopy tip , leg positions and orientation , number of legs , canopy geometry , and other optional designs and devices can be clearly specified by the terminology .TYPES OF MOTIONAL TRACES FOR THE LEADING EDGE OF THE CANOPY.This is the most commonly recognized way of classifying the shield . Based on this criterion , there are three types , lemniscate , caliper , and ellipse (Fig. 8. 11) .A . Lemniscate.LB . Caliper.C C . Ellipse.EFig . 8.11 Three types of motional traces for leading edge of the shield canopyA . Lemniscate . This is the most popular type . The caving shield and the base are jointed by two lemniscate bars which have a total of four hinges . As the hydraulic legs are raised and lowered , the dimentions of the lemniscate bars are selected such that the leading edge of the canopy moves up and down nearly vertically , thus maintaining a nearly constant unsupported distance between the face-line and the leading edge of the canopy .This is a feature that is widely considered most desirable for good roof control . There are clear limits of mining height within which the leading edge of the canopy moves nearly vertically . These limits are strictly controlled by the dimentional and positional arrangements of the canopy , caving shield , lemniscate bars , and the base . Beyond these limits , the edges will move rapidly away from the face-line creating a large unsupported area .B . Caliper . In a caliper shield , the caving shield and the base are connected by a single hinge .When the hydraulic legs are raised , the leading edge of the canopy moves in an arc away from the face , thus increasing the unsupported area This is considered by most users the least desirable feature of the caliper shield But in practice if the seam thickness varies little , the dimentional and positional arrangement of canopy , caving shield , and the base can be so designed that the distance change of unsupported area will not be significant . On the other hand , when the legs are lowered , it reduces the unsupported area .C . Ellipse . In this type the caving shield and the base are so connected that when the hydraulic legs are moved up and down , the leading edge of the canopy follows an elliptical trace . This type is seldom used .CHOCK SHIELDThe chock shield combines the features of the chocks and the shields . As such it possesses the advantages of both .If all of the four or six legs are installed between the canopy and the base , it is called a chock shield . There are regular four or six-leg chock shields in which all legs are vertical and parallel . Others form V or X shapes . Some canopies are a single piece and some are two pieces with a hydraulic ram at the hinge joint . The chock shield has the highest supporting efficiency . They are suitable for hard roof .中文译文自移式液压支架液压支架广泛应用于现代长臂采煤工作面上。

