Guest Editorial A DISCUSSION OF HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR

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美发水说明书

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL AND SUPPLIERTelephone +61 2 9938 1800Fax +61 2 9905 0979EmailWebsite2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONNOT CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN WHS REGULATIONS 2.2 Label elementsNo signal word, pictograms, hazard or precautionary statements have been allocated.No information provided.2.3 Other hazards2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture3. COMPOSITION/ INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSIngredient CAS Number EC Number Content Remainder 7732-18-5231-791-2WATER <10%--ADDITIVE(S)2.5%--NONIONIC SURFACTANT(S)3.1 Substances / Mixtures4. FIRST AID MEASURESIf in eyes,hold eyelids apart and flush continuously with running water.Continue flushing until advised to stop by a Poisons Information Centre, a doctor, or for at least 15 minutes.4.1 Description of first aid measuresEyeInhalation If inhaled, remove from contaminated area. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing.Skin If skin or hair contact occurs,remove contaminated clothing and flush skin and hair with running water.Continue flushing with water until advised to stop by a Poisons Information Centre or a doctor.IngestionFor advice,contact a Poison Information Centre on 131126(Australia Wide)or a doctor (at once).If swallowed, do not induce vomiting.+61 2 9938 1800+61 2 9905 0979First aid facilities Eye wash facilities should be available.4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedMay cause irritation to the eyes and skin.4.3 Immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically.5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES5.1 Extinguishing mediaUse an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire.5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureNon flammable. May evolve carbon oxides and hydrocarbons when heated to decomposition.5.3 Advice for firefightersTreat as per requirements for surrounding fires.Evacuate area and contact emergency services.Remain upwind and notify those downwind of hazard.Wear full protective equipment including Self Contained Breathing Apparatus(SCBA)when combating e waterfog to cool intact containers and nearby storage areas.5.4 Hazchem codeNone allocated.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresWear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as detailed in section 8 of the SDS.6.2 Environmental precautionsPrevent product from entering drains and waterways.6.3 Methods of cleaning upIf spilt (bulk), mop up area. CAUTION: Spill site may be slippery.6.4 Reference to other sectionsSee Sections 8 and 13 for exposure controls and disposal.7. HANDLING AND STORAGE7.1 Precautions for safe handlingBefore use carefully read the product e of safe work practices are recommended to avoid eye or skin contact and inhalation. Observe good personal hygiene, including washing hands before eating. Prohibit eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas.7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesStore in a cool,dry,well ventilated area,removed from incompatible substances and foodstuffs.Ensure containers are adequately labelled, protected from physical damage and sealed when not in use. Check regularly for leaks or spills.7.3 Specific end use(s)No information provided.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION8.1 Control parametersExposure standardsNo exposure standards have been entered for this product.Biological limitsNo biological limit values have been entered for this product.8.2 Exposure controlsEngineering controls Avoid inhalation. Use in well ventilated areas.PPEEye / Face Wear splash-proof goggles.Hands Wear PVC or rubber gloves.BodyWhen using large quantities or where heavy contamination is likely, wear coveralls.RespiratoryNot required under normal conditions of use.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesCLEAR TO OPAQUE LIQUID AppearanceODOURLESS OdourNON FLAMMABLE FlammabilityNOT AVAILABLE Flash point100°C (Approximately)Boiling point< 0°C Melting pointAS FOR WATER Evaporation rate7pHNOT AVAILABLE Vapour density1.0 (Approximately)Specific gravitySOLUBLE Solubility (water)NOT AVAILABLE Vapour pressureNOT AVAILABLE Upper explosion limitNOT AVAILABLE Lower explosion limitNOT AVAILABLE Partition coefficientNOT AVAILABLE Autoignition temperatureNOT AVAILABLEDecomposition temperature NOT AVAILABLE ViscosityNOT AVAILABLE Explosive propertiesNOT AVAILABLE Oxidising propertiesNOT AVAILABLE Odour threshold 9.2 Other information> 90 % (Water)% Volatiles10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY10.2 Chemical stabilityStable under recommended conditions of storage.10.4 Conditions to avoid No known conditions to avoid.10.5 Incompatible materialsIncompatible with oxidising agents (e.g. hypochlorites) and acids (e.g. nitric acid).May evolve carbon oxides and hydrocarbons when heated to decomposition.10.6 Hazardous decomposition productsPolymerization is not expected to occur.10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions 10.1 ReactivityCarefully review all information provided in sections 10.2 to 10.6.11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONAcute toxicityInformation available for the product:This product is expected to be of low acute toxicity.Under normal conditions of use,adverse health effects are not anticipated.Skin Not classified as a skin irritant.Contact may cause temporary mild skin irritation.Prolonged or repeated contact may result in drying and defatting of the skin.EyeNot classified as an eye irritant. Contact may cause discomfort, lacrimation and redness.Sensitization Not classified as causing skin or respiratory sensitisation.Not classified as causing organ damage from single exposure.STOT – single exposure AspirationThis product does not present an aspiration hazard.Not classified as causing organ damage from repeated exposure.STOT – repeated exposure Reproductive Not classified as a reproductive toxin.Carcinogenicity Not classified as a carcinogen.Mutagenicity Not classified as a mutagen.11.1 Information on toxicological effects 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION12.1 ToxicityNo information provided.12.2 Persistence and degradability No information provided.12.4 Mobility in soil No information provided.12.5 Other adverse effects No information provided.12.3 Bioaccumulative potential No information provided.13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSWaste disposalReuse where possible.For small amounts,flush to sewer with excess water.Alternatively absorb with sand,vermiculite or similar and dispose of to an approved landfill site.Contact the manufacturer/supplier for additional information if disposing of large quantities (if required).Aquatic life may be threatened and environmental damage may result if large quantities are allowed to enter waterways.13.1 Waste treatment methodsLegislationDispose of in accordance with relevant local ND TRANSPORT (ADG)SEA TRANSPORT (IMDG / IMO)AIR TRANSPORT(IATA / ICAO)14.4 Packing Group None Allocated None Allocated None Allocated None AllocatedNone AllocatedNone Allocated 14.3 Transport hazard class 14.1 UN Number 14.2 ProperShipping Name None AllocatedNone Allocated None AllocatedNone Allocated None Allocated None AllocatedNo information provided14.5 Environmental hazardsNOT CLASSIFIED AS A DANGEROUS GOOD BY THE CRITERIA OF THE ADG CODE, IMDG OR IATA14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONNone AllocatedHazchem code14.6 Special precautions for user15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONPoison scheduleA poison schedule number has not been allocated to this product using the criteria in the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP).15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixtureRisk phrases None allocated.AUSTRALIA: AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances)All components are listed on AICS, or are exempt.Inventory listing(s)Safety phrases None allocated.Hazard codes None allocated.Safework Australia criteria is based on the Globally Harmonised System (GHS)of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.ClassificationsThe classifications and phrases listed below are based on the Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC: 1008(2004)].16. OTHER INFORMATIONPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT GUIDELINES:The recommendation for protective equipment contained within this report is provided as a guide only.Factors such as method of application,working environment,quantity used,product concentration and the availability of engineering controls should be considered before final selection of personal protective equipment is made.HEALTH EFFECTS FROM EXPOSURE:It should be noted that the effects from exposure to this product will depend on several factors including:frequency and duration of use;quantity used;effectiveness of control measures;protective equipment used and method of application.Given that it is impractical to prepare a ChemAlert report which would encompass all possible scenarios,it is anticipated that users will assess the risks and apply control methods where appropriate.ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsCAS #Chemical Abstract Service number - used to uniquely identify chemical compounds CNS Central Nervous SystemEC No.EC No - European Community NumberEMS Emergency Schedules (Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods)GHS Globally Harmonized SystemGTEPG Group Text Emergency Procedure Guide IARC International Agency for Research on CancerLC50Lethal Concentration, 50% / Median Lethal Concentration LD50Lethal Dose, 50% / Median Lethal Dose mg/m³Milligrams per Cubic Metre OEL Occupational Exposure LimitpH relates to hydrogen ion concentration using a scale of 0 (high acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline).ppm Parts Per MillionSTEL Short-Term Exposure LimitSTOT-RE Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)STOT-SE Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)SUSMP Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons SWA Safe Work Australia TLV Threshold Limit Value TWATime Weighted AverageAbbreviationsAdditional informationPRODUCT NAME This document has been compiled by RMT on behalf of the manufacturer,importer or supplier of the product and serves as their Safety Data Sheet ('SDS').It is based on information concerning the product which has been provided to RMT by the manufacturer,importer or supplier or obtained from third party sources and is believed to represent the current state of knowledge as to the appropriate safety and handling precautions for the product at the time of issue.Further clarification regarding any aspect of the product should be obtained directly from the manufacturer, importer or supplier.While RMT has taken all due care to include accurate and up-to-date information in this SDS,it does not provide any warranty as to accuracy or completeness.As far as lawfully possible,RMT accepts no liability for any loss,injury or damage (including consequential loss)which may be suffered or incurred by any person as a consequence of their reliance on the information contained in this SDS.Report statusPrepared byRisk Management Technologies 5 Ventnor Ave, West Perth Western Australia 6005 Phone: +61 8 9322 1711 Fax: +61 8 9322 1794 Email:************.au Web: .au.[ End of SDS ]Cellar guardPrepared by: Bracton Industries (NSW) Pty LtdThis SDS is prepared in accord with the Safe Work Australia document “Code of Practice for the Preparation of Safety Data Sheets for Hazardous Chemicals - December 2011” The information contained in this safety data sheet is provided in good faith and is believed to be accurate at the date of issuance. Bracton Industries (NSW) Pty Ltd makes no representation of the accuracy or comprehensiveness of the information and to the full extent allowed by law excludes all liability for any loss or damage related to the supply or use of the information in this material safety data sheet. The user is cautioned to make their own determinations as to the suitability of the information provided to the particular circumstances in which the product is used.。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

journal of hazardous materials 的guide for authors

journal of hazardous materials 的guide for authorsThe Journal of Hazardous Materials (JHM) has specific guidelines for authors to follow when submitting their research papers for publication. These guidelines are designed to ensure that all manuscripts are submitted in a consistent format and meet the necessary criteria for publication. Here is an overview of the guide for authors for the JHM:1. Scope and focus: The JHM publishes articles that contribute to the understanding of hazard and risk assessment, management, and mitigation of hazardous materials. Authors should ensure that their research aligns with the scope and focus of the journal.2. Manuscript preparation: Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the JHM's formatting guidelines. This includes using a clear and concise writing style, following a logical structure (including sections such as Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion), and ensuring correct grammar and punctuation.3. Title and abstract: The title of the manuscript should accurately reflect the content of the research. The abstract should provide a brief summary of the study's objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract should be informative and concise, typically limited to 250 words.4. Keywords: Authors should provide a list of keywords that accurately reflect the main topics and concepts covered in their research. These keywords help index and categorize the manuscript, making it easier for others to find.5. Results and discussion: Authors should present their findings clearly and concisely. The discussion should analyze and interpret the results, provide context, and explain the significance of the findings. Authors should avoid excessive repetition of information presented in tables or figures.6. References: Authors should provide a list of references used in their research. The JHM follows the Vancouver citation style, which requires numbered references in the order they appear in the manuscript. Citations within the text should be marked with superscript Arabic numerals.7. Supplementary information: Authors may provide supplementary information, such as additional data, figures, or tables, to support their research. This information should be included as separate files when submitting the manuscript.8. Ethical considerations: Authors are expected to adhere to ethical guidelines, including obtaining necessary permissions and approvals for human or animal studies, as well as disclosing any potential conflicts of interest.9. Submission process: Manuscripts should be submitted electronically through the JHM's online submission system. The system will guide authors through the submission process and allow them to upload their manuscript, figures, and supplementary information.It is important for authors to carefully review the full guide for authors on the JHM's official website to ensure they comply with all requirements and guidelines before submitting their research papers for publication.。

四级单词

prompt促进，迅速的敏捷的
invention发明，虚构
suburb郊区
crush挤出，压碎
magnet磁铁
defect缺点叛变
attribute把什么归因到什么
chip削
dull无聊的
provoke挑衅激怒
substitute替代
orbit轨道
correspondent通讯记者
telescope望远镜
extensive广泛的，广阔的，大量的
current现在的，最近的，流通的
mask面具，掩饰
decay腐烂，腐朽，衰退
criticism批评
feedback反馈
perceive理解，察觉
scarcely几乎不，简直不
clay泥土
temporary暂时的
tag标签
nephew侄子，外甥
motivate刺激，激发什么的积极性
sketch略图，梗概
tame驯养
setting背景
emerge浮现，暴露
famine饥饿
fundamental基本的，根本的
anticipate预期，期望
compress压缩，压紧
pepper胡椒粉，辣椒
moderate
atomic
anchor
tense
flour
collision
paw
crew
interference
flesh
innocent
outline
fertilizer
tension
distinguish
terminal

