中考英语复习完全导航辅导之七句子

中考英语复习系列之七句子
一、中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；
2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；
3、掌握由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别；
4、掌握状语从句、宾语从句的构成形式、基本用法及意义,对从句的要求如下：
1掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配
2掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应
5、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法
二、句子考查点分项说明：
1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法
一、陈述句：
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法包括肯定和否定的句子;通常用降调,句末用句号“.”;
Tom has a new car.汤姆有辆新车;
The flower isn’t beautiful.这花不美;
二、陈述句否定式的构成
1．如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式;
He is playing the guitar.他正在弹吉他;肯定
He is not playing the guitar.他不在弹吉他;否定
We can get there before dark.天黑前我们能够到达那里;肯定
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我们不能到达那里;否定
2．如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t;同时把该实义动词变为原形;
He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好;肯定
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好;否定
She won the game.她赢得了比赛;肯定
She didn’t win the game.她没赢比赛;否定
三、祈使句：
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“”或句号“.”;朗读时一般用降调;
1．肯定的祈使句：
1祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语;
Be quiet.请安静;
You be quiet 你给我安静点
2“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用;
Do come back at once 务必立即返回
Do be careful.务必小心;
3please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开;
Open the window, please.请打开窗户;
4Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称;
Let Jack wait a minute.让杰克等一会;
Let’s go to school.我们上学去吧;
5在祈使句中,Let’s和 Let us是有区别的;Let’s包括说话者,而Let us不包括说话者在内;这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出;
Let’s go skating, shall we 咱们去溜冰吧,好吗表示内部的建议
Let us try again, will you 让我们再试一次,好吗表示向别人发出请求
2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法
一、一般疑问句：
1一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have有开始,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调;
Do you know Mr. Smith 你认识史密斯先生吗
Can you swim 你会游泳吗
2一般疑问句的否定结构
①在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后;但如果用not的简略形式-n’t,则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起;在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式;
②与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定;若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构;
Aren’t you a football fan 你不是足球迷吗
Yes, I am. 是的,我是;
No, I am not. 不,我不是;
Won’t she like it 她会不喜欢吗
Yes, she will. 是的,她会喜欢的;
No, she won’t. 不,她不会喜欢的;
二、特殊疑问句
用疑问代词疑问形容词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句;特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,读时用降调;
注意
常见的疑问代词有what, which, who, whom,
whose
常用的特殊疑问句
3．选择疑问句：
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句;其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”;选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调;
选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复;
Is your bag yellow or black It’s black.;
Would you like some tea or coffee Either will do.;
Which do you like better, singing or dancing I like dancing better.
4．反意疑问句：
反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句;附加问句的否定式必须缩写;
1肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句;
I am your teacher, aren’t I 我是你的老师,对吗
He didn’t study hard, did he 他学习不努力,对吗
2如果陈述句中含有否定副词never从不,决不,hardly几乎不或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式;如：
They hardly write to each other, do they 他们几乎不给对方写信,是吗
He has found nothing, has he 他什么也没有找到,是吗
Few people knew the secret, did they 很少有人知道这个秘密,是吗
3当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异;英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”;
You won’t be away for long, will you你不会离开太久,是吗
Yes, I will.不,我会离开很久; No, I won’t.是的,我不会离开很久;
I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗
Yes, she will.不,她会骑自行车来; No, she won’t.是的,她不会骑自行车来;
3、掌握由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子;句末用感叹号“”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词;
1． what引导的感叹句：
1what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句主语+谓语
What a beautiful city it is多么美丽的一个城市啊
What an interesting story she told她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊
2what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句主语+谓语
What expensive watches they are多贵的手表啊
What terrible weather it is多么恶劣的天气啊
2．How引导的感叹句：
1How+形容词/副词+陈述句主语+谓语
How cold it is 多冷啊
How hard he works 他工作多么努力啊
2How+陈述句主语+谓语
How he loves his son 他多么爱他的儿子啊
How I miss you 我多想你啊
3How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句主语+谓语
How tall a tree it is 多么高的一棵树啊
How they cried 他们哭得多伤心啊
4、掌握状语从句、宾语从句的构成形式、基本用法及意义,对从句的要求如下：
一掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配
1时间状语从句：
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when当……时候,while当,在……过程中,since 自从……以来,before在……之前,after在……之后,tell/until直到……时,as soon as一……就;如果主句为一般将来时,则时间状语从句只能用一般现在时表示将来的意义;
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.当我进来时,他正在读报纸;
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在时,请照看一下我的猫;
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.别人学习时不要大声说话;
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出国已有五年了;
He died before his son came back.他在他儿子回来之前就去世了;
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到达我就领他参观我们的工厂;
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他;
2 条件状语从句：引导条件状语从句的从属连词是if如果;如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句只能用一般现在时;
If you stay at home, I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走;
If we don’t get up early, we won’t catch the train.如果我们不早起,我们就赶不上火车;
2掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应
一宾语从句的语序：
宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序;尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意：
1 当宾语从句原为陈述句时,用that引导,语序不变;注意时态的一致
Tom isn’t a good student. The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生;
He has given up smoking. She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了;
2 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时,用whether或if连接,语序变为陈述语序;
Is Jim a doctor I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生;
Does she dance well Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗
3 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词即为连接词,语序变为陈述语序;
She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里;
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么;
二宾语从句的时态：
宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致;
1 如果主句是现在时态包括一般现在时,现在进行时和现在完成时,宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态;
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了;现在完成时
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会;一般将来时
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁;现在进行时
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的;
2 如果主句是过去的时态包括一般过去时,过去进行时,宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态即一般过去时,过去将来时,过去进行时或过去完成时等
He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她;过去将来时
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了;过去完成时
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题;一般过去时
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会;过去进行时
3 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等,则不管这句是何种时态,从句一律用一般现在时;
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转;
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友;
5、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法
一定语在句中是用来修饰名词或代词的,一般由形容词或与之相当的其它词类来充当;如果起修饰作用的是一个句子的时候,就叫作定语从句;但定语从句不是象形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后;它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词;
二定语从句的引导词有关系代词： that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词when, where, why, how;
1． that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物;
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器;
I like the book that you lent me yesterday. 我喜欢你昨天借给我的那本书;
2．which的先行词只能是物;
The book shop is a shop which sells book. 书店是销售书的商店;
The book which I read last night was wonderful. 我昨晚看的那本书很精彩;
3． who 在定语从句中作主语； whom 是 who 的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语；而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语;
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友;
Who's that woman whom you just talked to
你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁
This is our classmate, Mary, whose home is not far from our school.