Chip STC12C5204AD I/O port configuration STC12C5204AD series microcontroller its all I/O ports are controlled by the software configuration into 4 kinds of work type 4 types are respectively: quasi two-way mouth (standard the 8051 output mode), push-pull output, only for input (high resistance) or open-drain output functions. Every mouth consists of two control register the relevant position control each pin type of work. STC12C5204AD series microcontroller to electricity reattachment shall prevail two-way mouth (standard the 8051 output mode) mode: 2V above high level, 0.8 V for low level below.1. Quasi two-way mouth output configurationQuasi two-way mouth output type can be used as output and input function but don't need to reconfigure mouth lines output state. This is because juncture lines output is 1 drive ability is very weak, allowing external devices will its down. When pins for low, it output driving ability, can absorb the considerable current. Quasi two-way mouth have 3 pull_up transistor adapted to different needs.In the three and one transistor, pull up transistor called weak on pull ", for 1 and paternal line registers itself pins for 1 open. This pull_up provides basic drive current make prospective two-way mouth for 1 output. If a pin for 1 and output by external devices to drop down to low, pull up close and weak "very weak pull_up" maintain open position, in order to put this pin for low, strong to pull the external devices must have enough power to make pin infused current threshold voltage of a voltage to the following.Article 2 pull_up transistors, called "extremely weak on pull", 1 latch paternal line when open. When pin, the very weak suspended the pull_up source generates very weak and current will pin and high level.Article 3 pull_up transistor called "powerful pull". Juncture line latches from 0 to 1, the jumping to accelerate must pull up by logic 0 to two-way mouth logic 1 conversion. When this happened, powerful pull open about 2 machine cycle to make pins can quickly pull to the earth high level.Quasi two-way mouth output shown below.STC12C520 series microcontroller 3V device, if the user is in pins plus 5V voltage, there will be a current flow from pins, this has caused additional VDD power consumption. Accordingly, the proposal is not in quasi two-way mouth mode 3V microcontroller pins to exert 5V voltage, such as the use of words, will add current limiting resistor, or using diode do input isolation, or use triode do output segregation.Quasi two-way mouth with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.2. The push-pull output configurationThe drop-down push-pull output configuration open-drain output and the structure and the prospective two-way mouth down same structure, but when latches is 1 provides continuous strong pull up. The push-pull model need more commonly used for driving current situation.The push-pull pins configuration are shown below.3. Only for input (high resistance) configurationInput port configuration are shown below.Input port with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.4. Open-drain output configurationJuncture line latches is 0, the open-drain output close all pull_up transistors. When, as a logical output, this configuration mode must have externally pull, usually by resistance receiving V D D outside. This style of drop-down and quasi two-way mouth the same. The jammer line configuration are shown below.Open-drain port with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.A typical transistor control circuitIf use weak pull_up control, suggestion plus pull-up resistors R1 (3.3 K ~ 10K), if not add pull-up resistors R 1 (3.3 K ~ 10K), suggest R2 value in the 15K above, or use a strong push-pull output.STC12C5204AD series microcontroller programmable counter array(PCA)PCA contains a special 16 timer, has four 16 bits of capture/comparison of module and connected. Each module programmable