托福阅读材料：美国报纸报道上海死猪事件

2020秋高中语文人教版选修新闻阅读与实践课后巩固练习：第五章第14课外国评论两篇含解析第14课外国评论两篇小草，把绿色献给春天，使它的生命变得精彩.清泉，把它的甘醇流淌入干渴者的心田，使它的生命变得精彩.红日,把它的温暖传递到严寒的隆冬，使它的生命变得精彩。

花开不是为了凋谢，而是为了结果;结果也不是为了终结，而是为了新生。

生命亦是如此！美字体善气迎人亲如弟兄，恶气迎人害于戈兵。

赏美文生命的历程近年来，报纸经常刊载中小学生突遇一点挫折、打击，就选择终结生识，深入思考生存的价值，关注生命,珍爱生命，进而构建一个更健康、更完美的生命。

1．《车文明》一文写父母无情地将自己仅三岁的孩子丢在车来车往的高速公路上，来来往往的司机视而不见，无人施救，体现了亲情、良知的丧失和对生命的冷漠.［适用角度]“亲情”“良知"“生命”2．《我们一定是疯了》一文写了枪支滥用给美国社会带来的种种危害，呼吁社会慎用枪支、善待生命。

［适用角度］“理性”“善待生命"生命如歌艾明波我们，生活在这阳光地带,生活在这温暖的世界。

我知道：我们都是生命的使者也是生命的过客。

生命是一个过程，生命是岁月的一个章节，生命只属于我们一次，生命在给我们幸福时刻的同时也给了我们悲哀的时刻.生命不会给我们任何承诺，生命只给我们一次机会，那就是:创造与开拓或者是浑浑噩噩。

关键是看我们怎么去活着，怎么去把生命好好把握。

我们从另一个世界走来，迎接我们的或许是有太阳的白天或许是有月亮的黑夜.无论是白天还是黑夜，我们睁开眼睛就会感到人世间的温暖，我们都会在父母的怀中享受到一种博大的关怀和无与伦比的亲亲热热。

虽然，我们给这陌生的世界的第一个声音是哭声而不是音乐；虽然，我们是在母亲的痛苦中降临的，甚至是伴着母亲的泪水和鲜血。

但是,父辈们是幸福的。

因为，我们延续了他们的生命,我们是他们含泪的骄傲、是他们事业的承接。

于是，我们踏着父辈的足迹接近生命的另一个高度；于是,我们用他们所给予我们的力量，在他们没有走过的路途中走过.所以,从这个意义上说，生命又不仅仅是我们自己的,她盈满人间的热望也装满前辈的嘱托。

2024年高考英语新闻报道阅读理解训练历年真题1. 第一篇新闻报道：《新移民法案将影响美国社会》2024年6月1日报道：近日，美国国会通过了一项新的移民法案，该法案将对美国社会产生广泛影响。

该法案旨在改革美国的移民政策，并为非法移民提供合法化途径。

根据新移民法案，非法移民可以申请获得合法身份，条件是他们在美国居住了一定的时间，并且通过背景调查。

此举被认为是一次重大改革，为大批非法移民提供了合法化的机会。

然而，新移民法案也引发了一些争议。

一些人认为，这样的合法化机制会鼓励更多的非法移民进入美国，增加社会负担，同时对合法移民的利益构成威胁。

而支持者则认为，这项法案可以解决当前非法移民问题并加强社会多元化。

2. 第二篇新闻报道：《气候变化威胁全球经济》2024年6月10日报道：最新研究发现，气候变化正威胁着全球经济的稳定和可持续发展。

随着全球变暖的加剧，极端天气事件频发，各行各业都面临着巨大的挑战。

研究显示，气候变化对农业、水资源、能源和旅游业等领域造成了严重影响。

农作物减产、水资源短缺、能源需求增加以及旅游业遭受损失等问题已经成为全球范围内面临的共同难题。

此外，气候变化还会导致自然灾害频发，如干旱、洪涝和飓风等。

这些灾害不仅造成人员伤亡和财产损失，还直接影响着生态环境的平衡。

为了应对气候变化对经济的威胁，各国政府和国际组织已经采取了一系列措施。

推动清洁能源发展、减少温室气体排放、保护生态环境等举措被认为是应对气候变化的有效途径。

3. 第三篇新闻报道：《人工智能技术在医疗领域的应用》2024年6月15日报道：人工智能技术在医疗领域的应用正逐渐成为现实。

近年来，人工智能技术取得了许多重要突破，为医疗诊断和治疗提供了新的可能性。

人工智能在医疗领域的应用可以帮助医生更准确地诊断和治疗疾病。

通过对海量的医学数据进行深度学习和分析，人工智能可以辅助医生进行精准的疾病诊断，并提供个性化的治疗方案。

此外，人工智能技术还可以改善医疗服务的效率和质量。

作文材料分类训练-------热议事件1．阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

厦门机场候机室，一名乘客脱掉鞋袜横躺在休息椅上自顾自地睡觉，这一举动给其他候机乘客带来了不适。

此时唯有一名男子挺身而出，对该乘客的不文明行为进行了批评制止，但该乘客无动于衷。

男子见劝说无效，愤怒地将其鞋子扔进垃圾桶。

事件经过的视频被传到网上后引起了人们的热议，有赞有疑。

对于这一事件，你怎么看？请体现你的思考，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。

2．阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。

1月24日，“穷游者”孙永得到杭州警方救助并被送到了当地救助站，工作人员在登记后发现，孙永这个27岁的甘肃小伙子，四年多时间内，在全国一共被救助过234次，他每次出去游玩花掉自己的钱后，就去救助站寻求救助。

据了解，目前救助站工作人员已为孙永购买了回家的火车票，但孙永向民警表示“还是会中途下车，继续旅行”。

（1月31日《北京青年报》）这一事件引发热议：有人认为，孙永被救助符合国务院《社会救助暂行办法》中关于“保障公民的基本生活”和“救急难”的规定；也有人认为，孙永的情况不属于《社会救助暂行办法》中“对生活无着的流浪、乞讨人员提供临时食宿、急病救治、协助返回等救助”的范围；也有人提出，穷游是自食其力，一边挣钱一边旅行，认为孙永这样的行为不是“穷游”是“乞游”，浪费了社会救助资源……对于以上事件，你有怎样的思考和看法？你想对“穷游者”、有关部门或社会公众说点什么？请写一篇文章表达你的观点。

