Optimal multicast communication in wormhole-routed torus networks

超高速基带通信算法英文1. Algorithm -算法2. Ultra-high-speed -超高速3. Baseband -基带4. Communication -通信5. Accurate -准确的6. Answer -回答7. Corresponding -对应的8. English -英文9. Word -单词10. Write -写11. 29 - 2912. Sentence -句子13. Bilingual -双语的14. The algorithm for ultra-high-speed baseband communication is highly efficient.超高速基带通信算法非常高效。

15. Can you accurately answer the corresponding English words?你能准确回答对应的英文单词吗？16. Please write 29 sentences in bilingual.请用双语写29个句子。

17. The development of ultra-high-speed baseband communication algorithms has revolutionized the field of telecommunications.超高速基带通信算法的发展彻底改变了电信领域。

18. We need an accurate algorithm to optimize the baseband communication system.我们需要一个准确的算法来优化基带通信系统。

19. Do you have the answer to the corresponding English word for "communication"?你对于"communication"这个对应的英文单词有答案吗？20. The English word for "algorithm" is the same in both languages."algorithm"这个英文单词在两种语言中都一样。

►个人简介郜帅，博士，1980年8月生。

副教授，河南济源人，2004 年至今在北京交通大学电子信息工程学院工作，2008 年2 月至2009 年2 月期间获国家公派资助赴美国得克萨斯州大学阿灵顿分校交流访问一年。

先后主持或参与国家重大专项、973 项目、863 项目、国家自然科学基金项目等二十余项，获得授权发明专利10 余项，提交国际标准草案4 项（其中IETF 工作组草案1 项）。

►联系方式办公电话：51684274电子邮箱：shgao@办公地点：机械工程楼D701C►研究方向1. 无线传感器网络：系统体系结构、路由协议、移动性、定位、拓扑控制等。

2. 未来信息网络体系：路由交换、网络性能评估、分析等。

3. 移动互联网：系统架构、移动路由、移动组播等。

►科研项目►部分在研课题1. 科技部863子课题网络信息安全管理体系架构及理论-2 2012-2013主持2. 国家重大专项子课题移动互联网网络与信息安全技术研究-22011-2012 主持3. 国家自然基金青年基金机会传感器网络感知路由关键技术2012-2014 主持►学术著作1.Shuai Gao, Hongke Zhang and Sajal K. Das. Efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks with path-constrained mobile sinks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. 2011, 10(4): 592-608.2.Shuai Gao, Hongke Zhang. Energy Efficient Path-constrained Sink Navigation in Delay Guaranteed Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Networks. 2010, 5(6), pp. 658-665.3.郜帅，霍宏伟，张宏科等，基于数据采集量均衡的移动无线传感器网络节能机制，通信学报，2009，30(9)，pp. 109-116.4.郜帅，张宏科，徐怀松，sink轨迹固定传感器网络的高效数据采集机制，软件学报，2010，21(1)，pp.147-162.5.郜帅等，时延受限传感器网络移动sink 路径选择方法研究，电子学报, 2011, 39(4): 742-747.6.Shuai Gao, Hongke Zhang and Sajal Das. Efficient Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Path-constrained Mobile Sinks. In: Proc.of the 11th IEEE Int’l Symp. on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 2009.7.Shuai Gao, Yanchao Niu, Hongwei Huo and Hongke Zhang. An Energy Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Data Equilibrium in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network. In: Proc. of the 3rd Int’l Conf. on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks(MSN), 2007.8.Shuai Gao, Hongke Zhang. Optimal Overlapping Time Partition in Sensor Networks with a Path-constrained Mobile Sink. In: Proc. of the 1st IEEE Int’l Conf. on Communication Technology and Application (ICCTA), 2009.9.Shuai Gao, Hongke Zhang, Tianfei Song and Ying Wang. Network Lifetime and Throughput Maximization in Wireless Sensor Networks with a Path-constrained Mobile Sink. In: Proc of Int’l Conf. on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC), 2010.10.Shuai Gao, Linjuan Zhang and Hongke Zhang. Energy-aware spray and wait routing in mobile opportunistic sensor networks. Proc.3rd IEEE Int’l Conf. on Broadband Network & Multimedia Technology (IC-BNMT), 2010.11.Lili Wang, Shuai Gao and Hongke Zhang. Distributed PMIPv6 based on the prefix aggregation. Proceedings of AIAI, 2011.12.Huaming Guo, Shuai Gao, et al., Inter-domain routing with ASnumber: A traffic engineering perspective. Proc. 1st Int’l Symp. on Computer Network and Multimedia Technology (CNMT), 2009.13.Jianfeng Guan, Shuai Gao, et al., The analysis and simulation of multicast join delay. Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC), 2009.14.霍宏伟，郜帅等，基于室内传播模型的无线传感器网络节点部署策略研究，中国工程科学，2008，10(9).15.李昭桦，郜帅等，IEEE802.15.4网络的IPv6报头压缩研究，北京交通大学学报，2007，31(5).16.霍宏伟，郜帅等，一种实时轨道监测无线传感器网络与服务模型研究，铁道学报，2008，30(6).►获奖荣誉1.BJTU IPv6无线移动路由器，2005年度北京市科学技术一等奖（排名5）2.BJTU IPv6微型传感路由器，2008年度电子学会电子信息科学技术二等奖（排名5）3.高性能IPv6路由器协议栈软件，教育部科技成果鉴定，2004年（排名8）4.BJTU IPv6无线移动路由器，教育部科技成果鉴定，2004年（排名5）5.BJTU IPv6微型传感路由器，教育部科技成果鉴定，2005年（排名2）6.BJTU IPv6网络性能分析报告系统，教育部科技成果鉴定，2005年（排名5）7.一体化标识网络系统，教育部科技成果鉴定，2009年（排名4）。

特征字典与自适应联合的BCS-UWB信道估计王玲玲;齐丽娜【摘要】Ultra-WideBand( UWB) ,as a wireless communication technology of high speed,has many advantages. However,it''s difficult to sample due to its ultra-wideband. Considering the inherent sparsity of UWB signal and channel and the unknown sparsity of channel, Bayesian Compressive Sensing ( BCS) provides a method of sampling with low rate,which converts channel estimation into signal recon-struction. In CS,the crucial issue is to find the representation of the target signal and the measurement matrix. At present,the usual-used identify matrix and multipath dictionary can''t provide the sparsest representation. It still requires a large number of measurements to re-construct the original signal. What''s more,the measurement matrix is highly correlative with the dictionary,leading to a large number of measurements for signal reconstruction. The sampling rate is still very high. To solve the above problem,propose an eigen-based dictiona-ry and adaptive measurement matrix for UWB channel estimation in this paper. Eigen-based dictionary enables the sparsest representation and adaptive measurement matrix can improve the reconstruction accuracy with fewer measurements,which realizes the lower sampling rate. The simulation result shows that combining the eigen-based dictionary and adaptive measurement matrix in BCS for UWB channel estimation can provide better performance with lower sampling rate.%超宽带作为一种高速无线通信技术,具有很多优势,但是其过高的带宽造成采样困难的问题. 考虑到超宽带信号和信道固有的稀疏性且信道稀疏性未知,贝叶斯压缩感知提供了一种低速采样方法,将信道估计问题转化为压缩感知理论中的重构问题. 压缩感知理论的关键在于信号的稀疏表示与观测矩阵的设计. 目前常用的单位矩阵字典和多径字典并没有使信号具有最大的稀疏度,重构所需要的观测数目较大;并且常用的随机观测矩阵与稀疏表示字典相关度较高,算法必须在降维比较高时才能达到重构要求,采样速率依然较高. 针对上述问题,文中提出使用特征字典表示稀疏信号,并使用贝叶斯压缩感知理论中的自适应观测矩阵设计方法进行信道估计. 通过将二者结合,特征字典使信号具有最大的稀疏度,自适应观测可以用较少的观测值进一步提高重构算法的精度,达到进一步降低采样速率的目的. 仿真结果表明,使用特征字典与自适应观测矩阵联合的贝叶斯压缩感知进行超宽带信道估计可进一步降低采样速率,并具有更好的性能.【期刊名称】《计算机技术与发展》【年(卷),期】2015(025)012【总页数】6页(P195-200)【关键词】超宽带;压缩感知;信道估计;特征字典;自适应观测矩阵【作者】王玲玲;齐丽娜【作者单位】南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院,江苏南京 210003;南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院,江苏南京 210003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN911.1超宽带(Ultra-WideBand,UWB)通信是无线通信领域的一项突破性的技术,和传统的无线通信系统相比,具有很多优点,如数据速率高、低成本、低功耗、抗干扰能力强等[1]。

