CHENGDELH CARBONACEOUS ELEMENTS FACTORY 石墨电极-承德隆和碳素厂

油气田燃料天然气组分特征对实测碳排放因子的影响廉军豹付玥张鑫袁良庆刘宏彬李世熙谭小红（大庆油田设计院有限公司）摘要：通过实测碳排放因子计算公式理论分析及油气田典型燃料天然气实例分析，探索燃料天然气组分特征对实测碳排放因子的影响。

结果表明：各生产系统使用的油气田燃料天然气含碳原子数量较多的组分含量越多，实测含碳量碳排放因子及实测低位发热量碳排放因子越大，含碳原子数量较少的组分或H 2、O 2、N 2、He 不含碳的组分含量越多，实测含碳量碳排放因子及实测低位发热量碳排放因子越小；除实测方法系统性差异外，一定含量的CO 2，是导致油气田燃料天然气实测低位发热量碳排放因子与实测含碳量碳排放因子之间存在显著差异的重要原因；各类燃料天然气碳排放因子存在普遍性差异，干气的实测碳排放因子明显比湿气的小。

上述结论将为油气田燃料天然气碳排放核算提供技术支持。

关键词：油气田；燃料天然气；碳排放因子；组分特征；实测DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2023.11.016The influences of fuel natural gas composition characteristics on measured carbon emission factors in oil and gas fieldLIAN Junbao，FU Yue，ZHANG Xin，YUAN Liangqing，LIU Hongbin，LI Shixi，TAN Xiaohong Daqing Oilfield Design Institute Co ．，Ltd ．Abstract：The influences of fuel natural gas composition characteristics on measured carbon emission factors are explored through the theory analysis of measured carbon emission factors formula and the cas-es analysis of typical fuel natural gas in oil and gas field．The results show that the higher the content of components with more carbon atoms in the natural gas used as fuel of each production system in oil and gas fields，the greater the carbon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value．The higher the content of components with less carbon atoms or components with-out carbon such as H 2，O 2，N 2，He in natural gas used as fuel in oil and gas fields，the smaller the car-bon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value．What's more，in addition to systematic differences between measurement methods，a certain amount of CO 2is an important reason for the significant difference between the carbon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value of natural gas used in oil and gas fields．In addition，there are universal differences in various carbon emission factors of fuel natural gases in oil and gas fields，and the measured carbon emission factors of dry gas are significantly smaller than those of wet gas．Most importantly，the above conclusions will be provided technical support for the carbon emis-sion accounting for fuel natural gas in oil and gas fields ．Keywords：oil and gas field；fuel natural gas；carbon emission factor；composition characteristics；measurement第一作者简介：廉军豹，高级工程师，硕士研究生，2010年毕业于中国地质大学（武汉）（应用化学专业），从事油气田碳资产研发技术研（碳控楼），163712。

ferrous alloys铁合金More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%.超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。

这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。

大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。

作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。

钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。

Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。

化学英语词汇大全熟悉化学元素化合物与反应的专业术语化学是一门涉及元素、化合物和反应等各个方面的科学，具有广泛的应用领域。

熟悉化学英语词汇对于学习和理解化学知识至关重要。

本文将为您介绍一些常用的化学英语词汇，帮助您更好地掌握化学的专业术语。

一、元素（Elements）1. Hydrogen（氢）: The lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Symbol: H.2. Oxygen（氧）: A colorless and odorless gas that is essential for respiration. Symbol: O.3. Carbon（碳）: A chemical element that is a necessary component ofall living organisms. Symbol: C.4. Nitrogen（氮）: A colorless and odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere. Symbol: N.5. Sodium（钠）: A highly reactive metal that is essential for maintaining fluid balance in the body. Symbol: Na.二、化合物（Compounds）1. Water（水）: A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Chemical formula: H2O.2. Carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）: A colorless gas composed of carbon and oxygen. Chemical formula: CO2.3. Sodium chloride（氯化钠）: A white crystalline solid compound commonly known as table salt. Chemical formula: NaCl.4. Ethanol（乙醇）: A colorless liquid compound commonly used as a solvent and in alcoholic beverages. Chemical formula: C2H5OH.5. Methane（甲烷）: A colorless, odorless gas that is the main component of natural gas. Chemical formula: CH4.三、反应（Reactions）1. Oxidation（氧化）: A chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen.2. Reduction（还原）: A chemical reaction in which a substance gains electrons and reduces its oxidation state.3. Acid-base reaction（酸碱反应）: A chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water.4. Combustion（燃烧）: A rapid chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually producing heat and light.5. Polymerization（聚合）: A chemical reaction in which small molecules, called monomers, combine to form a large chain-like structure, called a polymer.总结（Conclusion）本文介绍了一些常用的化学英语词汇，涵盖了元素、化合物和反应等方面的专业术语。

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环境化学名词英文缩写环工201503 刘欣雨 20151222持久性有机污染物（POPs ）双对氯苯基三氯乙烷，滴滴涕（DDT ）生物浓缩因子（BCF ）生物半衰期（BHL ）多环芳烃类（PAHs ）过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN ）过氧丙酰硝酸酯（PPN ）二乙基羟胺（DEHA ）溶解氧（DO ）氮基三乙酸钠（NTA ）乙二胺四乙酸钠（EDTA ）高级氧化技术（AOTs )Streeter-Phelps /S-P 模型（BOD-DO 耦合模型、氧平衡模型）阳离子交换量(CEC)阴离子交换量(AEC)盐基饱和度（%）（BS ）多氯联苯(PCBs)总溶解固体(TDS)环境化学公式大全1、生物浓缩因子（BCF ）=2、对于水中的DO3、总碱度=C T (α1+2α2)+K W /[H +]-[H +]酚酞碱度=C T (α2-α0)+K W /[H +]-[H +]苛性碱度=-C T (α1+2α0)+K W /[H +]-[H +]总酸度=C T (α1+2α0)+[H +] -K W /[H +]CO 2酸度=C T (α0-α2)+ [H +] -K W /[H +]无机酸度=-C T (α1+2α2)+ [H +] - K W /[H +]4、总碱度=[HCO 3-]+2[CO 32-] +[OH -]-[H +]酚酞碱度=[CO 32-]+[OH -]-[H 2CO 3*]-[H +]苛性碱度=[OH -]-[HCO 3-]-2[H 2CO 3*]-[H +]无机酸度=[H +]-[HCO 3-]-2[CO 32-]-[OH -]（甲基橙酸度）CO 2酸度=[H +]+[H 2CO 3*]-[CO 32-]-[OH -]（酚酞酸度）总酸度=2×CO 2酸度-无机酸度=[H +]+[HCO 3-]+2[H 2CO 3*]-[OH -]5、天然水的缓冲能力对于碳酸水体系，当pH<8.3时，可以只考虑一级碳酸平衡，故其pH 值可由下式确定：6、吸附等温线和等温式（1）H 型等温线 G=kC（2）F 型等温式（3）L 型等温式式中：G 0——单位表面上达到饱和时间的最大吸附量；A——常数6、pC-pH 图斜率等于n ，即金属的化合价。

