Talking about engineering and theory challenges for malware to come

01分层跟踪检测(二)LearningAboutLanguageA级必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Before conducting any eust get down to (do) thorough background research and planning.2.The field of robotics is closely (relate) to advancements in artificial intelligence and computer science.3.The (finding) of the scientific study suggest a connection between sleep patterns and cognitive performance.4. (initial),the scientists faced a series of challenges in setting up the compleent.5.The (theory) framework developed by the scientist laid the foundation for understanding the behavior of the particles in the experiment.Ⅱ.短语填空1.As a scientist,it is important uneay arise during the course of an experiment.2.The results of the research may not at first,but with further analysis,scientists can uncover the underlying patterns.3.In order to a successful scientific experiment,it is crucial to carefully plan the procedure.4.Scientists often need to specific aspects of their research in order to achieve meaningful results.5.When faced with uneportant for scientists to take a moment and approach the problem with a clear mind.Ⅲ.单句写作1.今天天气太暖和了,好像已经是春天了。

Introduction to Civil Engineering PapersCivil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. Inthe structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concreteengineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project,well-known churches, palaces and so on.After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a science.In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry outunderground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and publicthree necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide thedwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on . There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .。

厦门双十中学2023—2024 学年高二年第二学期月考（一）英语试卷满分：150分考试时间：120分钟第一卷（选择题, 共95分）第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £ 19.15.B. £ 9.18.C. £ 9.15.答案是C。

1. Where does the conversation take place ?A. At a flower shop.B. At a concert.C. At a wedding.2. What are the speakers talking about ?A. A photo.B. A drawing.C. An artist.3. How does the man sound?A. Surprised.B. Fearful.C. Worried.4. Who wants to borrow the book ?A. David.B. Alice.C. Jane.5. Why did the woman get a ticket?A. She drove too fast.B. She ran a red light.C. She parked illegally.第二节(共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。