快杀残留昆虫毒烟霭杀螳螂和蚂蚁说明书

SAFETY DATA SHEET1. IdentificationProduct number1000012027Product identifier FAST KILL RESIDUAL ROACH & ANT KILLERCompany information Claire Manufacturing Co.1005 S. Westgate DriveAddison, IL 60101 United StatesCompany phone General Assistance 1-630-543-7600Emergency telephone US1-866-836-88551-952-852-4646Emergency telephone outsideUSVersion #01Recommended use PESTICIDERecommended restrictions None known.2. Hazard(s) identificationFlammable aerosolsCategory 1Physical hazardsAcute toxicity, inhalationCategory 4Health hazardsAspiration hazardCategory 1Not classified.Environmental hazardsNot classified.OSHA defined hazardsLabel elementsSignal word DangerHazard statement Extremely flammable aerosol. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.Precautionary statementPrevention Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Do not spray on an openflame or other ignition source. Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.Response If swallowed: Immediately call a poison center/doctor. Do NOT induce vomiting.Storage Store locked up. Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50°C/122°F.Disposal Not available.Hazard(s) not otherwiseNone known.classified (HNOC)Supplemental information None.3. Composition/information on ingredientsMixturesChemical name Common name and synonymsCAS number% Distillates (Petroleum),64742-47-880 - 90Hydrotreated LightButane 2.5 - 10106-97-874-98-6Propane 2.5 - 10 Esfenvalerate0.01 - 0.166230-04-4#: This substance has workplace exposure limit(s).*Designates that a specific chemical identity and/or percentage of composition has been withheld as a trade secret.4. First-aid measuresInhalation Move to fresh air. Oxygen or artificial respiration if needed. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method ifvictim inhaled the substance. Induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equippedwith a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Get medical attentionimmediately.Skin contact Wash off with warm water and soap.Eye contact Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses, ifpresent and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists. Ingestion Call a physician or poison control center immediately. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs,keep head low so that stomach content doesn't get into the lungs. No need for first aid isanticipated if material is swallowed.Most importantsymptoms/effects, acute anddelayedAspiration may cause pulmonary edema and pneumonitis.Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed Provide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically. Keep victim under observation. Symptoms may be delayed.General information Immediate medical attention is required. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of thematerial(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. Show this safety data sheet tothe doctor in attendance.5. Fire-fighting measuresSuitable extinguishing media Alcohol resistant foam. Water fog. Dry chemical powder. Dry chemicals. Carbon dioxide (CO2). Unsuitable extinguishingmediaDo not use water jet as an extinguisher, as this will spread the fire.Specific hazards arising from the chemical Contents under pressure. Pressurized container may explode when exposed to heat or flame. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters Firefighters must use standard protective equipment including flame retardant coat, helmet with face shield, gloves, rubber boots, and in enclosed spaces, SCBA.Fire-fighting equipment/instructions Firefighters must use standard protective equipment including flame retardant coat, helmet with face shield, gloves, rubber boots, and in enclosed spaces, SCBA. Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Cool containers exposed to heat with water spray and remove container, if no risk is involved. Containers should be cooled with water to prevent vapor pressure build up. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles, if possible. If not, withdraw and let fire burn out.Specific methods Use standard firefighting procedures and consider the hazards of other involved materials. Movecontainers from fire area if you can do so without risk. In the event of fire and/or explosion do notbreathe fumes.General fire hazards Extremely flammable aerosol.6. Accidental release measuresPersonal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Keep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Keep out of low areas. Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained. For personal protection, see section 8 of the SDS.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up Refer to attached safety data sheets and/or instructions for use. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. This material is classified as a water pollutant under the Clean Water Act and should be prevented from contaminating soil or from entering sewage and drainage systems which lead to waterways. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Move the cylinder to a safe and open area if the leak is irreparable. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb in vermiculite, dry sand or earth and place into containers. Following product recovery, flush area with water.Small Spills: Wipe up with absorbent material (e.g. cloth, fleece). Clean surface thoroughly to remove residual contamination. For waste disposal, see section 13 of the SDS. This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.Environmental precautions Avoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground.7. Handling and storagePrecautions for safe handling Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not use if spray button is missingor defective. Do not spray on a naked flame or any other incandescent material. Do not smokewhile using or until sprayed surface is thoroughly dry. Do not cut, weld, solder, drill, grind, orexpose containers to heat, flame, sparks, or other sources of ignition. All equipment used whenhandling the product must be grounded. Do not re-use empty containers. Avoid contact with eyes.Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Use only in well-ventilated areas. Wear appropriatepersonal protective equipment. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Avoid release to theenvironment. Handle and open container with care. Observe good industrial hygiene practices.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Level 3 Aerosol.Store locked up. Pressurized container. Protect from sunlight and do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50°C/122 °F. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not handle or store near an open flame, heat or other sources of ignition. This material can accumulate static charge which may cause spark and become an ignition source. Refrigeration recommended. Store away from incompatible materials (see Section 10 of the SDS). Level 3 Aerosol.8. Exposure controls/personal protectionOccupational exposure limitsUS. OSHA Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants (29 CFR 1910.1000)ValueComponents TypePEL1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6)1000 ppmUS. ACGIH Threshold Limit ValuesValueComponents TypeSTEL1000 ppmButane (CAS 106-97-8)US. NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsValueComponents TypeTWA1900 mg/m3Butane (CAS 106-97-8)800 ppmTWA1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6)1000 ppmBiological limit values No biological exposure limits noted for the ingredient(s).Exposure guidelines No Exposure standards allocated.Appropriate engineeringcontrolsEnsure adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas.Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentEye/face protection Face shield is recommended. Wear safety glasses with side shields (or goggles).Hand protection Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves.Skin protectionOther Chemical resistant gloves.Skin protectionRespiratory protection If permissible levels are exceeded use NIOSH mechanical filter / organic vapor cartridge or anair-supplied respirator.Thermal hazards Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when necessary.General hygiene considerations When using do not smoke. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid contact with skin. Always observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the material and before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove contaminants.9. Physical and chemical properties AppearancePhysical state Gas.Form Aerosol.Color clear colorless Odor Solvent.Odor threshold Not available.pH Not applicable estimatedMelting point/freezing point Not available.Initial boiling point and boilingrange387.07 °F (197.26 °C) estimatedFlash point-156.0 °F (-104.4 °C) Propellant estimatedEvaporation rate Not available.Flammability (solid, gas)Not available.Upper/lower flammability or explosive limitsFlammability limit - lower(%)0.5 % estimatedFlammability limit - upper(%)Not available.Explosive limit - lower (%)Not available.Explosive limit - upper (%)Not available.Vapor pressure35 - 50 psig @70F estimatedVapor density Not available.Relative density Not available.Solubility(ies)Solubility (water)Not available.Partition coefficient(n-octanol/water)Not available.Auto-ignition temperature421 °F (216.11 °C) estimatedDecomposition temperature Not available.Viscosity Not available.Other informationSpecific gravity0.765 estimated estimated10. Stability and reactivityReactivity The product is stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport. Chemical stability Risk of explosion.Possibility of hazardousreactionsHazardous polymerization does not occur.Conditions to avoid Heat, flames and sparks. Avoid temperatures exceeding the flash point. Contact with incompatiblematerials.Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents. Nitrates. Fluorine. Chlorine.Hazardous decompositionproductsNo hazardous decomposition products are known.11. Toxicological informationInformation on likely routes of exposureIngestion Droplets of the product aspirated into the lungs through ingestion or vomiting may cause a seriouschemical pneumonia.Inhalation Not available.Skin contact No adverse effects due to skin contact are expected.Eye contact Direct contact with eyes may cause temporary irritation.Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics Aspiration may cause pulmonary edema and pneumonitis. Direct contact with eyes may cause temporary irritation.Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity Acute LD50: 2356 mg/kg, Rat, DermalMay be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.Test ResultsProductSpecies FAST KILL RESIDUAL ROACH & ANT KILLER (CAS Mixture)LD50Rat Dermal Acute 2356 mg/kg LC50Rat Inhalation 6 mg/l/4hLD50Rat Oral Test ResultsComponentsSpeciesButane (CAS 106-97-8)LC50Mouse Inhalation Acute 1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes 52 %, 120 Minutes Rat1355 mg/lDistillates (Petroleum), Hydrotreated Light (CAS 64742-47-8)LD50Rabbit Dermal Acute > 2000 mg/kg> 2000 mg/kg, 24 HoursLC50Rat Inhalation > 7.5 mg/l, 6 Hours > 4.6 mg/l, 4 HoursLD50Rat Oral > 5000 mg/kgPropane (CAS 74-98-6)LC50Mouse Inhalation Acute 1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes 52 %, 120 Minutes Rat1355 mg/l 658 mg/l/4h* Estimates for product may be based on additional component data not shown.Skin corrosion/irritation Not expected to be hazardous by OSHA criteria.Serious eye damage/eyeirritationIrritating to eyes.Respiratory or skin sensitizationRespiratory sensitizationNot available.Skin sensitization This product is not expected to cause skin sensitization.Germ cell mutagenicity Not expected to be hazardous by OSHA criteria. Not expected to be hazardous by WHMIS criteria.CarcinogenicityNot expected to be hazardous by WHMIS criteria. This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC, ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Not listed.Reproductive toxicityNot expected to be hazardous by OSHA criteria.Specific target organ toxicity -single exposureNot classified.Specific target organ toxicity -repeated exposure Not classified.Aspiration hazardMay be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.Chronic effects Not expected to be hazardous by WHMIS criteria.Further informationThis product has no known adverse effect on human health.12. Ecological informationEcotoxicityLC50: 53 mg/L, Fish, 96.00 HoursProductTest ResultsSpeciesFAST KILL RESIDUAL ROACH & ANT KILLER (CAS Mixture)Aquatic LC50Fish 53.0035 mg/L, 96 Hours Fish ComponentsTest ResultsSpeciesDistillates (Petroleum), Hydrotreated Light (CAS 64742-47-8)Aquatic LC50Fish2.9 mg/l, 96 hoursRainbow trout,donaldson trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)* Estimates for product may be based on additional component data not shown.Esfenvalerate (CAS 66230-04-4)Aquatic LC50Fish0.0002 - 0.0003 mg/l, 96 hoursFathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)Persistence and degradability No data is available on the degradability of this product.Bioaccumulative potentialNo data available.Partition coefficient n-octanol / water (log Kow)Butane 2.89Propane2.36Mobility in soil No data available.Other adverse effectsNo other adverse environmental effects (e.g. ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation potential, endocrine disruption, global warming potential) are expected from this component.13. Disposal considerationsDisposal instructionsCollect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at licensed waste disposal site. Contentsunder pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. After recovery of solvent dispose of residue as hazardous waste. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.Local disposal regulations Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations.Hazardous waste code The waste code should be assigned in discussion between the user, the producer and the waste disposal company.Waste from residues / unused productsDispose of in accordance with local regulations. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe manner (see:Disposal instructions).Contaminated packagingEmpty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal.Since emptied containers may retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is emptied. Do not re-use empty containers.14. Transport informationDOTUN1950UN numberAerosols, flammable, (each not exceeding 1 L capacity)UN proper shipping name 2.1ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk 2.1Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupRead safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Special precautions for user N82Special provisions 306Packaging exceptions None Packaging non bulk NonePackaging bulkThis product meets the exception requirements of section 173.306 as a limited quantity and may be shipped as a limited quantity.Until 12/31/2020, the "Consumer Commodity - ORM-D" marking may still be used in place of the new limited quantity diamond mark for packages of UN 1950 Aerosols. Limited quantities require the limited quantity diamond mark on cartons after 12/31/20and may be used now in place of the "Consumer Commodity ORM-D" marking and both may be displayed concurrently.IATAUN1950UN numberAerosols, flammable UN proper shipping name2.1ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk2.1Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupNo.Environmental hazards10L ERG CodeRead safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Special precautions for user Allowed.Passenger and cargoaircraftOther informationAllowed.Cargo aircraft onlyLTD QTY Packaging ExceptionsIMDGUN1950UN numberAEROSOLS UN proper shipping name2.1ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk2.1Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupNo.Marine pollutantEnvironmental hazardsF-D, S-U EmSRead safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Special precautions for user LTD QTY Packaging ExceptionsNot applicable.Transport in bulk according toAnnex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC CodeDOTIATA; IMDG15. Regulatory informationUS federal regulations This product is a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard CommunicationStandard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.All components are on the U.S. EPA TSCA Inventory List.CERCLA/SARA Hazardous Substances - Not applicable.TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D)Not regulated.CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4)Not listed.SARA 304 Emergency release notificationNot regulated.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Not listed.Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)Hazard categories Immediate Hazard - YesDelayed Hazard - NoFire Hazard - YesPressure Hazard - NoReactivity Hazard - NoSARA 302 Extremely hazardous substanceNot listed.NoSARA 311/312 HazardouschemicalSARA 313 (TRI reporting)Not regulated.Other federal regulationsClean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) ListNot regulated.Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130)Butane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)Not regulated.Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA)FIFRA Information This chemical is a pesticide product registered by the United States Environmental ProtectionAgency and is subject to certain labeling requirements under federal pesticide law. Theserequirements differ from the classification criteria and hazard information required for safety datasheets (SDS), and for workplace labels of non-pesticide chemicals. The pesticide label alsoincludes other important information, including directions for use.US state regulations This product does not contain a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer, birthdefects or other reproductive harm.US. Massachusetts RTK - Substance ListButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know ActButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know LawButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. Rhode Island RTKButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. California Proposition 65California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): This material is not known to contain any chemicals currently listed as carcinogens or reproductive toxins.International InventoriesCountry(s) or region Inventory name On inventory (yes/no)* Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)Yes Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL)NoNo Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL)China Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC)YesNo Europe European Inventory of Existing Commercial ChemicalSubstances (EINECS)Europe European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS)No Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS)No Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL)Yes New Zealand New Zealand InventoryYes Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical SubstancesNo(PICCS)United States & Puerto Rico Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) InventoryYes *A "Yes" indicates that all components of this product comply with the inventory requirements administered by the governing country(s)A "No" indicates that one or more components of the product are not listed or exempt from listing on the inventory administered by the governingcountry(s).16. Other information, including date of preparation or last revisionIssue date05-14-2015Version #01Disclaimer The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge,information and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as aguidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and isnot to be considered a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specificmaterial designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any othermaterials or in any process, unless specified in the text.。

