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rsi wr起爆点指标What is RSI?The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a technical analysis indicator that measures the strength and speed of a price movement. Developed by J. Welles Wilder, the RSI is a common tool used by traders and analysts to identify potential entry and exit points in the market. In this article, we will explore the concept of RSI and its application in determining potential breakout points.Understanding RSI and its Calculation:The RSI is calculated using a mathematical formula that compares the average gains and losses over a specified time period. The formula is as follows:RSI = 100 - (100 / (1 + RS))Where RS represents the average gain divided by the average loss over a given period.The RSI is typically displayed as an oscillator chart, with valuesranging from 0 to 100. Readings above 70 are considered overbought, indicating that the asset may be due for a price correction. Conversely, readings below 30 are considered oversold, suggesting that the asset may be poised for a rebound.Identifying Potential Breakout Points:One popular application of the RSI is to identify potential breakout points in the market. A breakout occurs when the price of an asset moves beyond a specific resistance or support level, signaling a potential change in the prevailing trend.Here's a step-by-step guide on how to use the RSI to identify potential breakout points:Step 1: Determine the Timeframe:Choose a timeframe that aligns with your trading strategy and individual preferences. The RSI can be used effectively on various timeframes, including intraday, daily, weekly, or monthly charts.Step 2: Identify the Trend:Determine the prevailing trend by analyzing the price action andtrend indicators such as moving averages. A breakout is more significant when it occurs in the direction of the prevailing trend.Step 3: Set the RSI Period:The default period for RSI is typically 14, but you can adjust it to suit your trading style. Shorter periods, such as 7 or 9, provide more timely signals, while longer periods, such as 21 or 30, offer smoother and less frequent signals.Step 4: Monitor RSI Levels:Watch for overbought or oversold readings on the RSI chart. When the RSI reaches extreme levels (above 70 or below 30) and starts to reverse, it may indicate a potential breakout point.Step 5: Confirm with Price Action:Cross-check the RSI signals with the price action. Look for bullish or bearish chart patterns, trendline breaks, or other technical indicators that confirm the potential breakout.Step 6: Plan Entry and Exit Strategies:Based on the RSI signals and price confirmation, develop a trading plan including entry and exit points, stop-loss levels, and potentialprofit targets. This step is crucial to manage risk and maximize potential gains.Step 7: Execute and Monitor the Trade:Once the breakout occurs and your predetermined conditions are met, execute the trade and closely monitor its progress. Adjust your stop-loss levels and take profits based on changes in price action and further RSI readings.Conclusion:The RSI is an effective tool for identifying potential breakout points and initiating trades. By combining it with other technical indicators and price confirmation, traders can enhance their decision-making process and increase the probability of successful trades. However, like any technical indicator, the RSI should not be used in isolation and should always be complemented with additional analysis and risk management strategies.。
INSTRUMENT PANELIndicators, gauges, and displays related to driving the vehicle.Indicators briefly appear with each engine start and then go out. Red and amber indicators are most critical. Blue and green indicators are used for general information.Malfunction IndicatorsThese are the most critical indicators. If they come on and stay lit while driving or at any other time, there may be a problem. See your dealer for assistance.Brake system (amber)•Comes on for a few seconds when you turn the ignition switch toON, then goes off.•Comes on if there is a problem with a system related to brakingother than the conventional brake system.•Comes on if there is a problem with the electric parking brakesystem or the automatic brake hold system.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on while driving - Avoid using the parking brake and haveyour vehicle checked by a dealer immediately.•Comes on if there is a problem with the radar sensor.•Indicator may come on temporarily when the Maximum Load Limitis exceeded.- If equippedU.S. Can ada Brake system (red)•Comes on for a few seconds when you turn the ignition switch to ON, then goes off if the parking brake has been released.•Comes on when the parking brake is applied, and goes off when it is released.•Comes on when the brake fluid is low.•Comes on if there is a problem with the brake system.•The beeper sounds and the indicator comes on if you drive with the parking brake not fully released.•Comes on while driving - Make sure the parking brake is released. Check the brake fluid level.•Comes on along with the ABS indicator - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Blinks and the parking brake and brake system indicator (amber) comes on at the same time - There is a problem with the electric parking brake system. The parking brake may not be set.•Comes on for about 15 seconds when you pull the electric parking brake switch while the ignition switch is in LOCK.•Stays on for about 15 seconds when you turn the ignition switch to LOCK while the electric parking brake is set.Avoid using the parking brake and have your vehicle checked by a dealer immediately.Low oil pressureEngine oil pressure is low.•Comes on when you turn the ENGINE START/STOP button*1 / ignition switch*1 to ON and goes off when the engine starts.•Comes on while driving - Immediately stop in a safe place.- If equipped*1 - If equippedCharging System IndicatorComes on when the battery is not charging.•Comes on when you turn the ENGINE START/STOP button*1 / ignition switch*1 to ON and goes off when the engine starts or after several seconds if the engine did not start. If “readiness codes” have not been set, it blinks five times before it goes off.•Comes on if there is a problem with the emissions control system.•Blinks when a misfire in the engine’s cylinders is detected.•Comes on while driving - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Blinks while driving - Stop in a safe place where there are no flammable objects. Stop the engine for 10 minutes or more, and wait for it to cool down. Then, take your vehicle to a dealer. Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)Comes on if a problem with any of the following is detected:•Supplemental restraint system•Side airbag system•Side curtain airbag system•Seat belt tensionerStays on constantly or does not come on at all - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS)There is a problem with the system.•Stays on constantly or does not come on at all - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Malfunction Indication Lamp (check engine light)•Comes on when you turn the ENGINE START/STOP button*1 / ignition switch*1 to ON, and goes off when the engine starts, or after several seconds if the engine did not start. If "readiness codes" have not been set, it blinks five times before it goes off.•Comes on if there is a problem with the emissions control system.•Blinks when a misfire in the engine's cylinders is detected.•Comes on while driving - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Blinks while driving - Stop in a safe place where there are no flammable objects. Stop the engine for 10 minutes or more, and wait for it to cool down. Then, take your vehicle to a dealer.*1 - If equippedAnti-lock Brake System (ABS)If it comes on at any other time, there is a problem with the ABS.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer. With this indicator on, your vehicle still has normal braking ability but no anti-lock function.Low Tire Pressure / Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)*13 Comes on and stays on when:•One or more tires' pressures are determined to be significantly low.•The system has not been calibrated.•Comes on while driving - Stop in a safe place, check tire pressures, and inflate the tires(s) if necessary.•Stays on after the tires are inflated to the recommended pressures - The system needs to be calibrated.•Blinks for about one minute, and then stays on if there is a problem with the TPMS, or when a compact spare tire*1 is temporarily installed.•Blinks and remains on - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer. If the vehicle is fitted with a compact spare, get your regular tire repaired or replaced and put back on your vehicle as soon as you can.•Comes on if the TPMS is deactivated temporarily after the battery has been disconnected, then re-connected.•Drive a short distance at more than 12 mph (20 km/h). The indicator should go off. If it does not, have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Vehicle Stability Assist™ (VSA®) SystemComes on if there is a problem with the brake assist system, VSA®or hill start assist system.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.*13 - US models only, if equipped*1 - If equippedCollision Mitigation Braking System™ (CMBS™)•Stays on constantly without the CMBS™ off - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on if the CMBS™ is deactivated temporarily after the battery has been disconnected, then re-connected.•Drive a short distance at more than 12 mph (20 km/h). The indicator should go off. If it does not, have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on when the CMBS™ system shuts itself off.•Stays on - The area around the camera is blocked by dirt, mud, etc. Stop your vehicle in a safe place, and wipe it off with a soft cloth.•Stays on - The temperature inside the camera is too high. Use the climate control system to cool down the camera. The system activates when the temperature inside the camera cools down.•Indicator may come on temporarily when the Maximum Load Limit is exceeded.•Make sure the total load is within the Maximum Load Limit.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Road Departure Mitigation (RDM)•Comes on if there is a problem with the RDM system.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on if the RDM is deactivated temporarily after the battery has been disconnected, then re-connected. Drive a short distance at more than 12 mph (20 km/h). The indicator should go off. If it does not, have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on when the RDM system shuts itself off.•Indicator may come on temporarily when passing through an enclosed space, such as tunnel.•The area around the radar sensor is blocked by dirt, mud, etc. Stop your vehicle in a safe place, and wipe it off with a soft cloth.•Have your vehicle checked by a dealer if the indicator does not go off even after you cleaned the radar sensor.•Stays on - The temperature inside the camera is too high. Use the climate control system to cool down the camera. The system activates when the temperature inside the camera cools down.•Indicator may come on temporarily when the Maximum Load Limit is exceeded.•Make sure the total load is within the Maximum Load Limit. Blind Spot Information*1There is a problem with the system, or the sensor is blocked. Electric Power Steering (EPS) SystemComes on if there is a problem with the EPS system.*1 - If equippedAdaptive Cruise Control (ACC)*1 with Low Speed Follow*1•Comes on if there is a problem with ACC with Low Speed Follow.•Comes on while driving - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Comes on if the ACC with Low Speed Follow*1 is deactivated temporarily after the battery has been disconnected, thenreconnected.•Drive a short distance at more than 12 mph (20 km/h). The indicator should go off. If it does not, have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Indicator may come on temporarily when the Maximum Load Limit is exceeded.•ACC with Low Speed Follow has been automatically canceled.•Make sure the total load is within the Maximum Load Limit.•Stays on constantly - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer. Electric Parking Brake SystemStays on constantly or does not come on at all - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Transmission System Indicator*1•Blinks if the transmission system has a problem.•Blinks while driving - Avoid sudden starts and acceleration and have your vehicle checked by a dealer immediately.*1 - If equippedCondition IndicatorsThese indicators may require you to perform an action.U.S. Can ada Parking BrakeRelease the parking brake before driving. You will hear a beep if you drive with it not fully released.•Comes on while driving - Make sure the parking brake is released. Check the brake fluid level.•Comes on along with the ABS indicator - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.Seat Belt ReminderThe indicator blinks and beeps sound continuously if you or your front passenger has not fastened your seat belts when you begin driving. If the indicator remains on after seat belts are fastened, see your dealer.Low FuelRefuel as soon as possible. If the indicator blinks, there is a problem with the fuel gauge. See your dealer.•Comes on when the fuel reserve is running low (approximately 1.8 U.S. gal/7.0 Liter left).