workIn four mode: increase/decrease along the capture, software timer, high-speed output or could be modulated pulse output. Modules connected to P3.7 (0 CEX0 / PCA0 / PWM0), module 1 connected to P3.5 (CEX1 / PCA1 / PWM1), modules connected to P2.0 (2 CEX2 / PCA2 / PWM2), modules connected to P2.4 (3 CEX3 / PCA3 / PWM3). Register the content of CH and CL is free of 16 PCA increasing count the value of the timer. PCA timer is four modules, the public time benchmark by programming work .Programmable Counter ArrayPCA Timer/CounterCMOD SFR there are 2 bytes and PCA related. They were: CIDL, idle mode allows stop PCA; ECF, buy a, enabling PCA interrupt, when PCA timer spillover will PCA counting overflow marks CCON SFR (CF) buy bits.CCON SFR contains PCA operating control bits (CR) and PCA timer mark (CF) and symbol of each module CCF3 / CCF2 (CCF0). CCF1 / / Through the software for a CR bits (CCON. 6) to run PCA. CR bit is reset when PCA closed. When PCA counteroverflow, CF patients (CCON. 7) buy a, if CMOD register, it produces ECF position a disruption. CF bits can only through software cleared. CCON register a 0 ~ 3 is PCA modules logo (a 0 0, a corresponding module 1 corresponding module 1, bits 2 corresponding module 2, a 3 corresponding module 3), when there is a match or by hardware buy a comparisons. These signals are the only through software cleared.PCA capture of patterningIf CCON SFR bits of the throne of CCFn and CCAPMn SFR ECCFn bit is set position, will produce the interruption.A software timer modeThrough the CCAPMn registers for a ECOM and MA T bits, can make the PCA module used for software timer (below). PCA timer values and module of the register compared to capture, when both values equal, if a CCON SFR in CCFn (in) and a ECCFn CCAPMn SFR) in all buy bits, will produce the interruption.PCA Software Timer Mode/Software Timer model/PCA comparative ModePCA Software Timer Mode/Software Timer model/PCA comparative ModeHigh-speed output modelThis model (below), when PCA counter plan of the numerical and module capture registers matching, PCA value CEXn output will happen module of the flip. To activate the high-speed output modes of CCAPMn TOG SFR, modules, MAT and ECOM bit must buy bits.PCA High - Speed, Output Mode/PCA high-speed Output ModeIn use PCA high-speed output mode special application note:If a certain PCA module working in high speed pulse output mode, want to use software output change the same group of other common I/O port state, need to do first, whether CCAPnH judge CH is equal to abide, can freely modify, if equal, and determineCCAPnL circumstances > CL is allowed to change the same group of other common I/O port state. If use P3.7 / PCA0 / PWM0 do PCA high-speed pulse output, and the program inside and with software output change when the state P3.4 mouth, you need to do judgment.When one has the PCA high-speed pulse output function of I/O mouth working in high speed pulse output mode, if the software for the same group of other I/O port operation, if meet PCA comparator matching, this operation can change the pulse output function with PCA high-speed mouth of the I/O.PCA PWM mode/modulation pulse width output modeSince all share only PCA timer modules, all their output frequency is same. The output of each module 390v is independent of the changes, and using EPCnL, captured CCAPnL}} {of registers concerned. When CL SFR value is less than CCAPnL}} {EPCnL, when output is low, and the value of SFR when PCA CL is equal to or greater than EPCnL, CCAPnL}} {, the output as high. When the value of the CL by FF into EPCnH, 00 overflow, CCAPnH}} {the contents of EPCnL, loaded into the CCAPnL}} {. In this way, can realize update PWM without interference. To make CCAPMn PWM mode, module can PWMn and ECOMn bits of the register to buy bits.译文芯片STC12C5204AD的I/O口配置STC12C5204AD系列单片机其所有I/O口均可由软件配置成4 种工作类型4 种类型分别为：准双向口（标准8051输出模式）、推挽输出、仅为输入（高阻）或开漏输出功能。