化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2024 年第 43 卷第 1 期2D 层状材料的燃料油氧化脱硫研究进展杨雪，刘可，张程翔，李东霖，王江芹，杨万亮（贵州大学化学与化工学院，贵州 贵阳 550025）摘要：二维（2D ）层状材料因其独特的性质在燃料油氧化脱硫领域应用广泛，如石墨烯和类石墨烯材料（如类石墨相氮化碳和六方氮化硼等）、2D 硅基材料、层状双金属氢氧化物、MXene 、2D 金属有机骨架材料、二硫化钼等。

本文从不同2D 层状材料出发，综述了如何构建催化氧化脱硫催化剂、催化剂脱硫效率以及脱硫过程和机制，并对2D 层状材料在氧化脱硫领域的研究现状进行了梳理。

然而，普通的2D 层状材料大多因为材料本身的催化性能不足，不能直接应用于燃料油氧化脱硫工艺。

因此，研究人员通过制造缺陷、元素掺杂、官能团改性和负载活性位点等方法对2D 层状材料进行改性并将其应用于催化氧化脱硫工艺。

最后，本文对2D 层状材料在氧化脱硫领域的研究方向提出了展望，指出了构建具有可控、开放2D 传输孔道的2D 层状氧化脱硫催化剂是未来脱硫领域研究的重要方向之一。

关键词：二维材料；燃料油；催化；氧化脱硫；二维孔道中图分类号：TE624；TQ426 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2024）01-0422-15Research progress of 2D layered materials for fuel oiloxidation desulfurizationYANG Xue ，LIU Ke ，ZHANG Chengxiang ，LI Donglin ，WANG Jiangqin ，YANG Wanliang(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China)Abstract: Two dimensional (2D) layered materials are widely used in the field of oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil due to their unique properties, such as graphene and other graphene-like materials (such as graphitic carbon nitride and hexagonal boron nitride), 2D silicon-based materials, layered double hydroxides, MXene, 2D metal-organic frameworks, molybdenum disulfide, etc . Starting from different 2D layered materials, this paper summarized how to build catalytic oxidation desulfurization catalysts, catalyst desulfurization efficiency, desulfurization process and mechanism, and combed the research status of 2D layered materials in the field of oxidative desulfurization. Nevertheless, most ordinary 2D layered materials cannot be directly applied to fuel oil oxidation desulfurization process because of their insufficient catalytic performance. Therefore, researchers modified 2D layered materials by manufacturing defects, element doping, functional group modification and loading active sites, and applied them to catalytic oxidation desulfurization process. Finally, this article presentes prospects for the research direction of 2D layered materials in the field of oxidative desulfurization, and pointes out that constructing 2D layered oxidative desulfurization catalysts with controllable and open 2D transport channels was one of综述与专论DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0259收稿日期：2023-02-24；修改稿日期：2023-04-26。

cde自反应物和混合物类型英文版cde Self-Reactants and Mixture TypesIn the realm of chemical reactions, self-reactants and mixtures play crucial roles. The acronym "cde" refers to the three primary categories of self-reactants: compounds, dimers, and elements. Understanding these categories is essential for comprehending the intricacies of chemical reactions.Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine chemically. These compounds can act as self-reactants, undergoing chemical reactions without the need for additional reactants. For instance, when hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes, it acts as both the reactant and the product, releasing water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) as by-products.Dimers are formed when two identical or similar molecules combine. These dimers can also act as self-reactants, undergoing reactions that lead to the formation of largermolecules or the breakdown of the dimer itself. An example is the dimerization of ethylene, where two ethylene molecules combine to form a larger molecule.Elements are the basic building blocks of matter and can also act as self-reactants. In some cases, elements can undergo reactions with themselves, such as the oxidation of metals. For instance, iron can react with oxygen to form iron oxide, a process known as rusting.Mixtures, on the other hand, are combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded. These mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on the distribution of the components. Mixtures can participate in reactions if the components within them are reactive. For instance, a mixture of acids and bases can undergo neutralization reactions, resulting in the formation of salts and water.In conclusion, cde self-reactants and mixtures play fundamental roles in chemical reactions. Compounds, dimers,and elements can act as self-reactants, undergoing reactions without the need for additional reactants. Mixtures, on the other hand, can participate in reactions if their components are reactive. Understanding these categories is crucial for comprehending the intricacies of chemical reactions.中文版cde自反应物和混合物类型在化学反应领域中，自反应物和混合物起着至关重要的作用。