要求选好角度，明确对象，确定立意，明确文体（诗歌除外），自拟题目；不要套作，不得抄袭；不少于800字。

3．阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

《琅琊榜2》汇集了很多优秀演员，其中有已经在娱乐圈奋斗多年的老人，也有一些在念书的学生，比如曾经在《北爱》和《唐人街探案》中有不错表现的刘昊然。

刘昊然既然是学生，想要拍戏必须先和学校协调好，要申请一定的假期，还要处理好功课考试等事情。

专题1 记叙文·新闻报道（第二组）解析版完形填空Healthy HIV PatientFor the second time in history, scientists believe that they have cured a patient of HIV. The 1______ to this possible cure is a gene known as CCR5. Some people have a 2________ form of this gene and the gene is very special 3_______ HIV does not affect it.The 4_______, who is known to come from London, had HIV and a rare(稀少) form of blood cancer. Doctors 5_______ a donor (捐赠者) who had the different form of the gene. They transplanted stem cells 6_______ the patient´s body, which helped cure both the 7_______ and the HIV. The transplant helped treat both the cancer and the HIV. For the last 30 months, the patient did not 8________ any signs of HIV.The success of the treatment is new, and it gives 9________ to other HIV patients. However, scientists said that the treatment is not 10________ for all patients. It is possible only for patients with blood cancer.【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。

言语理解与表达（概括文意）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. 言语理解与表达言语理解与表达本部分包括表达与理解两方面的内容，请根据题目要求，在四个选项中选出一个最恰当的答案。

1．(2012年广东.县级.34)数据显示，2010年中国市场上自主品牌汽车的占有率曾经达到45％，自主品牌狭义乘用车曾经在市场上达到了32．2％，2011年在全行业下降2．45％的情况下，自主品牌市场占有率进一步下降，其中自主品牌狭义乘用车下降到30．7％，自主品牌广义乘用车从45％下降到42％，今年以来，这一下滑势头并没有得到根本扭转，一季度的数据显示，自主品牌汽车的市场占有率进一步降低。

这段文字意在说明( )。

A．自主品牌汽车市场占有率不断下降B．自主品牌汽车面临严峻挑战C．自主品牌汽车未来竞争将更加激烈D．自主品种汽车机遇与挑战并存正确答案：B解析：意图判断题。

整个文段都是在说自主品牌汽车的市场占有率下降这一事实，从作者的写作意图来说，显然是要找到事实背后隐藏的本质，B项就是事实背后的本质。

A项只是文段的表面意思。

C项的“竞争”和I)项的“机遇”在文段中没有提及。

本题选B。

知识模块：概括文意2．(2012年广东.县级.37)岁末年初，一场“泄密风波”突如其来，包括国内最大的程序员网站CSDN、天涯社区等数家知名网站的用户信息外泄，在网上曝光的用户信息条数过亿。

被称为“中国互联网有史以来波及面最广、规模最大、危害最深的泄密事件”，一时间，短信、电邮、网站弹窗纷纷发出警示，强烈建议用户修改密码，“今天你改密码了吗”俨然成为网民之间的问候语。

“谁来保护我的信息安全”成为公众的揪心之间。

这段文字主要说明了( )。

A．网络上的个人信息安全问题须予以重视B．知名网站的信息安全状况不容乐观C．及时修改密码是保护网上信息安全的重要手段D．网民对网络信息安全问题普遍担忧正确答案：D解析：主旨概括题。