通信英语词汇词组principle原理sample采样/样值scheme方案,设计,安排quantiz量化,分层code编码/码describe叙述,描述description叙述,描述amplitude幅,幅度binary二进制的minimum最小值,最小量maximum最大值theoretical理论上的repetition重复,反复reexamination再审查,重考reduce减少,缩小interchange互换,转换,相互影响method方式,方法,手段overcome克服,打败,征服environment环境,周围情况lightning电光,闪电,雷电strike击,敲,打spark发火花,打火,闪signal-to-noiseratio信噪比satellite卫星terrestrial地球的,地面的,大地的parameter参数,系数attenuation衰减,衰耗inherent固有的,内在的assume假设,假定interleave交插,交错,插接appropriate适当的,合适的unique惟一的,独特的reoccur再发生,再次发生asynchronous异步的serial 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用户电报antenna天线coaxial同轴的jitter抖动buffer缓冲器keyboard 键盘host主机command命令laser 激光器dispersion 色散bandwidth 带宽manufacturer 制造商sensitivity 灵敏度pointer 指针customer 顾客amplifier 放大器client/Server客户机/服务器container 容器directional 指向性distortion 失真度distributive 分布式filter 滤波器frequency 频率gateway 网关interference 接口layering 分层ethernet以太网telnet 远程measurement 测试multicast 多点广播LAN 局域网MAN 城域网WAN 广域网cell 信元jam 拥塞real-time 实时brust 突发interchanger交换机primary 主用secondary 备用relay 中继console 控制台glint 闪烁multi-media 多媒体gateway 网关gatekeeper 网守core 核心administration 管理diagnostics-center 诊断中心critical 严重的major 主要的minor 次要的fan tray 风扇转速temperature 温度DC voltage 直流电压值normal 正常的missing 丢失的none 无clear 干净的slot 槽card state 板卡状态disk 硬盘resource 资源line 线路port 端口active 有效的standby 备用的front 前面back 背面empty 空的mismatch 不匹配的operational 运作的fail 失败的usable 有用的unusable 失效的label 标签switch 交换node 节点physical-view 物理视窗detail 详情modify 修改delete 删除element 原理delay 延迟trace 追溯reroute 按新的路径传输absolute 完全的elapsed-time 消逝的时间grade 等级type 种类landing 降落correct 更正cancle 取消plan to 预计delay 延误request 请求destination 目的地finally 最后at first 起初receive 收到send 发出repeat 重复bigin 开始end 结束verify 核对miss丢失all 全部address地址form 格式route 路由command 命令amount 数量formal 正式的cease 停止storage 存储compatibility 兼容processor 处理器memory 内存plug 插头tolerant 容量status 状态hotspare 热备份framework 构架alarm 告警function 功能artery 干线queue 队列drop 删除操作undrop 去掉删除操作database 数据库cash 现金main 主菜单exchange 交换force 力量client 客户端engine 引擎program 程序ready 准备boot 启动shutdown 关机reboot 重启haltsys 关机update 更新list 列表examine 检查statistics 统计default 初始化mmenu 菜单restore 还原transmit 转发uplink 上行线路downlink 下行线路launch 发射receive 接收antenna 天线modulation/demodulation 调制解调user equipment 用户设备attenuation 衰减frequency 频率signal 信号weak 衰弱carrier 载波interference 干扰mutual 相互的contact 联系candle 处理collect 收集noise 噪声increase 提高reduce 降低bandwidth 带宽microwave 微波radar 雷达limit 限制airport 机场data 数据business 业务protocol 协议weather 气象broadcast 广播database 数据库monitor 监视control 控制local 本地remote 异地configuration 配置reliability 可靠性synchronization 同步asynchronous 异步rate 速率dial 拨号serve 服务router 路由器maintain 维护attenuator 衰减器rack 机架cable 电缆chassis 机箱character 字符packet 包frame 帧bit 比特byte 字节server 服务器printer 打印机spectrometer 频谱仪fault 故障power 电源debug 调试reset 复位reload 重装restart 重启port 端口serial port 串口automatic 自动的manual 手动的version 版本utility 功能terminal 终端type 类型rate 速率enabled 使可能的present 现在custom 习惯sweep 扫除operational 操作decimal 十进制的calculate 计算search 搜索alternate 交替轮流range 范围，幅度value 值manintenance 维护log 记录，日志gain 增益output 输出input 输入level 水平site 位置device 装置summary 总结current 电流folder 文件夹loopback 回路online 上线offline 下线echo 反射conference 会议slave 被叫方master 主叫方offset 补偿，抵消quality 质量，特性circle 循环，回路span 跨度peak 最高点nadir 最低点couple 个数display 显示amplitude 振幅catalog 目录zoom 急速上升step 步骤total 总的identification 标记space 间隔sequence 顺序except 除什么之外diversion 改路indicator 代码supplementary 追加的priority 等级，优先权location 位置inhibit 禁止group 组separation 分离head 头time 次数necessary 必要的signature 签字abbreviation 简字，缩写department 部门service 公电go ahead 请发报handling 处理manual 人工expect 预计serial 连续的garble 变字idle 空闲的stuck 阻塞tape 纸带excessive 非法的open 断流，开路incorrect 不正常的error 错误invalid 无效的due 由于corrupt 错误的unknown 不知道的origin 源include 包括unable 无能力的unwanted不需要的incompletely 不完善地inordinate 无限制的divert 改路hold 保留，停发observe 观察solid 稳定的false错误的continuously 连续地interruption 中断resume 恢复cooperation 协作out of service 中断工作rush reply 速回答wrong 错误的changeover 转换take place发生alternate 备用further 进一步的attention 注意best regards 最好的敬意kindly 友好地ignore 忽视section 一部分side 边avoid 避免mention提到appreciate 感谢reason原因reference 参阅as soon as possible 尽可能的快silent 安静的feed 反馈percent 百分比following 如下trouble 故障according 依据purpose 目的clarify 澄清previous 以前的duration期间affect 影响deal with 处理release 释放unstable不稳定的abnormal 不正常about 大约above 以上accolingly 按照acknowledfent 确认active 活动accurate 准确add 增加additional 附加adjust 领近in dvance 事前advise 通知another 另外的already 已经amount 数量application 申请arrange安排arrival 到达assist 协助available 有可能的avoid 避免average平均because 因为below 以下both双方confirm 请证实confirmed证实无误check 检查cancel 取消contuinue 继续condition 条件conside 思考deliver交付duration 期间diver 绕转emergency 紧急情况ensure 保证establish 建立serialinterface 串行接口datatransmission 数据传输datastream 数据流theidlestate 闲置状态originatingcall发端呼叫undergroundcable 地下电缆circuitswitching 电路交换packetswitching 分组交换messageswitching 报文交换ciruitswitching电路交换messageswitching报文交换destinationaddress 目的地址errorcontrol 误差控制store-and-forwardmanner 存储转发方式ransimissiondelay 传输时延intermediateswitchingequipment 中间交换设备switchingtechnique 交换技术returnsignal 返回信号messageprocessor 报文处理机givenmaximumlength 给定最大长度atrandom 随机性dedicatedcircuit v informationsuperhighway 信息高速公路statisticalmultiplexing 统计复用digitalinformation 数字化的信息networknode 网络节点dualidentification 双重标识virtualcircuit 虚电路virtualpath 虚路径statisticalmultiplexing 统计复用optimumuseofresources 资源的最佳使用virtualprivatenetworks 虚拟专用网ThePublicTelecommunicationsNetwork 公用电信网localloop 本地环路switchingnode 交换节点tollcenter 收费中心telephonesubscriber 电话用户datatraffic 数据流量intermediateswitchingnode 中间交换节点full-duplexconnection 全双工的连接globalcommunications 全球通信narrowbandservices 宽带业务basicaccess 基本接入radiowaves 无线电波end-to-enddelay 端到端的时延peakhours 繁忙小时operationsandmaintenance 运行和维护telecommunicationservice 电信业务messagesofcharacters 文字报two-wayvoiceconversation 双向对话coaxialtreenetwork 同轴树状网络resourcepooling 资源共享sampling,quantizing and coding 抽样量化与编码speech channel 话路amplitude value 幅值sampling frequency 抽样频率sampling rate 抽样速率coding process 编码过程analog signal 模拟信号transmission quality 传输质量digital communication 数字通信digital transmission 数字传输transmission path 传输路由signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signal levels 信号电平noise power 噪声功率terrestrial system 地面系统Time Division Multiplexer 时分多路复用serial interface 串行接口data transmission 数据传输data stream 数据流the idle state 闲置状态mark level 传号电平space level 空号电位local clock 本地时钟underground cable 地下电缆communication satellite 通信卫星timing signals 定时信号time slot 时隙data terminals 数据终端network resource 网络资源information services 信息服务remote terminals 远程终端interconnected systems 互联的系统electronic mail 电子邮件searching tools 搜索工具user interface 用户界面textual messages 文本信息electronic conferences 电子会议live conversation 实时对话the UNIX operating system UNIX操作系统light source 光源wave length 波长wideband subscriber 带宽用户video bandwidth 视频带宽long distance transmission 长途传输repeater spacing 中继距离wavelength multiplexing 波分复用information capacity 信息容量broadband services 带宽业务international standard 国际标准signal format 信号格式network node interface 网络节点接口tributary signals 支路信号network management 网络管理network maintenance 网络维护network operators 网络运营者transmission rate 传输速率tributary signals 支路信号maintenance capabilities 维护能力building blocks 组件individual tributary signals 各个支路信号transport system 传输系统communication means 通信手段called person 被叫人urgent communications 紧急通信electronic circuitry 电子电路wireless transmission 无线传输service area 服务区global coverage 全球覆盖gain of the antenna 无线增益space station 空间站user terminal 用户终端call accounting电话自动计费系统call control 呼叫控制coax cable 同轴电缆CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址core function 核心功能call information system 呼叫信息系统communication module 通信模块configuration management 配置管理cyclic redundancy check 循环冗佘校验carrier to noise ratio 载波比control word 控制字electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰emergency power 应急电源emergency sooket 应急插座evacuation sigvial疏散照明FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access频分多址GSM:Global System for Mobile communications全球移动通信系统information technology 信息技术LAN:Local Area Network 局域网network layer 网络层physical interface物理接口RF:Radio Frequency 射频satellite commumication 卫星通信service node interface业务节点接口Trunk cabling interface 星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol传输控制协议/网间协议Tele Communication System 通信系统Telecommunication System 通讯系统Ticket Dispemser 发卡机Time Division Dual 时分双工TDM:Time Division Multiplexing时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address时分多址error rate误码率circuit switch电路交换message exchange报文交换packet switch分组交换virtual circuit虚电路network topology网络拓扑physical and vitual addressing modes物理寻址flow control流量控制route selection路径选择logical block addressing逻辑寻址error detection错误检测DTE data terminal equipment数据终端设备DCE data communications equipment数据电路中断设备reference model参考模型VP virtual path 虚通道VC virtual channel虚通路NNI network network interface 网络节点接口UNI user network interface 用户网络接口static route 静态路由bum steady常亮flight altitude飞行高度fixed format 固定格式make preparation for dropping 备降route table 路由表forbidden character 禁用字符man-machine dialog 人机对话prefix number冠字short circuit 短路check code 校验码insert record 插入记录bi-directional data 双向通信radio frequency 射频单元（RF）intermediate frequency 中频单元（IF）out door unit 室外单元（ODU）very high frequency 甚高频（VHF）TES Telephony Earth Stationoffice automation 办公自动化redundant backup 冗余备份communication protocol 通信协议data broadcasting 数据广播data interface 数据接口(channel Unit) CU card /board CU板卡channel unit 信道单元remote station 远端站network control system 网络控制系统（NCS）频分多址（FDMA）按需分配（DAMA）预分配（PAMA）delay time 延迟时间bandwidth pool 带宽池modulation system 调制方式forward error correction 前向纠错（FEC）cold standby 冷备份warm standby 热备份outgoing control channel 外向控制信道（OCC）inbound control channel 入向控制信道configuration parameter 配置参数time division multiplexing 时分复用（TDM）carryout执行,完成putinto投入takeintoaccount把考虑在内appearonthescene出场,出现bycomparison比较起来,相对之下dueto由于inasense从某种意义上说greater than 大于less than 小于between and 在两者之间roll out 转出power off 关机。