•Blinks if there is a problem with the fuel gauge.Low Tire Pressure / Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)*13 Comes on if the tire pressure of any of the tires becomes significantly low.•Comes on while driving: Stop in a safe place, check tire pressures, and inflate tire(s) if necessary.•Blinks for about one minute, and then stays on if there is a problem with the TPMS or when a compact spare tire*1 is temporarily installed.•Blinks and remains on - Have your vehicle checked by a dealer. If the vehicle is fitted with a compact spare, get your regular tire repaired or replaced and put back on your vehicle as soon as you can.•Comes on if the TPMS is deactivated temporarily after the battery has been disconnected, then reconnected.•Drive a short distance at more than 12 mph (20 km/h). The indicator should go off. If it does not, have your vehicle checked by a dealer.System MessageComes on along with a beep when a problem is detected. A system message on the driver information interface (DII) appears at the same time.ImmobilizerYour key cannot be recognized by the vehicle.•Blinks - You cannot start the engine. Turn the ignition switch*1 to LOCK (0), pull the key out (for Canadian models only: apply and hold the brake pedal before turning the ignition on). Then insert the key and turn it to ON again.•Repeatedly Blinks - The system may be malfunctioning. Have your vehicle checked by a dealer.•Do not attempt to alter this system or add other devices to it. Electrical problems can occur.Shift Indicators*1Upshift or downshift when the arrow comes on, for better efficiency.*13 - US models only, if equipped*1 - If equippedOn/Off IndicatorsThese indicators remind you when an item is on or off.VSA® offVSA® engaged (blinks)CMBS*1 offRDM offLKAS onACC*1 with Low SpeedFollow*1 onTurn signals/hazards onFog lights*1 onHigh beams onExterior lights onAuto High Beam System*1 onECON mode*1onAutomatic brake hold onAutomatic brake holdactivatedSPORT mode is on*1 - If equipped。
2天2连板指标公式The 2-day 2-连板 indicator is a term used in the stock market that indicates when a stock has experienced two consecutive days of significant gains. This is often seen as a bullish sign for investors, as it suggests that the stock is on an upward trend. 2天2连板指标是股市中使用的一个术语，用于指示一支股票连续两天出现显著增长的情况。
这通常被认为是对投资者的一个多头迹象，因为它表明该股票处于上升趋势。
When a stock experiences two consecutive days of gains, it typically means that there is positive momentum behind the stock. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as positive news about the company, strong earnings reports, or overall market trends. Investors often see this as a signal to buy into the stock, hoping to capitalize on the continued upward movement. 当一支股票连续两天出现涨幅时，通常意味着该股票背后有积极的动力。
这可能是由于各种因素，如关于公司的积极消息，强劲的盈利报告或整体市场趋势。
投资者通常会将这视为买入股票的信号，希望在持续上升的过程中获利。
新闻英语的高级词汇News Vocabulary:1. Headlines:- Breaking news: the latest and most important news.- Exclusive: a story that is reported by only one news organization. - Headline news: the most important news stories featured at the top of a news bulletin or website.- Scoop: an important news story obtained or reported before any competitors.2. Reporting:- Coverage: the extent to which news stories are reported by the media.- Investigative journalism: in-depth reporting that uncovers corruption, wrongdoing, or hidden information.- Fact-checking: verification of the accuracy of information presented in news articles.- Live reporting: reporting events as they happen, providing real-time updates on a particular story or event.- Op-ed: a newspaper article expressing the personal opinion of the writer.- Press conference: a meeting held by an organization or individual to inform the media about a particular issue or event.3. Sources:- Anonymous source: a person who provides information to a journalist but remains unidentified.- Credible source: a reliable and trustworthy source of information. - Eye-witness: someone who directly observes an event and offersa firsthand account.- Official statement: a statement made by a government or organization to provide information or respond to a particular issue. - Unconfirmed reports: information that has not been verified or substantiated by reliable sources.4. Journalism:- Muckraking: investigative journalism that aims to uncover corruption or misconduct.- Pulitzer Prize: a prestigious award given to journalists for excellence in reporting.- Sensationalism: the use of exaggerated or shocking stories to attract attention or increase readership/viewership.- Yellow journalism: a style of reporting characterized by sensationalism, exaggeration, and unethical practices.5. Media:- Broadcaster: a person or organization responsible for transmitting news or other programs via radio or television.- Citizen journalism: the collection, reporting, and analysis of news and information by ordinary individuals rather than professional journalists.- Gatekeeper: an individual or organization that controls the flowof news and information to the public.- Mass media: forms of communication, such as television, radio, or newspapers, that reach a large audience.- Spin doctor: someone who presents information in a way that favors their own interests or those of a particular group.6. Politics:- Bipartisan: involving the cooperation or agreement of two opposing political parties.- Cabinet: a group of senior government officials appointed by the president or prime minister to manage specific areas of policy.- Lobbying: the act of attempting to influence decisions made by government officials in favor of a particular interest or cause.- Parliament: the highest legislative body in a country, composedof elected representatives.- Policy: a course of action or set of rules adopted by a government, political party, or organization.- Polling station: a place where voters go to cast their votes during an election.Note: The provided vocabulary covers a variety of news-related terms. The content should not be considered as an actual news article, as it lacks specific contextual information and sample sentences typically found in news reporting.。