文段首先陈述著名网站用户信息外泄这一事件，接着用“揪心”来说明网民对这一事件的反应。

2020年高中英语时文新闻拓展阅读理解Passage 1 美国正积极研发新冠疫苗The United States is "neck-and-neck" with China in the race to develop an effective coronavirus(新冠病毒) vaccine, Johns Hopkins University health policy and management professor Dr. Marty Makary told "Special Report" Wednesday. "There are 70 vaccines in different stages of development," said Makary, a Fox News contributor. "There are seven that are being given in patients right now. We’re sort of neck-and-neck with China -- we've got three, they've got three."Makary added that the Chinese vaccines "are actually in further stages of development. Their drugs are in phase two or three, and it's a real race ...The country that gets there first will have a significant advantage because they will control the supply for the rest of the world and the risk is if we aren't there first, we could get locked out." The professor concluded that the search for a vaccine was "moving along," but added that "it will probably take a year" before such a treatment becomes widely available.Earlier Wednesday, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the government's top infectious-disease expert and a member of President Trump's coronavirus task force, touted the drug remdesivir(瑞德西韦) for its "clear-cut significant positive effect in diminishing the time to recovery,” as reflected in new data. Makary said that while the National Institutes of Health study shows only a 31 percent reduction rate in recovery time, it could prove to be significant. "One thing to remember," Makary cautioned about remdesivir, "it's not a silver bullet. "It reduces the severity and probably increases recovery but also, this is an IV(静脉注射) medication, it's not something you can go to the pharmacy tonight and pick up." In the U.S., remdesivir is still awaiting regulatory approval as a coronavirus treatment, but Makary said it is likely to receive emergency authorization from the Food and Drug Administration "as early as this evening”.1 What does the underlined word “neck-and-neck” mean ?A work togetherB be friendsC at the equal levelD be enemies2 What is American’s challenge according to Makary’s statement ?A Use vaccines to save more people.B Give patients more vaccines for treatment.C Develop effective vaccines before China does.D Work with China to develop vaccines.3 What can we know about remdesivir ?A It can reduce the time to recovery.B People can’t purchase it easily in drug stores.4 Which would be the best title for this passage ?A The US is level with China in race for coronavirus vaccines.B Remdesivir can be the treatment for coronavirus vaccines.C Remdesivir need the regulatory approval.D Coronavirus vaccines should be developed soon.Passage 2 上海迪士尼恢复营业Shanghai Disneyland to reopen after shutting downMay 11 could be a very magical day for theme park lovers. As parts of the world start to reopen amid the coronavirus (新冠病毒) pandemic(大流行病), many people are looking to see how businesses will return after closing down. It’s likely that theme park lovers will be interested to see how the Disney parks alter their practices in response to the outbreak. Shanghai Disneyland announced that it will be reopening to the public on Monday. The park closed its doors on Jan. 25 as part of China’s efforts to curb the spread of the coronavirus. Since then, the outbreak has become a pandemic and Disney parks across the world have also been limited and shut their doors.In a statement, Disney CEO Bob Chapek said: “We know how much our guests have been looking forward to returning to Shanghai Disneyland, and our cast is excited to begin welcoming them back. As the park reopens with significantly enhanced health and safety measures, our guests will find Shanghai Disneyland as magical and memorable as ever.”When the park reopens, guests will be required to purchase admission tickets valid for certain dates only. Also, annual pass holders will have to make reservations prior to arrival. The park will also control guest density(密度) in lines, restaurants, ride vehicles and other facilities. The park will also utilize temperature screening and require guests to wear masks in the park, except when eating.1 What does the underlined word “curb” mean in paragraph 1 ?A stopB encourageC controlD treat2 What can we learn form paragraph 1?A Shanghai Disneyland closed before the pandemic of the coronavirus.B Only Shanghai Disneyland shut its door during the pandemic.D China has curbed the spread of the coronavirus.3 What will happen when Shanghai Disneyland reopens ?A It won’t be as entertaining as before.B Those who bought ticket can visit it at any time.C Annual pass holders can visit the park freely.D Many measures will be used to enhance safety.Passage 3 纽约顶级厨师的工作困境Chefs from some of New York City’s top restaurants are leaving the business to work for billionaires after losing their jobs to the coronavirus (新冠病毒), the New York Post has learned.Out-of-work chefs from restaurants including Jean-Georges, Daniel, Eleven Madison Park, Per Se and Gramercy Tavern are being poached (挖走) by talent agents and even real estate brokers (房地产经纪人) to work for wealthy families since the coronavirus shutdowns have weakened the restaurant industry, sources said. The supply of quality chefs is so abundant that some wealthy people say they’re getting cold-called about the latest candidate. “I received a call out of the blue asking if we wanted to hire a top chef who had worked for Jean-Georges,” one billionaire real estate developer told the NYPost's Side Dish.For unemployed chefs, it’s often the only way for them to make money doing what they love at a time when sit-down dining is prohibited by the state lockdown. “I was laid off six weeks ago. It just wasn’t possible to stay, no matter how much the chef wanted to keep us. I can’t stand not working. I miss being in the kitchen,” said Ian Tenzer, a 29-year-old former sous chef(副厨) at three-star Michelin restaurant Eleven Madison Park, named the world’s best restaurant in 2017. “Working as a p rivate chef has always been a part of the industry I had thought about working in and, at this point in my career, it’s a good choice economically and professionally,” he added.Indeed, chefs who choose to work in private homes stand to get a 20 percent to 30 percent pay raise, as well as other perks (补贴) including better hours, sources said. Sous chefs at top restaurants can earn between $120,000 and $200,000 a year working full-time for a family, compared to closer to $100,000 working at a restaurant. One drawback is that you never know what kind of family you’ll get, chefs said. Some families are “lovely, adventurous and curious,” but others can be quite the opposite. They can be rude and “even physically and verbally abusive. I have heard horror stories,” said one chef who asked to remain1 Which is true about Chefs in New York city ?A Some of famous chefs are leaving the business to work in private homes.B Wealthy families invited chefs to work for them.C Chefs are being poached because billionaires need them.D Top chefs are rare in New York city.2 Which of the following can describe the underlined phrase “out of the blue” ?A from the skyB all of a suddenC in the morningD from a friend3 What can we know form paragraph 3 ?A Ian Tenzer was out of work because the chef didn’t need him.B There still many jobs for Ian Tenzer to do.C Ian Tenzer hadn’t considered working for private families.D Being a private chef can be economically helpful to Ian Tenzer.4 What would be the best title for this passage ?A Being a private chef can earn more.B Unemployed chefs are being personal cooks.C Chefs from New York City’s top restaurantsD Out-of-work chefs from top restaurantsPassage 4 为隔离患者捐赠iPadNo man is an island. But for the coronavirus (新冠病毒) patients in hospitals, they die alone – physically separated from the friends and family who love them. This cruel reality weighs heavily on a group of New York City volunteers whose mission is to actually connect patients with family members unable to be present due to hospital restrictions on visitors. Their solution: to collect used iPads from across the country and donate them to hospitals in underserved (缺医少药的) communities where the need is most serious. "It’s a heartbreaking scene," Nicolas Heller, a 31-year-old documentarian, said of the thousands of people who have died from the disease in isolation, without the comforting words or touch from a loved one. "A lot of these people are dying prematurely, whether they had medical issues or not. It’s crushing." said Heller, who is part of iPads to Hospitals, an organization – founded by two medical students, Amy Johnson and Jeff Arace –that is collecting used iPads for patients who do not own smartphones capable of video chatting.equipment, such as masks and gloves. The tablet computers can allow medical staff to communicate with patients from outside of the room, decreasing their risk of exposure to the virus.As of Friday morning, the group said it has received 375 used iPads from donors nationwide and raised more than $22,000 through its GoFundMe page to purchase more devices. So far, 50 of the iPads have been donated to Brooklyn’s COVID-only site, University Hospital of Brooklyn at SUNY Downstate, whose staff expressed the critical impact the devices can have on patients and also healthcare workers."The lifeblood of what we’re doing is making use of people’s iPads that are in their drawers and on their desks that they don’t use anymore," said Ian Kaplan, a film director from Brooklyn. "I’ve ha d every make and model of iPad ever made in my hands in the last week," said 29-year-old Kaplan. "With the exception of the first model, which doesn’t have a camera, we can make use of any iPad. However, we are nowhere near meeting the demand of every hospital that we speak with.”1 Why do volunteers collect used iPads ?A To make better use of iPads.B To collect and sell them to patients.C To enable patients to contact with their family.D To equip underserved communities.2 What can we know according to paragraph 2 ?A Heller is one of iPads to Hospitals’s founders.B Hospital staff can use iPads to contact with their family.C These iPads can be beneficial to medical workers.D These iPads can protect hospital staff from the virus.3 What can we infer from the statement of Ian Kaplan ?A People donated iPads because they wanted to buy new ones.B Every make and model of iPad can be used in hospitals.C Those iPads in his hands are all with cameras.D There is still a lot of iPads needed to meet the demand.4 What is the main idea of this passage ?A Patients in hospitals are physically separated.B Group collects used iPads to connect patients with family.C How was iPads to Hospitals founded by two medical students.D How to collect iPads for hospitals.Passage 5 澳大利亚森林大火The wildfires damaging parts of Australia can be seen from space in new satellite images released by NASA. Australia's capital, Canberra, was enveloped in a smoky haze Sunday and air quality at midday was measured at 10 times the usual dangerous limit. The damaging fires have killed at least 24 people in Australia and destroyed almost 2,000 homes. The early and damaging start to Australia’s summ er wildfires, fed by drought and the country's hottest and driest year on record, has also been catastrophic (毁灭性的) for the country's wildlife, likely killing nearly 500 million birds, reptiles and mammals in New South Wales alone, Sydney University ecologist Chris Dickman told the Sydney Morning Herald.Under such extreme conditions, the fires have been generating enough heat to create their own weather systems, including fire-generated thunderstorms and fire tornadoes. Thousands of firefighters continued to fight the flames that have burned millions of acres in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, an area twice the size of Maryland. In New South Wales, the rural fire service (RFS) said as of Sunday there were 150 fires active in the state, 64 of them uncontrolled.On Saturday, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that, for the first time in Australian history, 3,000 army, navy and air force reservists (后备军人) will battle against the fires. He also committed $14 million to hiring fire-fighting aircraft from overseas. On Sunday, cooler temperatures and lighter winds brought some relief to threatened communities, a day after thousands were forced to escape as flames reached the suburban areas of Sydney. Thousands of firefighters fought to contain the fires, but many fires continued to burn out of control, threatening to wipe out rural townships and causing almost incalculable damage to property and wildlife.1 What does the underlined phrase “fed by” mean ?A get food from someoneB be strengthened by somethingC be destroyed by somethingD under control of something2 Why were there thunderstorms and tornadoes ?A Because the fires generated thunderstorms and tornadoes.B Because there was rainy weather.C Because the fires generated enough heat to create extreme weather.D Because the weather systems is easy to change.3 What can we learn form the last paragraph ?A Many soldiers will fight against the fires as they have done before.B Fires were controlled due to cooler temperatures and lighter winds.C A lot of people moved out of the suburban areas.D Damage to property and wildlife is limited.4 What would be the best title for this passage ?A Australia's destructive wildfiresB Soldiers fought against the firesC Wildlife died form the firesD Australia’s wildfires was under control1. C.根据第一段中，The United States is "neck-and-neck" with China in the race todevelop an effective coronavirus vaccine中的race一词，及最后一句We’re sort of neck-and-neck with China -- we've got three, they've got three. 可知，美国和中国目前处于同样的疫苗研发阶段，正在比赛哪国先研制出有效的新冠病毒疫苗。