guest editor

Wisdom in numbers –or mass ignorance?E ver since James Surowiecki wrote his ostentatiousbestseller The Wisdom of Crowds1, arguing thatthe aggregation of information in groups quite often leads to smarter decisions, this term has been used as a panacea2for innovation through the almost spontaneous generation of collective wisdom. But is he right and, if so, why didn’t he prepare his book in the same manner?Admittedly, my personal information space has substantially changed into the direction of collectivity: from finding information based on Google’s page rank algorithms and buying books more relying on Amazon’s than on the publisher’s recommendations, to the use of social software like ’ bookmarking and wiki’s as co-operative teaching aids. My confidence in expert-based information is complemented with conditional trust in self-regulating, mass-based mechanisms: a step organisations still hesitate to take, locked in as they are by their control-based trust in primarily internal sources of information. But is this shift the forerunner of a wider and above all deeper belief in the wisdom of crowds or simply the application of time-saving, versatile tools? Do these aids help me in containing my information overload or do they, on the contrary, contribute to it? Do they save time, or am I wasting my time in using them? Does the alleged wisdom of the crowd contribute to my own wisdom?M aybe we just have too high expectations of crowd-based, participative organisational models as alternatives for hierarchical, bureaucratic organisations. In a straight interview3with three leading practitioners of Wikipedia,“the encyclopaedia that anyone can edit” and flagship of crowd-based inventiveness, it is said that “creating fewer articles as time goes on seems fairly common, as peopleguest editorEver seen a wise crowd?A plea for personality and against shallowness, by guest editor rik maesget caught up in the politics and discussion rather than the editing”. Its increasingly complex governance structure, filled with numerous roles, voting procedures and arbitration policies, leads to a situation where, for example, the deletion of an entry in the encyclopaedia is “an elaborate process: the page with deletion rules has 37 pages plus 20 sub-categories of rules” (quote; actually, it has already one page extra!4). A perfect example of how David can become Goliath.A more serious snag of the dawn of blogs, social software, image- and audio-sharing, meta-tagging, “mash-up” websites and other components of the ill-defined (if defined at all!5) Web 2.0 phenomenon – all incarnations of crowd-based thinking – is their obvious lack of more than anecdotic interest and relevance.Only a very minor fraction of all entries in blogs, Flickr, M ySpace, YouTube, etc. are more than narcissistic self-documentation, craving for contact, accumulation of popular references of little or no substance, blog-restricted discussions among like-minded sympathisers and outpouring of meaningless assents. Apparently, mashing-up (a modish term for “combining”) is not creating, tagging is not reasoning and blogging is not writing ,as writing is more than reacting to yesterday’s opinion: writing is meant to last.Blogging is the surest way to getting forgotten: the next Wittgenstein (or Picasso, or Neruda, or...) won’t be remembered for his weblog! Not a single blog entry will ever change my life as much as reading Martin Buber’s I and Thou did. Whether we like it or not, the Internet is primarily a world of facts – not of reflection; it is a world of now and not of history. Crowds can deliver momentary evidence, not wisdom.The ephemeral belief in the wisdom of crowds is a symptom of market thinking and of risk avoidance. The core conviction that the more people are involved, the better the result will be, is very similar to Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” steering the economy. The edge is taken off this argument in the premise that given enough authors, the quality of an article will generally improve. Does this hold true for Wikipedia? No, it does not. The best articles are typically written by a single or a few authors with expertise in the topic.M ore alarming is the institutionalised trustworthiness that is given to the collective mind. New pop stars and even the chef for a new restaurant are chosen through crowd-based voting contests. The winners are either congenial or corrupt (or both), but are they top quality? Would the Beatles have won a similar contest and if so, would they have lasted? More and more programmes of even renowned universities can successfully be followed through Googling and participating in wiki’s, mainly disregarding the insights and subtle nuances of considered opinions found in booksand scientific articles and paying no attention to the value of the autonomous formulation of one’s own well thought-out understanding. Becoming the aggregator of the collective is a safe way to be considered a global intellectual, but does it make you a wise man?Does all this mean I don’t believe in facets of collective intelligence? No! I do not believe in the wisdom of “hive minds” or in the aggregated wisdom of crowds. The stupid and even shocking popularity lists found at , the aggregating website of social software-based websites, decisively confirms my opinion. I do believe in the collective of communities, inspired and guided by well-meaning individuals who, in turn, empower each of their active members. The balance of individual personalities and communities is at the heart of any real human development. But crowds are not communities and, fortunately, communities are not crowds.As Buber observed: “All real living is meeting.”References:1. Surowiecki, J. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations, Random House, 2004.2. The term “wisdom of crowds” counts almost three million entries in Google.3. Riehle, D. How and Why Wikipedia Works: An Interview with Angela Beesley, Elisabeth Bauer and Kizu Naoko, /computer-science/research/2006/wikisym-2006-interview.html4. See: /wiki/Category:Wikipedia_deletion5. F or a non-trivial overview, see T O’Reilly, What is Web 2.0? Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software,/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.htmlThe Internet is primarily a worldof facts – not of reflection; it is aworld of now and not of historyguest editor。

托业词汇

单词名 abandon ability abroad absolutely abstract abundant accelerate accept access accessible accident acclaim accommodate accommodation accompany accomplish accomplishment accord according accordingly account accountant accounting accrue accumulate accurate accustomed achieve acknowledge acquaintance acquire act activate actually adapt adapter additional adequate adhere adjacent adjourn adjust adjustment
calculation calculator calendar campaign cancel cancellation candidacy candidate capability capacious capacity capital capitalize capsize captain career careless cargo carnival carrier carry-on carsick cash register cashier cast casual cater cause cautious cease celebrate celebration celebrity cell phone censorship certificate certification certify chain chain store chair chairman

Emerald《灾难预防与管理》被SSCI收录

/u/wanyuehua/1992年创刊的《灾难预防与管理》（Disaster Prevention and Management），ISSN: 0965-3562，双月刊，英国（EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED, HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY, ENGLAND, W YORKSHIRE, BD16 1WA）出版，2010年入选Web of Science的Social Sciences Citation Index，目前在SSCI数据库可以检索到该期刊2009年的第18卷第1期到2010年第19卷第2期共107篇论文。

107篇文章包括学术论文57篇、书评25篇、新闻19篇、社论6篇。

107篇文章的主要国家分布：伊朗、美国各6篇，印度、马来西亚、尼日利亚各5篇，澳大利亚、英国各4篇，日本、新加坡、瑞典各3篇，中国、加拿大、新西兰各2篇。

中国学者以通讯作者单位在《灾难预防与管理》（Disaster Prevention and Management）上发表论文的是天津大学（Tianjin Univ）1篇。

2009年-2010年《灾难预防与管理》发表的107篇文章共被引用2次。

《灾难预防与管理》（Disaster Prevention and Management）投稿指南：《灾害预防与管理》展现在灾害预防与管理这一领域的最新知识，是现有灾害应急和危机管理活动与方法的整合者。

该刊出版高质量的、备受好评的文章，支持学者、从业人员和决策者在思想、经验与实践方面的交流。

选题方面，既有深入的国际灾害个案研究，也有探讨实证研究结果和心理反应的文章。

另外还定期刊登：会议报告、灾害数据库、国际大事记、新闻，书评、网上最新信息等。

网址：/products/journals/journals.htm?id=dpm编委会：/products/journals/editorial_team.htm?id=dpm作者指南：/products/journals/author_guidelines.htm?id=dpm 在线投稿：/dpm2008年创刊的《灾害进展》被SCI收录2008年创刊的Disaster Advances《灾害进展》，ISSN: 0974-262X，季刊，印度（DISASTER ADVANCES, SECTOR AG-80, SCHEME NO 54, VIJAY NAGAR, A B RD, INDORE, INDIA, 452010）出版，2009年入选Web of Science的Science Citation Index Expanded，目前在SCI数据库可以检索到该期刊2008年的第1卷1-4期到2009年的第2卷1-4期共67篇论文。