aberration指标Aberration Indicator: Understanding and ApplicationAberration is a term used in various fields to describe a deviation or departure from the norm. In the financial markets, the concept of aberration is often utilized to identify potential trading opportunities. The aberration indicator is a powerful tool that helps traders spot and capitalize on abnormal price movements. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the aberration indicator and its application in trading strategies.The aberration indicator is a statistical measure that quantifies the difference between the current price of a security and its average price over a specific period. It helps traders identify overbought or oversold conditions, market imbalances, and potential trend reversals. By comparing the current price with its historical behavior, the aberration indicator presents traders with valuable insights into market sentiment and potential price movement.One widely used method to calculate the aberration indicator is by subtracting a moving average from the current price. This moving average can be customized to different timeframes, depending on the trader's preference and trading style. Longer timeframes can help identify long-term trends, while shorter timeframes are more suited for short-term trading strategies.Traders interpret the aberration indicator by analyzing its value relative to a pre-defined threshold or zero line. When the indicator surpasses this threshold, it suggests a potential trading opportunity. If the indicator value is positive, it indicates that the current price is above its average, signaling a bullish trend. Conversely, a negative indicator value suggests an oversold condition and a potential trend reversal.The aberration indicator can be combined with other technical analysis tools to generate more robust trading signals. For example, traders often use it alongside support and resistance levels, oscillators, or trend lines to confirm their buy or sell decisions.Additionally, incorporating risk management strategies, such as setting stop-loss orders, is crucial to manage potential losses and maximize profits.It is important to note that the aberration indicator is not infallible and should be used in conjunction with other technical and fundamental analysis techniques. Market conditions can change rapidly, and relying solely on a single indicator may lead to false signals. Therefore, traders should consider a holistic approach by combining multiple indicators and staying informed about market news and events.In conclusion, the aberration indicator is a useful tool for traders to identify abnormal price movements and potential trading opportunities. By quantifying the deviation from the average price, it provides valuable insights into market sentiment and trend reversals. However, it is essential to use the aberration indicator in conjunction with other analysis tools and to incorporate risk management strategies. With proper application and a well-rounded trading approach, the aberration indicator can enhance a trader's decision-making process and potentially improve trading outcomes.。
cydic pips reaper指标Cydic Pips Reaper IndicatorIntroduction:In the world of forex trading, having access to accurate and reliable indicators is crucial for making informed decisions. One such indicator that has gained popularity among traders is the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this indicator, its features, benefits, and how it can be used effectively in forex trading.Overview of Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator:The Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator is a technical analysis tool designed to assist forex traders in identifying potential entry and exit points in the market. Developed by experienced traders, this indicator utilizes complex algorithms and mathematical formulas to generate signals based on various price movements and patterns.Key Features of Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator:1. Trend Identification: The indicator helps traders identify the prevailing trends in the market, whether it is an uptrend, downtrend, ora sideways market. This information is crucial for determining the appropriate trading strategy.2. Entry and Exit Signals: Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator generates accurate buy and sell signals, indicating the optimal points to enter or exit a trade. These signals are based on a combination of indicators and patterns, increasing the probability of successful trades.3. Risk Management: The indicator incorporates risk management techniques by providing stop loss and take profit levels. This feature helps traders limit potential losses and secure profits by ensuring disciplined trading practices.4. Customization Options: Traders can customize the indicator according to their preferred trading style and timeframes. This flexibility allows for personalized trading strategies and enhances the indicator's effectiveness.Benefits of Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator:1. Enhanced Decision Making: By providing reliable signals and trend analysis, the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator assists traders inmaking informed decisions. This reduces emotional biases and increases the probability of profitable trades.2. Time-Saving: The indicator saves traders time by automating the process of analyzing market trends and patterns. This allows traders to focus on other aspects of their trading strategy, such as money management and trade execution.3. Suitable for All Trading Styles: Whether you are a scalper, day trader, or swing trader, the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator can be adjusted to align with your trading style. It adapts to various timeframes, making it suitable for traders with different preferences.4. Reliable and Accurate: The Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator has undergone extensive testing and has proven to be reliable and accurate in generating trading signals. This ensures that traders can trust the indicator's output and make informed decisions based on its signals.Utilizing the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator:To effectively use the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator, traders should follow these steps:1. Install the Indicator: Traders need to install the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator on their chosen trading platform. Most popular platforms support custom indicators, making it easy to integrate.2. Understand the Signals: Traders should familiarize themselves with the various signals and patterns generated by the indicator. This knowledge will help them interpret the signals accurately and execute trades accordingly.3. Combine with Other Analysis Tools: While the Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator is powerful on its own, combining it with other technical analysis tools, such as candlestick patterns or support and resistance levels, can further enhance its effectiveness.4. Practice and Backtesting: It is recommended to practice using the indicator on a demo account and perform thorough backtesting before using it with real money. This helps traders gain confidence in the indicator's performance and understand its strengths and limitations.Conclusion:The Cydic Pips Reaper Indicator is a reliable and effective tool for forex traders looking to gain an edge in the market. With its features,benefits, and customization options, it provides traders with accurate signals, trend analysis, and risk management techniques. By incorporating this indicator into their trading strategy and combining it with other analysis tools, traders can enhance their decision-making process and increase their chances of success in the forex market.。
