英语构词法第一部分：派生法一. 前缀★un-: 表示否定意义，unhappy, untrue, unlike,, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear, unequal, unlucky, uncomfortable , uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, unfold★dis-: 表示否定意义，dislike, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover, disobey★in-, im-, il-, ir-: 表示否定意义，incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular,★表示否定意义，non-non-smoker, non-stop, , nonsensemis-: 表示错误的意义mistake, mislead（误导）, misunderstanding, misuse, misspell, mistrust, mistreatanti-: 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：,antiknock（防震）, antiforeigner（排外的）, anti-war, anti-pollutionde- 表示“在下，向下”：表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：decrease, degradeen-, em- 表示“在内，进入”：encage, embedex- 表示“外部，外”：exit, expand, export, exposefore- 表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot★in-, im- 表示“向内，在内，背于”：inland, inside, indoor(s), importinter- 表示“在……间，相互”：international, interaction, internet, interviewout- 表示“在外部，在外”：outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)over- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”：overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, overseapre- 表示“在前，在前面，提前”：prefix（前缀）, preface（前言）, prepare,prefersuper- 表示“在…..之上，超级”：superpower, superman,surpermarkettrans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”：translate, transform（转移）, transplant（移植）, transportation（交通）under- 表示“在…..下面，下的”：underline, underground, underwater, undershirtup- 表示“向上，向上面，在上”：upward(s), uphold, uphill（上坡）, upgradeauto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”：automobile（自动车）, autobiography（自传）tele- 表示“远离”：television, telephone , telegram（电报）, telegraph（电报）, telescopefore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面”：foreword（前言）, forecast（预报）, foretell（预言）, foresee（预见）, foreknow（先知）, foreknowledge（先知）mid- 表示“中，中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumnpost- 表示“在后，后”：postwar, postgraduate（研究生）, postdate★re- 表示“再一次，重新”：retell, rewrite, renew, reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle（回收利用）, rebuildover- 表示“超过，过度，太”：overeat（吃过多）, oversleep（睡过头）, overpraise（过奖）, overwork,表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co- 表示“共同，一起”：coexist（共同生存）, co-operate, co-worker, coactions（合作行动）, coauthor（合作作者）表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词：a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awakea- 表示“分离，离开”：away, apartde- 表示“离去，处去”：depart, discolor表示“自我”：self - self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledgea. 具有某种职业或动作的人：★-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人，精通……的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian,Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician（魔术师）, technician, musician, politician（政客）, physician（内科医生），-ant,-ent表示“……人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,-ee表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）, examinee, payee（收款人）, interviewee-eer 表示“从事于……人”：engineer, volunteer（志愿者）★-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villagersinger, driver, writer, speaker, traveller,★-or 表示“……者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）, hostess（女主人）, manageress（女经理）★-ist 表示“从事……研究者，信仰……主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,socialist,typist, 构成具有抽象名词的含义：-age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage★-al表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival,-ance, -ence 表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence（出席）, existence -ancy, -ency 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）, urgency（紧急）, efficiency （高效率）,-ity表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity, reality, equality-bility 表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom, kingdom, wisdom-ery, -ry 表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery, slavery-hood 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态”：childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood-ice表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice, justice, service★-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion, action, solution,invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion★-ment表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment, treatment, movement,judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement★-ness 表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness★-ism 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism,communism（共产主义）, Marxism（马克思主义）-ship表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship★-th,表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth,warmth, youth-ure表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）, pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture-craft表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft②形容词后缀：a. 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：★-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible★-al: natural, additional, educational, national-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent★-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing★-ed（表示情绪：觉得）: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined,delighted-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish★-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressiveb. 表示“相象，类似”的含义：-ish: boyish, childish-like: manlike, childlike-some: troublesome, handsome★-y:milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly★-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly,friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarlyc. 表示“充分的”含义：★-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful,merciful-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, variousd. 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：-en: wooden, golden, woolene. 表示方向的含义：-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward, forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义：★-teen: thirteen★-ty: fifty★-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：★-an: Roman, European★-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定：★-less: countless, stainless（不锈的）, wireless, useless, endless, priceless（无价的，贵重的）,hopeless③动词后缀：★-ize, ise 表示“做成，变成，……化”：modernize（现代化）, democratize（民主化）, organize,apologize, realize-en表示“使成为，引起，使有”：quicken, weaken, soften, harden★-fy表示“使……化, 使成”：beautify, purify（净化）, intensify, signify, simplify（简化）,satisfy④副词后缀：★-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward-ways: always, sideways-wise: otherwise, clockwise注意：有的单词有双重后缀，如：use（用途）→useless（无用的）→uselessness（无用）self（自己）→selfish（自私的）→selfishness（自私）有的单词则是前后缀同时使用，如：important→importance→unimportanceregular（有规律的，有规则的）→irregular（无规律的，不规则的）→irregularity（无规律，不规则）★2．合成法（1）合成名词boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket（扒手）, she-goat（雌性山羊）, editor-in-chief （主编）, daybreak（破晓）, handshake（握手）, silkworm（蚕）, outbreak（爆发）（2）合成形容词名词+动词过去分词：man-made, homemade副词+动词过去分词：well-known, newly-built（新建的）形容词+名词ed：kind-hearted, cold-blooded数词+名词ed：five-storeyed（五层楼的）, four-legged（四条腿的）名词+动词现在分词：English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing（洗脑的）由三个词构成的合成形容词：face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long其他合成形容词：everyday（日常的）, faraway（遥远的）, snow-white（雪白的）, lay-off （下岗的）★3．转化法（1）名词→动词hand（手→传递）back（背部，后面→支持，后退）charge（费用→收费）copy（抄本，复印件→抄写，复印）flood（洪水→淹没）heat（热量→加热）paint（油漆→刷漆）phone（电话→打电话）pin（别针→装订）waste（废物→浪费）face（脸→面对）use（用途→使用）interest（兴趣→使兴趣）surprise（惊讶→使惊讶）taste（味道→品尝）smell（气味→闻）break（短暂休息→折断）present（礼物→赠送）（2）形容词→动词clean（干净→使干净，打扫）clear（清楚→清理）dirty（脏→弄脏）dry（干燥→烘干，晒干）empty（空的→倒空）free（自由→使自由，释放）slow（慢的→放慢）warm（暖和→使暖和）cool（凉的→冷却）quiet（安静→使安静）。