小学上册英语第6单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do bees make?A. HoneyB. MilkC. BreadD. Cheese2.__________ are used in electrical circuits to control current flow.3. A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than solvent is called a ______ solution.4.I enjoy listening to ________ (音乐) while relaxing.5.What is the name of the currency used in the Eurozone?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. FrancB6.n Tea Party was a protest against ________ (税收). The Bost7. A _______ is a solution with a low concentration of solute.8.The _____ (小鸟) builds a nest.9. A hamster stores ______ (食物) in its cheeks.10.What is the opposite of "happy"?A. SadB. ExcitedC. AngryD. Tired11. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of ______.12.I saw a _______ (蜘蛛) spinning a web.13.The pumpkin is _______ (orange).14.The _____ can be observed with a telescope.15.I enjoy going out with my ____.16.What is the smallest planet in our solar system?A. MercuryB. MarsC. VenusD. PlutoA17.The _____ (猫) likes to chase mice.18.The __________ is a major city located on the coast. (迈阿密)19.The __________ (历史的协作) encourages partnership.20.He writes with a ________ (marker).21.The capital city of Ireland is __________.22.The Titanic sank on its maiden ________.23.I want to _______ (学习) about history.24.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. ElephantB. FishC. BirdD. Lion25.My uncle is a __________ (计算机科学家).26.The Moon's surface has many ______ from impacts.27.Maria is a ______. She enjoys helping others.28.My favorite toy is a ______ (玩具名). It is very ______ (形容词). I play with it every day. Sometimes, I take it to the ______ (地方).29.I can ______ (适应) to new environments.30.What do you call the animal that is known for its stripes?A. LeopardB. TigerC. ZebraD. Cheetah31. A __________ is a reaction that produces energy in the form of light.32. A __________ can indicate the location of mineral resources.33.What is the capital of Uganda?A. NairobiB. KampalaC. Addis AbabaD. Lagos34.What do we call a plant that lives for more than two years?A. AnnualB. BiennialC. PerennialD. Seasonal35.The process of mixing two liquids to form a solid is called __________.36.Sulfuric acid is a common industrial ________.37.The process of evaporation occurs when a liquid __________.38.The first successful blood transfusion was performed in _______.39.The chemical formula for ammonium chloride is ______.40.Some fish can glow in the ______.41.Astronomers can determine a star's age by studying its _______.42.My grandpa tells great ____.43.What do we call the science of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world?A. ScienceB. MathematicsC. EngineeringD. TechnologyA44.I want to _______ (了解)生态系统.45._____ (药草) are used for cooking and healing.46.What is the smallest ocean?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific47.We will _____ (play/study) after school.48.The first successful lunar landing occurred in ________.49. A _______ can help illustrate how energy is transferred in a circuit.50.The ______ (猴子) swings from tree to tree.51.What type of animal is a salmon?A. FishB. BirdC. MammalD. Reptile52.I have a pet ________.53.小狐狸) has bright, orange fur. The ___54.The cake is ___. (delicious)55.I want to learn how to ______ (游泳) this summer. It looks like so much ______ (乐趣).56. A _____ (水培) system allows plants to grow without soil.57.The ancient Egyptians used __________ to build their monuments.58.What is 5 + 3?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9C59.What is the capital of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. KanoD. Port Harcourt60.The __________ is a large area of frozen ocean. (北冰洋)61. A ______ is a type of fish that can glow.62.What is the primary reason trees lose their leaves in autumn?A. Lack of sunlightB. Cold temperaturesC. Lack of waterD. All of the above63.tropical) region has a warm climate year-round. The ____64.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. MinskA65.What do you call a person who studies the stars?A. AstronomerB. GeologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistA66.The _______ (蝙蝠) has excellent night vision.67.The _______ of a toy car can be increased by changing its weight.68.I have a _____ of ice cream. (bowl)69.What do you call a story with magical elements?A. Fairy taleB. BiographyC. NovelD. Essay70.What do we call a shape with four equal sides and angles?A. RectangleB. SquareC. CircleD. Triangle71.The __________ (历史的探索旅程) is never-ending.72. A stable isotope has the same number of ______.73.Some stars are in binary systems, orbiting around a common _______.74.What do you call a person who repairs watches?A. BakerB. JewelerC. MechanicD. CarpenterB75.I ride my bike to _____ (学校).76.The _______ helps plants take in sunlight.77.The _____ (草坪) is freshly mowed.78.The pH scale measures how __________ (酸性) or basic a solution is.79.Acids turn blue litmus paper _______.80.They are _____ (eating) pizza.81.How many fingers are on one hand?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. SevenB82.The capital of New Zealand is ________ (新西兰的首都是________).83.My teacher is very __________ (公平).84.What do you call a place where you go to learn?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. ParkD. Store85.What is the capital city of Zimbabwe?A. HarareB. BulawayoC. GweruD. Mutare86. A ________ (国家公园) protects nature and wildlife.87.The ________ (花园) is filled with colorful blooms.88.The country famous for its bullfighting is ________ (西班牙).89.I like to ________ (打篮球) after school.90.What do we use to keep our food cold?A. OvenB. MicrowaveC. RefrigeratorD. Toaster91.Which animal is known for its ability to swim?A. OstrichB. LionC. FishD. Elephant92.What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. EngineerD. ChefB93.My friend loves to explore __________ (新想法).94.The name of the scientist who proposed the atomic theory is ______.95.What is 3 × 4?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 16B96.What is the color of grass?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. YellowC97.My brother enjoys _______ (运动)。

高中英语科技论文翻译练习题40题1.The term “nanotechnology” refers to the manipulation of matter on an extremely small scale.A.纳米技术B.核能技术C.网络技术D.新能源技术答案：A。

“nanotechnology”就是“纳米技术”；B 选项“核能技术”是“nuclear technology”；C 选项“网络技术”是“network technology”；D 选项“新能源技术”是“new energy technology”。

2.“Genetic engineering” is a field that involves altering the genetic makeup of organisms.A.基因工程B.地理工程C.机械工程D.软件工程答案：A。

“Genetic engineering”是“基因工程”；B 选项“地理工程”是“geographical engineering”；C 选项“机械工程”是“mechanical engineering”；D 选项“软件工程”是“software engineering”。

3.“Artificial intelligence” has the potential to revolutionize many industries.A.人工智能B.人工制造C.艺术灵感D.艺术智能答案：A。

“Artificial intelligence”是“人工智能”；B 选项“人工制造”是“artificial manufacturing”；C 选项“艺术灵感”是“artistic inspiration”；D 选项“艺术智能”不存在这个表达。

4.“Renewable energy sources” include solar power, wind power, and hydro power.A.可再生能源B.新能源C.不可再生能源D.传统能源答案：A。

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试北京卷英语试卷养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