基于相关向量机的无线通信系统信道检测蔡方萍【摘要】To improve the security of data transmission in physical layer of wireless communication system and to solve defects of current channel detection algorithms,a wireless communication system channel algorithm based on relevance vector machine was proposed.Wireless communication model was analyzed,authentication scheme was established,and relevance vector machine was used to detect channel.The feasibility and superiority of the proposed algorithm were tested in different channel scenarios.The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately detect channel,effectively reduce the bit error rate of data transmission,and improve the security and throughput of systems,and the performance is better than the existing channel detection algorithms in the same scenario,so it has higher practical application value.%为提高无线通信系统中的数据传输安全性,提出一种基于相关向量机的无线通信系统信道算法.分析无线通信模型,建立无线通信系统的信息认证方案,采用相关向量机进行无线通信系统的信道检测,在不同信道场景下,对其可行性和优越性进行仿真测试实验.测试结果表明,相关向量机可以对无线通信系统信道进行精确检测,有效降低数据传输的误码率,提高系统的保密吐量,在相同场景下,性能优于其它无线通信系统信道检测算法,具有更高的实际应用价值.【期刊名称】《计算机工程与设计》【年(卷),期】2017(038)010【总页数】5页(P2642-2645,2837)【关键词】无线通信系统;信道特征;安全;相关向量机;检测算法【作者】蔡方萍【作者单位】萍乡学院信息与计算机工程学院,江西萍乡337000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN915E-mail:******************在无线通信系统[1,2]的实际应用中，由于信道的开放性、随机性等特点，数据传输安全隐患十分严重，信道间冲突频率高，因此如何准确对无线通信系统的信道进行有效准确检测，保证通信安全面临巨大的挑战[3]。

Optical CommunicationsOptical communications have revolutionized the way we transmit informationover long distances. This technology relies on the use of light to carry data through optical fibers, offering faster speeds and higher bandwidth compared to traditional copper cables. The ability to transmit data at the speed of light has transformed the way we communicate, enabling us to send large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. One of the key advantages of optical communications isits high data transfer rates. By using light to transmit data, optical fibers can achieve speeds that are significantly faster than traditional copper cables. Thisis particularly important in today's digital age, where the demand for high-speed internet and data transfer is ever-increasing. Optical communications have made it possible to stream high-definition videos, make video calls, and download large files in a matter of seconds. In addition to speed, optical communications also offer higher bandwidth capabilities. This means that optical fibers can carry more data at once, allowing for multiple streams of information to be transmitted simultaneously. As a result, optical communications have become essential for supporting the growing number of connected devices in our homes and businesses. From smart TVs to smartphones, optical communications play a crucial role in keeping us connected to the digital world. Another key benefit of optical communications is its reliability. Unlike traditional copper cables, opticalfibers are not susceptible to electromagnetic interference or signal degradation over long distances. This means that data can be transmitted over greaterdistances without loss of quality or speed. As a result, optical communicationsare often used for long-haul transmission, such as connecting data centers or linking continents through undersea cables. Optical communications also offer enhanced security features. Because light is used to transmit data, it is much more difficult for hackers to intercept or tamper with the information being transmitted. This makes optical communications a preferred choice for transmitting sensitive data, such as financial transactions or government communications. By ensuring data security, optical communications help protect our privacy andprevent unauthorized access to our information. Furthermore, optical communications are also environmentally friendly. Unlike traditional copper cables,optical fibers do not require as much energy to transmit data. This means that optical communications have a lower carbon footprint, making them a more sustainable option for long-term use. As we strive to reduce our impact on the environment, the adoption of optical communications can help us achieve our sustainability goals while still meeting our growing communication needs. Overall, optical communications have transformed the way we transmit information, offering faster speeds, higher bandwidth, reliability, security, and environmental benefits. As we continue to rely on digital technologies for work, education, entertainment, and communication, optical communications will play an increasingly important role in keeping us connected to the world around us. By harnessing the power of light, we can continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in the world of communications.。