characteristic elementWhat is a characteristic element? It can be described as an element that exhibits certain unique properties or characteristics. These characteristics can vary from element to element, but generally they are what makes each element distinct from others. In science, we are often interested in exploring the characteristics of elements to better understand their nature and properties.In physics, for instance, the element hydrogen has a unique characteristic called the proton. Protons are the fundamental particles that make up atoms, and they have a positive charge. This characteristic distinguishes hydrogen from other elements, such as oxygen or nitrogen, which have different particles. Understanding the properties of protons and other particles is crucial for explaining the behavior of atoms and how they combine to form matter.Another example is the element carbon, which has numerous characteristic properties. Carbon has a unique combination of electrons and nuclei that allows it to form strong chemical bonds with other elements. This characteristic allows carbon to form the backbone of many organic compounds, including polymers and biopolymers. Understanding carbon's propertiesis essential for developing materials such as plastics, polymers, and carbon nanotubes.The characteristics of an element can have profound implications for our lives. For instance, elements such as oxygen and nitrogen are essential for life to exist, as they are necessary for the production of cellular respiration. Other elements, such as iron, play crucial roles in ourbodies as well. Understanding the characteristics of these elements and their interactions with other substances is essential for developing effective medical treatments and nutritional supplements.The study of characteristic elements is also crucial for the development of technology. For instance, certain elements, such as silicon and germanium, are critical for the manufacture of semiconductors and transistors, which are essential for modern electronic devices. Understanding the characteristics of these elements and their interactions with other materials is fundamental to the development of next-generation electronics and other advanced technologies.Moreover, characteristic elements are also important for environmental studies and sustainability. For instance,certain elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen can behighly mobile in soil and water systems, leading to environmental pollution and ecological damage. Understanding these elements' characteristics and their interactions with other substances is crucial for developing effectiveenvironmental management strategies and mitigating environmental damage.In conclusion, characteristic elements play a crucial role in our understanding of nature and the world around us. They have unique properties that make them distinct from other elements, and these properties can have profound implications for our lives, both in terms of our physical well-being and in terms of technological advancements and environmental sustainability. Therefore, studying characteristic elements is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the world and for developing effective solutions to address our challenges.In the future, it may be possible to use advanced techniques such as quantum computing to further explore the characteristics of elements and unlock their potential for new applications and technologies. Additionally, advances in materials science and nanotechnology may lead to the development of new materials that are optimized for specific applications based on the characteristics of their constituent elements. Understanding characteristic elements will continue to be an essential part of scientific exploration and innovation in the decades to come.。