黄浦江死猪问题的一些看法刘斌 201131141611 经济管理学院 11经济学2班中国环境的现状不容乐观：中国环境问题在中国这30年的快速经济发展下已经愈加严重。

中国环境问题日益恶化，在近些年尤其凸现出来。

沙尘暴、污浊的空气、年年爆发的蓝藻、暴雪洪涝灾害等极端天气的频繁发生，都已经让公众和政府不得不正视中国环境日益恶化的问题。

世界观察研究所发布的《世界状况报告》中指出：中国面临着一些世界上最严峻的环境挑战，具体表现为：世界上污染最严重的20个城市里，中国占了16个，同时大约有300个中国城市面临严重的水资源短缺问题。

中国的385个物种被列为濒危物种。

中国温室气体（GHG）排放量在过去的十年中迅速增长。

中国目前是世界上最大的温室气体排放国之一。

据估算，在2006年燃烧化石燃料和制造水泥造成了62亿吨的二氧化碳排放。

中国的空气质量对大众健康构成极大威胁。

据估计，中国每年死于呼吸道感染的人多达40万，这其中，空气污染是致病的直接原因。

“我们的奋斗目标是：让人民群众喝上干净的水、呼吸清新的空气，有更好的工作和生活环境。

”——国务院总理温家宝《政府工作报告》，2005年3月5日。

中国人最大一个梦不仅仅是实现中华民族的伟大复兴，而是呼吸新鲜空气，喝清淨的水，吃天然的食物。

这个要求，在“旧中国”本来是乞丐的要求;但在中国特色社会主义制度下，今天的中国已经很难找到什么乾淨土了。

现在有一个萦绕世界的环境问题又发生在中国，上海黄浦江松江段近日出现大量死猪漂浮于水面，上海官方称从死猪尸体中检测出猪圆环病毒。

据悉,这些死猪来源于上游浙江嘉兴等县，当地仅在1月份病死猪达1万多头，一些村民将猪的尸体乱扔江里，导致死猪飘浮到上海的黄浦江。

据《新民网》报导，上海黄浦江上游从3月初开始出现死猪漂浮现象，横潦泾河段、松江、金山水域均发现大量死猪尸体，乳猪和几百斤的大猪都有，打捞出死猪尸体目前已达6千多头。

发生这个事件的原因其实也很简单：大批猪死，不是冻死，而是工业化大规模养猪，养殖密度太大，病毒杀死猪抗生素都不顶用，流向餐桌的渠道被拥堵，收购死猪被禁止，村里即便死猪收集站，但不少养猪大户为图方便及节省成本，就往河里一扔了之，因为扔死猪入水不容易被发现，而且成本较低。

高考英语二轮复习题型突击：专题07 新闻报道类P P a a r r t t 11题题型型总总览览【题型综述】在信息时代的今天，我们必须关注国内外的重要事件。

因而时文报道类(也称新闻报道类)文章也是阅读理解中必不可少的。

时文报道类文章一般以记叙文为主。

文章的特点是用非常简练的语言清楚地向读者阐述一件事。

这类文章的写作思路往往是这样的：简述某个事件(何时、何地、何人、何事、结果)——具体描述该事件(细节内容)——作者或其他人的看法和评价。

不过，在表达方式上，作者会运用各种表达方式，如倒叙、插叙等，思维的跳跃性较大。

【技巧点拨】在做题时，既要重视时文类的标题和导语，也要重视每个段落的衔接。

另外，这种文章中往往出现大量的陌生的人名或地名，在阅读时，要学会排除干扰。

【读相关词】1. journalist n ．记者，新闻工作者 2. publish vt.出版；发行 3. professional adj.专业的 4. approve vt.赞成，批准 5. statement n.声明，陈述 6. announce v.宣布；宣告 7. witness v.见证；目击 8. comment vt.&n.评论 9. the media新闻界 10. news summary新闻摘要 11. news release新闻发布 12. press conference记者招待会 13. reliable source可靠新闻来源 14. anecdote n.趣闻轶事15.body n. 新闻正文16.brief n. 简讯17.column n．专栏；栏目18.contributor n．投稿人19.cover vt．采访;采写20.daily n．日报21.deadline n．截稿时间22.digest n．文摘23.feedback n．信息反馈24.folo (=follow-up) n．连续报道25.headline n．新闻标题；内容提要26.highlights n. 要闻27.journaslism n．新闻业;新闻学28.mass media 大众传播媒介29.press n．报界；新闻界30.article n. 文章31.photo＝photograph n. 照片32.title n. 标题，题目33.report n．& vt. 报道，报告34.feature n. 特写，花絮35.criticism n. 评论36.current affairs 时事37.announcer n. 播音员38.columnist n. 专栏作家39.editor n. 编辑40.producer n. 制作人41.publisher n. 发行人42.update vt. 更新；校正43.expose vt. 揭露44.advertise vt. 做广告45.advertising signs 广告牌46.advertise for sth. 登广告征求/寻找……47.arouse wide public concern/draw wide public attention引起广泛的公众关注48.arrange an interview 安排采访49. cover an event报道事件P P a a r r t t 22真真题题感感悟悟【真题详解】【2020·全国新高考II 山东卷】 According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research , both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the in fluence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?12．What is the recent study mainly about?A ．Food safety.B ．Movie viewership.C ．Consumer demand.D ．Eating behavior.13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons.C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.14．Why did the researchers hire the actor?A．To see how she would affect the participants.B．To test if the participants could recognize her.C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.D．To study why she could keep her weight down.15．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?A．How hungry we are. B．How slim we want to be.C．How we perceive others. D．How we feel about the food.【答案】12．D13．D14．A15．C【解析】本文是说明文。