ALL IS UNDER CONTROLDVB / DTH / OTT / Mobile / IP / Video monitoring and compliance recording For Headend / Satellite / Cable, IPTV, CDN operators Reliability 24/7 · Control of thousands of TV channels · Flexible configurationStream MultiScreen system is intended for simultaneous visual and instrumental monitoring for unlimited number of channels in real-time. Having been based on successful combination of versatile features including multi-channel (unlimited number of sources) and multi-format (HD/SD-SDI, IP, DVB-ASI, Composite combined in a single server ) abilities with high-level reliability Stream MultiScreen system has been implemented in the projects of the largest Headend operators, Satellite and Cable operators, TV Channels and OTT operators.The n umber of physical inputs\interfaces per 1 server (unlimited number of servers to combine for large systems):· up to 40 Composite (NTSC, PAL, SECAM);· up to 7 RF Analog (NTSC, PAL, SECAM);· up to 32 SD-SDI (SMPTE-259M, 10 bit, 270 Mbit/s);· up to 32 HD-SDI (SMPTE-292M, 10 bit, 1,5 Gbit/s); · up to 32 DVB-ASI (ETSI EN 50083-9). Bitrate range 0..214 Mbit/s;· up to 32 AES/EBU (24 bit/ 192 kHz) channels; · up to 12 DVB-T/T2 (ETSI EN 300 744, 302 755)· up to 12 DVB-S/S2 (ETSI EN 300 421, EN302-307, EN301-210) · up to 12 DVB-C/C2 (ETSI EN 300 429 Annex A/B/C); · up to 12 IP/Gigabit Ethernet (ETSI TS 102 034). · up to 125 FM Radio· up to 6 DVI-D, HDMI v.1.3, v1.4, DisplayPort (can be mixed); · 3,5” mini jack, stereo, not balanced; · Encoding any input AV signal to IP (Option): MPEG-2 transport stream.· Streaming Mosaic to IP (Option): MPEG-2 transport stream, H264/AVC, HD up to 1080p. · Re-stream any incoming TS to IP · Mosaic over HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) · Any video channel over HLS (HTTP Live Streaming)Output signals· MPEG-1 (ISO/IEC 11172-1);· MPEG-2 (ISO/IEC 13818-1);· MPEG-4.2 (ISO/IEC 14496-2);· MPEG-4.10 (H.264, ISO/IEC 14496-10).· HEVC (H.265) 4К.Supported video standards:· MPEG-2 Layer II (ISO 11172-3); · Dolby Digital (AC-3, ATSC A.52b); · AAC/ADTS/ADIF (ISO/IEC 13818-7, ISO 14496-3); · SMPTE 302M · HE-AAC Supported audio standards:· MPEG-2 TS (ISO/IEC 13818-1), MPTS or SPTS;· DVB T2-MI Streams (ETSI TR 101 290-1, A14-1), Option: can be monitored using Stream Labs’ DVB T2 MI splitter;Data containers:· FLASH RTMP streams (Real Time Messaging Protocol). The support of H.264 video and AAC and MP3 audio streams;· HLS (HTTP Live Streaming Monitoring); supports encrypted streams;· MMS&MMSH (Microsoft Media Server Protocol & MMS over HTTP);· RTSP (RFC 1889, 2326, 3550).Mobile and internet (OTT) broadcasting protocols support.INSTRUMENTAL MONITORING OF UNLIMITED NUMBER OF CHANNELSThe system performs the intellectual analysis, generates warning events, logging and video/audio indication for the following video and audio stream parameters:• Video loss • Frozen video • Black frame • Audio loss • Audio signal level: overload• Audio signal level: silence• R-128 Loudness Level• Loudness Splash• Loudness Short Term• Loudness True Peak• Clipping audio• Wrong field order detectionQoE:• Video aspect ratio • Teletext page loss • Sync loss• Signal loss • Service lost • PID lost• ETR 290 (level 1 and level 2)• EIT actual section loss• EIT error• EIT other error• PID scrambled• Transport Stream Bitrate• Service Bitrate• Teletext and subtitling (onlyMPEG-2 TS)• HLS Transport error• HLS Low ThroughputQoS:SNMP COLLECTOR MODULE ALLOWS TO RECEIVE DATA IN STREAM MULTISCREEN MONITORING SYSTEM FROM ANY EXTERNAL DEVICE FOR SNMP PROTOCOL. INTEGRATION WITH WISI ALLOWS TO GET ALERTS FOR RF LEVEL, EBNO LEVEL, SNR LEVEL, BER LEVEL.• EPG monitorning• Round Robin• Ability of on-the-fly change of video windows arrangement in displayed configuration • Visual warning• SNMP Traps / SNMP Get /SNMP collector• Selective continuous looprecording or scheduled/according to controlledchannels rules recording• Loudness measurement• Penalty screen• DVB subtitles• Mail alerts• Audio alerts• Multiple walls• Video on demandproblems• SCTE-104 over SD\HD-SDIlogging and reporting• SCTE-35 over MPEG2-TSDigital Program InsertionCueing• Message loggingFeatures and BenefitsBuilt-in editor supports the following features:• Free positioning and size of video windows. The maximal size of video window is the size of the screen. Supports 16:9 and 4:3 aspect ratio. Automatic definition of aspect ratio for transport streams;• Free positioning of audio PPM indicators (vertical, on the right, on the left, horizontally, over the video or outside of it);• Any position of the text in the window, size, color and transparency;• It is possible to automatically extract program names from PSI tables for transport streams;• Use any number of layers while placing objects (video windows and signatures, audio PPM, clocks (analog, digital), automatically updated text signatures etc.);• It is possible to set a border (thickness, color) for any graphic object of the system.MultiMonitor - client application for Operators of master Control Room• Video by demand from remoted sites• Control for a couple of Hundred or Thousand TV channels• Database for all events• Audio and visual alert operatorThe quantity of channels provided by operators is constantly growing. As a general rule, the Satellite, Cable or OTT operators have a limited space for monitoring system. And while the channels’ quantity grows, the operators need more displays and racks, and the most important issue - the dramatic space extension.‘Stream MultiMonitor allows to control instrumentally the quality of any number of channels in one system, that leads to less required space, less personnel, less money for total upgrade of the monitoring system and no need in total reconstruction of the studio!’Client-server architectureThe number of servers connected to one Stream MultiMonitor client application is unlimited. Operating in configurator mode, the client software Stream MultiMonitor allows to control all available signal sources on the remote Stream MultiScreen servers: cards inputs, IP-interfaces including actual PAT, PMT and SDT tables. Using special parameters set, built-in editor can create the new configuration for Array selected channels displaying in a couple of clicks. Automatically created configuration is available for manual editing then.Screen View Coder/Screen AV Coder - Image Encoding ModuleStream MultiScreen can encode the image displayed on the screen of the monitoring system. All the layout visualization is encrypted as it appears: the video window, the PPM indicators, the reports of alarm events and text plates. Image is encoded with MPEG-2 Video codecs or H.264 and packed into a transport stream MPEG-TS. TS is then transmitted over IP.ScreenView Coder will lighten the work of the operator with Stream MultiScreen monitoring system in remote mode when the primary server is in another city, or the master control room (MCR) where operators sit is located at a considerable distance from the server room with the equipment. Moreover, any person ( the management staff or the advertising department managers, etc.) located in the same network where the server Stream MultiScreen broadcasts its transport stream by standard means, such as VLC Player, can receive this TS and view what is being currently broadcasted onair\ by satellite \ in the cable network.ScreenView Coder is useful for the construction of combined instrumental and visual monitoring and logging systems. In many cases it allows eliminating the duplication of capture cards in recording systems, which in its turn enables the development of more optimal, both from the technical and financial side, solutions.ScreenView Coder inputs• Stream MultiScreen visualization layout. Simultaneous encoding of up to 4 visualization layouts.• Physical inputs from capture cards: CVBS\SD-SDI\HD-SDI.ScreenView Coder features• Source: layout visualization server Stream MultiScreen. Supported by the simultaneous encoding of up to four layouts visualization.• Video encoder: MPEG-2 SD / HD or H.264 SD / HD; the bit rate of 0.2 - 30 Mbit/s.• Support of tables’ generation NIT, PAT, PMT, SDT.• Ability to specify the service name in the table SDT.• Output: TS / IP, Multicast and Unicast supported protocols.• Support of single-program and multiprogram transport streams (SPTS and MPTS).• Graphical user interface for configuring the encoder.The system logs all warning events to the database built on Microsoft SQL Express and provides the network services for quick search of the events by means of various filters. The list of the monitoring parameters and the correspondent threshold values are set to every channel separately. It is also possible to configure the graphical (video window frame width and color) and audio indication of the warning event and assign the priority for event types. One can set up the logging of the warning events info to the database with no indication at all.Free of charge client application Stream MultiMonitor provides the interface for working with Stream MultiScreen database allowing to control the state of all monitored signal parameters for all available Stream MultiScreen servers. In some particular configurations MultiMonitor also allows to dynamically change the set of the visually controlled channels on LCD panels. Being unique this functionality allows to solve the problem of monitoring of the large number of channels with minimum efforts.An advanced video/audio logging software for digital non-stop recording for full-time TV channels.• Itegration with Multiscreen;• Time-shift Service;• Non-stop recording or upon a record-list;• Individual schedule creation for each channel;• Rules set-up for the schedules;• Display of the entire recording history for every channel using special timeline with different colors, marking the recording events such as the start/stop, turning off the alarm, equipment malfunction and on;• The timeline not only allows to visually monitor the process of writing data to the storage, but also provides the convenient interface for searching, data selection and downloading them for later viewing;• Separate application for visual monitoring of several recording servers Stream MultiRec with details for each recorded channel.• Re-encoding incoming TS to lower bitrate and resolution • Streaming recorded video from storage for confirmation of recordingStream MultiRecWhat do we use for inputs?For operation with Composite, SD/HD SDI, DVB-ASI input signals in Stream MultiScreen systems we use multi-channel input cards (Stream Labs’ production). The combination of these cards allows to build monitoring servers with almost any types of input interfaces and for any tasks. Severs can be in 19-inch rack mountable with Dual PSU.• • • • • It is also possible to use any DirectShow API support input cards.。