公司运营情况介绍英文版1Our company is a dynamic and innovative force in the business world! It is dedicated to providing top-notch services and products that meet the diverse needs of our customers. Our core business lies in the development and sale of advanced technological solutions. We have positioned ourselves as a leader in the market by focusing on quality and customer satisfaction.For instance, in the booming field of smart home technology, our company has made remarkable achievements. We have introduced an array of revolutionary products that have transformed the way people live and interact with their living spaces. Our unique product innovations, such as intelligent control systems that offer seamless integration and user-friendly interfaces, have set us apart from the competition.What's more, our highly efficient service model ensures that customers receive prompt and professional support at every stage. This not only enhances customer loyalty but also attracts new clients. Our team of experts is constantly working to improve and expand our offerings to stay ahead in the ever-changing market.In conclusion, our company is committed to continuous growth and excellence. We will keep striving to bring more value to our customers andmake a significant impact in the industry. Isn't it amazing?2Our company, a dynamic and evolving entity, has achieved remarkable progress in its operations. The organizational structure is well-defined and streamlined. For instance, by establishing cross-functional teams, we have broken down silos and enhanced communication and collaboration. This has led to a significant increase in efficiency and faster decision-making processes! How amazing is that?In terms of personnel management, we focus on fostering a positive and inclusive work culture. We provide training and development opportunities to help our employees grow and thrive. Isn't it wonderful to see our team members constantly improving and delivering outstanding results?When it comes to the financial situation, we have adopted prudent and strategic financial management. We closely monitor cash flow, control costs, and make wise investments. This has not only ensured our financial stability but also enabled us to fund new projects and expansions. Could there be a better approach to financial management?Overall, our company is on a path of continuous growth and success. We are committed to further optimizing our operations, attracting top talent, and achieving even greater heights. Isn't it exciting to envision our bright future?Our company has been on an extraordinary journey of success, and its operation is truly remarkable! The advanced technology applications have been the driving force behind our achievements. For instance, we adopted an intelligent production system that automated many repetitive tasks, which not only increased productivity by an astonishing 50% but also significantly reduced errors! How amazing is that?Our innovative marketing strategies have also played a crucial role. We actively engaged with customers through social media platforms, organizing various interactive activities. This not only enhanced brand awareness but also established a close connection with our customers. Don't you think this is a brilliant approach?Moreover, our outstanding customer service is another key factor. We have a dedicated team that responds promptly to customer inquiries and resolves problems efficiently. This has led to high customer satisfaction and loyalty. Isn't it wonderful when customers keep coming back to us?In conclusion, our company's unique operation model, combining advanced technology, innovative marketing, and excellent customer service, has paved the way for continuous growth and success. We are confident in creating an even brighter future!Our company is like a well-oiled machine, operating smoothly and efficiently in the complex business world! Let me take you on a journey to explore our remarkable operation process.In the production stage, we adhere to the highest standards of quality control. Our state-of-the-art facilities and highly skilled workers ensure that every product is crafted with precision and care. For instance, in the manufacturing of our latest line of electronic devices, we implemented advanced automated assembly lines, which not only increased productivity but also significantly reduced defects.When it comes to sales, we have been constantly innovating and optimizing our strategies. We conducted in-depth market research and identified the needs and preferences of our target customers. By launching targeted marketing campaigns and establishing strategic partnerships, we managed to expand our market share dramatically. How amazing is that?The after-sales service is another aspect we take great pride in. We have a dedicated team that is available 24/7 to address customer concerns. For example, when a customer faced a technical issue with one of our products, our team responded promptly and provided step-by-step guidance until the problem was resolved. This level of commitment has earned us the trust and loyalty of countless customers.In conclusion, our company's success lies in the seamless integrationof production, sales, and after-sales. We will continue to strive for excellence and create more value for our customers and stakeholders. Isn't it exciting to think about our bright future?5The operation of a company is a complex and dynamic process that is constantly faced with various challenges and opportunities. Take our company as an example. In the highly competitive market, we have encountered intense pressure from numerous rivals. How did we manage to overcome this? We focused on innovation and quality improvement! We invested heavily in research and development to create unique products that stood out from the crowd.The fluctuation of raw material supply has also been a significant problem for us. Sometimes, the shortage of raw materials led to production delays and increased costs. But we didn't give up! We established long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers and built up a stable supply chain.Another challenge was the changing demands and preferences of customers. We closely monitored the market trends and conducted extensive market research to adapt our products and services promptly. This allowed us to stay ahead of the competition and maintain our growth.Through these efforts and strategies, our company has been able to thrive and continue to expand. We are confident that we will overcome any future challenges and achieve even greater success!。