2020年高中英语外刊时文新闻阅读理解四篇Passage 1 美国因黑人死亡引发的抗议示威It's been a week since 46-year-old balck George Floyd died after pleading he couldn't breathe as a Minneapolis officer kneeled on his neck. The four officers involved were fired and Derek Chauvin, who pressed his knee on the man's neck, was charged(控告) with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter. In the days since Floyd's death, thousands poured onto the country's streets to protest the killing and those who died before Floyd as a result of police brutality.The demonstrations(示威游行) began in Minneapolis and spread like wildfire across the US -- Los Angeles, Atlanta, Washington, DC, Miami, New York City and Chicago all saw crowds demonstrating. Many protests were peaceful, with people holding "Black Lives Matter" and "I can't breathe" signs, shouting loudly and armed with face masks for protection against coronavirus(新冠病毒). But some groups turned violent over the weekend, setting fires to buildings and police cars, breaking through windows of businesses, looting(抢劫) and fighting with police forces. Police responded forcefully, shooting tear gas and rubber bullets at the crowds and arresting hundreds throughout the countries. In New York City, a police vehicle was seen driving through a crowd of protesters. In Atlanta, two officers were fired after their violent arrest of two college students was caught on video. It's still unclear what the coming days will look like.To help control the violence, at least 40 cities lawfully established curfews(宵禁) and more than a dozen governors organized National Guard army. In the nation's capital, a similar scene. Just before 8 p.m. Sunday night, armed officers and protesters remained in a standoff in downtown Washington as crowds threw water bottles at police and police responded with flash bangs and pepper spray. In New York, a group of protesters remained in Manhattan as night fell, facing off with police after several fires were set and some stores were looted. Officials in several cities have warned that those who are looting stores and creating scenes of chaos1 What does the underlined word “brutality” mean in paragraph 1 ?A thoughtful assistanceB long working hoursC violent treatment or behaviorD breaking local laws2 What can we learn from paragraph 2 ?A There were wildfires in many cities across the US.B Police used forceful measures trying to control the situation.C All protestors in the US were peacefully holding signs.D The protests will end in a few days.3 What is true about protesters in the US ?A They will be killed during curfews.B They fought against police in Washington.C They stopped protesting after night fall in New York.D They looted stores to protest Floyd's death.4 Which can be the best title of this passage ?A Protestors are under controlB George Floyd’s deathC Police commit violent behaviorD Protests spread like wildfirePassage 2 印度男子步行千里归家Rajesh Chouhan had walked 620 miles (1,000 kilometers) in five days. The 26-year-old migrant worker(外来务工者) was in the heart of India and only halfway home. When India announced its nationwide lockdown on March 24 to stop the spread of the novel coronavirus(新冠病毒). Overnight, many like Chouhan were stranded without jobs, food or savings. They had to figure out ways to leave the cities. With no way to survive in the cities, and India's vast railway network mostly shut down, many made the extraordinary decision to walk thousands of miles back to their families.Normally Chouhan pays 300 rupees ($4) for the 48-hour trip home in the lowest train carriage, but during the pandemic(大流行病) that price rose to 1,200 rupees ($15.90). State police were assigned to sell tickets and keep order at police stations packed with travelers desperate to get home. Police in Bengalore said they used sticks to clear the crowds when sales for the day ended. "We were beaten many times. Just because we are poor, doesn't mean we can't feel pain," says Chouhan. After spending five days outside a police station trying to get a ticket, Chouhan and his fellow villagers decided to walk. They didn't dare tell their families. Many didn't make it. In one incident, 16 laborers were run over by a freight train as they slept on rail tracks. Roadside accidents took the lives of others. Some died from exhaustion, dehydration(脱水) or hunger. Those picked up by police were often sent back to the cities they had tried to leave. Chouhan knew the risks. But on May 12, he decided to challenge India's strict lockdown laws and begin the 1,250-mile (2,000-kilometer) walk to his village in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh.He'd hoped to hitchhike much of the way, but with police checking trucks for stowaways(偷渡者), drivers were demanding fees beyond Chouhan's budget. For 10 days, he'd have to avoid police check points, survive on tea and biscuits, and walk on aching feet. "I don't think I can forget this journey through my life," he says. "It'll always carry memories of sadness and anxiety."1 What does the underlined words “were stranded” probably mean in paragraph 1 ?A be hiredB be hurtC unable to leaveD unable to live2 Why did Chouhan and other villagers decide to walk home ?A Because the price of tickets were too high.B Because they tried to get train tickets in vain.C Because they were beaten by police.D Because the a five-day sale of tickets ended.3 What can we guess about the risks of Chouhan’s journey home ?A He may have lost his money during his walking.B He would have died if he had taken a train.C Police will sent him home if he wishes.D Perhaps he can’t get enough food and drink.4 What can we know about Chouhan ?A He was caught by police amid his journey.B He helped his fellow villagers to get home.C He was impressed by the journey.D He won’t go to cities for jobs.Passage 3 受疫情影响的泰国旅游业With news that many countries in Europe are reopening to tourism in time for summer, travelers with their sights set on Asia are anxiously awaiting word on when they'll be given the green light to visit their favorite destination. As of now, those with Thailand in mind will need to wait at least a few more months before packing their bags. "It is still dependent on the outbreak situation, but I think at the earliest, we may see the return of tourists could be the fourth quarter of this year," Yuthasak Supasorn, governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), said.And even then, he says, there will likely be restrictions on who can visit and where they can go. "We are not going to open all at once," he adds. "We are still on high alert, we just can't let our guards down yet. We have to look at the country of origin (of the travelers) to see if their situation has truly improved. And lastly, we have to see whether our own business operators are ready to receive tourists under the 'new normal'." Basically, a country will open borders with destinations that also have their coronavirus(新冠病毒) situation under control. Once Thailand does open to international tourists, they'll likely only be able to visit certain spots, says Yuthasak. "We have studied a possibility of offering special long-stay packages in isolated and closed areas where health monitoring can be easily controlled -- for example, Koh Pha Ngan and Koh Samui. This will be beneficial for both tourists and local residents, since this is almost a kind of quarantine(隔离)." Yuthasak says they're finishing up a framework to restart tourism, but baby steps are needed to relight international tourism. "The next step is bilateral agreements between countries," he says. "Thailand's good standing in the face of the crisis with China, along with strong demand, make it a logical short-term solution for overseas tourism to return to the Kingdom." For now, Thailand isn't taking any chances and the country's borders are firmly shut.1 When will Thailand reopen to tourists according to Yuthasak Supasorn ?A We don’t know yet.B Maybe in two months.C Perhaps about in October.D At the end of this year.2 How will the Thailand government decide who can visit ?A They will ask where the tourists will go.B They will send guards to follow the tourists.C They will ask business operators to decide.D They will check where the tourists come form.3 What will happen when Thailand reopen to international tourists ?A Tourists can’t visit spots as many as they like.B Tourists will stay in isolated and closed areas.C Tourists will get food and drink form government.D Tourists can’t stay long in Thailand.4 What can be the title of this passage ?A Come and visit Thailand.B Thailand isn’t reopening yet.C Thailand’s tourism is back to life.D Why tourists like Thailand.Passage 4 美国面临的树木危机If you're looking for a reason to care about tree loss, this summer's record-breaking heat waves might be it. Trees can lower summer daytime temperatures by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit(华氏度), according to a recent study. But tree cover in US cities is shrinking. A study published last year by the US Forest Service found that we lost 36 million trees annually from urban and rural communities over a five-year period. If we continue on this path, "cities will become warmer, more polluted and generally more unhealthy for inhabitants," said David Nowak, a senior US Forest Service scientist and co-author of the study. Nowak says there are many reasons our tree cover is declining, including hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, insects and disease. But the one reason for tree loss that humans can control is sensible development."We see the tree cover being changed, which means when we look at the photographs, what was there is now replaced with a parking lot or a building," Nowak said. "Every time we put a road down, we put a building and we cut a tree or add a tree, it not only affects that site, it affects the region." The study placed a value on tree loss based on trees' role in air pollution removal and energy conservation.Nowak says there's a downside to trees too, such as pollen allergies or large falling branches in storms, "and people don't like sweeping leaves." But, he says, there are ways cities and counties can manage trees to help communities thrive. Urban forests especially need our help to replace fallen trees. Unlike rural areas, it is very difficult for trees to repopulate themselves in a city environment with so much pavement and asphalt(沥青). "A lot of our native trees can't actually find a place to drop a seed so they can regenerate," explains Greg Levine, co-executive director for Trees Atlanta. "That's why the community has to go in and actually plant a tree because the areas just aren't natural anymore."Nowak says the first step is caring for the trees on your own property. "We think we pay for our house, and so we must maintain it. But because we don't pay for nature, we don't need to. And that's not necessarily1 Why does the author mention “trees can lower summer daytime temperatures” ?A To tell the temperatures in summer are high.B To introduce the topic.C To tell trees are helpful.D To explain the reason of tree loss.2 How can humans control tree loss according to Nowak ?A Improve climate to let trees grow.B Prevent fires form damaging trees.C Develop cities in reasonable ways.D Decrease insects in citites.3 Why forests in cities need our help ?A Because trees in urban areas can’t regenerate naturally.B Because native trees don’t drop seeds any more.C Because trees don’t grow in a city environment.D Because humans want to plant more trees.4 What is the purpose of this passage ?A Describe the importance of trees in cities.B Show the number of trees in the US is declining.C Ask people to plant trees with the author.D Appeal people to protect trees in their surroundings.1. C. 根据句意：在弗洛伊德死后的几天里，成千上万的人涌上街头，抗议警察的___导致的杀戮和在弗洛伊德之前死亡的人。