D ATA S HE E TM 20 I n t e r n e t B a c k b o n e R o u t e rThe M20 router’s compact design offers tremendous performance and portdensity. The M20 router has a rich feature set that includes numerous advantages.sRoute lookup rates in excess of 40 Mpps for wire-rate forwarding performancesAggregate throughputcapacity exceeding 20 Gbps sPerformance-based packet filtering, rate limiting, and sampling with the Internet Processor II™ ASIC sRedundant System and Switch Board andredundant Routing Engine sMarket-leading port density and flexibility sProduction-proven routing software with Internet-scale implementations of BGP4, IS-IS, OSPF , MPLS traffic engineering, class of service, and multicasting applicationsThe M20™ Internet backbone router is a high-performance routing platform that is built for a variety of Internet applications, including high-speed access, public and private peering,hosting sites, and backbone core networks.The M20 router leverages proven M-series ASIC technology to deliver wire-rateperformance and rich packet processing,such as filtering, sampling, and rate limiting.It runs the same JUNOS™ Internet software and shares the same interfaces that are supported by the M40™ Internet backbone router, providing a seamless upgrade path that protects your investment. Moreover, its compact design (14 in / 35.56 cm high)delivers market-leading performance and port density, while consuming minimal rack space.The M20 router offers wire-rate performance,advanced features,internal redundancy,and scaleability in a space-efficient package.A d v a n t a g e sFeatur esBenefitsIt [JUNOS software]dramatically increases our confidence that we will have access to technology to keep scaling along with what the demands on the network are.We can keep running.—Michael O’Dell,Chief Scientist,UUNETTechnologies, Inc.“”A r c h i t e c t u r eThe two key components of the M20 architecture are the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) and the Routing Engine,which are connected via a 100-Mbps link. Control traffic passing through the 100-Mbps link is prioritized and rate limited to help protect against denial-of-service attacks.sThe PFE is responsible for packet forwarding performance.It consists of the Flexible PIC Concentrators (FPCs),physical interface cards (PICs), System and Switch Board (SSB), and state-of-the-art ASICs.sThe Routing Engine maintains the routing tables andcontrols the routing protocols. It consists of an Intel-based PCI platform running JUNOS software.The architecture ensures industry-leading service delivery by cleanly separating the forwarding performance from the routing performance. This separation ensures that stressexperienced by one component does not adversely affect the performance of the other since there is no overlap of required resources.Leading-edge ASICsThe feature-rich M20 ASICs deliver a comprehensive hardware-based system for packet processing, including route lookups, filtering, sampling, rate limiting, loadbalancing, buffer management, switching, encapsulation,and de-encapsulation functions. To ensure a non-blocking forwarding path, all channels between the ASICs are oversized, dedicated paths.Internet Processor and Internet Processor II ASICsThe Internet Processor™ ASIC, which was originally deployed with M20 routers, supports an aggregated lookup rate of over 40 Mpps.An enhanced version, the Internet Processor II ASIC,supports the same 40 Mpps lookup rate. With over one million gates, this ASIC delivers predictable, high-speed forwarding performance with service flexibility, including filtering and sampling. The Internet Processor II ASIC is the largest, fastest, and most advanced ASIC ever implemented on a router platform and deployed in the Internet.Distributed Buffer Manager ASICsThe Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs allocate incoming data packets throughout shared memory on the FPCs. This single-stage buffering improves performance by requiring only one write to and one read from shared memory. There are no extraneous steps of copying packets from input buffers to output buffers. The shared memory is completelynonblocking, which in turn, prevents head-of-line blocking.I/O Manager ASICsEach FPC is equipped with an I/O Manager ASIC that supports wire-rate packet parsing, packet prioritizing, and queuing.Each I/O Manager ASIC divides the packets, stores them in shared memory (managed by the Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs), and re-assembles the packets for transmission.Media-specific ASICsThe media-specific ASICs perform physical layer functions,such as framing. Each PIC is equipped with an ASIC or FPGA that performs control functions tailored to the PIC’s media type.Packet Forwarding EngineThe PFE provides Layer 2 and Layer 3 packet switching, route lookups, and packet forwarding. The Internet Processor II ASIC forwards an aggregate of up to 40 Mpps for all packet sizes. The aggregate throughput is 20.6 Gbps half-duplex.The PFE supports the same ASIC-based features supported by all other M-series routers. For example, class-of-service features include rate limiting, classification, priority queuing,Random Early Detection and Weighted Round Robin to increase bandwidth efficiency. Filtering and sampling areLogical View of M20 ArchitecturePacket Forwarding Enginealso available for restricting access, increasing security, and analyzing network traffic.Finally, the PFE delivers maximum stability duringexceptional conditions, while also providing a significantly lower part count. This stability reduces power consumption and increases mean time between failure.Flexible PIC ConcentratorsThe FPCs house PICs and connect them to the rest of the PFE. There is a dedicated, full-duplex, 3.2-Gbps channel between each FPC and the core of the PFE.You can insert up to four FPCs in an M20 chassis. Each FPC slot supports one FPC or one OC-48c/STM-16 PIC. Each FPC supports up to four of the other PICs in any combination,providing unparalleled interface density and configuration flexibility.Each FPC contains shared memory for storing data packets received; the Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs on the SSB manage this memory. In addition, the FPC houses the I/O Manager ASIC, which performs a variety of queue management and class-of-service functions.Physical Interface CardsPICs provide a complete range of fiber optic and electrical transmission interfaces to the network. The M20 router offers flexibility and conserves rack space by supporting a wide variety of PICs and port densities. All PICs occupy one of four PIC spaces per FPC except for the OC-48c/STM-16 PIC, which occupies an entire FPC slot.An additional Tunnel Services PIC enables the M20 router to function as the ingress or egress point of an IP-IP unicasttunnel, a Cisco generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel, or a Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) tunnel.For a list of available PICs, see the M-series Internet Backbone Routers Physical Interface Cards datasheet.System and Switch BoardThe SSB performs route lookup, filtering, and sampling, as well as provides switching to the destination FPC. Hosting both the Internet Processor II ASIC and the Distributed Buffer Manager ASICs, the SSB makes forwarding decisions,distributes data cells throughout memory , processes exception and control packets, monitors system components, and controls FPC resets. You can have one or two SSBs, ensuring automatic failover to a redundant SSB in case of failure.Routing EngineThe Routing Engine maintains the routing tables and controls the routing protocols, as well as the JUNOS software processes that control the router’s interfaces, the chassis components, system management, and user access to the router. These routing and software processes run on top of a kernel that interacts with the PFE.sThe Routing Engine processes all routing protocol updates from the network, so PFE performance is not affected.sThe Routing Engine implements each routing protocol with a complete set of Internet features and provides full flexibility for advertising, filtering, and modifying routes.Routing policies are set according to route parameters,such as prefixes, prefix lengths, and BGP attributes.You can install a redundant Routing Engine to ensuremaximum system availability and to minimize MTTR in case of failure.JUNOS Internet SoftwareJUNOS software is optimized to scale to large numbers of network interfaces and routes. The software consists of a series of system processes running in protected memory on top of an independent operating system. The modular design improves reliability by protecting against system-wide failure since the failure of one software process does not affect other processes.SuppliesBack ViewM20 Router Front and Back ViewsFront View14 inS p e c i f i c a t i o n sSpecification DescriptionCopyright © 2000, Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Juniper Networks is a registered trademark of Juniper Networks, Inc. Internet Processor,Internet Processor II, JUNOS, M5, M10, M20, M40, and M160 are trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. All other trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, or registered service marks may be the property of their respective owners. All specifications are subject to change without notice.Printed in USA.O r d e r i n g I n f o r m a t i o nModel NumberDescriptionPart Number 100009-003 09/00w w w.j u n i p e r.n e tC O R P O R AT EH E A D Q U A R T E RSJuniper Networks, Inc.1194 North Mathilda Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USAPhone 408 745 2000 or 888 JUNIPER Fax 408 745 2100Juniper Networks, Inc. has sales offices worldwide.For contact information, refer to /contactus.html .。

编辑部关于中英文摘要的意见：1、按照GB 6447－86《文摘编写规则》的要求撰写。

文摘不规范，太短，缺少结果、结论，不利于国内外检索系统收录和读者检索。

对报道性文摘，要写出“目的、方法、结果和结论”；对综合评述等指示性文摘，要写出“目的和结论”，要有独到见解。

2、摘要应具有独立性和自明性，应是一篇完整的短文。

（1）防止空洞、简短、出现多余词语。

（2）一般不分段。

（3）不用非公知公用的符号或术语。

（4）不得引用图、表、公式和参考文献的序号。

（5）中文摘要中不出现“本文”、“文章”、“作者”和“我们”等字样。

英文摘要不能出现“In the paper”等。

（6）中文摘要的篇幅200字左右为宜。

（7）在撰写英文摘要时,一般采用一般现在时或一般过去时。

一般现在时用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议和讨论。

一般过去时用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查、医疗等），用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是不能确认为是自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。

少用完成时态，其他时态基本不用。

编辑排版的具体要求：3、请给出论文栏目，和“稿件编号#修改稿”一起标注在论文第一页的右上角，可选栏目有“计算机网络与信息安全”、“高性能计算”、“计算机体系结构”、“图形与图像”、“人工智能”、“数据挖掘”等，也可以自己增列。

首次投稿只需要提供论文栏目。

4、字体和字号要求：（1）作者中文和拼音用5号字。

（2）作者单位中英文、中英文摘要至引言前用5号字（楷体）。

（3）表头用小5号字，表中用6号字。

（4）图题用小5号字，小标题用6号字，图中用6号字。

（5）参考文献用6号字。

（6）作者简介：中文在前、英文在后，用小5号字。

（7）注脚用6号字。

（8）正文第三级标题用5号字。

5、论文题目应简洁、准确，尽量不使用缩略词，英文题目中第一个单词首字母应大写，其余全部小写，专有名词和缩略词除外。

Optical CommunicationsOptical communications have revolutionized the way we transmit information across long distances. It has become an indispensable technology in modern communication systems, enabling high-speed data transfer, low latency, and secure data transmission. Optical communications use light waves totransmit data over fiber optic cables, which are made of glass or plastic fibers. The use of light waves offers several advantages over traditional copper wires, including higher bandwidth, longer distances, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.One of the primary requirements of optical communications is high-speeddata transfer. The demand for faster data transfer rates has increased exponentially in recent years due to the proliferation of high-bandwidth applications such as streaming video, cloud computing, and virtual reality. Optical communications have been able to meet this demand with the use of high-speed lasers that can transmit data at speeds of up to 100 Gbps or more. This has made it possible for businesses and individuals to transfer large amounts of data quickly and efficiently.Another requirement of optical communications is low latency. Latencyrefers to the delay between the transmission of data and its receipt by the recipient. In applications such as online gaming, virtual reality, andhigh-frequency trading, even a few milliseconds of delay can have a significant impact on performance. Optical communications offer low latency, making it possible for these applications to function smoothly and efficiently.Security is also a critical requirement for optical communications. Withthe increasing amount of sensitive data being transmitted over the internet, it is essential to ensure that the data is secure and cannot be intercepted by unauthorized parties. Optical communications offer a high level of security, as the data is transmitted over fiber optic cables that aredifficult to tap or intercept. Additionally, encryption technologies can be used to further enhance the security of the data.Reliability is another requirement of optical communications. Businesses and individuals rely heavily on communication systems to function properly, and any disruption in service can have a significant impact on their operations. Optical communications offer high reliability, as fiber optic cables are less susceptible to damage from weather, electromagnetic interference, and other factors that can disrupt traditional copper wires. Cost-effectiveness is also an important consideration for optical communications. While the initial cost of installing fiber optic cables may be higher than traditional copper wires, the long-term cost savings can be significant. Fiber optic cables require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan than copper wires, reducing the need for costly repairs and replacements.In conclusion, optical communications have become an essential technology in modern communication systems, meeting the increasing demand for high-speed data transfer, low latency, security, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. As the demand for faster and more reliable communication systems continues to grow, optical communications will play an increasingly important role in meeting these requirements.。