多专业标识中英文翻译

标识类中英文翻译对照表1 当心触电Danger！High Voltage2 当心碰撞Beware of Collisions3 当心台阶Mind the Step/Watch Your Step4 小心玻璃Caution! Glass5 小心滑倒/小心地滑Caution! Slippery/Caution! Wet Floor6 小心碰头Mind Your Head/Watch Your Head7 注意安全CAUTION!/Caution!8 注意防火Fire Hazard Area9 非公莫入Staff Only10 禁止鸣笛No Horn11 勿扔垃圾/请勿乱扔废弃物No Littering12 禁止停车No Parking13 禁止停留No Stopping14 禁止吸烟No Smoking15 拉PULL/Pull16 推PUSH/Push17 入口ENTRANCE/Entrance18 出口/安全出口/安全通道EXIT/Exit19 紧急出口Emergency Exit20 紧急救护电话（120）First Aid Call 12021 紧急疏散地Evacuation Site22 请勿跨越No Crossing23 请勿拍照No Photography24 请勿摄影No Filming / No Video25 请勿使用闪光灯No Flash Photography26 火警电话119 Fire Call 119/Fire Alarm 11927 投诉电话Complaints Hotline28 危难时请速报110 Emergency Call 11029 危险，请勿靠近Danger! Keep Away30 请绕行Detour31 请勿打电话No Phone Calls32 请勿带宠物入内No Pets Allowed33 请勿抚摸/请勿触摸Don't Touch34 请勿践踏草坪Please Keep Off the Grass34 请勿坐卧停留No Loitering35 请爱护公共财产Please Protect Public Property36 请爱护公共设施Please Protect Public Facilities37 请节约用水Please Save Water /Don't Waste Water38 请您保管好自己的物品Take Care of Your Belongings39 请按顺序排队Please Line Up40 安全疏散指示图/紧急疏散指示图Evacuation Chart41 保持安静/请勿大声喧哗Quiet Please42 残疾人专用Disabled Only43 留言栏Complaints & Suggestions44 伸手出水Automatic Tap45 随手关门Keep Door Closed/Please close the door behind you.46 禁止入内/严禁入内No Entry/No Admittance47 闲人免进/请勿入内Staff Only /No Admittance48 谢绝参观/游客止步No Admittance49 正在维修Repairs in Progress50 有电危险Danger! Electric Shock Risk51 请勿随地吐痰No Spitting52 严禁携带易燃易爆等危险品Dangerous Articles Prohibited53 暂停服务/临时关闭Temporarily Closed54 老年人、残疾人、军人优先Priority for Seniors and Disabled55 请在此等候Please Wait Here56 消防通道，请勿占用Fire Engine Access. Don't Block!表A.2 功能设施信息序号中文名称英文名称1 停车场Parking2 医务室Clinic3 厕所Toilet4 男厕所Gents/Men5 女厕所Ladies/Women6 女更衣室Women's Dressing Room7 男更衣室Men's Dressing Room8 步行梯/楼梯Stairs9 自动扶梯Escalator10 电梯Elevator/Lift11 问询处/咨询（台）Information12 前台/服务台/接待Reception13 消防栓Fire Hydrant14 *** ****** Station15 急救中心First Aid Center16 公用电话Telephone17 磁卡电话Magnetic Card Phone18 餐厅Restaurant19 员工通道Staff Only20 疏散通道Escape Route21 消防通道Fire Engine Access22 废物箱/垃圾箱Trash/Litter23 紧急呼救设施/紧急报警器Emergency Alarm24 自行车停放处Bicycle Parking25 出租车Taxi26 残疾人设施For Disabled27 火情警报设施Fire Alarm28 紧急呼救电话Emergency Phone29 失物招领Lost & Found30 收银台/收款台/结帐Cashier31 商店Shop32 食品部Food Shop33 酒吧Bar/Pub34 快餐厅Snack Bar/Fast Food35 西餐厅Western Restaurant36 中餐厅Chinese Restaurant37 咖啡馆/咖啡厅Café38 一/二/三/四/五层（楼）F1/F2/F3/F4/F539 地下一层/二层/三层B1/B2/B340 灭火器Fire Extinguisher41 饮水处Drinking Water42 自动取款机ATM43 吸烟室Smoking Room44 吸烟区Smoking Area45 报刊亭Kiosk46 消防应急面罩Fire Mask47 配电柜Power Distribution Cabinet48 配电箱Power Distribution Box49 衣帽寄存Cloakroom50 行李寄存Left Luggage/Luggage Deposit 会议场所大礼堂Auditorium演讲厅Auditorium国际会议厅Conference Hall会议室Conference Room第一会议室Conference Room I第二会议室Conference Room II1111会议室Conference Room 1111会议准备室Staff Room会议中Meeting in Progress简报室Briefing Room多媒体简报室Briefing Room or Multimedia Room开标室Bidding Room视听室Audio-Visual Room音控室Audio Control Room录音室Recording Room放映室Screening Room教室、研究室及办公室实验室Laboratory /Lab LaboratoryLab讨论室Seminar Room/Meeting Room研讨室Seminar Room/Meeting Room教师研究室Hsiao-Ming Wang 标示英文姓名Wang, Hsiao MingHsiao-Ming Wang, Ph.D. 标示英文姓名及最高学位缩写Hsiao-Ming Wang, Professor 标示英文姓名及职称Faculty Office第一研究室Faculty Office I第二研究室Faculty Office II院办公室College OfficeAdministration Office ofCollege所办公室Graduate Institute (School) Office Administration Office ofGraduate Institute(School)系办公室Department OfficeAdministration Office ofDepartment院长室Dean’s OfficeDeanDean of College ofDean, College of所长室Director’s Office 另请参考院长室之标示法系主任办公室Chairperson’s OfficeChairman’s Office 另请参考院长室之标示法客座教授研究室Visiting Faculty Office助教室Teaching Assistant Office助理办公室(Research) Assistant Office研究生研究室Graduate Student Study RoomStudy Room for Graduates教师休息室Faculty Lounge兼任教师休息室Adjunct Faculty Lounge计算机教室Computer LaboratoryComputer Classroom计算机(工作)室Computer Room教室Classroom普通教室General Classroom第一教室Classroom I第二教室Classroom II阶梯教室Lecture Hall讲堂Lecture Hall专题教室Seminar Room多功能教室Multifunction Classroom纪念室Memorial Room学生活动室Student Activity Room学生联谊室Student Lounge阅览室Reading Room读书室Study Room自习室Study Room团体室Group-Work Room准备室Preparation Room展示室Exhibition Room教具室Teaching Aids Room仪器室Instrument Room共同仪器室Common Instrument Room贵重仪器室Precision Instrument Room院史室College Archives校史室University Archives讲义油印室Printing Room编辑室Editorial Room/Editorial Office出版品室Publication Room暗房Dark Room新闻影棚Studio教学馆Classroom Building研究大楼Research Building研究大楼Graduate Building综合大楼Common Building旧总图书馆The Old Main Library Building座位示意图Seating Plan秘书室座位示意图Secretariat Seating Plan系学会Student AssociationStudent Society出入口及专用道入口Entrance出口Exit管制入口Access Control汽车出入口Vehicles Exit入口车道Parking Entrance限高M Maximum Clearance __M限速Speed Limit ___kph身心障碍专用坡道Wheelchair Ramp导盲砖Route for the Visually Impaired Route for Disabled 遵行方向This Way上(下)坡请勿停车No Parking on Ramp车位已满请勿进入No Vacancy请勿停车No Parking请勿暂停No Standing停车检查Check Point慢行Slow停车场售票处Ticketing停车场Parking Lot停车区Parking Lot地下停车场Underground Parking立体停车场Parking Tower平面停车场Parking Lot机车停车位Motorcycle Parking脚踏车停车位Bicycle Parking来宾专用停车位Visitor Parking身心障碍专用停车位Disabled Parking Only主管车停车位编号Reserved Parking本立体停车场专供本署员工停放Staff Only车库Garage直升机停机坪Heliport临时洽公停车区Temporary Parking洽公来宾车辆请勿停放,谢谢合作No Parking电扶梯及楼梯电梯Elevator电扶梯Escalator楼梯Stairs/Stairways贵宾专用电梯Guest Only身心障碍专用电梯Disabled Only本电梯直达6、8楼Floor 6 and 8 Only本电梯限停B1,1,4,6,8,10楼层B1, 1, 4, 6, 8, 10 Only本电梯通达各楼层[第二,三层楼除外] All Floors (Except 2 and 3Fl.) 本电梯请勿载运货物No Cargo载重:1600KG载人:24人速度:210米/分Maximum Load:1600KgsPersons:24Speed:211M/Min开放空间大厅Lobby中庭Atrium广场Plaza阳台Balcony庭院Courtyard艺廊Gallery喷水池Fountain正门Main Entrance / Main Gate侧门Side Entrance后门Rear Entrance(东、北、西、南)区中央区East, West, South, North WingCentral Area顶楼Roof走廊Hallway骑楼Arcade通道Corridor楼层Floor吸烟区Smoking Area地下室Basement平面图Floor Plan平面配置图Floor Plan1楼平面配置图1F Floor Plan行政大楼1楼平面配置图1F Floor Plan, AdministrationBuilding您现在位置You Are Here展示厅Gallery / Exhibition Room / Exhibition Hall (大型)行政信息陈列室Exhibition Room标本陈列室Exhibition Room(植物)标本馆Herbarium文物陈列馆Cultural Artifacts Exhibition Hall语音导览Audio Tour多媒体展示区Multimedia Exhibition Room展售中心Sales Center / Gift Shop / Show Room (大型)出版品展售中心Sales Center照片资料区Photo Exhibition Room温室Conservatory /Greenhouse服务台Information/Information Desk询问处Information民众服务中心Service Center生活信息站Kiosk流通台Reader Services / Circulation Desk身心障碍服务Disabled Service办公时间Office Hours星期六、日及国定假日休息Closed on Saturday, Sunday and National Holiday 开放时间Service Hours柜台收件时间Service Hours民众意见箱Suggestions员工意见箱Suggestions检举信箱Complaints公布栏、公告栏Bulletin Board台湾大学公告栏Bulletin Board, National Taiwan UniversityNational Taiwan UniversityBulletin Board通告(公告) Announcement人事广告Career Opportunities自动提款机ATM公用电话Public Telephone邮局Post Office乘车处Bus Stop打卡刷卡区Clock In / Out巡逻箱Patrol Box来宾会客洽公请至会客室办理登记换证Visitor Registration 来宾请登记Visitor Registration访客登记处Visitor Registration行政大楼Administration Building蓄水池Reservoir待分配To Be Assigned失物招领Lost and Found接待、服务及休闲区会客室Reception Room接待室Reception Room贵宾接待室Guest Reception Room贵宾室VIP Lounge休息室Lounge收发室Mail Room档案室Archives/File Room资料室Archives/Information Room发言人室Spokesperson's Office记者招待室Press Room新闻发布室Press Room影印室Copy Room传真室Fax Room茶水间Kitchen饮水机Drinking Fountain托儿所Day Care Center育婴室Nursery哺乳室Nursery / Nursing Room心理谘商室Counseling Room心辅室Counseling Room交谊厅Lounge康乐室Lounge网球场Tennis Court篮球场Basketball Court健身房Gym游泳池Swimming Pool储物柜Lockers物品寄放处Bag Check员工消费合作社(销售场所) Convenience Shop员工消费合作社(办公场所) Employee's Cooperative 卖店/纪念品Sales Center / Gift Shop / Souvenirs点心贩卖部Snack Bar理发厅Barbershop美发院Beauty Salon餐厅Restaurant中餐厅Chinese Restaurant西餐厅Western Restaurant小餐厅Cafeteria执勤室Duty Room值班室Duty Room警卫室Security Room司机室/司机调度室Drivers' Lounge管理员室Custodian Office第一宿舍Dormitory I课外活动申请Extra-Curricular Activities Application 经费补助Budget Supplement场地借用Facilities Service社团管理Student Club Management导师及操行Student Advisor and Conduct Grades学生奖惩Student Merits and Punishments学杂费减免Tuition and Miscellaneous Fees Exemption 谘商辅导Student Counseling奖学金Scholarships工读Part-Time Job请假Student Leave of Absence学生平安保险Student Accident Insurance图书、期刊区图书室Library期刊室Periodical Room（现期）期刊区Current Periodicals（装订）期刊区Bound Periodicals中文（现期）期刊区Current Chinese Periodicals西文（现期）期刊区Current Western Periodicals中文（过期）期刊区Back Issues, Chinese西文（过期）期刊区Back Issues, Western中日韩文图书区East Asian Publications中文图书区Chinese Publications西文图书区Western Publications法律图书室Law Library参考图书区Reference Room (Area)中文参考书区Reference Collection(Chinese)西文参考书区Reference Collection(WesternLanguages)教师指定参考书区Course Reserves Area过期报纸阅览区Old Newspapers Reading Area当日报纸阅览区Current Newspapers Reading Area博硕士论文区Dissertations/Theses目录检索区Catalog(s)信息检索区OPAC and Information Retrieval Area 电子数据库检索区Database Search Room卡片目录区Card Catalogue本校出版品区University Publications人文/社会科学资料区Monograph Collection (Humanities/Social Sciences)日据旧藏台湾资料区Pre-1949 Collections, Taiwan Information Area日据旧藏资料区Pre-1949 Collections, Information Area新书展示区New Acquisitions Display Area微缩资料区Microform Materials编目室Cataloging Room书库Book Vault公报室Bulletin Office地图室Map Room阅览室Reading Room阅卷室Reading Room缮本阅览室Rare Books Reading Room参考室Reference Room官书室Official Publications参考咨询台Reference Desk流通柜台Circulation Desk还书箱Book Drop盥洗场所洗手间/盥洗室Restroom/Lavatory女化妆室/女厕所Ladies' Room男化妆室/男厕所Men's RoomGentlemen's Room身心障碍专用厕所Disabled Restroom请靠近一点Please Stand