材料科学基础常用英语词汇 (下文是金属材料词汇)材料的类型Types of materials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, elastomer部分材料性质复习Review of selected properties of materials,电导率和电阻率conductivity and resistivity,热导率thermal conductivity,应力和应变stress and strain,弹性应变elastic strain,塑性应变plastic strain,屈服强度yield strength,最大抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength,最大强度ultimate strength,延展性ductility,伸长率elongation,断面收缩率reduction of area,颈缩necking,断裂强度breaking strength,韧性toughness,硬度hardness,疲劳强度fatigue strength,蜂窝honeycomb,热脆性heat shortness,晶胞中的原子数atoms per cell,点阵lattice, 阵点lattice point,点阵参数lattice parameter,密排六方hexagonal close-packed,六方晶胞hexagonal unit cell,体心立方body-centered cubic,面心立方face-centered cubic,弥勒指数Miller indices,晶面crystal plane,晶系crystal system,晶向crystal direction,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition, 斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition, 马氏体相变martensite phase transformation，成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核，结晶中心nucleus of crystal,（金属组织的）基体quay,基体，基块，基质，结合剂matrix,子晶，雏晶matted crystal,耔晶，晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment, 熟料grog,自恰场self-consistent field固溶体Solid solution:有序固溶体ordered solid solution,无序固溶体disordered solid solution,有序合金ordered alloy,无序合金disordered alloy.无序点阵disordered lattice,分散，扩散，弥散dispersal,分散剂dispersant,分散剂，添加剂dispersant additive,分散剂，弥散剂dispersant agent缺陷defect, imperfection,点缺陷point defect,线缺陷 line defect, dislocation,面缺陷interface defect, surface defect,体缺陷volume defect,位错排列dislocation arrangement,位错阵列dislocation array,位错气团dislocation atmosphere,位错轴dislocation axis,位错胞dislocation cell,位错爬移dislocation climb,位错滑移dislocation slip, dislocation movement by slip, 位错聚结dislocation coalescence,位错核心能量dislocation core energy,位错裂纹dislocation crack,位错阻尼dislocation damping,位错密度dislocation density,体积膨胀volume dilation,体积收缩volume shrinkage,回火tempering,退火annealing,退火的，软化的softened,软化退火，软化（处理）softening,淬火quenching,淬火硬化quenching hardening,正火normalizing, normalization,退火织构annealing texture,人工时效artificial aging,细长比aspect ratio,形变热处理ausforming,等温退火austempering,奥氏体austenite,奥氏体化austenitizing,贝氏体bainite,马氏体martensite,马氏体淬火marquench,马氏体退火martemper,马氏体时效钢maraging steel,渗碳体cementite,固溶强化solid solution strengthening,钢屑混凝土steel chips concrete,水玻璃，硅酸钠sodium silicate,水玻璃粘结剂sodium silicate binder,硅酸钠类防水剂sodium silicate waterproofing agent, 扩散diffusion,扩散系数diffusivity,相变phase transition,烧结sintering,固相反应solid-phase reaction,相图与相结构phase diagrams and phase structures , 相phase,组分component,自由度freedom,相平衡phase equilibrium,吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule,吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy,吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy of mixing,吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy,吉布斯函数Gibbs function,相平衡phase balance,相界phase boundary,相界线 phase boundary line,相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking,相界有限交联phase boundary crosslinking,相界反应phase boundary reaction,相变phase change,相组成phase composition,共格相 phase-coherent,金相相组织 phase constentuent,相衬phase contrast,相衬显微镜phase contrast microscope,相衬显微术phase contrast microscopy,相分布phase distribution,相平衡常数phase equilibrium constant,相平衡图phase equilibrium diagram,相变滞后phase transition lag, Al-Si-O-N系统相关系phase relationships in the Al-Si-O-N system, 相分离phase segregation, phase separation,玻璃分相phase separation in glasses,相序phase order, phase sequence,相稳定性phase stability,相态phase state,相稳定区phase stabile range,相变温度phase transition temperature,相变压力phase transition pressure,同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation,相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions,显微结构microstructures,不混溶固溶体immiscible solid solution,转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution,低共熔体eutectoid，crystallization,不混溶性immiscibility,固态反应solid state reaction,烧结sintering,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition, 斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition, 马氏体相变martensite phase transformation，成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核，结晶中心nucleus of crystal,（金属组织的）基体quay,基体，基块，基质，结合剂matrix,子晶，雏晶matted crystal,耔晶，晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment, 熟料grog,金属材料词汇物料科学Material Science物料科学定义Material Science Definition加工性能Machinability强度Strength抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability金属特性Special metallic features抗敏感及环境保护Allergic, re-cycling & environmental protection化学元素Chemical element元素的原子序数Atom of Elements原子及固体物质Atom and solid material原子的组成、大小、体积和单位图表The size, mass, charge of an atom, and is particles (Pronton,Nentron and Electron) 原子的组织图Atom Constitutes周期表Periodic Table原子键结Atom Bonding金属与合金Metal and Alloy铁及非铁金属Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal金属的特性Features of Metal晶体结构Crystal Pattern晶体结构，定向格子及单位晶格Crystal structure, Space lattice & Unit cellX线结晶分析法X – ray crystal analyics method金属结晶格子Metal space lattice格子常数Lattice constant米勒指数Mill's Index金相及相律Metal Phase and Phase Rule固熔体Solid solution置换型固熔体Substitutional type solid solution插入型固熔体Interstital solid solution金属间化物Intermetallic compound金属变态Transformation变态点Transformation Point磁性变态Magnetic Transformation同素变态Allotropic Transformation合金平衡状态Thermal Equilibrium相律Phase Rule自由度Degree of freedom临界温度Critical temperture共晶Eutectic包晶温度Peritectic Temperature包晶反应Peritectic Reaction包晶合金Peritectic Alloy亚共晶体Hypoeutetic Alloy过共晶体Hyper-ectectic Alloy金属的相融、相融温度、晶体反应及合金在共晶合金、固熔孻共晶合金及偏晶反应的比较Equilibrium Comparision金属塑性Plastic Deformation滑动面Slip Plan畸变Distortion硬化Work Hardening退火Annealing回复柔软Crystal Recovery再结晶Recrystallization金属材料的性能及试验Properties & testing