专利名称：Uninterrrupted Multicast Service In ARadiocommunication System发明人：Philippe Godin,Yann Sehedic,LaurenceLautier申请号：US11547116申请日：20050427公开号：US20080020739A1公开日：20080124专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：In a method for multicast service continuity in a radio communications system,each radio network controller has a first identifier of each multicast service whoseactivation was previously requested by at least one radio terminal () via said radio network controller and is adapted to notify radio terminals in a corresponding coverage area of the start of at least one session relating to one of said multicast services, reported by a core network, said notification incorporating the first identifier of said service. With respect to a radio terminal () entering the coverage area of a drift radio network controller () after having been in the coverage area of a serving radio network controller (), the radio terminal having previously requested activation of a multicast service via the serving radio network controller, the first identifier of said service is sent from the serving radio network controller to the drift radio network controller.申请人：Philippe Godin,Yann Sehedic,Laurence Lautier地址：Viroflay FR,Vanves FR,Plasir FR国籍：FR,FR,FR更多信息请下载全文后查看。

通信工程专业毕业设计外文资料翻译第1 页正交频分复用技术简介可以减少子信道之间的相互干扰。

每个利用在容易受外界干扰或者抵抗外界干扰能力较差的传输介质中。

目前正交频分复用技称的数字用户环路、欧洲电信标准协会的数字音频广播、数字视频广播、高清晰度电视、无线局域网等。

40纪60年代就已经有人提出了使用平行数据传输和频分复用的概念。

70正交的子载波以及从子载波中恢复原信号的问题。

这就解决了多载波传输系统发送和传送的难题。

应用快速傅里叶变换和快速傅里叶逆变换更是使多载波传输系统的复杂度大大降低。

从此正交频分复用技术开始走向实用。

但是应用正交频分复用系统仍然需要大机振荡器的稳定性以及射频功率放大器的线性要求等因素也是正交频分复用技术实现的制约条件。

因此正交频分复用技术迟迟没有得到迅速发展。

80进入901999程师协会通过了一个的无线局域网标准IEEE802.lla54Mbps25Mbps的无线A TM接口和10Mbps能满足室内、室外的各种应用场合。

欧洲电信组织的宽带射频接入网的局域网标准通信工程专业毕业设计外文资料翻译第 2 页HiperiLAN2也把正交频分复用定为它的物理层标准调制技术。

正交频分复用有许多关键技术。

12息也必须不断的传送。

二是既有较低的复杂度又有良好的导频跟踪能力的信道估计器的计器的性能与导频信息的传输方式有关。

3码和交织是通常采用的方道特性信息已经被正交频分复用这种调制方式本身所利用了。

但是正交频分复用系统的4N个正交子载波信号的叠N值功率是平均功率的N分复用系统的性能大大下降甚至直接影响实际应用。

为了解决这一问于信号畸变技术、信号扰码技术和基于信号空间扩展等降低正交频分复用系统峰均功率比的方法。

11000个通信工程专业毕业设计外文资料翻译第3 页了这种特殊的信号穿透能力使得正交频分复用技术深受欧洲通信营运商以及手机生产商的喜爱和欢迎。

(2) 正交频分复用技术能够持续不断地监控传输介质上通信特性的突然变化。

Optical CommunicationsOptical communications have become an integral part of our daily lives, from internet connectivity to telecommunications. With the increasing demand for high-speed and reliable data transmission, optical communications have emerged as the preferred choice for long-distance and high-bandwidth applications. However, like any technology, optical communications also come with their own set of challenges and limitations. One of the primary issues in optical communications is the attenuation of the optical signal as it travels through the optical fiber. This attenuation is caused by various factors such as scattering, absorption, and dispersion, which can degrade the quality of the signal and limit the transmission distance. To address this issue, researchers and engineers have been working on developing advanced optical amplifiers and dispersion compensation techniques to enhance the signal quality and extend the transmission range. Another significant problem in optical communications is signal interference and crosstalk, especially in densely populated urban areas where multiple optical communication systems coexist. This interference can lead to signal degradation and data loss, impacting the overall performance of the optical network. To mitigate this issue, advanced signal processing algorithms and optical filters are being deployed to minimize crosstalk and ensure reliable data transmission. Furthermore, the deployment of optical communication systems in harsh environments such as underwater or outer space poses unique challenges. The optical fibers used in these environments need to withstand extreme conditions including high pressure, temperature variations, and radiation exposure. Additionally, the design and maintenance of optical communication systems in such environments require specialized expertise and resources, adding to the overall complexity and cost of the deployment. In addition to technical challenges, there are also economic and regulatory hurdles that impact the widespread adoption of optical communications. The initial cost of deploying optical communication infrastructure, including the installation of optical fibers and network equipment, can be substantial. This cost factor often deters service providers and businesses from investing in optical communication systems, especially in regions with limited financial resources. Moreover, the regulatory landscape for optical communications varies across different regions,posing a challenge for global standardization and interoperability. The lack of uniform regulations and standards can impede the seamless integration of optical communication systems, hindering their widespread deployment and adoption. Despite these challenges, the potential of optical communications to revolutionize data transmission and connectivity cannot be overlooked. The ongoing research and development efforts in the field are continuously addressing these challenges, driving innovation and advancements in optical communication technologies. In conclusion, while optical communications present various challenges ranging from technical limitations to economic and regulatory hurdles, the potential benefits they offer in terms of high-speed data transmission and connectivity are significant. The ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges will pave the wayfor the widespread adoption of optical communications, transforming the way we communicate and connect in the digital age.。

Optical CommunicationsOptical communications have become an essential part of our daily lives, playing a crucial role in enabling the transfer of data over long distances at high speeds. From the internet to telecommunication networks, optical communications have revolutionized the way we connect and communicate with each other. However, with the increasing demand for faster and more reliable data transfer, there are several challenges and considerations that need to be addressed in the field of optical communications. One of the primary challenges in optical communications is the need for continuous innovation to keep up with the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth and faster data transfer speeds. As technology advances and more devices become interconnected, the need for efficient and reliable optical communication systems becomes even more critical. This requires significant investment in research and development to create new technologies and improve existing ones to meet the growing demands of the digital age. Another consideration in optical communications is the issue of signal loss and dispersion over long distances. Optical signals can degrade as they travel through optical fibers, resulting in a loss of signal strength and quality. This can limit the distance over which optical signals can be transmitted without the need for costly signal regeneration equipment. Addressing this challenge requires the development of advanced signal processing and amplification techniques to minimize signal loss and dispersion, enabling the transmission of optical signals over longer distances without compromising on quality. Furthermore, the issue of security in optical communications is a significant concern, particularly in the age of cyber threats and data breaches. As more sensitive and confidential information is transmitted over optical networks, ensuring the security and integrity of the data becomes paramount. This requires the implementation of robust encryption and authentication mechanisms to protect data from unauthorized access and tampering. Additionally, the development of secure and tamper-resistant optical communication systems is essential to safeguard critical infrastructure and sensitive information from potential security threats. In addition to these technical challenges, there are also economic and regulatory considerations that impact the deployment and expansion of optical communication networks. The cost ofdeploying and maintaining optical communication infrastructure can be substantial, particularly in remote or underserved areas. This can create disparities in access to high-speed internet and digital services, further exacerbating the digital divide. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks and policies play a crucial role in shaping the development and deployment of optical communication networks, influencing factors such as competition, investment, and consumer protection. From a societal perspective, the widespread adoption of optical communications has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with each other. It has enabled the seamless transfer of vast amounts of data, facilitating global connectivity and collaboration. Optical communications have also played a vital role in enabling advancements in fields such as telemedicine, remote education, and telecommuting, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ability to transmit data at high speeds over long distances has opened up new possibilities and opportunities, driving innovation and progress in various sectors. In conclusion, while optical communications have revolutionized the way we connect and communicate, there are several challenges and considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the continued advancement and expansion of optical communication networks. From technical challenges such as signal loss and security to economic and regulatory considerations, the field of optical communications is complex and multifaceted. However, by investing in research and development, implementing robust security measures, and addressing economic and regulatory barriers, we can overcome these challenges and continue to harness the full potential of optical communications for the benefit of society.。

作者：馬鴻祥(2006-03-24)；推薦：徐業良(2006-03-27)。

附註：本文為九十五學年度元智大學機械工程研究所馬鴻祥碩士論文「可攜式遠距健康監測系統應用於日常生活活動監測之研究」第三章。

第三章無線數位傳輸模組之研發本研究之居家日常生活活動監測感測器分佈位置很廣，須以無線方式傳輸，本章即說明本研究無線數位傳輸模組之研發。

3.1 無線數位感測訊號傳輸模組之設計考量在未來數位生活中，許多家電與移動式裝置需仰賴短距離無線傳輸技術，這樣的趨勢與商機無不讓許多高科技廠商彼此結盟，並制訂出不同短距離無線傳輸技術標準，其中最受矚目的有藍芽技術(Bluetooth)、紅外線通訊(Infrared Radio, IR)、家庭無線連網技術(Home Radio Frequency, HomeRF)、及可支援大量資料傳輸的IEEE802.11標準，而這些傳輸技術都各自有成本、穿透性、傳輸距離、速率等特性上的優劣勢。