2012611证券研究报告将宏观观点转化为选股建议的工具 我们推出了一套基于宏观因素描绘、微观层面比较以及对商业周期各阶段投资分析的自上而下选股框架，从而将宏观观点与微观投资建议相关联。
宏观和微观因素对于回报都非常重要 对于亚洲市场上市值占比60%左右的股票而言，宏观因素（如全球经济增速、本地经济增速和金融状况）都是重要的回报推动因素。
此外，估值、每股盈利市场共识预测调整以及技术性指标等微观因素也与随后3个月的回报高度相关。
宏观 + 微观 = 超额收益 对于全球领先指标(GLI)中定义的四阶段商业周期，我们基于各阶段的宏观和微观特征对股票进行筛选。
回溯测试显示，采用这种方法获得的回报有望超过传统买入/持有策略带来的回报。
经济衰退阶段的选股：降低贝塔值和对增长的敏感性；买入受益于政策放松的股票 我们的GLI 指标显示，自4月份以来我们已进入经济衰退阶段。
在此背景下，我们特别关注于受宏观面影响和微观面支撑的程度处于适当水平的股票：NAB 、Orica 、恒安国际、中石油、腾讯控股、长江实业、恒生银行、HDFC 、ITC 、BRI 、LS Corp 、Shinhan 、CIMB 、SM Inv.、JCC 、Delta 、TSMC 和BK Bank 。
我们将定期更新这些股票建议。
对部分市场的部分板块采用自上而下的选股框架 资料来源：FactSet 、MSCI 、CEIC 、高盛全球经济商品和策略研究 刘劲津, CFA+852-2978-1224 u@高盛（亚洲）有限责任公司慕天辉, CFA+852-2978-1328 timothy.moe@高盛（亚洲）有限责任公司Caesar Maasry+852-2978-7213 caesar.maasry@高盛（亚洲）有限责任公司鄧啟志+852-2978-0722 richard.tang@ 高盛（亚洲）有限责任公司Sunil Koul+852-2978-0924 sunil.koul@高盛（亚洲）有限责任公司高盛与其研究报告所分析的企业存在业务关系，并且继续寻求发展这些关系。
Combining News and Technical Indicators inDaily Stock Price Trends PredictionYuzheng Zhai, Arthur Hsu, and Saman K HalgamugeDynamic System and Control Group,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010y.zhai@.au, {alhsu, saman}@.auAbstract. Stock market prediction has always been one of the hottest topics inresearch, as well as a great challenge due to its complex and volatile nature.However, most of the existing methods neglect the impact from mass mediathat will greatly affect the behavior of investors. In this paper we present asystem that combines the information from both related news releases andtechnical indicators to enhance the predictability of the daily stock price trends.The performance shows that this system can achieve higher accuracy and returnthan a single source system.1 IntroductionStock market prediction has always been one of the hottest topics in research, as well as a great challenge due to its complex and volatile nature. Research suggests that the financial time series do not exhibit random behavior and the stock price is predictable [28]. Numerous publications have attempted to construct an accurate model for the stock market. Most of these works focus on time series prediction with various AI models, such as Artificial Neural Networks [1, 17], Genetic Algorithm [10], Fuzzy System [18], Hidden Markov Model [9] or some hybrid combinations [26, 29], as well as statistical techniques, such as moving average [6]. However, these methods inevitably have their own limitations. Back-propagation neural network for example, suffers from the risk of over-fitting and large number of parameters. More importantly, they have neglected other source of information such as mass media that will greatly affect the behavior of investors.The entities listed on the Australian stock exchange are required to fully inform the investors at all times so that investment decision can be made with rich and timely information. The materials include negotiations of purchase, director appointment/resignation and divestitures of businesses. Since most of this information can be obtained from the news articles, major financial newspapers become a good source of information in assisting the traders. Mitchell and Mulherin [13] studied the influence of public information reported by Dow Jones and concluded that a direct relation does exists between released news articles and stock market activities. News release provides abundant information regarding the activities that companies are involved in and it may produce speculations among traders that results in movements of the stock prices. NofSinger [16] showed that in some cases, investors tend to buy1088 Y. Zhai, A. Hsu, and S.K. Halgamugeafter positive news which results in buying pressure and push the price higher; and sell after negative news which results in a drop in price. While there is no doubt that news releases create expectations among investors, there are only a few researches conducted recently in predicting the price movement using this information. Mittermayer [14] proposed a trading system to predict stock price trends immediately after the release of a news article through text mining techniques. They found the system significantly outperforms a random trader. However, only news that is directly related to the stock is included in their study while NofSinger’s study suggests that both the firm specific and the general economics news affect trading behaviors [16].However, using investors’ expectations caused by news alone as a trading strategy is inadequate, as concluded by Brown and Cliff [23]. Therefore, this paper proposes to combine the information from both the news release and technical indicators to enhance the predictability of the daily stock price trends. The news articles used are composed of both company specific and relevant market sector news to reflect the overall impact of the media. Text mining techniques are employed to encode the news articles by forming and extracting important concepts. While support vector machine (SVM) [2], a supervised learning method, is applied as classifier. The resulting system is shown to be more accurate than the one that uses only single source of information.The rest of the paper is organized as follow. Section 2 briefly introduces SVM and its application in financial and text mining. Section 3 presents the architecture of the system and design of various components. Research data and experiment results are detailed in Section 4. Conclusion and future research directions are given in Section 5.2 Support Vector MachineThe SVM, originated form the work of Vapnik [22], is now being widely used to solve classification and prediction problems. SVM performs classification by constructing a hyperplane that separates the input space into two classes. It attempts to find the maximum margin hyperplane so that the separation between the decision classes is maximized. The input vectors that define the width of maximum margin are called support vectors and all the other points are not important in defining the separation.SVM maps the original input feature space into a higher dimension so that it can be separately by a linear model in the high dimensional space.However, not all the problems can be separated by this hard margin.Therefore, in case of non-separable feature spaces, a soft margin is applied to allow some points to be misclassified. It chooses a hyperplane that separates the inputs as cleanly as possible, while still