这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远;
4．关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. 那是我们曾经住了十年的房子;
= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
三除关系代词外,还有关系副词when,where,why等也能引导定语从句;
1． when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永远也不会忘记我第一次到达长城的那天;
2． where 则指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;
This is the house where the old man lives. 这就是那位老人住的房子;
3．why用来指原因,作原因状语;
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday. 那就是他昨天为什么没有来的原因;
三、巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. Do you know daughter she is
A. whose
B. whom
C. what
D. who
2. They wondered if the teacher them some English songs the next week.
A. would teach
B. had taught
C. will teach
D. taught
3. He asked picture was John’s.
A. whose
B. who
C. whom
D. which
4. He told me Paris is the capital of France.
A. which
B. the
C. that
D. what
5. I’ll go there by bike it is fine tomorrow.
A. whether
B. that
C. what
D. if
6. I will write to you I get there.
A. while
B. as soon as
C. as
D. since
7. Please answer the question in a loud enough voile all the class may hear.
A. so, that
B. so that
C. and
D. or
8. I have that I don’t know which one I should borrow.
A. such many books
B. so many books.
C. such much books
D. so much books
9. it was blowing heavily, the farmers went on working in the fields.
A. Though, ×
B. Though, but
C. Because, ×
D. Because, so
10. He asked me during the summer holiday.
A. where I had gone
B. where I had been
C. where had I gone
D. where had I been
11. Please give the message to him when you .
A. see him
B. will see him
C. saw him
D. are going to see him
12. Can you tell us
A. if your father does
B. what does your father do
C. your father does what
D. what your father does
13. He asked me if I knew .
A. whose pen was it
B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is
D. whose pen is it
14. She had cleaned the room her mother came home.
A. after
B. before
C. as soon as
D. if
15. There are heavy clouds in the sky it is going to rain.
A. if
B. that
C. as if
D. whether
16. This is the place I have ever visited.
A. there
B. when
C. where
D. which
17. You may do it yourself leave it to me.
A. either…or
B. neither…nor
C. whether…or
D. both…and
18. Do you know
A. what are you listening
B. what you are listening
C. what you are listening to
D. what are you listening to
19. It ten years since I taught in the school.
A. will
B. was
C. has
D. is
20. —Do you know
—Yes. He is a teacher.
A, whom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is
二、按要求转变句型
1. Lucy has finished the work.改为一般疑问句
2. She used to wear white skirt.改为否定句
3 I think Jack is a good student.改为否定句
4. There is something wrong with my watch.改为否定句
5. The tree is very tall.改为感叹句,How~
6. The cock gets up very early.改为感叹句
7. He wish to be a teacher.改为感叹句
8. Come back at once.改为否定句
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing.改为一般疑问句
10. You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.改为祈使句
11. This is a very interesting story.改为感叹句
12. It’s very bad news.改为感叹句
13. Shall we go out for a walk改为祈使句
14. She’s gone to Paris.改为反意疑问句
15. Rose seldom goes skating.改为反意疑问句
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money.改为反意疑问句
17. There is nothing left.改为反意疑问句
18. I am dishonest.改为反意疑问句
19. Be careful改为反意疑问句
20. Let’s sing the English song.改为反意疑问句
四、巩固练习参考答案
一、单项选择
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A 10. B
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. C
16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D
二、按要求转化句型
1. Has Lucy finished the work
2. She didn’t use to wear white skirt.
3. I don’t think Jack is a good student.
4. There is nothing wrong with my watch./There isn’t anything wrong with my watch.
5. How tall the tree is
6. How early the cock gets up
7. How he wish to be a teacher
8. Don’t come back at once.
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing, does he
10. Don’t smoke in the classroom.
11. What an interesting story this is
How interesting a story this is
12. What bad news it is
13. Let’s go out for a walk.
14. She’s gone to Paris, hasn’t she
15. Rose seldom goes skating, does she
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money, has he
17. There is nothing left, is there
18. I am dishonest, aren’t I
19. Be careful, will you
20. Let’s sing the English song, shall we。