本研究之資料傳輸類型為“0-1”二元形式，且日常生活活動屬低頻變化，所以不需上述之高傳輸速率無線技術。

為了一般居家日常生活活動監測的實現，除了低成本、數位式資料的考量外，尚有以下之設計考量：(1)能傳輸並分辨多組數位感測器被觸發時之即時訊號。

(2)在居家有牆壁、家具遮蔽的環境中作傳輸。

(3)使用電池，並能維持長時間待機。

(4)成本低、不造成單晶片額外負擔、易於與感測器和分散式資料伺服器整合。

綜合以上設計需求與考量，本研究選擇無線射頻(Radio Frequency)作為資料傳輸工具。

一個典型的無線通訊系統包含五個基本單元：(1)信號源(information source)，即產生信號的來源，可為數據、語音及影像等。

(2)發射器(transmitter)，主要功能在處理訊號及放大訊號。

(3)通訊通道(channels)，此為傳輸介面，對無線通訊而言，即為大氣或自由空間。

(4)接收器(receiver)，主要功能在接收微弱信號，經適當處理後，還原為原來訊號。

H3C New Generation 802.11ac Wave2 Series APOverviewH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series Access Point (AP) is based on the new generation of self-developed Gigabit 802.11ac MIMO and 802.11ac Wave2 MU-MIMO technology. Compared with existing 802.11ac technology, Wave2 can support simultaneous data transmission to multiple users, and with increased overall throughput.H3C provides industry broadest portfolio of Wave 2 series AP, which include WA560, WA538, WA536, WA530 and WA510H, in which WA538 and WA536 are the leading Wave2 triple band AP, WA510H is some of the first wall plate Wave2 APs. Combined with their compact appearance, H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP provides flexible installation such as for wall, ceiling, or other environments.FeaturesSmart cloud access and optimal WLAN TCOH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP complies with 802.11ac Wave2 standard and features maximum four streams 1733Mbps wireless transfer rate for 5GHz (WA560 series and WA538) and total 3Gbps speed of combining 2.4GHz and 5GHz (WA538).With the smart adaptive antenna array technology, it can increase the scope of coverage, improve access density and operation stability, and provide a better mobile cloud access and wireless network total cost of ownership (TCO).Dual uplinks (Except WA510H)H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP supports Dual uplink ports, which remove any bottleneck that limits the upstream speed in wireless products with Fast Ethernet ports, and provide a smooth upgrade path that allows for faster transmission and diversified RF deployment strategies.Dual GE ports also provide uplink transmission backup that will remove a single point of failure on the wired transmission. Triple band access (WA538 & WA536)H3C innovative triple band technology offers customers 2.4GHz+5GHz+5GHz unparalleled high density and extremely high performance access. The total combined 2.4GHz and 5GHz speed can reach 3Gbps on WA538.D a t a s h e e tThe triple band access solution is extremely useful in high density scene such as meeting room or classroom.Install an AP in 3 to 5 minutes, 5 steps only (WA510H)Wall plate series AP uses the international standard wall plate design. Installing an AP is just as simple as installing other switching panels. All it takes is 5 steps in less than 5 minutes which effectively accelerates the wireless network deployment process.Multiple users’ simultaneous communication, breaking wireless competitionH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP supports Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) technology, MU-MIMO has become thequintessential feature for wave2 AP. MU-MIMO technology which allows the AP to transmit data to multiple terminal devices simultaneously. According to terminal stream quantity, H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP can concurrently transmit data to multiple terminals with single stream. This improves data transmission efficiency, raises the number of usersaccessing the AP and provides better user experience.Green designH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP employs a green design which supports dynamic MIMO power saving (DMPS), enhanced automatic power save delivery (E-APSD), and smart identification of real terminal network requirements. It can dynamically adjust the MIMO working mode and efficiently put terminals to sleep from time to time.Green-AP mode supports single radio standby and allows for more precise control in power saving.H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP supports the innovative per-packet power control technology, which reduces standby power consumption and improves the battery lives of mobile devices without losing packets.Dual IPv4/IPv6 protocol stacks (Native IPv6)H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP is fully compliant with IPv6 and implements a dual IPv4/IPv6 protocol stacks. Existing IPv4 and IPv6 wired networks can work in parallel and seamlessly to register WLAN with WX series ACs, so that it never runs as an information silo.Real Time Spectrum Guard (RTSG)Real Time Spectrum Guard (RTSG) is the innovative H3C professional state-monitoring program for the wireless spectrum.H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP supports the internal RF data acquisition module to achieve deeply integrated monitoring and real time spectrum protection.The RTSG Console is integrated into the iMC (intelligent Management Center), and performs data acquisition through the CAPWAP tunnel management and Sensor AP. It can achieve 24x7 wireless signal quality monitoring, trend assessment and unauthorized interference alert. Through active probe and 2.4GHz/5GHz RF interference source (WiFi or non-WiFi) in every band, it provides a graphic representation of real-time FFT plot of the spectral density plot, spectrum diagram, the duty cycle map, event spectrum diagram, channel gain and interference gain. It can also automatically identify the source of interference, to determine the location of rogue wireless equipment, to ensure the wireless network is always in great shape.Combined with H3C iMC IAR (Intelligent Analysis Report) module, it can maintain a complete history of RF quality in the coverage area, including its trace and playback, automatically generate customized trend, compliance and audit reports.D a t a s h e e tTo cater for the different supervision demands in user's wireless environment, the RTSG solution can be deployed in either Local mode or Monitor mode. In Local Mode, you can maintain normal user access and data packet forwarding without compromising effective spectrum protection.End user Admission Domination (EAD)End user Admission Domination (EAD) integrates network access and endpoint security products, which ensure onlycomplied wireless clients with mandated enterprise security policies to access network, reducing threat levels from infected wireless clients and raising the bar and improving the overall security of the wireless network. When working with a security policy server, it can remind users, isolate and boot them off the network when their systems are infected or not patched properly.Remote probing and analysisH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP can work as a remote probing and analysis sensor device. It can intercept WiFi packets nearby and save to a local device in real-time for troubleshooting and optimization analysis. Remote probing can conduct a non-convergent image for working channels, or a polling of all channels to satisfy wireless network monitoring andmaintenance requirements.RF Optimizing Engine (ROE)H3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP supports RF Optimizing Engine (ROE), which effectively increases the number of concurrent sessions in middle to high-density access, accomplishes streaming media application acceleration and QoS throughcharacter and protocol based RF optimization. Features include multi-user fairness, mixed access fairness, interference filtering, speed optimization, spectrum guide, IPv4/IPv6 multicast signal boost, per-packet power control and intelligent bandwidth guarantee.Intelligent AP load balancingH3C 802.11ac Wave2 series AP comes with intelligent load balancing, which spreads the workload according to the number of concurrent users and traffic. If a new incoming user breaks the preset loading limit, AP will check the location of the wireless client in real-time, determine if nearby APs with smaller workload can provide access, and deny the user access only when such AP exists. What sets H3C intelligent load balancing apart from existing load balancing schemes is that it kicks in only if the user is located in an area with overlapping AP coverage, and prevents loss of access when the workload limit is reached but no backup AP exists. This maximizes wireless network capacity while preventing any erratic behavior in load balancing.Unified management of wired and wireless networksWireless Service Manager (WSM) of iMC provides unified management of wired and wireless networks, adding network management functions into existing wired network management systems. All WSM based wireless products can bemanaged through the open management protocol.WSM is SOA complied, modular based, fully expandable and evolving with the growing needs of network management. It offers a web-based management system and a simple and user-friendly management platform for wireless networkadministrators. When working in iMC and coupled with other modules, it also implements panel management wirelessD a t a s h e e tmanagement, troubleshooting, performance monitoring, software version control, deployment configuration management and user access management.SpecificationsHardware SpecificationsD a t a s h e e tSoftware S pecificationsD a t a s h e e tD a t a s h e e tD a t a s h e e tOrdering Information:New H3C Technologies Co., LimitedBeijing base8 GuangShun South Street, Chaoyang District,BeijingZip: 100102Hangzhou base466 Changhe Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310052 P.R.ChinaZip: 310052Tel: +86-571-86760000Fax: +86-571-86760001 Copyright ©2018 New H3C Technologies Co., Limited Reserves all rightsDisclaimer: Though H3C strives to provide accurate information in this document, we cannot guarantee that details do not contain any technical error or printing error. Therefore, H3C cannot accept responsibility for any inaccuracy in this document. H3C reserves the right for the modification of the contents herein without prior notification。