maximizing the distance between the support vectors. a penalty parameter of the error term C, (C > 0) can be set to be the upper bound in order to control the amount of deviation to be tolerated.SVM has several advantages: it has little control parameters that need to be selected, over-fitting is unlikely to occur and it does not get trapped in a local optimum. It has been used in both areas of financial forecasting and text mining [8, 11]. There is a number of researches that has apply SVM to financial time series predictions and showed that SVM outperforms back-propagation networks [11, 20]. Dumais et al and Joachims demonstrated the applicability of SVM to text clustering applications and also suggest that SVM has outperformed others [3, 8].Combining News and Technical Indicators in Daily Stock Price Trends Prediction 1089 3 System Architecture and DesignAn overview of the system architecture is shown in Figure 1. The final prediction is determined base on two factors: the forecasting of price movement based on the technical indicators extracted from historical data and the combined impact of direct and indirect news articles related to the stock.3.1 Price ForecastSeven technical indicators [11, 24] are selected and computed for each trading day from the prices in the past five days. Table 1 presents the formula for each feature.Fig. 1. Overview of the system architectureTable 1. Summary of price featuresFeature Formula Feature Formula Stochastic %Kn n n t LL HH LL C −− William’s %R 100×−−n n t n L H C H Stochastic %Dn K n i i t ∑−=−10% A/D Oscillator t t t t L H C H −−−1 Momentum4−−t t C C Disparity 5 1005×MA C t Rate of Change 100×−n t t C CC t is the closing price at day t, L t is the lowest price at day t, H t is the highest price at day t, MA n is the moving average of the past n days, LL n and HH n is the lowest low and highest high in the past n days, respectively.1090 Y. Zhai, A. Hsu, and S.K. HalgamugeThe direction of next day’s price movement is categorized into two classes: ‘1’ or ‘-1’. ‘1’ indicates the next day’s closing price is higher or equal to today’s closing price, and ‘-1’ indicate a drop in share price.3.2 News PredictionThere are two groups of news releases: the ones that directly relate to the stock and the ones that relate to the general market. Each group is trained separately as they may have different measure of influence on the stock. The categorization of the output classes is the same as in price forecasting. News is assumed to have valid influence on the stock only on the same day it is published.The vector space model [19] is a commonly used technique in text mining, which has been successfully used in document categorization [12]. This model is employed in this study to represent the document in high dimensional space. It represents each document as binary vectors where each element is a word from a vocabulary. The elements will have a value of 1 if the corresponding word is present within the document or have a value of zero otherwise. A weight can be associated with each element to reflect their relative importance.The preprocessing stage starts by first removing common stop words (such as “the”, “a”, etc) from each documents, and then the remaining words are tagged with their corresponding Part-Of-Speech (POS) tag. Instead of using each word directly, a background thesaurus WordNet [4] is used to replace words by higher level concepts [7]. WordNet is a semantic network that can give hierarchical hypernyms and hyponyms relations between words. The use of concepts increases the flexibility of the system to be able to account for vocabulary changes, as well as reduces the dimensions of feature space. The POS tag generated earlier is utilized to help disambiguating the word when assigned to WordNet.The concepts are weighted by the conventional multiplicative combination of term frequency (TF) and the inverse document frequency (IDF), so that terms occur more often in a document and/or rarer in other documents will be given a higher weight. Moreover, those concepts that only occur in one class but not in the other are given a higher weight (multiplied by an arbitrary constant, 2 in this case) to help better distinguish between classes. Examples of some the unique concepts from documents that are considered as “good news” are: establishment, accumulation, growth, etc; while the ones from “bad news” are: separate, discharge, impair, etc. The feature space is then reduced to be the top 30 concepts with the highest weights, which are used to code each document.The two groups of news are trained and classified using SVM and their results feed into another SVM to produce the combined prediction of price trends.3.3 SVMIn this study, Gaussian RBF kernel and polynomial kernel are used for SVM. The only controlling parameters are the upper bound C and the feature width σin case of BRF or the power d in case of polynomial. These parameters are varied to ensure the optimal values are selected. Table 2 below presents an example of the performance of SVM with different parameters on the price data set.Combining News and Technical Indicators in Daily Stock Price Trends Prediction 1091Table 2. Prediction performance with various parameter valuesParameter value Hit ratio (%)C = 10σ = 1 35.5σ = 3 58.8σ = 5 50.0σ = 750.0σ = 3C = 1 50.0C = 2061.7C = 50 52.9C = 10d = 2 57.6d = 3 52.9d = 4 51.9d = 2C = 1 38.8C = 2047.1C = 50 44.1The results obtained conforms to Tay and Cao’s findings where the prediction performance deteriorates when the value of C and σ are either too small or too large[20]. Finally, the value of C is set to be 20, σ to be 3 and d to be 3.Gaussian RBF kernel is used most of the time as it performs slightly better andtakes less time. However when classifying the news articles, it often reaches 100% classification rate for one class, yet 0% for the other. Therefore, polynomial kernel isused instead in this case as it is less biased toward one class.4 Experiment and ResultsThe research data used in this study is the daily prices (open, high, low, close) of BHPBilliton Ltd. (BHP.AX) of Australian Stock Exchange between March 1st, 2005 andMay 31st, 2006. As well as the news articles related to BHP and its market sector inthe same period that are published on Australian Financial Review, a major newspaper on business, finance and investment news in Australia. BHP is chosenbecause not only it has a large trading volume (20 Million on average) so it can beassumed that the transactions can take place whenever required, but also due to itspopularity that attracts a lot of media attentions. Since BHP mainly involves inmaterial mining, articles that concerns the directions of the metal market are includedas general