公务员考试行测、申论真题、模拟题尽收其中，千名业界权威名师精心解析，精细化试题分析、完美申论范文一网打尽！在线做题就选砖题库：/热点概述2013年3月上海黄浦江松江段水域大量漂浮死猪的情况，2013年3月10日向上海市农委及松江区相关部门了解了最新进展：已打捞的死猪数量超过了1200头。

这些死猪基本来源于上海的上游地区。

上海正加紧协调黄浦江上游周边地区，调查死猪来源，以从源头上制止死猪不规范处置行为。

上海市水务局表示，松江当地的自来水水质“数据正常”，符合相关标准。

黄浦江死猪事件中的死猪数量又有增加，截止16日15时，上海相关区水域内打捞起漂浮死猪累计已达8965头。

相关评论@东华大学经济发展与合作研究所所长严诚忠：黄浦江与浙江水域相连，又是上海自来水水源地之一，应建立联防联治的协同机制。

对于中等流域以上的河流，国家有关部门都应出面协调，建立联防联治、齐抓共管的机制，并对监管不力的责任部门严加追究、处理到人，防止出事—应对—再出事—再应对的恶性循环。

@水利部专家、清华大学环境学院教授张晓健：由于属地管理原则，河道流经的地方政府各有自己的处置权，这导致在实际操作层面，尤其是涉及到跨省域的水污染事件上，互相配合欠周全。

因此，流域环保的公共责任与分段责任等，都是需要以制度来反思的命题。

@农业部副部长陈晓华曾：应加强对养殖户的健康养殖和环保意识的教育;同时，应制定一套无害化处理奖补的措施，以利及时发现问题并处理。

工作过的人士表示，“其实，我们国家的跨区域联盟不是没有，比如长江中下游流域、太湖流域、长三角地区等等，都有各种联盟、联席会议制度什么的。

只是这些机构都没有被赋予相应的权力，对各地政府没有实质性的制约作用”。

@王缅来：不知怎么想到：天蓬元帅，率领十万水师。

@耿喆：二师兄家出了什么事了?@oldharry：圈栏玉砌应犹在，只是猪颜改。

问君能有几多愁，恰似一江肥猪向东流。

@一位曾经在上海水务局工作过的人士：“其实，我们国家的跨区域联盟不是没有，比如长江中下游流域、太湖流域、长三角地区等等，都有各种联盟、联席会议制度什么的。

托福阅读背景知识积累：美国报纸报道上海死猪事件Here's a riddle for you： When is the discovery of 2，813 dead and rotting pigs in a major city's water source not a public health problem?给你出个谜语：一个大型城市的水源在什么情况下发现2813头腐烂的死猪不算是一个公共卫生问题?Answer： When the discovery is made in China.答案：当在中国发现的时候。