Every day, wireless devices – some approved, some not – come through the doors of your enterprise in the pockets, briefcases and backpacks of your employees and may simply “appear” on your network. While this fact may not surprise you, the challenges to your enterprise IT policy remain. Whether you like it or not, employees prefer to use their own mobile devices for work-related tasks and are doing so in record numbers. Can your wireless network infrastructure handle the growing numbers of tablets, smartphones, and eReaders taking significant bandwidth bites out of your network? Do you have the right solutions and policies in place to grant more freedom of device choice while securing and optimizing their performance? The choices you make now will directly impact the quality of connectivity you deliver as the number of wireless devices on your network grows. Your infrastructure matters.WiNG 5 WIRELESS LANOPTIMIZE THE PERFORMANCE OF WI-FI ENABLED SMARTPHONESAND TABLETSTO SERVE AND PROTECTDespite the inherent risks, enterprises in virtually all industries are taking the wireless plunge in greater numbers than ever before. They simply have to. Customer and employee expectations continue to drive this trend as a result of the rich application experiences they’ve come to enjoy outside the workplace. By the end of this year, ABI Research projects more than 50 percent of the U.S. population will be carrying smartphones and by 2014, 90 percent of them will be Wi-Fi capable. To accommodate this growth, your network will need the intelligence, bandwidth and agility to do more.The good news is that with smart, cost-effective wireless infrastructure investments, not only can you scale quickly to secure the growing number of devices you serve, but also optimize their performance. To doit right takes advanced planning, proper configuration, enforceable security policies and dynamic network management capabilities. And a cost-effective, easy-to-deploy wireless network solution to make it work. BUILDING THE RIGHT PATHEnsuring your network can accommodate increasing demand for wireless access and still deliver reliable coverage and performance takes planning and the right wireless LAN solution. As the use of wireless applications grow, so do your security, reliability and capacity challenges. How you configure your network is key to the performance of all network devices. Current 802.11n WLAN solutions, like ours, provide higher throughput and better coverage. But fair warning, they are not all created equal and what you don’t know, could hurt you.Our WiNG 5 solution makes it easy to extend your wireless capabilities and users. One WiNG 5 controller can now efficiently manage up to 10,000 APs and reliably connect hundreds of thousands of users. Proper RF planning and network configuration directly impact network device performance and management.Some important tips:• Configure 2.4 GHz for 20 MHz andthree non-overlapping channelsHaving three non-overlapping 20 MHz channels provides greater flexibility for access point placement and Wireless LAN design than one 40 MHz channel and one 20 MHz channel. Maintaining three 20 MHz channels will help you better optimize wireless capacity and coverage.• Disable lower data rates in 2.4 GHzWhen legacy 802.11b clients communicate onthe WLAN, they negatively impact Wireless LAN performance. If you can, consider disabling the lower 2.4 GHz data rates on your Wireless LAN (such as 1 and 2 Mbps). Data rates can be adjusted through the WiNG 5 Wireless LAN controller.(continued on next page)• Enable Smart Band controlEncourage dual-band clients to operate in the 5 GHz frequency. With eight times the spectrum of 2.4 GHz, it is typically less congested. WiNG 5 steers 5 GHz capable clients to use the 5 GHz bands, helping free 2.4 GHz bands for single-band devices such as the Apple iPhone 4, VoWLAN phones and older laptops.• Give high throughput client preference in airtime fairness This allows client preference to be dictated by higher data rates, such as 11n optimized devices like iPad clients. The WiNG 5 AP keeps track of the capabilities of various clients and their current connection data rates and ensures that clients using lower data rates (which reduces overall performance of the cell) don’t impact the clients using higher data rates.• Enable accelerated multicast and IGMP snoopingBy delivering higher data rates to one client at a time, WiNG 5 dramatically improves video performance. IGMP snooping helps to prune the multicast traffic in a network by allowing it to be forwarded only to ports and clients that are interested in that particular multicast stream. WiNG 5 also supports accelerated multicast which converts multicast addressed data frames into directed frames to clients. These frames are transmitted at higher data rates and more reliably, ensuring better overall performance. For some applications that depend on pure multicast traffic, the administrator can leave the packets as multicast, but still prioritize them relative to other multicast traffic. • User profiles and rate limiting for QoSRate limiting allows you to specify a limit for the aggregate WLAN traffic on a per radio basis. It can be used to make sure that guest WLAN users do not use more air time than is allowed by the WLAN rate limit. This can also work in conjunction with per Mobile Unit rate limiting providing finer control.WiNG 5 role based firewall enables administrators to group users in various categories based on a number of parameters such as their type of access or type of device. Different user groups can then be assigned varied levels of access, enforced by the firewall. This allows administrators to not only control different levels of access for guest and corporate users, but fine grained control even within the pool of corporate users.• Manage guest accessWiNG 5 can help the administrator segregate guest user traffic from corporate traffic. Devices that have not been authorized by corporate are detected and automatically placed on a restricted network vlan. The Administrator can then restrict traffic on this network based on either network addresses, or choose to rate-limit the traffic so it does not impact the resources available to corporate devices.(continued on next page)While your own enterprise network device policies may be moving toward a more inclusive model, security concerns still likely keep your entire IT team awake at night. And for good reason. Because as your network perimeter continues to grow beyond the four walls into the cloud, invaders await. They sit in parking lots, along roadways and on hilltops using crude technology to find gaps in your defense systems. They are using Netstumbler, Kismet, Airsnort or others to beat WEP, WPA, intercept communications or even associate as a rogue AP. They want in and you need to ensure unprotected employee devices don’t become the means to that end.Hackers are smart. Enabling iPhones and Android devices on enterprise servers is risky because cybercriminals are sneaking Trojan-embedded apps onto the various marketplaces, which users are downloading to their devices and right into your networks. Integrated with our WiNG 5 architecture, our AirDefense solution prevents network intrusions by identifying potential threats and immediately dropping any data packet that appears suspicious. With a firewall right in the access point, AirDefense controls network access and enforces security policy even for sessions that originate and terminate in the same domain. Every Packet is analyzed and rules for how to deal with that package are applied, which not only achieves better video, voice and application performance, but exceptional threat detection and prevention. INTELLIGENCE = OPTIMAL DEVICE PERFORMANCE It bears repeating that when it comes to wireless capabilities, infrastructure matters. Intelligent solutions like ours:• Enable SMART RF to first calibrate your network correctly and then dynamically respond to changing RF conditions – without device users being any the wiser. Seamless connectivity is achieved effortlessly with centralized troubleshooting and real-time integrated network management capabilities.MOTOROLA, MOTO, MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS and the Stylized M Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC and are used under license. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ©2011 Motorola Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.For more information on wireless LAN solutions, please visit: /wlan.For news and comments on the industry, join the conversation at .• Use real-time Spectrum Analysis to viewinterference as it occurs on the network, identify and fix sources of interference, move channels and more. • Test APs to ensure client connectivity , establish device and data prioritization and allow betterbandwidth utilization for voice and multimedia traffic. This is all possible because WiNG 5 APs can talk to each other, lowering latency rates and dramatically improving device performance.Unconnected devices mean unproductive employees and lost revenue. Our advanced troubleshooting tools take the guess work out of network management – not to mention the legwork of IT staff who would have to physically walk around to identify interference issues. Our system identifies and fixes connectivity issues before a user is even aware of them. If an AP goes down, traffic automatically reroutes to ensure no calls are dropped or applications are interrupted.ABOUT WIRELESS NETWORK SOLUTIONSWe deliver seamless connectivity that puts real-time information in customers’ hands. Our proven solutions provide the agility needed to grow business or better protect and serve the public. Working seamlessly together with world-class devices, our portfolio includes indoor WLAN, outdoor wireless mesh, point-to-multipoint, point-to-point networks and voice over WLAN solutions. Combined with powerful software for wireless network design, security, management and trouble- shooting, wireless network solutions deliver trusted networking and anywhere access to organizations across the globe.WiNG 5 WLAN BENEFITS• Distributes intelligence between controllers and access points• Handles more network traffic by avoiding controller bottlenecks• Keeps running when localized wired or wirelessnetwork problems occur• Recovers quickly and automatically from RF interference or coverage problems• Delivers flexibility and choice in creating the right wireless networkIF YOU CAN’T BEAT THEM...…plan, configure, secure and optimize their performance with our WiNG 5 Wireless LAN network solution. Will your network be ready for the next Wi-Fi device surge? Find out why less is more here.。

Optical CommunicationsOptical communications play a crucial role in our modern world, enabling high-speed data transmission over long distances. This technology utilizes light to carry information, offering numerous advantages over traditional copper-based systems. From fiber optic cables to laser communication in space, optical communications have revolutionized the way we connect and communicate. One of the key benefits of optical communications is its ability to transmit data atincredibly high speeds. Unlike copper cables, which are limited by the speed of electrons, light can travel much faster, allowing for faster data transfer rates. This is particularly important in today's digital age, where large amounts of data are constantly being transmitted and processed. In addition to speed, optical communications also offer greater bandwidth compared to traditional copper systems. This means that more data can be transmitted simultaneously, leading to improved efficiency and performance. As our reliance on data continues to grow, the needfor high-bandwidth communication systems will only increase, making optical communications an essential technology for the future. Furthermore, optical communications are known for their reliability and security. Unlike copper cables, which are susceptible to interference and signal degradation, fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference and can transmit data over much longer distances without loss of signal quality. This makes optical communications ideal for critical applications such as telecommunication networks and data centers. Another advantage of optical communications is their energy efficiency. Light-based systems consume less power compared to traditional copper systems, making them more environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run. With the increasing focus on sustainability and energy conservation, optical communications offer a greener alternative for data transmission. Moreover, optical communications have enabled advancements in various fields, including healthcare, education, and entertainment. Telemedicine, for example, relies on high-speed data transmission for remote consultations and diagnostics, made possible by optical communication technologies. Similarly, online education platforms and streaming services benefit from the speed and reliability of optical communications, providing users with seamless access to information and entertainment. Inconclusion, optical communications have revolutionized the way we connect and communicate in our increasingly digital world. With their high speed, bandwidth, reliability, and energy efficiency, optical communication technologies are essential for enabling the transmission of large amounts of data over long distances. As we continue to rely on data for everyday tasks and activities, the importance of optical communications will only continue to grow, driving innovation and advancements in various industries.。