economic news. However, any press releases that only report the outcomeof the day before are specifically excluded as it gives no new information. The datapoints in the first 12 months were used as training set, while the remaining twomonths serves as validation set. There are 286 training data and 34 holdout data fromthe price section. And for the news section, there are 120 training data and 28 holdout1092 Y. Zhai, A. Hsu, and S.K. Halgamugedata within the direct news category, while 53 training data and 15 holdout data are inthe indirect news category. Table 3 below shows the prediction accuracy for using different data sets as inputs.Table 3. Prediction accuracyData sets Accuracy (%)Price 58.8 Direct news 62.5Indirect news 50.0Combined news 64.7Price & News 70.1While the prediction accuracy is comparable to that obtained by Kim [11] using technical indicators only (on a different stock index), it is clear that with the combined information from both time series and textual data, the performance of stock trend prediction is noticeably improved.It is also observed that when the predictions made from the numerical data are inconflict with the predictions from news articles, the later is more accurate most of thetime. In the training data set, there are 39 inconsistent predictions, and the combinednews predictions are correct for all of them and in the testing data, the accuracy isfour out of six. Thus, news predictions in this case are considered more importantthan the data predictions.4.1 Market SimulationA market simulation is conducted to evaluate the profitability of the system under reallife conditions. It is assumed that the initial investment is $10,000 and each transaction (buy/sell) incurs a fee of $20. The two months validation data (April andMay 2006) used in previous section are employed in this test. Figure 2 below showsthe price movements of BHP during those two months, which is a reasonably representative example. Further more, in order to avoid excessive transaction chargesthat will result from frequent operations, each day is limited to one transaction(buy/sell) only.Three sets of similar strategies are used in this study for different input sets. If the prediction is based on past prices only, then the strategy for buy, sell and hold followsfive simple rules:•If the predicted trend is positive and the share has been bought, then hold.•If the prediction is negative and the share hasn’t been bought, then do nothing.•If the prediction is positive and the share hasn’t been bought, then buy.•If the prediction is negative and the share has been bought, then sell.•All transaction take place at the end of each trading day, thus the closing price is assumed to be the trading price.Combining News and Technical Indicators in Daily Stock Price Trends Prediction 1093Fig. 2. Plot of closing/opening prices vs. date of BHP.ax during April and May, 2006If the prediction is based on news only, then the above tactics are no longer applicable. This is due to the fact that news articles for each day can only be obtained in the morning before stock market opens. Therefore, changes are made to accommodate for the late arrival of news input and it is summarized as follows: •Assuming the overall trend of the stock is rising (this assumption certainly may not be valid and it is solely used to simplify the experiment)•If the news prediction is positive and the share hasn’t been bought, then buy at opening price.•If the prediction is positive and the share has been bought, then hold.•If the prediction is negative and share hasn’t been bought, buy at closing price.•If the prediction is negative and the share has been bought, sale at opening price.•If the news prediction is absent, then buy at closing price.A recent study on the relationship between public announcements and stock volatility from Australian Stock Exchange suggests that the non-trading period overnight acts as a barrier for information to be reflected on the stock price. Therefore, the difference between yesterday’s closing price and today’s opening prices is normally negligible [25]. It can also be seen from Figure 2 that the opening price follows the trace of the closing price really closely. This justifies the above strategy to operate at the opening price instead of the closing price, when the news releases take place during non-trading hours.If information from both the news releases and past prices are combined together, then the decision follows the predictions made from technical indicators at a day’s close and it is revised at the next day’s open based on the news predictions (if present). If the two predictions are contradictory, then the outcome of the news always supersedes, as discussed earlier. It operates as follows:•If news releases are absent, the strategy is unchanged from strategy one above.•If the share has been bought and the news prediction is negative for that day, the share will be sold at the opening price1094 Y. Zhai, A. Hsu, and S.K. Halgamuge•If the share has been bought and the news prediction is positive, do nothing•If the share has been sold and the news prediction is negative, do nothing.•If the share has been sold and the news prediction is positive, buy at the opening price.Table 4 below displays the net compound profit of the system in two month withdifferent information input. A trading system that employs random strategy that has approximately the same number of transactions is used as the benchmark for comparison.It can be seen that by supplementing conventional technical indicators with the influences of news releases, the proposed system demonstrates promising resultsunder real life situation. Since the stock market is an extremely complicated system,richer information source will be able to provide a better model.Table 4. Compound net profit for different inputsSystem No. of trades Net profitRandom 8 $-54Price Only 9 $284News Only 7 $275Price and News 11 $5115 ConclusionsIn this paper, news paper releases are combined with the technical indicators topredict daily direction of a stock price using SVM. The case study results showed thatboth the prediction performance and the profitability of the system are enhanced.However, the current system only categorizes the output into simple rise/fallwithout specifying the level of change. Therefore, future research efforts will focus onrefining the prediction of price trends. Furthermore, the general applicability of thesystem also needs to be examined further by applying it to other stocks in differentsectors.References1.Choi, J.H., Lee, M.K., Rhee, M.W.: Trading S& P 500 Stock Index Futures Using aNeural Network. Proc. of the Annual Int. 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