The Shanghai water bureau， which oversees the water consumed in China's largest city， was insisting on Monday that tap water derived from the Huangpu River met national standards despite the presence of the decomposing pigs.负责监管这座中国最大城市用水的上海水务局在周一坚称，尽管出现大量腐败的死猪，来自黄浦江的自来水水质仍然符合国家标准。

All I can say is that I am glad I live in Beijing， not Shanghai.我所能说的是，我很高兴自己住在北京，而不是上海。

Truly disgusting photographs of bloated porcine carcasses on a riverbank have appeared in many Chinese papers and websites， drawing attention to what seems – believe it or not – to be a relatively common occurrence.中国许多家报纸和网站都刊登了令人极其恶心的发胀死猪尸体照片，让大众注意到这似乎是一种比较普遍的现象，不论你信不信。

“死猪漂浮”引发生态反思（自然生态作文）上海黄浦江上游的死猪漂浮事件引起社会关注，也引来不少担忧。

挑战面前，上海市为了化解这场“水危机”殚精竭虑，一方面逐日打捞死猪，并做无害化处理;另一方面，则逐日向媒体详细通报相关信息，力求公开透明。

从目前来看，经过艰苦努力，死猪漂浮事件取得了阶段性成果，保证了上海市民的饮水安全。

但是，这场危机还难以画上句号。

随着记者调查的深入，各种谜团也渐渐浮出水面，带来对这起突发事件更加深刻的反思。

漂浮的死猪虽暂时捞尽，还会不会卷土重来?毕竟，黄浦江上游河众多，面对“跨省市污染”，还需追根溯源，加强协同治理。

正是在这一问题上，还有不少疑团待解：为什么在事件发生后，连死猪源头这一望而知的问题，相关方都不愿认账?死猪的病死原因何以欲说还休，至今还是一笔糊涂账?对这些死猪，当地政府有否采取必要措施安全处置?农业部对动物无害化处置的三令五申，是否在当地得到落实?当大量死猪沿江漂流，上下游能否联合行动，而不是只靠上海方面的末端处置?纵观这场“水危机”从起源到化解的来龙去脉，再联系此前各地的水污染、雾霾、沙尘暴等诸多环境突发事件，不难发现，仅仅是事发地一方的努力，就算是再尽心、再周全、再有担当，也会显得力不从心、捉襟见肘，只能收一时之效，而非正本清源的长久之计。

不管是死猪漂到上海所带来的水质恐慌，还是雾霾“串门”来到北京所引发的呼吸焦虑，它们都在提醒我们，环境安全问题绝不是一个地方单独行动所能解决的。

一旦在人群聚集的大城市突发环境污染，影响面将非常巨大。

但是，它们毕竟只是一个一个“点”，而水和空气都是流动不居的，我们的关注焦点不能只盯在事发地，而忽略了问题的'根源和演化的过程。

行政管辖，固然守土有责，但这并不意味着就可以“各扫自家门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜”，尤其在生态环保方面，上游下游、各个地区都是一个命运共同体，哪个环节掉链子都不行。

囿于一隅、只顾自己，就会导致“跨界污染”久拖不决、愈演愈烈，最终埋单的还是大家。

2019-2020学年上海美国学校高三语文下学期期中试题及参考答案一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面文字，完成下面小题。

材料一：新型冠状病毒属于β属的冠状病毒，研究显示其与蝙蝠SARS样冠状病毒同源性达85%以上。

该病毒对紫外线和热敏感。

乙醚，75%乙醇、含氯消毒剂、过氧乙酸等脂溶剂均可有效灭活病毒，氯已定不能有效灭活病毒。

目前所见传染源主要是新型冠状病毒感染的患者。

无症状感染者也可能成为传染源，只是其传播力较弱。

国家医疗专家组成员李兴旺指出，无症状感染者的病毒载量可能比较少，传播力会较弱，多是在和病人接触较多的情况下发生的，尤其是家庭聚集性感染比较明显。

人群普遍易感，儿童也不例外。

以发热、乏力、干咳为主要表现。

少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、咽痛和腹泻等症状。

轻型患者仅表现为低热、轻微乏力等，无肺炎表现。

重型、危重型患者病程中可表现为中低热，甚至无明显发热。

目前没有确认有效的抗病毒治疗方法。

避免盲目或不恰当使用抗菌药物，尤其是联合使用广谱抗菌药物。

解除隔离和出院标准：体温恢复正常3天以上、呼吸道症状明显好转，肺部影像学显示炎症明显吸收，连续两次呼吸道病原核酸检测阴性(采样时间间隔至少1天)。

治愈者仍有再次感染的风险。

中日友好医院肺炎防治专家组组长詹庆元指出，从一般规律看，病毒感染后人体会产生抗体，但有的抗体持续时间不长，痊愈的人仍应加强防护。

国家卫健委专家组成员邱海波指出，从临床经验来说，康复期的病人没有传染性，出院的病，人没有传染性。

（摘编自《新冠肺炎的30个真相》，《人民日报》2020年2月7日)材料二：下表为新型冠状病毒在不同情况下的存活时间。

存在物品(物质)环境温度存活时间空气10-15°C4小时25°C2--30分钟飞沫<25°C24小时鼻涕50°C30分钟液体75°C15分钟无纺布10-15°C<8小时不锈钢10-15°C24小时75%酒精品任何温度<5分钟肥皂水任何温度<5分钟(数据源自《新型冠状病毒在不同情况下能存活多久？》，微信公众号“大医同盟”2020年2月12日)材料三：根据澳大利亚联邦卫生部的消息，截至当地时间12日6时，该国共确诊了15例新冠肺炎病例，其中有5例已被治愈。

高一英语新闻报道类阅读试题答案及解析1. Big Ben, the landmark of London, a clock famous for its accuracy and chimes(和谐的钟声), stopped working for 90 minutes, an engineer said Saturday.People do not know why the 147-year-old clock on the banks of the River Thames stopped at 10:07 p.m. Friday. It continued keeping time, but stopped again at 10:20 p.m. and remained silent for about 90 minutes before starting up again, a spokeswoman for the House ofCommons said.There has been speculation(推测) that a recent period of hot weather may have been toblame(责备). Temperatures in London reached 90 ℉on Saturday, and forecasters called it England’s hottest day in May since 1953.The clock has experienced occasional problems. In 1962, snow caused the clock to stop before the New Year. In 1976, the clock stopped when a piece of its machinery broke. Big Ben also stopped on April 30, 1997, and once more three weeks later.【1】How many times has Big Ben stopped up to now?A．Three B．Five C．Six D．Eight【答案】C【解析】细节题：根据第二段的句子：stopped at 10:07 p.m. Friday. It continued keeping time, but stopped again at 10:20 p.m.可知大本钟这次停了两次，根据第四段的内容可知以前停过四次，一共是六次，所以选C。