of metal化学性能Chemical Properties物理性能Physical Properties颜色Colour磁性Magnetisum比电阻Specific resistivity & specific resistance比重Specific gravity & specific density比热Specific Heat热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion导热度Heat conductivity机械性能Mechanical properties屈服强度(降伏强度) (Yield strangth)弹性限度、阳氏弹性系数及屈服点elastic limit, Yeung's module of elasticity to yield point伸长度Elongation断面缩率Reduction of area金属材料的试验方法The Method of Metal inspection不破坏检验Non – destructive inspections渗透探伤法Penetrate inspection磁粉探伤法Magnetic particle inspection放射线探伤法Radiographic inspection超声波探伤法Ultrasonic inspection显微观察法Microscopic inspection破坏的检验Destructive Inspection冲击测试Impact Test疲劳测试Fatigue Test潜变测试Creep Test潜变强度Creeps Strength第壹潜变期Primary Creep第二潜变期Secondary Creep第三潜变期Tertiary Creep主要金属元素之物理性质Physical properties of major Metal Elements工业标准及规格–铁及非铁金属Industrial Standard – Ferrous & Non – ferrous Metal磁力Magnetic简介General软磁Soft Magnetic硬磁Hard Magnetic磁场Magnetic Field磁性感应Magnetic Induction透磁度Magnetic Permeability磁化率Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm)磁力(Magnetic Force)及磁场(Magnetic Field)是因物料里的电子(Electron)活动而产生抗磁体、顺磁体、铁磁体、反铁磁体及亚铁磁体Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetism,Antiferromagnetism & Ferrimagnetism 抗磁体Diamagnetism磁偶极子Dipole负磁力效应Negative effect顺磁体Paramagnetic正磁化率Positive magnetic susceptibility铁磁体Ferromagnetism转变元素Transition element交换能量Positive energy exchange外价电子Outer valence electrons化学结合Chemical bond自发上磁Spontaneous magnetization磁畴Magnetic domain相反旋转Opposite span比较抗磁体、顺磁体及铁磁体Comparison of Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic & Ferromagnetism 反铁磁体Antiferromagnetism亚铁磁体Ferrimagnetism磁矩magnetic moment净磁矩Net magnetic moment钢铁的主要成份The major element of steel钢铁用"碳"之含量来分类Classification of Steel according to Carbon contents铁相Steel Phases钢铁的名称Name of steel纯铁体Ferrite渗碳体Cementitle奥氏体Austenite珠光体及共释钢Pearlite &Eutectoid奥氏体碳钢Austenite Carbon Steel单相金属Single Phase Metal共释变态Eutectoid Transformation珠光体Pearlite亚铁释体Hyppo-Eutectoid初释纯铁体Pro-entectoid ferrite过共释钢Hype-eutectoid珠光体Pearlite粗珠光体Coarse pearlite中珠光体Medium pearlite幼珠光体Fine pearlite磁性变态点Magnetic Transformation钢铁的制造Manufacturing of Steel连续铸造法Continuous casting process电炉Electric furnace均热炉Soaking pit全静钢Killed steel半静钢Semi-killed steel沸腾钢(未净钢) Rimmed steel钢铁生产流程Steel Production Flow Chart钢材的熔铸、锻造、挤压及延轧The Casting, Fogging, Extrusion, Rolling & Steel熔铸Casting锻造Fogging挤压Extrusion延轧Rolling冲剪Drawing & stamping特殊钢Special Steel简介General特殊钢以原素分类Classification of Special Steel according to Element 特殊钢以用途来分类Classification of Special Steel according to End Usage 易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel含铅易车钢Leaded Free Cutting Steel含硫易车钢Sulphuric Free Cutting Steel硬化性能Hardenability钢的脆性Brittleness of Steel低温脆性Cold brittleness回火脆性Temper brittleness日工标准下的特殊钢材Specail Steel according to JIS Standard铬钢–日工标准JIS G4104Chrome steel to JIS G4104铬钼钢钢材–日工标准G4105 62Chrome Molybdenum steel to JIS G4105镍铬–日工标准G4102 63Chrome Nickel steel to JIS G4102镍铬钼钢–日工标准G4103 64Nickel, Chrome & Molybdenum Steel to JIS G4103高锰钢铸–日工标准High manganese steel to JIS standard片及板材Chapter Four-Strip, Steel & Plate冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)(日工标准JIS G3141) 73 - 95Cold Rolled (Low carbon) Steel Strip (to JIS G 3141)简介General美材试标准的冷辘低碳钢片Cold Rolled Steel Strip American Standard – American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) 日工标准JIS G3141冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)的编号浅释Decoding of cold rolled(Low carbon)steel strip JIS G3141材料的加工性能Drawing abillity硬度Hardness表面处理Surface finish冷辘钢捆片及张片制作流程图表Production flow chart cold rolled steel coil sheet冷辘钢捆片及张片的电镀和印刷方法Cold rolled steel coil & sheet electro-plating & painting method冷辘(低碳)钢片的分类用、途、工业标准、品质、加热状态及硬度表End usages, industrial standard, quality, condition and hardness of cold rolled steel strip硬度及拉力Hardness & Tensile strength test拉伸测试(顺纹测试)Elongation test杯突测试(厚度: 0.4公厘至1.6公厘，准确至0.1公厘3个试片平均数)Erichsen test (Thickness: 0.4mm to 1.6mm, figure round up to 0.1mm)曲面(假曲率)Camber厚度及阔度公差Tolerance on Thickness & Width平坦度(阔度大于500公厘，标准回火)Flatness (width>500mm, temper: standard)弯度Camber冷辘钢片储存与处理提示General advice on handling & storage of cold rolled steel coil & sheet防止生锈Rust Protection生锈速度表Speed of rusting焊接Welding气焊Gas Welding埋弧焊Submerged-arc Welding电阻焊Resistance Welding冷辘钢片(拉力: 30-32公斤/平方米)在没有表面处理状态下的焊接状况Spot welding conditions for bared (free from paint, oxides etc) Cold rolled mild steel sheets(T/S:30-32 Kgf/ μ m2)时间效应(老化)及拉伸应变Aging & Stretcher Strains日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片化学成份Chemical composition – cold rolled steel sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片的"理论重量"计算方程式Cold Rolled Steel Sheet – Theoretical mass日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片重量列表Mass of Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片订货需知Ordering of cold rolled steel strip/sheet其它日工标准冷轧钢片(用途及编号)JIS standard & application of other cold Rolled Special Steel电镀锌钢片或电解钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet/Electrolytic Zinc Coated Steel Sheet简介General电解/电镀锌大大增强钢片的防锈能力Galvanic Action improving Weather & Corrosion Resistance of the Base Steel Sheet上漆能力Paint Adhesion电镀锌钢片的焊接Welding of Electro-galvanized steel sheet点焊Spot welding滚焊Seam welding电镀锌(电解)钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet生产流程Production Flow Chart常用的镀锌钢片(电解片)的基层金属、用途、日工标准、美材标准及一般厚度Base metal, application, JIS & ASTM standard, and Normal thickness of galvanized steel sheet锌镀层质量Zinc Coating Mass表面处理Surface Treatment冷轧钢片Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip热轧钢片Hot-Rolled