Closer浴室Shower机械及电器场所总机Operator计算机机房Computer Facilities发电机房Generators空调机房Air Conditioning Facilities变电室Transformer Room电气室Electrical Control Room配电室Electricity Distribution Facilities水电室Pump & Electricians中控室Central Control Room机械室Machine Room帮浦间Pump Room冷冻空调室Air Conditioning Room空调机械室Air Conditioning Facilities维修室Maintenance Room锅炉间Boiler储藏及仓库库房Storeroom / Storage消耗品库房Storeroom / Storage备用库房Storeroom / Storage文具用品室Stationery弹药室Armory卸货区Loading Zone货车装卸专用30分钟Loading Zone (30 Minutes Only)储藏室Storeroom / Storage样品室Samples Room工具间Tool Room清洁工具室Janitorial Supplies Room紧急逃生及救援缓降机/缓降梯Escape Sling紧急用升降机Emergency Elevator紧急专用电梯Emergency Elevator通报设备Alert Facilities紧急照明Emergency Light安全门Emergency Exit逃生梯Emergency Ladder室内逃生梯Emergency Ladder / Emergency Staircase室外逃生梯Emergency Escape紧急避难梯Emergency Ladder /Emergency Staircase紧急出口Emergency Exit疏散路线Evacuation Route紧急疏散方向图Evacuation Plan各楼层配置及紧急避难方向图Floor Plan & Evacuation Route防火门火警时随手关门Fire Escape - Please Keep Closed东[西]侧逃生梯请随手关门East [West] Fire Escape - Please Keep Closed 防空避难处Air-raid Shelter浓烟逃生袋Emergency Smoke Bag避难引导Emergency Evacuation Routes避难方向Evacuation Route orEvacuation Path避难出口高楼逃生缓降机Emergency Exit &Escape Sling消防栓Hydrant消防箱Fire Hose灭火器Fire Extinguisher消防水Water for Emergency Use消防沙Sand for Emergency Use消防设备Hydrant紧急电源Emergency Power医务室Medical Room/Infirmary护理站First Aid Station紧急应变联络表Emergency Response Contact Chart自动火灾受信器Automatic Fire Detection System警告标示危险Danger水深危险Danger：Deep Water高压危险，有电勿靠近Keep Clear - High Voltage高压电气设备请勿开启靠近Keep Clear - High Voltage安全第一Safety First注意Caution施工中Under Construction修理中Under Repair载重Maximum Load注意－辐射区域Caution：Radiation Area中辐射管制区Medium Radiation Control Area白色管制区White Zone放射性燃料池Radiation Fuel Pool高辐射管制区High Radiation Control Area低辐射管制区Low Radiation Control Area黄色管制区Yellow Zone绿色管制区Green Zone辐射污染区Contaminated Area辐射侦测中心Radiation Detection Center辐射区域Radiation Area辐射管制区Radiation Control Area禁止吸烟No Smoking禁止饮食No Food or Drink禁止携带宠物No Pets禁止通话Turn Off Cell Phone禁止拍摄No Photo严禁烟火No Open Flames禁止闪光灯No Flash禁止左(右)转No Left (Right) Turn禁止回转No U Turn禁止触摸No Touch / Hands Off当放射灯闪烁时烟铬尽[ Inergen]气体放射中危险禁止进入Hazardous Gas - No Entry When Flashing往厕所Restroom → (←)此门不通No Exit请勿进入No Entry请用雨伞套Please Use Plastic Umbrella Sheath闲人勿进Authorized Personnel Only非公共空间Non-Public Area节约用水Please Conserve Water请勿践踏草坪Keep Off the Grass请勿攀爬No Climbing维护清洁你我有责Keep Clean请关紧Turn off Completely随手关门Keep Closed随手关灯Turn Off Lights When Leaving排烟栅门手动开关Ventilation Switch冷气开放中请随手关门Air-Conditioned Keep Door Closed请按区域电灯开关节省能源Please Use the Lights You Need进入大门请出示佩挂识别证Please Show ID在办公处所请佩挂识别证Please Display ID at All Times本大楼室内全面禁烟若欲吸烟请至大楼左侧楼梯间Smoking Area Located ____ 员工专用游客止步Staff Only监视系统Monitoring System资源回收及垃圾资源回收Recycling铁类Iron铝类Aluminum玻璃类Glass塑料类Plastic纸类Paper废纸回收Used Paper电池回收筒Battery Recycling Bin垃圾分类Recycling资源回收筒请勿投入一般垃圾Recyclables Only认识回收标志做好垃圾分类Please Recycle铁罐,铝罐,玻璃瓶,PET瓶,塑料容器,铝箔包,纸容器Please Recycle垃圾桶Trash博物馆museum游船码头Cruise wharf餐厅Cafeteria停车场Parking area遗址厅Site hall贵宾厅VIP Room办公区Administrative area会议室Conference Room陈列厅Exhibit hall学术报告厅Academic report hall服务台Reception desk展教部Department of Exhibition & Education文保部Department of Cultural Relics Protection临时展厅Provisional Hall标识标牌---旅游景区景点标识标牌中英文对照1 导游服务/讲解服务Tour Guide Service2 照相服务Photo Service3 邮政服务Postal Service4 声讯服务Audio Guide5 票务服务Ticket Service/Tickets6 残疾人服务Service for Disabled7 免费Free Admission8 赠票Complimentary Ticket9 欢迎光临Welcome10 宣传资料Tourist Brochure/Travel Brochure11 半价50% Off/Half Price/50% Discount12 谢谢合作Thanks for Your Cooperation13 信用卡支付Credit Cards Accepted14 提供拐杖Crutches Available15 提供轮椅Wheelchairs Available16 游程信息Itinerary Information/Travel Info二：1 售票处Ticket Office/Tickets2 游客中心Tourist Center3 客房部Guest Room Department4 游船码头Cruise Terminal5 办公区Administrative Area6 公园管理处Park Administrative Office7 广播室Broadcasting Room8 游船Sightseeing Boat9 索道Cableway10 缆车Cable Car11 拱桥Arch Bridge12 展览馆/陈列馆Exhibition Hall/Exhibition Center13 陈列室Exhibition Room/Display Room14 展区Exhibition Area/Display Area15 展厅Exhibition Hall/Display Hall16 故居Former Residence17 团体接待Group Tour18 休息处Lounge19 导游处Guide Service20 表演区Performance Area21 游乐场/游乐园Amusement Park22 儿童游乐场/儿童乐园Children’s Playground23 民族歌舞Folk Dances24 手工艺展示Handicraft Display25 特色餐饮Food Specialties26 民族特色街Ethnic Culture Street27 导游亭Tour Guide Booth28 模型Model29 主廊Main Corridor30 车道Vehicle Lane31 农家院Farm House32 专题展区Theme Display33 大石桥Great Stone Bridge34 博物馆Museum35 塔Pagoda/Dagoba(藏式塔)36 宫、院Palace37 亭、阁Pavilion38 寺Monastery (Temple)39 牌楼Memorial Archway40 桥Bridge41 廊Corridor42 牌坊Memorial Gateway43 庙Temple44 观堂Taoist Temple45 遗址Historic Site46 书房Study Room47 瀑布Waterfall48 滑雪场Ski Field49 滑雪道Ski Slope50 拓展区Outdoor Development Area51 狩猎区Hunting Area52 XX 养殖场XX Farm53 宠物乐园Pet Paradise54 无障碍售票口Wheelchair Accessible55 中央展厅Central Exhibition Hall/Central Display Hall56 报告厅Auditorium57 展厅入口Entrance58 休闲区Leisure Area59 贵宾厅VIP Hall60 序厅Lobby61 阅览室Reading Room62 贵宾通道VIP Only63 员工通道Staff Only64 租赁车Car Rental65 上楼楼梯Upstairs66 下楼楼梯Downstairs67 步行街Pedestrian Street68 货币兑换Currency Exchange69 走失儿童认领Lost Children Information70 行李手推车Trolley71 三轮车接待站Tricycle Tour72 电动游览车Sightseeing Trolley73 服装出租处Costume Rental74 自行车租赁处Bicycle Rental75 租船处Boat Rental76 旅游纪念品商店Souvenir Shop77 字画店Calligraphy & Painting Shop78 公园Park79 儿童公园Children’s Park80 雕塑公园Sculpture Park81 体育公园Sports Park82 动物园Zoo83 植物园Botanical Garden84 街旁游园Community Park85 盆景园Mini-Scape Garden/Bonsai Garden86 景观Scenery87 景区Scenic Area88 景点Scenic Spot89 森林浴Forest Bath90 空气浴Air Bath91 温泉浴Hot Spring Bath92 日光浴Sun Bath93 泥沙浴Mud and Sand Bath94 摄像室Photo Studio95 无烟景区Smoke-Free Scenic Area96 大型水滑梯/戏水滑道Water Slide97 收费停车场Pay Parking ,98 茶室Tea House99 游泳池Swimming Pool100 残疾人客房Accessible Guestroom101 吸烟区Smoking Area102 非吸烟区Non-Smoking Area103 国家级文物保护单位State Protected Historic Site104 市级文物保护单位Municipality Protected Historic Site/City Protected Historic Site 105 区级文物保护单位District Protected Historic Site106 爱国主义教育基地Patriotic Education Base107 浅水区Shallow Water108 深水区Deep Water109 采摘区Fruit-Picking Area110 工农业旅游示范点Industrial and Agricultural Site111 游览观光车Sightseeing Trolley/Sightseeing Bus112 标本室Specimen Room113 观赏区Viewing Area114 投喂区Feeding Area115 触摸区Petting Area116 科技馆Science & Technology Hall117 导览册Guide Book118 导览机Audio Guide119 世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage三：1 自动控制Auto-Control2 多媒体Multi-Media3 地质年代Geologic Age4 大事年表Chronology of Events5 自画像Self-Portrait6 碑记Tablet Inscription7 雕塑作品Sculpture8 石刻Stone Carving9 草原Grassland10 古树名木Old and Famous Trees11 温室采摘Greenhouse Fruit Picking12 数字特技Digital Stunt13 花卉Flowers & Plants14 野营露营Camping15 消闲散步Strolling16 郊游野游Outing17 垂钓Fishing18 登山攀岩Mountaineering/Rock-Climbing19 揽胜探险Expedition20 科普教育Popular Science Education21 游戏娱乐Entertainment22 健身Bodybuilding23 演艺Art Performance24 水上运动Aquatic Sports25 滑水Surfing26 潜水Scuba Diving27 冰雪活动Ice Skating & Skiing28 滑草活动Grass Skiing29 滑沙Sand Skiing30 水上漂流Drifting31 数字特技Digital Stunt32 电影录音Film Recording33 电影剪辑Film Editing34 电影洗印Film Processing35 电影拍摄Filming36 电影动画Film Animation体育场馆标识公共场所标识中英文双语翻译对照表序号中文名称英文名称1 禁坐栏杆Don't Sit on the Handrail/No Sitting on the Handrail2 小心轻放Handle with Care3 请勿外带食品No Food from Outside4 易碎Fragile5 报警指示牌Police Alarm6 消防指示牌Fire Alarm7 请在此处开票Get Your Invoice Here8 先试后买Try Before You Buy9 不外售Not for Sale10 单号入口Odd Numbers Entrance11 双号入口Even Numbers Entrance12 热Hot13 冷Cold14 按Press15 营业时间Open Hours/Business Hours16 场馆示意图Map/Sketch Map序号中文名称英文名称1 票务室/售票处Ticket Office/Tickets2 桑拿浴房Sauna3 更衣室Locker Room4 女淋浴室Women's Shower Room5 男淋浴室Men's Shower Room6 按摩室Massage Room7 医务室Clinic8 贵宾休息室/贵宾厅VIP Lounge9 力量训练房Strength Training Gymnasium10 运动员休息室Athletes' Lounge11 记者休息室Press Lounge/Media Lounge12 运动员席Athletes' Seats/Athletes' Box序号中文名称英文名称13 新闻发布厅Press Conference Hall/Media Conference Hall14 新闻办公室Press Office/Media Office15 文字记者席Press Seats/Press Box16 电视评论席TV Commentators17 播音室Broadcasting Room18 广播席Radio Commentators19 摄影记者区Photo Zone/Pool Positions (Pool Positions仅用于奥运场馆内)20 兴奋剂检查室Doping Control Room21 场地器材室Venue Equipment Room22 竞赛办公室Competition Office23 技术代表室Technical Delegates' Office24 裁判员室Referees' Office25 仲裁办公室Jury's Office26 公告栏Notice Board27 吸烟处Smoking Area28 运动员专用通道Athletes Only29 残疾人专用通道Wheelchair Accessible30 散场通道EXIT/ Exit31 观众通道For Spectators32 检录处Call Room/Call Area33 观众席Spectator Seats34 贵宾席VIP Box35 主席台Rostrum36 等候区Waiting Area37 残疾人（无障碍）观众席Seats for Disabled38 储藏室Storeroom39 风机房Ventilator Room40 电气室Power Supply Room41 计时控制室Timing Control Room42 公共广播系统PA（Public Address/Announcement system）43 运营区/场馆工作区BOH (Back of House)44 通行区/场馆公众区FOH (Front of House)45 打印复印室Photocopy46 洗衣房Laundry47 客房Guest Room48 警卫室Guard Room序号中文名称英文名称1 田径Athletics2 足球Football3 游泳Swimming4 跳水Diving5 竞技体操Artistic Gymnastics6 蹦床Trampoline7 射击Shooting8 篮球Basketball9 赛艇Rowing10 场地自行车Track Cycling11 皮划艇Canoe/ Kayak12 摔跤Wrestling13 乒乓球Table Tennis14 柔道Judo15 跆拳道Taekwondo16 羽毛球Badminton17 艺术体操Rhythmic Gymnastics18 现代五项Modern Pentathlon19 手球Handball20 拳击Boxing21 山地自行车Mountain Biking/Mountain Cycling22 水球Water Polo23 击剑Fencing24 飞碟射击Trap Shooting25 排球Volleyball26 举重Weightlifting27 棒球Baseball28 射箭Archery29 铁人三项Triathlon30 沙滩排球Beach Volleyball31 网球Tennis32 小轮车BMX (Bicycle Motocross)33 马术Equestrian。