A Comparison of Soft Start Mechanisms for Mining BeltConveyors1800 Washington Road Pittsburgh, PA 15241 Belt Conveyors are an important method for transportation of bulk materials in the mining industry. The control of the application of the starting torque from the belt drive system to the belt fabric affects the performance, life cost, and reliability of the conveyor. This paper examines applications of each starting method within the coal mining industry.INTRODUCTIONThe force required to move a belt conveyor must be transmitted by the drive pulley via friction between the drive pulley and the belt fabric. In order to transmit power there must be a difference in the belt tension as it approaches and leaves the drive pulley. These conditions are true for steady state running, starting, and stopping. Traditionally, belt designs are based on static calculations of running forces. Since starting and stopping are not examined in detail, safety factors are applied to static loadings (Harrison, 1987). This paper will primarily address the starting or acceleration duty of the conveyor. The belt designer must control starting acceleration to prevent excessive tension in the belt fabric and forces in the belt drive system (Suttees, 1986). High acceleration forces can adversely affect the belt fabric, belt splices, drive pulleys, idler pulleys, shafts, bearings, speed reducers, and couplings. Uncontrolled acceleration forces can cause belt conveyor system performance problems with vertical curves, excessive belt take-up movement, loss of drive pulley friction, spillage of materials, and festooning of the belt fabric. The belt designer is confronted with two problems, The belt drive system must produce a minimum torque powerful enough to start the conveyor, and controlled such that the acceleration forces are within safe limits. Smooth starting of the conveyor can be accomplished by the use of drive torque control equipment, either mechanical or electrical, or a combination of the two (CEM, 1979).SOFT START MECHANISM EVALUATION CRITERIONWhat is the best belt conveyor drive system? The answer depends on many variables. The best system is one that provides acceptable control for starting, running, and stopping at a reasonable cost and with high reliability (Lewdly and Sugarcane, 1978). Belt Drive System For the purposes of this paper we will assume that belt conveyors are almost always driven byelectrical prime movers (Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 1982). The belt "drive system" shall consist of multiple components including the electrical prime mover, the electrical motor starter with control system, the motor coupling, the speed reducer, the low speed coupling, the belt drive pulley, and the pulley brake or hold back (Cur, 1986). It is important that the belt designer examine the applicability of each system component to the particular application. For the purpose of this paper, we will assume that all drive system components are located in the fresh air, non-permissible, areas of the mine, or in non-hazardous, National Electrical Code, Article 500 explosion-proof, areas of the surface of the mine.Belt Drive Component Attributes SizeCertain drive components are available and practical in different size ranges. For this discussion, we will assume that belt drive systems range from fractional horsepower to multiples of thousands of horsepower. Small drive systems are often below 50 horsepower. Medium systems range from 50 to 1000 horsepower. Large systems can be considered above 1000 horsepower. Division of sizes into these groups is entirely arbitrary. Care must be taken to resist the temptation to over motor or under motor a belt flight to enhance standardization. An over motored drive results in poor efficiency and the potential for high torques, while an under motored drive could result in destructive overspending on regeneration, or overheating with shortened motor life (Lords, et al., 1978).Torque ControlBelt designers try to limit the starting torque to no more than 150% of the running torque (CEMA, 1979; Goodyear, 1982). The limit on the applied starting torque is often the limit of rating of the belt carcass, belt splice, pulley lagging, or shaft deflections. On larger belts and belts with optimized sized components, torque limits of 110% through 125% are common (Elberton, 1986). In addition to a torque limit, the belt starter may be required to limit torque increments that would stretch belting and cause traveling waves. An ideal starting control system would apply a pretension torque to the belt at rest up to the point of breakaway, or movement of the entire belt, then a torque equal to the movement requirements of the belt with load plus a constant torque to accelerate the inertia of the system components from rest to final running speed. This would minimize system transient forces and belt stretch (Shultz, 1992). Different drive systems exhibit varying ability to control the application of torques to the belt at rest and at different speeds. Also, the conveyor itself exhibits two extremes of loading. An empty belt normally presents the smallest required torque for breakaway and acceleration, while a fully loaded belt presents the highest required torque. A mining drive system must be capable of scaling the applied torque from a 2/1 ratio for a horizontal simple belt arrangement, to a 10/1 ranges for an inclined or complex belt profile.Thermal RatingDuring starting and running, each drive system may dissipate waste heat. The waste heat may be liberated in the electrical motor, the electrical controls,, the couplings, the speed reducer, or the belt braking system. The thermal load of each start Is dependent on the amount of belt load and the duration of the start. The designer must fulfill the application requirements for repeated starts after running the conveyor at full load. Typical mining belt starting duties vary from 3 to 10 starts per hour equally spaced, or 2 to 4 starts in succession. Repeated starting may require the dreading or over sizing of system components. There is a direct relationship between thermal rating for repeated starts and costs. Variable Speed. Some belt drive systems are suitable for controlling the starting torque and speed, but only run at constant speed. Some belt applications would require a drive system capable of running for extended periods at less than full speed. This is useful when the drive load must be shared with other drives, the belt is used as a process feeder for rate control of the conveyed material, the belt speed is optimized for the haulage rate, the belt is used at slower speeds to transport men or materials, or the belt is run a slow inspection or inching speed for maintenance purposes (Hager, 1991). The variable speed belt drive will require a control system based on some algorithm to regulate operating speed. Regeneration or Overhauling Load. Some belt profiles present the potential for overhauling loads where the belt system supplies energy to the drive system. Not all drive systems have the ability to accept regenerated energy from the load. Some drives can accept energy from the load and return it to the power line for use by other loads. Other drives accept energy from the load and dissipate it into designated dynamic or mechanical braking elements. Some belt profiles switch from motoring to regeneration during operation. Can the drive system accept