2021年中考高分秘籍之真题分类精解（说明文阅读）专题10 生活科普（一）一、（2021·重庆B）阅读下面的实用类文本，完18—21题。

（18分）微塑料：“微”不足道却影响世界在2021年欧洲消化医学会肠胃病学学术会议上，奥地利科学家报告，在人类的粪便样品中首次发现微塑料，引发了人们新的担忧。

国际上普遍将环境中小于5毫米的塑料颗粒定义为微塑料。

这种物质在自然界本来是不存在的，完全是人造的结果。

自然界中的微塑料有两种来源。

一种是原生来源，即塑料在制造出来时，就是体积很小的塑料微粒，如牙膏、磨砂洗面奶等日用品中的柔珠。

柔珠有助于增加液体密度、去除角质，同时也让产品变得新鲜好看。

另外还有在生产和运输的过程中因泄露而进入环境的塑料微粒。

另一种是次生来源，主要是塑料废弃物在进入海洋环境后，受到风浪和紫外线的影响和海洋生物的吞食，逐渐破碎而形成的微小颗粒。

海洋微塑料极易被生物误食。

研究表明，小至浮游生物，大到鲸鱼，它们和塑料遭遇的结果往往是致命的。

微塑料能进入动物血液，淋巴系统，甚至肝脏，造成肠道甚至生殖系统的损害。

那微塑料会危害人体健康吗有研究认为，人类摄入的微塑料，尽管大部分随粪便排出，但仍会有少量的存留在体内，长期的蓄积，就可能造成危害。

直径小于20微米的微塑料是可以进入血液循环系统的，这些细小的颗粒如果进入血液，危害就难以预料。

更为严重的是，由于微塑料具有较强的吸附性，它可以积聚持久性有毒污染物，同时也可作为传播有毒或致病微生物的载体，对人体健康构成威胁。

目前，每个成人每年通过呼吸、饮用水、食用贝类所摄取的微塑料颗粒可高达32000个。

尽管微塑料对于人类的影响还没有定论，但潜在的危险是存在的。

面对日益严重的塑料污染，全球范围的禁塑行动陆续展开。

近段时间，英国呼吁在全球范围内禁止柔珠。

柔珠很小，很难被过滤系统拦截，被排放到河流、湖泊和海洋中，造成环境污染。

在美国纽约，每年大约有19吨的柔珠被冲进下水道。

考点22 概要写作之各类体裁实战技巧（下）近年真题考点分布【思维导图】【知识梳理】记叙文、说明文、议论文、研究报告类概要写作技巧记叙文：what / who / when / where / why / how（语篇模式）议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)（语篇模式）说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)（语篇模式）新闻报道类：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs研究报告类：purpose of research/experimental subject /process of research/result of research/research significance /application一、概要写作的基本原则用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的主要思想和观点。

概要是简写或再现其他人的观点、思想，是再现(representation)。

无须加评论，要客观呈现原文的思想。

二、概要写作的特点完整：用自己的语言简要概括原文的主要思想和观点简要：去掉不必要的细节，如例子，解释等其他信息（通常是原文的四分之一或五分之一）连贯：概要不是关键词句的堆积，而应该是一个逻辑性强、意义连贯的段落。

客观性：要忠实于原文，不要在概要中加入自己的想法或观点。

三、概要写作的基本结构四、概要写作考查的能力阅读理解的能力：看懂文章结构，根据短文的结构总结出作者所表达的每个层次的观点；意义删选的能力：会区分事实与观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系；释义能力：根据同义或近义原则用英文解释英文，用自己的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能照抄原文；逻辑组织能力：将总结和释义好的几个相对独立的句子进行有效衔接以使行文连贯。

2021届上海市致远高级中学高三语文月考试卷及答案解析一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的文字，完成各题。

在美国文化和图书分类中，虚构文学与非虚构文学是两种主要的类型，虚构文学主要指小说"戏剧、诗歌等，非虚构文学则是纪实文学、散文、传记、调查报告等。

1966年美国新闻记者杜鲁门•卡波特《冷血》被视为非虚构文学的发端，作品凭借对新闻背后故事的深入发掘，参与到美国社会60年代的自我反思、批判之中。

回到中国语境，非虚构写作的流行大致有两个脉络，一个集中在文学领域，出现了一批如《中国在梁庄》《大地上的亲人》等作品；二是集中在新闻领域，借助移动互联网平台，非虚构式的新闻报道如《太平洋大逃杀亲历者自述》《少年杀母事件》《了不起的茅侃侃》等成为“10万+”文章。

前者主要是专业作家或和文学有密切关系的写作者完成，后者基本上是新闻人、媒体人，很多有在传统新闻媒体工作的经验。

移动互联网的崛起，对纸媒等传统媒体带来多方面的冲击，使得传统新闻业面临危机，体现之一是很多资深记者跳槽到移动互联网平台，如正午故事、谷雨故事、真实故事计划、《人物》、《南方人物周刊》等。

由于非虚构文章经常成为“爆款”，这导致自媒体公号文章追求非虚构的风格，成为新闻性非虚构写作兴起的内在原因。

非虚构写作还与社会学、人类学有一定的关系。

一些经典的社会学报告和人类学田野调查现在看起来都带有非虚构的色彩，如美国机械专家韩丁的《翻身：中国一个村庄的革命纪实》，中国社会学家吕途的《中国新工人：迷失与崛起》等，都是典型的非虚构作品，呈现出了新中国社会与历史的变迁。

在研究方法上，社会学、人类学所使用的民族志、口述史、田野调查，对非虚构也完全适用。

非虚构写作的伦理问题，主要是写作者与被写作对象的关系，是一种自我与他者的遭遇和交流的过程。

好的非虚构作品强调的是自我与他者的平等意识和倾听理念，不是先入为主地用自我的理念来讲述他者的故事，而是首先学会倾听，去站在他者的位置上来理解别人的逻辑，进而把自我的认同相对化，这种自我与他者的对话，既是为了使他者发出主体性的声音，又是对自我的一次反思。