安全守则-英文

Safe Personal Laboratory Habits1. Eye protection must be worn at all times.2. Food/drink is not allowed in laboratories where chemicals are used/ stored.smoking in the laboratory.3. No4. Lab coats must be worn while handling corrosive, toxic, or flammablematerials. Gloves must be worn when necessary, especially when handling corrosives, toxic and dangerously reactive materials.5. Do not work alone.6. Do not mouth pipet.7. If you see a colleague doing something dangerous, point it out to him or her.8. Know where safety equipment (eyewash, shower and extinguisher) islocated.9. Always read MSDS before handling new chemicals.10. Know how to clean up spills of common chemicals and specific chemicalsyou see. Be familiar with the locations and contents of spill carts (See Chapter 11) and how to use it.11. Always wash your hands after handling chemicals and before eating.12. Short skirts, shorts, and open shoes must not be worn.13. Lab coats must not be worn outside laboratories and in public areas.14. Avoid wearing a walkman or other portable music devices while working inthe lab.1. Eye ProtectionAdequate eye protection is required for all individuals in the laboratory. Do not remove your eye protection until you have physically left the lab room. The following types of eye protection are acceptable.•Protective glasses and face shields that cover corrective prescription lenses are commercially available and/or from Chemistry Stores.•Normal prescription eyeglasses, either with or without safety side shields as long as the glasses are shatterproof and cover a large enough area surrounding your eye (this usually means that the frames must be a minimum of 2 inches (5 cm) from top to bottom as well as from side to side). NOTE: check size restrictions with your supervisor/instructor. Use safety glasses with side shields that have been approved by the CSA.•Where exposure to toxic or irritating fumes could be a problem, the best form of eye protection is safety goggles. Safety goggles that will form a tight seal to your face.•Contact lenses can be a hazard and sometimes should not be worn in the lab.Therefore contact lenses wearers have three options in the labs:a) remove the contact lens before entering the lab and wear safety glassesor safety goggles.b) replace the contact lens with prescription glassesc) wear the contact lens into the lab under a pair of safety goggles but youmust inform your supervisor/ instructor about it.• A full-face shield is highly recommended when there is a risk of explosion or splashing, or with combustion and high temperature reactions.2. GlovesDepending on the procedure to be carried out, different types of gloves must be available in the laboratory. The gloves should “fit” the chemical. Asbestos gloves should not be used. If any are found, they should be replaced.•Gloves are made from a variety of materials which vary in their impermeability and wear-resistance.•Disposable gloves are made of PVC, latex, nitrile, and combinations of the aforementioned. These gloves are for general use and have low abrasion resistance.•More resistant, impermeable, reusable gloves are made from butyl rubber, nitrile, or neoprene.•Rubber: good chemical resistance, low abrasion resistance;•Neoprene: almost impermeable to regular solvents, fairly abrasion resistant;•Nitrile: highly resistant, maximum protection from liquids.•Multicomposite gloves are available for special work involving high or low temperatures or special procedures.•For more information on gloves resistance see the glove chart./~mouser/General/labzone/130AL/ndex/ndex2.html3. Lab aprons or lab coatsThe strength and impermeability of aprons depends on the materials used. These materials are also used for gloves, and their characteristics are described in 2.•Aprons should be fire-resistant, chemical-resistant, and easily washed.•Flammable fabrics should be avoided.Lab coats should be made of strong fabric and must be able to be removed quickly in case of accident. They must be long enough to protect the legs. Lab coats exposed to harmful chemicals should not be worn in public areas.4. Footwear•Substantial shoes must be worn and should cover the entire foot.•Open-toed shoes and sandals must not be worn in the laboratory.•Safety shoes or foot guards may be required under certain circumstances (e.g., when moving compressed gas cylinders – foot guards are available in cylinder storage area).•When cleaning up floor spills wear plastic foot covers available on all spill carts.5. RespiratorsRespirators used at the University of British Columbia must provide effective protection against airborne contaminants which may be present. Use of respirators should be considered to control exposure only after engineering and administrative controls have been considered. These types of controls include ventilation (e.g. fume hoods), enclosing the process, substitution of less hazardous products, rescheduling of work procedures, etc. Users are responsible for:1. Obtaining proper certification for respirator use by H.S.&E.2. Using the respirator in accordance with training instructions3. Being properly fit-tested for a respiratorand storing the respiratordisinfecting,4. Cleaning,5. Reporting any respirator malfunction to their supervisorThe following cartridges are available for use with half-mask and full-face respirators. Select the appropriate cartridge according to the chart below. Consult with H.S.&E. for situations not listed. Always ensure that the cartridges used are appropriate for the types of hazardous vapour present.Cartridge Type Colour Examples of Uses Organic vapour and acid gas Yellow Rooftop entry/lab procedures/spills Organic vapour only Black Solvents/PaintsDusts, particulate, and aerosols Purple Toxic dusts/infectiousaerosols/asbestos welding fumes Ammonia/amines Green Ammonia SpillAcid Gas Grey Acid gases/chlorine/sulfur dioxidePERSONNEL MUST BE CERTIFIED BY HS&E PRIOR TO RESPIRATOR USE. When fitting a new respirator, try on several brands and sizes. Different brands will fit slightly differently on your face. Respirator manufacturers usually have small, medium, and large face-pieces available. Adjust the straps so that the respirator fits tightly, but does not dig into your face or leave red marks on your skin. The respirator should feel snug, yet comfortable.1. Remove respirator, cartridges, and filters from plastic bags.Check to see that gasket is in cartridge holder before screwing incartridges. Insert filter into retainer caps and snap onto cartridgeholder or cartridges.2. The cartridge holders are keyed to assure their correctpositioning and maintain the proper balance of the device. Makesure they are properly positioned and seated.3. Place respirator on face with narrow end over nose and bottomunder chin. First attach top headband around crown of headand then bottom around neck. Adjust headbands until a tight butcomfortable fit is obtained.4. TEST FOR TIGHTNESS: Place the palm of the hand or thumbover the valve guard and press lightly. Exhale to cause a slightpressure inside face piece. If no air escapes, respirator isproperly fitted. If air escapes, readjust respirator and test again.There are two simple checks to test the seal. These are calledthe positive and negative pressure fit-checks. These tests mustbe done EVERY TIME the respirator is put on (see overleaf).5. FILTERS: (a) REPLACE when breathing becomes difficult, INSERT new filtersINTO retainer cap and replace cap. Generally the filter discs should be changed after eight hours of dusty exposure. (b) CHEMICAL CARTRIDGES should be replaced when the senses detect ANY abnormal condition, assuming that levels of detection by the senses do not constitute a health hazard.6. MAINTENANCE: The respirator face piece should be cleaned daily to preventskin irritation and for general sanitary purposes. First remove filters and cartridges. Then the face piece may be washed with a hand brush using a good detergent in warm water, rinsing, and air drying in a clean place. Some compounds considered to be suitable for disinfecting are: (1) a hypochlorite solution (50 parts per million of chlorine; immersion time: 2 minutes) (2) an aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine; immersion time: 2 minutes) (3) a quaternary ammonium solution (200 ppm quaternary ammonium compoundsin water with less than 500 ppm total hardness). RINSE IN CLEAN WARM WATER AND AIR DRY. Inspect respirator daily for worn or faulty parts and replace these at once. Proper parts supplied by the manufacturer must be used.7. For your protection, the DUST FILTERS and CHEMICAL CARTRIDGES mustbe assembled tightly, and changed frequently, according to exposure.8. KEEP RESPIRATOR CLEAN when not in use. Store in containerprovided.a) Put the respirator on and tighten the straps until it feels tight but comfortable.b) Close off the cartridges by covering them gently with the palm of hands, plasticbags, or gloves.c) Breathe in slightly to create a vacuum.d) Hold for 10 seconds.e) If you have a good seal, the face piece should collapse slightly against yourface and stay collapsed. No air should leak into the face piece past the sides, top, or bottom.f) If the face piece doesn’t collapse and stay collapsed, there is an air leak.Check the exhalation valves and try repositioning the respirator on your face and adjusting the head straps. Try the negative pressure check again. If you cannot get a seal after a few attempts, try on another size, make, or model of respirator, and repeat the check until you find a respirator that will pass.a) With the respirator on comfortably, close off the exhaust valve opening bycovering it with the palm of the hand.b) Breathe out slightly to force air into the face piecec) Hold for 10 seconds.d) If you have a good seal, the face piece should bulge out and stay out.e) If the air does leak out, check the inhalation valves, readjust the respirator andtry the check again. Try on another size, make or model if you fail to pass the positive pressure fit-check.1.TOXIC SUBSTANCESAny volatile substances which are dangerous when inhaled must be handled only in an adequately ventilated area or in a fume hood.a) BenzeneBenzene is particularly dangerous since it causes blood diseases.•Avoid using it as a solvent. Chronic poisoning is possible following prolonged inhalation of minute quantities of benzene.•Avoid skin contact.•It is a known carcinogen.b) Carbon tetrachloride and chloroformCarbon tetrachloride and chloroform have specific dangers:•They can be absorbed through the skin.•These substances can eventually cause functional disorders of the kidney and the liver even at low concentrations.•They are suspected carcinogens.c) Cyanides and NitrilesCyanides and Nitriles are some of the most acutely toxic substances known;they react very quickly “in vivo” when they are present in the ambient environment.•Symptoms of poisoning (weakness, difficulty in breathing, nausea) appear as soon as these substances have been absorbed, inhaled, or ingested.•Contact with acid liberates a highly toxic gas. The inhalation of a very minute amount of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can be fatal.d) PhenolsSolutions of phenols are very dangerous.•Phenols are absorbed rapidly through the skin during contact.•If rapid and complete decontamination is not effected immediately, serious poisoning and even death could occur, depending on the concentration ofthe solvent and the amount of body surface that is contaminated.e) Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride is extremely corrosive. Due to the absence of immediate pain, penetration can be extensive and lead to serious injury. It can cause severe eye irritation and skin burns.f) Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen sulfide is very toxic. Inhalation causes respiratory paralysis. It can also damage the eyes and mucous membranes.•Small cylinders of it are commercially available for laboratory use.•CAUTION: The gas can be easily synthesized by action of dilute acids on sulfides•Waste gas should be passed through scrubbers before venting.2.DANGEROUS SUBSTANCESa) Perchloric acidPerchloric acid is a strong oxidizing agent capable of reacting violently with reducing agents or organic substances.•Handle it in a specially-constructed fume hood used only for this purpose.This hood should be of the water wash-down type and of non-combustible construction.•Always destroy any organic material with nitric acid before adding perchloric acid•Never mix perchloric acid with sulfuric acid because through dehydration, anhydrous perchloric acid is obtained, which is even more unstable.•Perchlorate esters, when exposed to impact, behave in the same manner as nitroglycerine.b) Organic PeroxidesSome organic peroxides are very unstable and very dangerous. Due to their high sensitivity to heat, friction, impact, sparks, light, and oxidizing and reducing agents, they can cause violent explosions.To minimize the risks of such peroxides, the following precautions must be taken:•Buy only the necessary quantities of peroxides needed.•Use only the minimum amount necessary. Never replace unused peroxide in the original container.•Immediately clean up spilled peroxide.•Reduce the sensitivity of most peroxides to impact and to heat by using them in inert solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons.•If a volatile solvent must be used, avoid losses due to evaporation which could increase the peroxide concentration, eventually causing the formation of dangerously explosive crystals upon complete evaporation of the solvent.•Never use a metal spatula to handle peroxides because contamination by metals can lead to the formation of explosive compounds. Use wood, ceramic, or plastic spatulas.•Avoid flames, sources of heat, and direct sunlight.•Avoid friction or impact with solid peroxides. Never use glass containers with ground glass or metal tops. Use only polyethylene bottles with screw tops.•Store peroxides at as low a temperature as possible above the freezing point, so as to minimize the rate of decomposition.