regenerated energy of a certain magnitude for the application? Does the drive system have to control or modulate the amount of retarding force during overhauling? Does the overhauling occur when running and starting? Maintenance and Supporting Systems. Each drive system will require periodic preventative maintenance. Replaceable items would include motor brushes, bearings, brake pads, dissipation resistors, oils, and cooling water. If the drive system is conservatively engineered and operated, the lower stress on consumables will result in lower maintenance costs. Some drives require supporting systems such as circulating oil for lubrication, cooling air or water, environmental dust filtering, or computer instrumentation. The maintenance of the supporting systems can affect the reliability of the drive system.CostThe drive designer will examine the cost of each drive system. The total cost is the sum of the first capital cost to acquire the drive, the cost to install and commission the drive, thecost to operate the drive, and the cost to maintain the drive. The cost for power to operate the drive may vary widely with different locations. The designer strives to meet all system performance requirements at lowest total cost. Often more than one drive system may satisfy all system performance criterions at competitive costs.ComplexityThe preferred drive arrangement is the simplest, such as a single motor driving through a single head pulley.However,mechanical, economic,and functional requirements often necessitate the use of complex drives.The belt designer must balance the need for sophistication against the problems that accompany complex systems. Complex systems require additional design engineering for successful deployment. An often-overlooked cost in a complex system is the cost of training onsite personnel, or the cost of downtime as a result of insufficient training.SOFT START DRIVE CONTROL LOGICEach drive system will require a control system to regulate the starting mechanism. The most common type of control used on smaller to medium sized drives with simple profiles is termed "Open Loop Acceleration Control". In open loop, the control system is previously configured to sequence the starting mechanism in a prescribed manner, usually based on time. In open loop control, drive-operating parameters such as current, torque, or speed do not influence sequence operation. This method presumes that the control designer has adequately modeled drive system performance on the conveyor. For larger or more complex belts, "Closed Loop" or "Feedback" control may he utilized. In closed loop control, during starting, the control system monitors via sensors drive operating parameters such as current level of the motor, speed of the belt, or force on the belt, and modifies the starting sequence to control, limit, or optimize one or wore parameters. Closed loop control systems modify the starting applied force between an empty and fully loaded conveyor. The constants in the mathematical model related to the measured variable versus the system drive response are termed the tuning constants. These constants must be properly adjusted for successful application to each conveyor. The most common schemes for closed loop control of conveyor starts are tachometer feedback for speed control and load cell force or drive force feedback for torque control. On some complex systems, It is desirable to have the closed loop control system adjust itself for various encountered conveyor conditions. This is termed "Adaptive Control". These extremes can involve vast variations in loadings, temperature of the belting, location of the loading on the profile, or multiple drive options on the conveyor. There are three commonadaptive methods. The first involves decisions made before the start, or 'Restart Conditioning'. If the control system could know that the belt is empty, it would reduce initial force and lengthen the application of acceleration force to full speed. If the belt is loaded, the control system would apply pretension forces under stall for less time and supply sufficient torque to adequately accelerate the belt in a timely manner. Since the belt only became loaded during previous running by loading the drive, the average drive current can be sampled when running and retained in a first-in-first-out buffer memory that reflects the belt conveyance time. Then at shutdown the FIFO average may be use4 to precondition some open loop and closed loop set points for the next start. The second method involves decisions that are based on drive observations that occur during initial starting or "Motion Proving'. This usually involves a comparison In time of the drive current or force versus the belt speed. if the drive current or force required early in the sequence is low and motion is initiated, the belt must be unloaded. If the drive current or force required is high and motion is slow in starting, the conveyor must be loaded. This decision can be divided in zones and used to modify the middle and finish of the start sequence control. The third method involves a comparison of the belt speed versus time for this start against historical limits of belt acceleration, or 'Acceleration Envelope Monitoring'. At start, the belt speed is measured versus time. This is compared with two limiting belt speed curves that are retained in control system memory. The first curve profiles the empty belt when accelerated, and the second one the fully loaded belt. Thus, if the current speed versus time is lower than the loaded profile, it may indicate that the belt is overloaded, impeded, or drive malfunction. If the current speed versus time is higher than the empty profile, it may indicate a broken belt, coupling, or drive malfunction. In either case, the current start is aborted and an alarm issued.CONCLUSIONThe best belt starting system is one that provides acceptable performance under all belt load Conditions at a reasonable cost with high reliability. No one starting system meets all needs. The belt designer must define the starting system attributes that are required for each belt. In general, the AC induction motor with full voltage starting is confined to small belts with simple profiles. The AC induction motor with reduced voltage SCR starting is the base case mining starter for underground belts from small to medium sizes. With recent improvements, the AC motor with fixed fill fluid couplings is the base case for medium to large conveyors with simple profiles. The Wound Rotor Induction Motor drive is the traditional choice for medium to large belts with repeated starting duty or complex profilesthat require precise torque control. The DC motor drive, Variable Fill Hydrokinetic drive, and the Variable Mechanical Transmission drive compete for application on belts with extreme profiles or variable speed at running requirements. The choice is dependent on location environment, competitive price, operating energy losses, speed response, and user familiarity. AC Variable Frequency drive and Brush less DC applications are limited to small to medium sized belts that require precise speed control due to higher present costs and complexity. However, with continuing competitive and technical improvements, the use of synthesized waveform electronic drives will expand.REFERENCES[1]Michael L. Nave, P.E.1989.CONSOL Inc.煤矿业带式输送机几种软起动方式的比较1800 年华盛顿路匹兹堡, PA 15241带式运送机是采矿工业运输大批原料的重要方法。