Sheet/Strip电解冷轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Electrolytic Cold-rolled sheet热轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Hot-rolled sheet冷轧或热轧钢片阔度公差Width Tolerance of Cold or Hot-rolled sheet长度公差Length Tolerance理论质量Theoretical Mass锌镀层质量(两个相同锌镀层厚度)Mass Calculation of coating (For equal coating)/MM锌镀层质量(两个不同锌镀层厚度)Mass Calculation of coating (For differential coating)/MM镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) (日工标准JIS G3303)简介General镀锡薄铁片的构造Construction of Electrolytic Tinplate镀锡薄钢片(白铁皮/马日铁)制造过程Production Process of Electrolytic Tinplate锡层质量Mass of Tin Coating (JIS G3303-1987)两面均等锡层Both Side Equally Coated Mass两面不均等锡层Both Side Different Thickness Coated Mass级别、电镀方法、镀层质量及常用称号Grade, Plating type, Designation of Coating Mass & Common Coating Mass 镀层质量标记Markings & Designations of Differential Coatings硬度Hardness单相轧压镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁)Single-Reduced Tinplate双相辗压镀锡薄钢片(马口铁/白铁皮)Dual-Reduction Tinplate钢的种类Type of Steel表面处理Surface Finish常用尺寸Commonly Used Size电器用硅[硅] 钢片Electrical Steel Sheet简介General软磁材料Soft Magnetic Material滞后回线Narrow Hystersis矫顽磁力Coercive Force硬磁材料Hard Magnetic Material最大能量积Maximum Energy Product硅含量对电器用的低碳钢片的最大好处The Advantage of Using Silicon low Carbon Steel晶粒取向(Grain-Oriented)及非晶粒取向(Non-Oriented)Grain Oriented & Non-Oriented电器用硅[硅] 钢片的最终用途及规格End Usage and Designations of Electrical Steel Strip电器用的硅[硅] 钢片之分类Classification of Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use电器用钢片的绝缘涂层Performance of Surface Insulation of Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅钢片主要工业标准International Standard – Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use晶粒取向电器用硅钢片Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel晶粒取向，定取向芯钢片及高硼定取向芯钢片之磁力性能及夹层系数(日工标准及美材标准)Magnetic Properties and Lamination Factor of SI-ORIENT-CORE& SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI B Electrical Steel Strip (JIS and AISI Standard)退火Annealing电器用钢片用家需自行应力退火原因Annealing of the Electrical Steel Sheet退火时注意事项Annealing Precautionary碳污染Prevent Carbon Contamination热力应先从工件边缘透入Heat from the Laminated Stacks Edges提防过份氧化No Excessive Oxidation应力退火温度Stress –relieving Annealing Temperature晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片及定取向芯钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B and SI-ORIENT-CORE Grain Orient Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢;片–高硼低硫(LS)定取向钢片之磁力及电力性能Magnetic and Electrical Properties of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼低硫(LS) 定取向钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片-高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之厚度及阔度公差Physical Tolerance of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B, SI-ORIENT-CORE, & SI-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之标准尺寸及包装Standard Forms and Size of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B,SI-CORE, & SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets绝缘表面Surface Insulation非晶粒取向电力用钢片的电力、磁力、机械性能及夹层系数Lamination Factors of Electrical, Magnetic & Mechanical Non-Grain Oriented Electrical电器及家电外壳用镀层冷辘[低碳] 钢片Coated (Low Carbon) Steel Sheets for Casing,Electricals & Home Appliances镀铝硅钢片Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet简介General镀铝硅合金钢片的特色Feature of Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet用途End Usages抗化学品能力Chemical Resistance镀铝(硅)钢片–日工标准(JIS G3314)Hot-aluminum-coated sheets and coils to JIS G 3314镀铝(硅)钢片–美材试标准(ASTM A-463-77)35.7 JIS G3314镀热浸铝片的机械性能Mechanical Properties of JIS G 3314 Hot-Dip Aluminum-coated Sheets and Coils公差Size Tolerance镀铝(硅)钢片及其它种类钢片的抗腐蚀性能比较Comparsion of various resistance of aluminized steel & other kinds of steel镀铝(硅)钢片生产流程Aluminum Steel Sheet, Production Flow Chart焊接能力Weldability镀铝钢片的焊接状态(比较冷辘钢片)Tips on welding of Aluminized sheet in comparasion with cold rolled steel strip钢板Steel Plate钢板用途分类及各国钢板的工业标准包括日工标准及美材试标准Type of steel Plate & Related JIS, ASTM and Other Major Industrial Standards钢板生产流程Production Flow Chart钢板订货需知Ordering of Steel Plate不锈钢Stainless Steel不锈钢的定义Definition of Stainless Steel不锈钢之分类，耐腐蚀性及耐热性Classification, Corrosion Resistant & Heat Resistance of Stainless Steel铁铬系不锈钢片Chrome Stainless Steel马氏体不锈钢Martensite Stainless Steel低碳马氏体不锈钢Low Carbon Martensite Stainless Steel含铁体不锈钢Ferrite Stainless Steel镍铬系不锈钢Nickel Chrome Stainless Steel释出硬化不锈钢Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel铁锰铝不锈钢Fe / Mn / Al / Stainless Steel不锈钢的磁性Magnetic Property & Stainless Steel不锈钢箔、卷片、片及板之厚度分类Classification of Foil, Strip, Sheet & Plate by Thickness表面保护胶纸Surface protection film不锈钢片材常用代号Designation of SUS Steel Special Use Stainless表面处理Surface finish薄卷片及薄片(0.3至2.9mm厚之片)机械性能Mechanical Properties of Thin Stainless Steel(Thickness from 0.3mm to 2.9mm) – strip/sheet不锈钢片机械性能(301, 304, 631, CSP)Mechanical Properties of Spring use Stainless Steel不锈钢–种类，工业标准，化学成份，特点及主要用途Stainless Steel – Type, Industrial Standard, Chemical Composition, Characteristic & end usage of the most commonly used Stainless Steel不锈钢薄片用途例End Usage of Thinner Gauge不锈钢片、板用途例Examples of End Usages of Strip, Sheet & Plate不锈钢应力退火卷片常用规格名词图解General Specification of Tension Annealed Stainless Steel Strips耐热不锈钢Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel镍铬系耐热不锈钢特性、化学成份、及操作温度Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel铬系耐热钢Chrome Heat Resistance Steel镍铬耐热钢Ni - Cr Heat Resistance Steel超耐热钢Special Heat Resistance Steel抗热超级合金Heat Resistance Super Alloy耐热不锈钢比重表Specific Gravity of Heat – resistance steel plates and sheets stainless steel不锈钢材及耐热钢材标准对照表Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels发条片Power Spring Strip发条的分类及材料Power Spring Strip