•Do not cool liquid peroxides, or those in solution, to temperatures where they could solidify or precipitate because in this form they are extremely sensitive to impact and to heat.3.CARCINOGENSCarcinogens and substances capable of inducing cancer. These substances must be subject to strict guidelines such as those published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer when they are stored, used, and disposed of.•Avoid exposure.•Where exposure is unavoidable, keep it as low as reasonably achievable.•The list of known carcinogens is continually updated. (See next page for some examples of carcinogens).4.MUTAGENS AND TERATOGENSMutagens are substances causing permanent transmissible alterations in genetic information. Teratogens are agents interfering with normal prenatal development causing abnormalities in the fetus. Exposure to mutagens and teratogens should be kept as low as possible. (See following pages for some examples of mutagens and teratogens).CAUTION: This is NOT a complete list of all chemicals having substantial evidence of carcinogenicity. Further, each substance listed here may have additional health hazards.CARCINOGENS MUST BE DISTINCTLY LABELLEDa) KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGENS•4-Aminobiphenyl (xenylamine, p-phenylaniline)• Arsenic• Arsenic Pentoxide• Arsenic Trichloride• Asbestos• Arsenic Trioxide• Benzene•Benzidine (4,4’-diaminobiphenyl, 4,4’-biphenyldiamine)•Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzpyrene)• Bis(chrloromethyl)ether• 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate•Calcium arsenate (tricalcium arsenate)•Chloromethyl methyl ether (chloromethyloxymethane)•Chromates (certain insoluble forms such as lead and zinc chromates)•Coal tar pitch volatiles•Cyclophosphamide (N,N-bis (2-chloroethyl) tetrahydro – 2H-1,3,2 –oxazaphosphorin-2-amine-2-oxide)• Lead Arsenate• 2-Napthylamine (2-aminonapthylamine)•N, N-bis (2-chloroethyl)-2- napthylamine• 4-Nitrobiphenyl (p-nitrobiphenyl)• Sodium Arsenate• Sodium Arsenite• Thorium dioxide•Treosulfan (pure product)•Vinyl chloride (chloroethane, chloroethylene)Please Note: These are ALARA substances which means that the contamination concentration of these chemicals must be as low as reasonably achievable.CAUTION: This is NOT a complete list of all chemicals having substantial evidence of carcinogenicity. Further, each substance listed here may have additional health hazards.CARCINOGENS MUST BE DISTINCTLY LABELLED• Acrylamide(propenamide, acrylic amide)•Acrylonitrile (propene nitrile, cyanoethylene, vinyl cyanide)• 1,3-Butadiene (vinylethylene)• Cadmium powder• Cadmium Chloride• Cadmium Sulfate• Beryllium• Carbon tetrachloride(tetrachloromethane)• Chloroform (trichloromethane)•Dimethyl sulfate (sulfuric acid dimethyl ester)•Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane), ethylene oxide(1,2 epoxyethane oxirane)• Formaldehyde (methanal,oxomethane)• Hexachlorobutadiene• * Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA)(hexamethylphosphoric triamide)• Hydrazine (diamine)• Lead acetate• Lead phosphate• Lead subacetate• Methylhydrazine•Methyl iodide (iodomethane)• Nickel• Nickel carbonate• Nickel carbonyl• Nickel oxide• Nickel hydroxide • Nickel subsulfide• 2-Nitropropane• Phenyl hydrazine• beta-Propiolactone (2-oxetanone, 3-hydroxy-beta-lactone propanoicacid)• Propyleneimine(2 -methylazacyclopropane, or2-methylaziridine)•o-Toluidine (2-methylaniline, or o-aminotoluene)• p-Toluidine (4-aminotoluene)•Vinyl bromide (bromoethylene)•Production of SbO3, AsO3, CdO* HMPA is apparently a particularly nasty carcinogen which is used in several labs throughout the Department of Chemistry. Users should be aware of its extreme toxicity, its ability to be absorbed though the skin, and the dangers of inhalation during distillation procedures. Precautions should include: use restricted to fume hoods, all contaminated vessels labelled “carcinogen”, use of two pairs of gloves, and the transfer of waste directly into the waste solvent containers or a separate correctly labelled vessel. There are at least two alternative solvents, 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMEU) and 1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H) pyrimidinone (DMPU) which are considered safe.CAUTION: This is NOT a complete list of all chemicals having substantial evidence of mutagenicity or teratogenicity. The extent of the hazard to humans associated with exposure to these substances is less clear than it is with carcinogens. However, it is recommended that similar caution should be exercised in handling substances which are mutagenic or teratogenic.• Acetamide• Acridine Orange• Ammonium Chromate• Ammonium Bichromate• Ammonium Dichromate• Anthracene• Antimony Oxide• Beryllium Carbonate• Cobalt Powder• Colchicine• 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride)• Formaldehyde• Formamide• Hydroquinone• Indigo Carmine• Lead Diacetate • Mercury• Osmium Tetraoxide• Potassium Chromate• Potassium Permanganate • Pyrogallic Acid• Silver(I) Nitrate• Sodium Azide• Sodium Dichromate• Sodium Nitrate• Sodium Nitrite• Thioacetamide• Toluene•Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAPOLICIES AND PROCEDURESU.B.C. POLICY ON HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBLE:Vice President Academic & ProvostVice President Administration & FinanceVice President ResearchPURPOSE:As a large teaching and research institution, UBC faces problems that are unique and varied about the acquisition, handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of chemical and biological/human/animal materials and wastes resulting from its teaching, research and operations. This policy has several purposes:•To set out University requirements for proper disposal of hazardous and special wastes•To ensure worker protection•To reduce the amount of dangerous substances used in University activities •To raise awareness and increase knowledge of all members of the University community about problems of handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials and waste•To establish good laboratory practices that teach and practise safe handling, storage, transportation and disposal of special wastes•To ensure compliance with applicable legislation.POLICY:All chemical and biological materials considered hazardous unless specifically excluded from Schedule 7 of the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act. Materials classified as special wastes must be disposed of in a safe manner in compliance with the Special Waste Regulations of the Waste Management Act, and in consultation with the UBC Environment Services Facility. As all of UBC is considered one site, the rules for handling hazardous materials apply equally to small quantities as they do to large quantities. Each member of the University community who uses or has responsibility for hazardous materials must handle, store, transport and dispose of this material in a manner that harms neither the environment nor living beings, and that meets or exceeds legal requirements.Procedures are established for standard methods of handling chemicals, and biological/human/animal materials in all UBC activities. It is the responsibility of the Administrative Heads of Unit, Principal Investigators and Supervisors to ensure that appropriate training is given and documented to all students and staff who come into contact with these materials.Each member who comes into contact with or uses hazardous materials in their study must first become familiar with the hazards associated with the material and the appropriate method for handling, storage, transportation, and disposal. Up-to-date training records are to be maintained.Individual members are expected to conduct themselves and supervise others with the greatest of care, and, if established procedures for the circumstances do not exist, are responsible for seeking guidance from the appropriate source before ordering, handling, sorting, or disposing of materials that could be hazardous to the environment or to living beings. In accordance with Section 122 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act:“Where a corporation commits an offence under this Act, anyofficer, director or agent of the corporation, who directed,authorized or assented to or acquiesced to or participated in thecommission of the offence is a party to and guilty of the offence,and is liable to punishment provided for the offence, whether or notthe corporation has been prosecuted or convicted.”Consideration should be given to substituting less harmful materials for those that are known to be hazardous at the time of acquisition. Hazardous materials should be purchased in quantities small enough that they do not have to be stored at UBC over long periods.In physical planning for the future research, teaching and operational needs of the University, design elements to address special waste flows should be included to address handling, storage, transportation, emissions, and disposal.PROCEDURES:The number and variety of possibly hazardous materials at UBC are large. Some are created as the result of experimentation. For this reason, the procedures under this policy are meant to provide guidance via illustration and example to individuals at UBC about such areas as chemical, biological, human, and animal materials. For radioisotopes, please see Policy # 11. For pesticides, Please see Policy #12 (http://www.policy.ubc.ca). Individuals unsure about whether a substance (such as paint, oil, pharmaceutical, battery) is hazardous, or about the appropriate steps to take, should contact the UBC expert listed in the procedures below.Laws and regulations governing chemical, human, and biological materials acquisition, handling, storage, and disposalLaws and regulations governing biological materials acquisition, handling, storage transportation and disposal include, but are not limited to:•Canadian Environmental Protection Act•Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act•Provincial Waste Management Act including the Special Waste Regulations and Spill Reporting Regulation•Greater Vancouver Regional District Bylaws, in particular Sewer Use Bylaw # 164 and # 167, Air Quality Management Bylaw # 603 and # 725 and Municipal Solid Waste and Recyclable Material Bylaw # 181 and # 183.•Workers’ Compensation Board Industrial Health and Safety Regulations• WHMIS•Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Health Canada•Health Canada, Narcotics/Controlled Products Act for pharmaceuticals •Containment Standards for Veterinary FacilitiesChemical MaterialsThe Chemical Safety Officer develops generic procedures for handling chemicals, which are distributed to all labs. For chemicals unique to a particular laboratory, the principal investigator must develop written procedures, to be vetted by the Health, Safety & Environment Department. Each department or unit using chemical materials must develop or adopt procedures that include:•Acquiring minimum quantities only•Safe and secure storage•Removing out-of-date materials from inventory•Inspection of time sensitive materials•Appropriate labeling consistent with WHMIS requirements•An annual inventory of materials•Training of faculty, staff and students•Proper use of personal protective equipment, emergency spills, and decontamination procedures•Compliance with University (or host institution) procedures for disposalHuman, Animal and Biological MaterialsThe Biosafety Officer develops procedures for handling materials that are used in more than one laboratory. Written procedures are issued to all labs. For materials unique to a particular laboratory, the principle investigator using human, animal, or biological materials must develop written procedures, to be vetted by the biosafety Officer, that deal with regulated medical waste. Regulated medical waste includes, but is not limited to, the following categories:Human and Biological Materials Continued…•Cultures and stocks of infectious agents, and any materials contaminated witha potentially infectious agent, including, culture dishes and devices used totransfer, inoculate and mix cultures•Any human pathological wastes, including waste human blood or blood products generated in medical or research procedures, and other potentially infectious materials, items contaminated with these materials, and any containers that held these potentially infectious materials•Any animal specimens, carcasses or tissues•Any biological material contaminated with an infectious agent• DNA• Vaccines, pharmaceuticals•Wastes from medical or research procedure that were in contact with infectious agents, including slides and cover slips, disposable gloves, and protective equipment.•Sharps: used or new hypodermic needles and syringes (with or without needle attached), scalpels and razor blades. Also, Pasteur pipettes and broken glassware, when contaminated with an infectious agent•Mixed Waste: Biological specimens or material treated with or preserved in chemicals including alcohol or formaldehyde are considered mixed waste (regulated medical waste and hazardous chemical waste)•Bedding for animals•Other regulated medical waste solids must be placed in secure, leak-proof packaging and stored in such a manner that will prevent decomposition or deterioration during storageIt is the responsibility of each generator to set up a work system prior to generating medical wastes. Principal investigators, area supervisors, or other employees generating regulated medical waste materials are responsible for compliance with applicable regulations and disposal program requirements. Consult the Biosafety Officer for more information.Each department or unit using human, animal, or biological materials must develop procedures that include:•Acquiring minimum quantity control•Safe and secure storage•Appropriate labeling and an annual inventory of materials•Training of faculty, staff and students•Proper use of personal protective equipment, emergency, spill and decontamination procedures•Compliance with University (or host institution) procedures for disposal.。