毕业设计用英语怎么说毕业设计是教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。

仅对大专以上学校要求在毕业前根据专业的不同进行毕业设计，对中等专业学校的学生不作要求。

那么你知道毕业设计用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来毕业设计的英语说法，欢迎各位同学们学习!毕业设计的英语说法：graduation project毕业设计相关英语表达：毕业设计大赛 Graduation Design Competition毕业设计作品 Graduation Design Works毕业设计指导 graduation-project guidance毕业设计论文质量 qualities of graduation design毕业设计模式 graduate design modes毕业设计的英语例句：1. This article introduced the customer system management system realization method.本文介绍了客户管理毕业设计的实现方法.2. Andworked at an insurance company my graduation field work.我在家保险公司进行我毕业设计.3. This project is my graduation design. a sub - item of my tutor's.此项目为本人的毕业设计. 是导师项目下的子项目.4. This graduation design is about project management's new critical chain method. "本毕业设计是对项目进度管理新技术关键链法的研究.5. This graduation project's topic is on - line auto sale management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网上汽车销售管理系统.6. The traveling website construction is faces the realistic demand an utility system.旅游网站建设是面向现实需求的一个实用毕业设计.7. The whole design procedure consists of the architectural and the structural design.此次毕业设计包括两部分:建筑设计,结构设计.8. This graduation project's topic is on - line books management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网络订餐系统.9. During a metalworking and machine tool plant internships, courses and graduate design.其间进行了金工及机床厂实习, 课程及毕业设计.10. This project belongs to reseachful new task, and is of a assignment.本毕业设计是一个属于研究型的新课题, 工程浩大.11. The study are the design of the logistics and transport systems.本毕业设计的研究内容是物流运输的系统.12. My graduation project is about the origin and regulation of stem cells.我的毕业设计是关于干细胞调节的起源的.13. After the graduation project and found a lot of accumulated several more.毕业设计做完了,发现好多,积累了好更.14. Ninety percent of my class is already working on the final project.我们班百分之九十的同学都已经开始做毕业设计了.15. This paper analyzes the Web - based e - commerce platform -- Automobile Sales Management System.本文研究分析了基于的电子商务的平台开发汽车销售管理毕业设计.。

高等数学Advanced Mathematics工程数学Engineering Mathematics中国革命史History of Chinese Revolutionary程序设计Programming Design机械制图Mechanical Drawing社会学Sociology体育Physical Education物理实验Physical Experiments电路Circuit物理Physics哲学Philosophy法律基础Basic of Law理论力学Theoretical Mechanics材料力学Material Mechanics电机学Electrical Machinery政治经济学Political Economy自动控制理论Automatic Control Theory模拟电子技术基础Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique数字电子技术Digital Electrical Technique电磁场Electromagnetic Field微机原理Principle of Microcomputer企业管理Business Management专业英语Specialized English可编程序控制技术Controlling Technique for Programming金工实习Metal Working Practice毕业实习Graduation Practice毕业设计Graduation ProjectXX课程设计Project of XX电力系统稳态分析Steady-State Analysis of Power System电力系统暂态分析Transient-State Analysis of Power System电力系统继电保护原理Principle of Electrical System's Relay Protection 电力系统元件保护原理Protection Principle of Power System 's Element 电力系统内部过电压Past Voltage within Power system大学英语College English高等代数Advanced AlgebraPASCAL语言PASCAL LanguageC语言C 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Structure哲学Philosophy微机原理Principles of Microcomputer编译方法Compilation Method系统结构System Structure操作系统原理Principles of Operating System文献检索document．tion Retrieval数据库概论Introduction to Database网络原理Principles of Network人工智能Artificial Intelligence算法分析Algorithm Analysis毕业论文Graduation Thesis－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－自然辩证法Natural Dialectics英语English Language数理统计Numeral Statistic/Numerical Statistic人工智能及其体系结构Artificial Intelligence & its Architecture高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & Implementation软件工程基础Foundation of Software Engineering专业英语Specialized English计算机网络Computer Network高级计算机体系结构Advanced Computer ArchitectureIBM汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming Languages分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System计算机网络实验Computer Network ExperimentAdvanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 高等计算流体力学Advanced Mathematics 高等数学Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析Algorithmic Language 算法语言Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路Artificial 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System操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织学Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论Field Theory常微分方程Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration创造心理学Creativity Psychology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹性力学Theory of Elastic Mechanics当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Porgrams电视节目制作Television Porgram Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in ErosionMeasurement电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans 风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-Voltage Electronic Field高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作document．nbspWriting古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济计划National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析Functional Analysis焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus & Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏观经济学Macro-Economics宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统Infrared System红外系统电信号处理Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems厚薄膜集成电路Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior。