Classification and Materials上链发条Wind-up Spring倒后擦发条Pull Back Power Spring圆面("卜竹")发条Convex Spring Strip拉尺发条Measure Tape魔术手环Magic Tape魔术手环尺寸图Drawing of Magic Tap定型发条Constant Torque Spring定型发条及上炼发条的驱动力Spring Force of Constant Torque Spring and Wing-up Spring定型发条的形状及翻动过程Shape and Spring Back of Constant Torque Spring定型发条驱动力公式及代号The Formula and Symbol of Constant Torque Spring边缘处理Edge Finish硬度Hardness高碳钢化学成份及用途High Carbon Tool Steel, Chemical Composition and Usage每公斤发条的长度简易公式The Length of 1 Kg of Spring Steel StripSK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤长的重量/公斤(阔100-200公厘) Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔100-200公厘) Length per one kg (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公尺长的重量/公斤(阔2.0-10公厘)Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 2.0-10mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔2.0-10公厘)Length per one kg (Width 2.0-10mm)高碳钢片High Carbon Steel Strip分类Classification用组织结构分类Classification According to Grain Structure用含碳量分类–即低碳钢、中碳钢及高碳钢Classification According to Carbon Contains弹簧用碳钢片CarbonSteel Strip For Spring Use冷轧状态Cold Rolled Strip回火状态Annealed Strip淬火及回火状态Hardened & Tempered Strip/ Precision – Quenched Steel Strip 贝氏体钢片Bainite Steel Strip弹簧用碳钢片材之边缘处理Edge Finished淬火剂Quenching Media碳钢回火Tempering回火有低温回火及高温回火Low & High Temperature Tempering高温回火High Temperature Tempering退火Annealing完全退火Full Annealing扩散退火Diffusion Annealing低温退火Low Temperature Annealing中途退火Process Annealing球化退火Spheroidizing Annealing光辉退火Bright Annealing淬火Quenching时间淬火Time Quenching奥氏铁孻回火Austempering马氏铁体淬火Marquenching高碳钢片用途End Usage of High Carbon Steel Strip冷轧高碳钢–日本工业标准Cold-Rolled (Special Steel) Carbon Steel Strip to JIS G3311 电镀金属钢片Plate Metal Strip简介General电镀金属捆片的优点Advantage of Using Plate Metal Strip金属捆片电镀层Plated Layer of Plated Metal Strip镀镍Nickel Plated镀铬Chrome Plated镀黄铜Brass Plated基层金属Base Metal of Plated Metal Strip低碳钢或铁基层金属Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal不锈钢基层金属Stainless Steel as Base Metal铜基层金属Copper as Base Metal黄铜基层金属Brass as Base Metal轴承合金Bearing Alloy简介General轴承合金–日工标准JIS H 5401Bearing Alloy to JIS H 5401锡基、铅基及锌基轴承合金比较表Comparison of Tin base, Lead base and Zinc base alloy for Bearing purpose易溶合金Fusible Alloy焊接合金Soldering and Brazing Alloy软焊Soldering Alloy软焊合金–日本标准JIS H 4341Soldering Alloy to JIS H 4341硬焊Brazing Alloy其它焊接材料请参阅日工标准目录Other Soldering Material细线材、枝材、棒材Chapter Five Wire, Rod & Bar线材/枝材材质分类及制成品Classification and End Products of Wire/Rod铁线(低碳钢线)日工标准JIS G 3532Low Carbon Steel Wires ( Iron Wire ) to JIS G 3532光线(低碳钢线)，火线(退火低碳钢线)，铅水线(镀锌低碳钢线)及制造钉用低碳钢线之代号、公差及备注Ordinary Low Carbon Steel Wire, Annealed Low Carbon Steel Wire, Galvanized low Carbon Steel Wire & Low Carbon Steel Wire for nail manufacturing - classification, Symbol of Grade, Tolerance and Remarks.机械性能Mechanical Properites锌包层之重量，铜硫酸盐试验之酸洗次数及测试用卷筒直径Weight of Zinc-Coating, Number of Dippings in Cupric Sulphate Test and Diameters of Mandrel Used for Coiling Test冷冲及冷锻用碳钢线枝Carbon Steel Wire Rods for Cold Heading & Cold Forging (to JIS G3507)级别，代号及化学成份Classification, Symbol of Grade and Chemical Composition直径公差，偏圆度及脱碳层的平均深度Diameter Tolerance, Ovality and Average Decarburized Layer Depth冷拉钢枝材Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar枝材之美工标准，日工标准，用途及化学成份AISI, JIS End Usage and Chemical Composition of Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar冷拉钢板重量表Cold Drawn Steel Bar Weight Table高碳钢线枝High Carbon Steel Wire Rod (to JIS G3506)冷拉高碳钢线Hard Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire(to JIS G3521, ISO-84580-1&2)化学成份分析表Chemical Analysis of Wire Rod线径、公差及机械性能(日本工业标准G 3521)Mechanical Properties (JIS G 3521)琴线(日本标准G3522)Piano Wires ( to G3522)级别，代号，扭曲特性及可用之线材直径Classes, symbols, twisting characteristic and applied Wire Diameters直径，公差及拉力强度Diameter, Tolerance and Tensile Strength裂纹之容许深度及脱碳层Permissible depth of flaw and decarburized layer常用的弹簧不锈钢线-编号，特性，表面处理及化学成份StainlessSpring Wire –National Standard number, Charateristic, Surface finish & Chemical composition弹簧不锈钢线，线径及拉力列表Stainless Spring Steel, Wire diameter and Tensile strength of Spring Wire处理及表面状况Finish & Surface各种不锈钢线在不同处理拉力比较表Tensile Strength of various kinds of Stainless Steel Wire under Different Finish圆径及偏圆度之公差Tolerance of Wire Diameters & Ovality铬镍不锈钢及抗热钢弹簧线材–美国材验学会ASTM A313 –1987Chromium – Nickel Stainless and Heat-resisting Steel Spring Wire – ASTM A313 – 1987化学成份Chemical Composition机械性能Mechanical Properties305, 316, 321及347之拉力表Tensile Strength Requirements for Types 305, 316, 321 and 347A1S1-302 贰级线材之拉力表Tensile Strength of A1S1-302 Wire日本工业标准–不锈钢的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)JIS – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel (in order of number & alphabet)美国工业标准–不锈钢及防热钢材的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)AISI –Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel & Heat-Resistant Steel(in order of number & alphabet)易车碳钢Free Cutting Carbon Steels (to JIS G4804 )化学成份Chemical composition圆钢枝，方钢枝及六角钢枝之形状及尺寸之公差Tolerance on Shape and Dimensions for Round Steel Bar, Square Steel Bar, Hexagonal Steel Bar 易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel易车(快削)不锈钢种类Type of steel易车(快削)不锈钢拉力表Tensile Strength of Free Cutting Wires枝/棒无芯磨公差表(μ) (μ= 1/100 mm)Rod/Bar Centreless Grind Tolerance易车不锈钢及易车钢之不同尺寸及硬度比较Hardness of Different Types & Size of Free Cutting Steel扁线、半圆线及异形线Flat Wire, Half Round Wire, Shaped Wire and Precision Shaped Fine Wire加工方法Manufacturing Method应用材料Material Used特点Characteristic用途End Usages不锈钢扁线及半圆线常用材料Commonly used materials for Stainless Flat Wire & Half Round Wire扁线公差Flat Wire Tolerance方线公差Square Wire Tolerance。