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Guest Editorial586᭛Public Health Reports /November–December 2005/Volume 120A DISCUSSION OF HAZARDOUS CHILD LABORDavid L. Parker, MD, MPH Martha Overby, JDChild labor has been a fundamental concern within the international community for almost a century—and signiﬁ-cantly longer at the country level. Driven by a desire to protect those who often are the most vulnerable from de-plorable and extreme working conditions, both the national and international communities have sought to implement laws and standards to regulate child labor. The protection of child workers has provided the impetus behind which many of the ﬁrst labor laws were formed.1 The international com-munity has sought to regulate child labor by deﬁning what constitutes hazardous working conditions through evolving legislative measures.In terms of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO)Convention 182,2 it is useful to understand hazardous work from several perspectives: historical, developmental, and workplace exposure. There is a surprising similarity between how hazardous work has been deﬁned historically and in contemporary discussions. Regrettably, there has been little integration of issues related to child development, educa-tion, and public health in order to gain a greater depth of understanding of child labor. This failure is easy to under-stand given the difﬁculties inherent in developing policies that integrate education and public health with the work-place.HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE ILO’S CONVENTION 182Some of the ﬁrst ILO conventions, often referred to as the minimum age conventions, illustrate the signiﬁcant early international steps taken toward addressing child labor and its potential hazards. While the initial international labor laws surrounding child labor targeted the age of the child and the sector of industry involved, they did not explicitly articulate that one industry was necessarily more hazardous or dangerous than another. The ILO did, however, implic-itly assert through its direct attention to age and industry categories that children’s development played a crucial role in their ability to perform or be exposed to certain tasks.Children younger than a designated age, and acting within a proscribed industry, exposed themselves to hazards if not properly regulated by such criteria. ILO Convention No. 5,which came into force on June 13, 1921, stated, “Children under the age of fourteen shall not be employed or work in any public or private undertaking.”2 Convention No. 6 pro-hibited children younger than the age of 18 from working during the night unless the “nature of the process [was]required to be carried on continuously day and night.”2 And Conventions No. 7, 10, 15, 33, and 59 speciﬁcally attempted to establish the minimum age for children working in theﬁshing and agricultural industries as trimmers and stokers and as non-industrial workers.2 Of special note, these mini-mum age standards could be adjusted to younger threshold ages if a particular country could show economic hardship or necessity.3Interestingly, the only direct reference to workplace haz-ards in these minimum age conventions may be found in ILO Recommendation No. 4 of October 29, 1919. Recom-mendation 4 sought to protect women and children from lead poisoning. The General Conference to this recommen-dation stated that “in view of the danger involved to the function of maternity and to the physical development of children,” these populations should not be exposed to lead unless deﬁnite environmental conditions and regulations are met.2 Such conditions included: clean workrooms and tools, ventilation to remove dust and fumes, use of protec-tive clothing, and periodic medical examinations for those exposed to lead.2The next major development in child labor legislation did not occur until 1973 with the introduction of ILO Con-vention No. 138. This convention was intended to serve as the most comprehensive child labor convention to date, as it superceded its industry-speciﬁc predecessors.4 Convention No. 138 attempted to unambiguously state what was implied in the previously enacted minimum age conventions. The age of the child worker was to correspond to a “level consis-tent with the fullest physical and mental development” of the young person and the minimum age of employment was to be no younger than 15 years of age.2Hazardous employment became work that was “likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of young persons.”2State parties were charged with identifying which types of employment fell within this deﬁnition. Hazardous work could not be performed by those younger than 18 years of age.Exceptions to the minimum age requirement could be ob-tained if state parties found such exclusions “necessary.”2 In which case, states were permitted to lower the minimum age to 16 “on condition that the health, safety and morals of the young person concerned [were] fully protected and that the young persons [had] received adequate speciﬁc instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.”2 Again, minimum age requirements were relaxed to 14 years of age for those Member States that proved economic hardship.2Additionally, ILO Convention No. 138 is signiﬁcant in that it introduced a bold new strategy to combat child labor:complete abolition. Convention No. 138, therefore, becomes a paradoxical instrument in that the types of “labor” or “work” to be abolished are never deﬁned.5 Any work, how-ever benign, undertaken by a child could become prohib-ited work. H owever, Article 7, Section 1(a) of Convention No. 138 complicates matters by permitting national laws or regulations to allow “light work which is not likely to be harmful to [the] health or development” of the children involved.2 Children from 13–15 years of age fall within thisGuest Editorial ᭛587Pu blic Health Reports /November–December /Volu me 120category of permissive work. Because “work” is never de-ﬁned, it is impossible to ascertain which types of work are deemed acceptable or inherently unhealthy.The convention and recommendation on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Convention No. 182 and Recommendation No. 190, are the most contemporary examples of what de-ﬁnes hazardous and dangerous working conditions for child laborers. Adopted on June 17, 1999, this convention sought to prioritize the most extreme and egregious forms of child labor exploitation and to “complement existing instru-ments.”6 Under this convention, also known as the Child Labor Treaty, ratifying nations must take effective and im-mediate action to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms ofchild labor, and such action shall take priority over otherforms of child labor regulation. Measures relating to girlswere included to recognize the “special situations” of thispopulation. Moreover, nations were directed to implementa monitoring system and take all necessary steps to ensurethat an effective enforcement system is in place. Rehabilita-tion and social integration programs also were to be estab-lished while the needs of at-risk children were identiﬁed andaddressed.2The 87th Committee on Child Labor, the ﬁnal majorentity involved in the formation of this treaty, grappled withthe language of the instrument.2 In particular, they struggledwith the forms of labor that were to encompass the “worstforms” and “hazardous” categories of child labor.2 Opinionsdiffered dramatically from one country to another on whatshould or should not constitute hazardous child labor con-ditions. Within the proposed draft language, the worst formsof hazardous work comprised four key areas:(i) all forms of slavery and practices similar to slavery, such as the sale andtrafﬁcking of children, forced or com-pulsory labour, debt bondage and serf-dom; (ii)the use, procurement or offering of a child for prostitution, pro-duction of pornography or porno-graphic performances; (iii)the use,procurement or offering of a child forillicit activities, in particular for theproduction and trafﬁcking of drugs;and (iv)work which, by its nature orthe circumstances in which it was car-ried out, was likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of children.7Note, the initial deﬁnition did not include child soldiers. The inclusion of child sol-dier was a heavily contested area of de-bate; however, the Committee ultimately decided to include this class of children within the worst forms deﬁnition.7A broader, more detailed deﬁnition of hazardous child labor emerges through Recommendation 190, a non-binding supplement to Convention No. 182.2 Draw-ing from previously adopted ILO conven-tions pertaining to adult environmentalworking conditions, Recommendation 190 borrows similarstandards as particularly speciﬁed in Convention No. 120,adopted in 1964, outlining “hygienic” working environments.2Children, through the inclusion of these measures, are al-lowed some degree of comparable protection as that afforded to adults. It does not, however, provide for the unique andvarying needs of child laborers in contrast with their adult counterparts. Nor does it provide concrete provisional stan-dards in that a ratifying nation is asked merely to “consider”this criteria when deﬁning hazardous child labor conditions.2CHILD LABOR AND PUBLIC HEALTHThis issue of Public Health Reports is intended to help place hazardous child labor in a rights-oriented public health con-text. An example of how this might take place using the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child is shown in the Figure.Viewed from a rights-oriented model, child labor is part of a cycle entailing lack of education, impaired maternal health, and impaired growth and development.8 The well-being of children stems directly from their right to protec-tion, survival, membership within society, and empower-ment—as well as the protection of women.Public health remains central to most of the problems of survival for the majority of the world’s people. Although the international community has been engaged in the elimina-tion of nutritional deﬁciencies, implementing access to po-table water, and improving maternal health for many de-cades, these issues continue to be problematic. Nutritional Figure. Relationship between child labor, survival, and child rights588᭛Guest EditorialPublic Health Reports /November–December 2005/Volume 120deﬁciencies remain commonplace, and each year more than 500,000 women die secondary to pregnancy-related prob-lems and many times that number are adversely affected by their pregnancy and childbirth. There is no doubt that in-vestment in the education of girls provides signiﬁcant re-turns to society in terms of health and poverty reduction.9,10The relationship between these problems and education,intellectual development, and child labor is complex, and studies are difﬁcult to interpret. Regardless, where the physi-ologic development of the brain and nervous system is im-paired, it is clear that intellectual development and educa-tional attainment may be impaired. Where mothers die or become impaired, children are less likely to attend school. This becomes an intergenerational problem that is best approached through comprehensive community-based pub-lic health. Citing UNICEF (2004), “Ensuring the best start to life means investing in health care, nutrition, water, sanita-tion, and education for young children and their mothers.”11UNICEF notes the particular importance of education for girls in assuring the welfare of future generations.The health problems related to failures in public health are compounded for people in communities and work places adversely affected by toxic exposures. Articles in this issue address the potential impact of hazardous work secondary to exposure to substances such as lead, solvents, and pesticides.In addition, there is discussion among concerned com-munities regarding the lack of adequate data on the num-bers of children who work and the types of work in which they are engaged.12 Regrettably, these data limitations also have limited our ability to ﬁnd research in many areas.H owever, where there is an absence of data on children,data from adult workers leave little doubt about the harmful nature of exposures to substances such as mercury, silica,asbestos, carbon monoxide, pesticides, or infectious diseases.The latter may include illnesses such as silico-tuberculosis secondary to dust exposures in regions where tuberculosis is endemic, tetanus or parasitic diseases due to work in gar-bage dumps, or HIV/AIDS as a result of sexual exploitation.Perhaps the absence of a discussion on the development of infectious diseases is the greatest gap found in this issue of Public Health Reports . Apart from HIV/AIDS, the editor D.L.P .knows of no studies that have evaluated the impact of infec-tious diseases on young workers.Given the large amounts of research that have been con-ducted on adult workers, it is surprising how little has been done on young workers. It is also surprising that there have been so few attempts to clearly enumerate the number of working children. This is all the more surprising given the long history of attempts to regulate child labor at both the national and international levels.13 The problem of control-ling child labor also is rooted in a general ambivalence in deciding how much work is good for children and when.14CONCLUSIONSThe ILO’s historical efforts to clearly and adequately deﬁne hazardous child labor through international labor legisla-tion have been signiﬁcant. However, nations are largely left to their own devices when formulating national standards and threshold requirements surrounding hazardous work,behaviors, and environments. Therefore, while enormous strides have been made in an effort to adequately protect child laborers from dangerous and hazardous working con-ditions, uniformity and consistency remain a yet unattained achievement within the international labor community.The difﬁculties inherent in limiting the economic exploi-tation of children might be better understood in terms of a rights-oriented public health model. Such a model helps policy makers place child labor in the context of growth and development and limits the likelihood that child labor will be viewed as purely an issue of economic development,education, or labor regulation. A public health model also helps to assure that regulators consider the special burden placed on children and that worksite exposures of all types are considered in the context of growth and development.Dr. Parker is with the Park Nicollet Clinic, Minneapolis, MN.Martha Overby teaches at the University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN. Address correspondence to: David Parker, MD, MPH, Park Nicollet Clinic, 2001 Blaisdell Ave. S,Minneapolis, MN, 55404; e-mail <parke065@>.REFERENCES1.Valticos N, von Potobsky GW. International labor law. 2nd revised ed. Geneva: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers; 1995.2.International Labour Organization. ILOLEX database of Interna-tional Labour Conventions [cited 2005 July 6]. Available from:URL: /ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm3.Garg A. A child labor social clause: analysis and proposal for ac-tion. NYU J Intl L & Pol 1999;31:473-534.4.Smolin DM. A tale of two treaties: furthering social justice through the redemptive myths of childhood. Emory Intl L Rev 2003;17:967-1000.5.Smolin DM. Conﬂict & ideology in the international campaign against child labour. Hofstra Lab & Emp LJ 1999;16:383-451.6.Diller JM, Levy DA. Child labor, trade and investment: toward the harmonization of international law. Am J Intl L1997;91:663-96.7.Proceedings of the 87th Committee on Child Labour; 1999 June 1–17; Geneva, Switzerland. Also available from: URL: /public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/index.htm [cited 2005 July 7].8.LeBlanc LJ. The convention of the rights of the child: United Nations lawmaking on human rights. Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press; 1995.9.Herz B, Sperling GB. What works in girls’ education: evidence and policies from the developing world. Council on Foreign Relations;2004 [cited 2005 July 7]. Available from: URL: /pdf/Girls_Education_full.pdf10.World Bank. Millennium development goals: reduce child mortal-ity [cited 2005 July 7]. Available from: URL: http://www .developmentgoals .org/Child_Mortality.htm11.UNICEF. The state of the world’s children [cited 2005 July 7].Available from: URL: /sowc04/sowc04_chapters .html12.Wigle DT. Child health and the environment. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.13.Wiener M. The child and the state in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1991.14.Rosner D. Youth, race and labor: Working kids and historical ambiva-lence in twentieth century America. Am J Ind Med 1993;24:275-81.。