毕业设计的英文毕业设计的英文是"Graduation Project"，它是大学生在毕业前完成的一个重要学术项目。

毕业设计是对所学专业知识的综合应用和实践，旨在培养学生的独立思考、创新能力和解决问题的能力。

本文将从毕业设计的重要性、选择合适的毕业设计题目、开展毕业设计的步骤以及毕业设计的意义等方面进行论述。

首先，毕业设计在学生的大学生涯中具有重要的意义。

它是学生在校期间所学知识的综合运用，对学生的专业素养和实践能力有很大的考验。

通过毕业设计，学生可以更好地理解和掌握所学专业知识，并将其应用于实际问题的解决中。

同时，毕业设计也是学生展示自己学术能力和研究成果的机会，对于进一步深造或就业都具有积极的影响。

其次，选择一个合适的毕业设计题目至关重要。

一个好的毕业设计题目应该具备以下几个特点：首先，题目应该与学生所学专业相关，能够充分发挥学生专业知识的应用和创新能力。

其次，题目应该具备一定的研究性和创新性，能够对现有问题进行深入的探索和解决方案的提出。

最后，题目应该具备可行性，学生在规定的时间内能够完成，并且有足够的资源和数据支持。

开展毕业设计需要经过一系列的步骤。

首先，学生需要明确自己的研究目标和研究方法，制定详细的研究计划。

其次，学生需要进行相关文献的查阅和资料的收集，了解已有的研究成果和理论基础。

接下来，学生需要进行实验设计和数据采集，并进行数据分析和结果展示。

最后，学生需要撰写毕业设计论文，并进行答辩和评审。

整个过程需要学生具备良好的时间管理和组织能力，以及扎实的研究和写作能力。

毕业设计的意义不仅在于学生个人的成长和发展，也对学校和社会具有重要的价值。

对于学校而言，毕业设计是对教学质量和培养目标的一种检验和评估，学校可以通过毕业设计的质量和成果来评估自身的教学效果和培养质量。

对于社会而言，毕业设计是对学生实际能力和解决问题能力的一种考核，也是对学生未来就业的重要参考。

优秀的毕业设计成果可以为学生争取更好的就业机会和职业发展空间。

Southwest Petroleum UniversityGraduation ThesisSynthesis and Evaluation of a Highly Absorbent CompositeGrade: 2008Name:Speciality: Petroleum EngineeringInstructor:School of Petroleum Engineering2007-6附：我校设置的专业中英文对照（摘自《普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍》）1、石油工程学院080102石油工程Petroleum Engineering081203油气储运工程Oil/ Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering2、资源与环境学院080105资源勘查工程Natural Resources Prospecting Engineering080104勘查技术与工程Prospecting Techniques and Engineering070702资源环境与城乡规划管理Urban and Rural Planning & Resource Management070703地理信息系统Geographical Information System3、机电工程学院080305Y机械工程及自动化Mechanical Engineering and Automation080304过程装备与控制工程Process Equipment and Control080303工业设计Industrial Design4、化学化工学院081101化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technology070302应用化学Applied Chemistry081001环境工程Environmental Engineering081801生物工程Bioengineering070301化学Chemistry5、材料科学与工程学院080204高分子材料与工程Macromolecular Materials and Engineering080205Y材料科学与工程Material Science and Engineering6、计算机科学学院080605计算机科学与技术Computer science and Technology080611W软件工程Software Engineering080613W网络工程Network Engineering7、电信工程学院080401测控技术与仪器Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations 080602自动化Automation080603电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering080601电气工程及其自动化Electrical Engineering and Automation080604通信工程Telecommunications Engineering8、建筑工程学院080703土木工程Civil Engineering080704建筑环境与设备工程Building Environment and Equipment Engineering 080901测绘工程Surveying & Mapping Engineering110104工程管理Project Management9、理学院070102信息与计算科学Information and Computing Science070101数学与应用数学Mathematics and Applied Mathematics071201电子信息科学与技术Electronic and Information Science and Technology 070202应用物理学Applied Physics10、经济管理学院110201工商管理Business Administration110202市场营销Marketing110102信息管理与信息系统Information Management & Information System 020101经济学Economics110209W电子商务Electronic Business020102国际经济与贸易International Economics & Trade11、人文社会科学学院030302社会工作Social Work110309W公共管理Public Administration12、法学院030101法学Law13、外语系050201英语English14、体育系。