合金成分及宏微观组织结构设计合金是由两种或两种以上的金属元素或金属元素与非金属元素组成的固态溶液。

设计合金的成分和宏微观组织结构可以影响合金的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能和热处理性能等特性。

合金成分的设计是指选择适当的金属元素或合金元素，并确定它们的含量比例。

合金元素的选择应基于所需的性能，如增加硬度和强度、提高耐腐蚀性、改善热处理性等。

例如，掺入少量的碳元素可以提高铁的硬度和强度，形成碳钢。

添加铬元素可以增加钢的耐腐蚀性。

选择合适的合金元素和含量比例可以实现对合金性能的精确控制。

宏观组织结构是指合金的宏观形态和相互关系。

不同的宏观组织结构会影响合金的力学性能和物理性能。

常见的宏观组织结构有均匀固溶体、析出物、弥散态、孪生等。

均匀固溶体是合金的主要组织结构，在固溶体中，合金元素均匀地溶解在基体中，提高了合金的强度和硬度。

析出物是指在合金中形成的第二种相，它们以颗粒、棒状或板状的形式存在于基体中。

构筑高密度的析出物可以增强合金的强度。

弥散态是指合金中微小尺寸的离散颗粒，它们可以增加合金的强度和硬度。

孪生是一种特殊的组织结构，通过让晶体在应力下滑移，形成晶格畸变，从而增加合金的塑性。

微观组织结构是指合金中的晶体结构和晶界结构。

晶体结构是指合金中晶粒的尺寸、形状和取向，影响着合金的力学性能和热处理性能。

晶界结构是指晶粒之间的界面，它们对合金的强度、塑性和腐蚀性能等具有重要影响。

微观组织结构的设计可以通过控制合金的凝固速率、合金化处理和热处理等手段来实现。

总结起来，合金成分的设计和宏微观组织结构的设计是相互关联的。

合金成分的选择和含量比例决定了合金的化学成分和相对数量，而宏微观组织结构的设计决定了合金的结构特征和性能。

合理的设计可以实现合金性能的优化，满足不同工程需求。

化学结构命名英语作文Chemical Structure Nomenclature。

Introduction。

Chemical structure nomenclature is a system for naming chemical compounds. It is used to identify and describe compounds, and to communicate information about their structure and properties. There are a number of different chemical structure nomenclature systems in use, but the most common is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system.IUPAC Nomenclature。

The IUPAC nomenclature system is based on theprinciples of simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. It uses a set of prefixes and suffixes to indicate the number and type of atoms in a compound, and the way in which they are bonded together.The following are the basic rules of IUPAC nomenclature:The name of a compound is based on the name of the parent hydrocarbon.The prefixes "mono-", "di-", "tri-", etc., are used to indicate the number of substituents on the parent hydrocarbon.The suffixes "-ane", "-ene", and "-yne" are used to indicate the type of bonding in the parent hydrocarbon.The prefixes "chloro-", "bromo-", "fluoro-", etc., are used to indicate the presence of halogen atoms.The prefixes "hydroxy-", "amino-", "carboxy-", etc., are used to indicate the presence of functional groups.Example。

钢的合金化原理知识1.Fe基二元相图1、杂质元素（impurity- element）常存杂质：冶炼残余，由脱氧剂带入。

如Mn、Si、Al；S、P难清除。

隐存杂质：生产过程中形成，如微量元素O、H、N等。

偶存杂质：与炼钢时的矿石、废钢有关，如Cu、Sn、Pb、Cr等。

一些杂质元素在钢中可能带来的影响。

热脆性—— S —— FeS(低熔点989℃)；冷脆性—— P —— Fe3P（硬脆）；氢脆—— H ——白点。

1.Fe基二元相图2、合金元素（alloying-element）为合金化目的加入，其加入量有一定范围的元素称为合金元素。

钢中常用合金元素：Si、Mn、Cr、Ni、W、Mo、V、Ti等。

1.Fe基二元相图3.元素与Fe元素之间的作用3.1、γ稳定化元素a) 与γ区无限固溶—— Ni、Mn、Co开启γ区——量大时，室温为γ相；b) 与γ区有限固溶—— C、N、Cu——扩大γ区。

3.2、α稳定化元素a) 完全封闭γ区— Cr、V、 W、Mo、TiCr、V与α-Fe完全互溶，量大时→α相 ?W、Mo、Ti 等部分溶解b) 缩小γ区—— Nb等。

(a) Ni，Mn，Co(b) C，N，Cu(c) Cr，V(d) Nb,B等以上4图主要体现合金元素和Fe的作用状态1.2 元素对Fe-C相图的影响1.2.1合金元素对S、E点的影响A形成元素均使S、E点向左下方移动，F形成元素使S、E点向左上方移动。

S点左移—意味着共析C量减小；E点左移—意味着出现莱氏体的C量降低。

合金元素对共析温度的影响合金元素对共析碳量的影响1.2 元素对Fe-C相图的影响1.2.2对临界点的影响A形成元素Ni、Mn等使A1（A3）线向下移动；F形成元素Cr、Si等使A1（A3）线向上移动。

1.2.3对γ-Fe区的影响A形成元素Ni、Mn等使γ-Fe区扩大→钢在室温下也为A体—奥氏体钢；F形成元素Cr、Si等使γ-Fe区缩小→钢在高温下仍为F体—铁素体钢。

名词解释碳氧浓度积电化学工作者利用半导体制造二极管的工艺过程，其中一个关键步骤是在硼酸水溶液中进行的。

硼酸是强酸，会将导电载体溶解掉，同时产生碳氧浓度积(C m/（水）)，一般也称为碳浓度积。

碳氧浓度积是电子漂移的反映，由于非平衡态(iS-iO2)的存在而使得二极管工作不稳定，可能造成器件损坏。

CO2浓度和化合物组成电极电流效率(η， C m/（水）)，即一种电极材料在与其电极电位相对应的酸性溶液中被消耗掉一定量的CO2或碱性溶液中被消耗掉一定量的OH-离子所放出的电量与该电极材料的活度之比。

因此可以认为η=CO2浓度的倒数，即η=CO2浓度C m/化合物组成C m/（水）。

η是衡量电极材料性能的重要参数。

η值越大表明电极材料在电化学工作中的性能越好。

温度、浓度、酸碱度、反应历程等因素都会影响电极材料的η。

CO2浓度和化合物组成电极电流效率(η， C m/（水）)，即一种电极材料在与其电极电位相对应的酸性溶液中被消耗掉一定量的CO2或碱性溶液中被消耗掉一定量的OH-离子所放出的电量与该电极材料的活度之比。

因此可以认为η=CO2浓度的倒数，即η=CO2浓度C m/化合物组成C m/（水）。

η是衡量电极材料性能的重要参数。

η值越大表明电极材料在电化学工作中的性能越好。

电流效率，即单位质量的电极通过电流的多少，它代表了电极材料的导电性。

电流效率的数值越高，说明电极的导电性越好。

电流效率对衡量电极材料性能很重要，这是因为高电流效率的电极材料所消耗的能量就小，在同样的电流密度下，需要的电极质量就少。

可见，η的大小直接影响电极材料的导电性，因此，提高η的途径就是尽量减少电极材料在电化学反应过程中的消耗。

因此，低温高浓度CO2是提高η的有效方法。

（ 3）升高电极材料的温度或增加浓度可以降低电极材料的电导率。

在高温下电极反应更加激烈，同时电流密度增大，从而提高η。

（ 4）用较高温度的CO2代替低温CO2可以显著地提高η。