I was always timid(羞怯的). Being new to the school made me even ____1____ , so it was surprising I’d____2____ to anyone around me. Now I was paying the price﹣to write a five﹣page essay on “Why I Should Not Talk in Class”. That would take all night!After I got home, though. I took my time petting the cat﹣postponing the pain.When I finally sat down to ____3____, I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear.Talking kept me and my neighbours from ____4____. One paragraph down; now what? I chewed on my pencil. Aha! What if talking were the first step towards life as a criminal? Without the education I was throwing away, I’d turn to theft and go to prison. When I got out, people would say, “She used to talk in class.” The pages began____5____.But when mum got home from work, I was still ____6____, “Five pages! That’s impossible!”“Well, you’d better get back to work,” she said. “and I want to read it when you’re through.”Soon after dinner, I handed the essay to mum. I half expected a____7____﹣at least an “I hope you’ve learned your lesson”. ____8____, mum laughed and laughed as she read.The next day, when Ms Black read the essay to the class, everyone laughed. I could ____9____ they weren’tmaking fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story. My____10____ still needed some nudging(激发), but I did learn I wasn’t shy in print.1. A. freer B. shyer C. calmer D. happier2. A. nod B. point C. listen D. chat3. A. weep B. rest C. write D. read4. A. learning B. playing C. planning D. laughing5. A. standing out B. flying by C. breaking up D. checking in6. A. celebrating B. longing C. complaining D. warning7. A. lecture B. reason C. reward D. solution8. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Meanwhile D. Instead9. A. hope B. imagine C. tell D. predict10. A. patience B. confidence C. tolerance D. independence第二节(共15分)A阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。

工学专业名称英语力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing945控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (includingLandscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and AirConditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering andProtective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology946矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture andOcean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and 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工程管理专业英语（二）Professional English For Engineering Management （Ⅱ）教程COURSE长沙理工大学工程管理系2011年2月目录Lesson 1 Bidding (1)Text A Invitation to Bid (1)Text B Instructions to bidders (5)Lesson 2 Management and Engineering Management (10)Text A Management (10)Text B Engineering Management：a synthesis (14)Lesson 3 Conditions 1~3 for the FIDIC Contract (16)Text A Conditions 1~3 for the FIDIC Contract (16)Text B The Employer (27)Text C The Engineer (29)Lesson 4 Planning Techniques (33)Lesson 5 Alternative Financing Strategies for BOT Project (36)Lesson 6 Types of Construction Cost Estimates (39)Lesson 7 Risk Management Basics (42)Lesson 1 BiddingText A Invitation to BidThe invitation to bid is sometimes known by such names “notice to bidders”,“Advertis ement for bids,”“request for proposals”, and the like, but the intent is always the same:to briefly describe the project to propective bidders and to invite their bids on the work.Since the invitation to bid is often classed as one of the construction contract documents, is it always essential to include one in the set?The answer is a resounding “No!”.An invitation should be extended to prospective bidders only when such bids are wanted, and there are many times when open bidding is not the order of the day. For instance, if you have already selected your general contractor and this is to be a “negotiated”contract, it would be foolish to issue an invitation to other bidders to make proposals. The invitation serves no purpose other than to attract prospective bidders by telling them briefly what the job is and how they go about securing copies of the documents to bid upon. If you already have enough bidders, and you have secured them by other means such as personal contact or previous notice, there is little meaning to the ritual of a formal gilt-edged invitation to your party if you don’t really want more guests.On the other hand, any time your project is on the money from the public coffers you can almost depend on having a legal requirement that the work be advertised in a newspaper of general circulation under carefully prescribed format. You are almost never allowed to limit the number of bidders on public work. Therefore, in public you can rely on the necessity of including a formal invitation to bid as part of your construction contract documents.The requirement arose, of course, out of the old-time back-room dealings among political cronies where lucrative contracts were awarded in great secrecy for fantasticlevels of profit, which melted into various private bank accounts. The method used to cure this abuse was to highly publicize the availability of all publicly funded construction projects and to invite participation by all qualified parties. Whether this was truly cured the abuses is not known for certain but it is an obvious fact that duplicity has become more difficult under it. When your purpose is to receive the broadest possible number of competitive bids for the general contract, you should take the time to compose a brief but attractive, invitation to assure you’ll have enough guests to justify the ocassion.Remember now that we are talking in terms of the general contract under a classic situation as described earlier. We will have enough work sorting out the proposals we receive from those general contractors without complicating it by delving into the forty or so trades which make up even the smallest project. It is the general contractor’s resposibility to dig up his subs- from wherever he can and he will issue his own form of invitation to bid to them probably by various means.In many of the average smaller projects, a list of selected bidders is composed during completion of working drawings. By the time the documents are ready for issue to bidders, it is offen known who will be bidding and who will not be asked. If the list is small, say three or four bidders, nothing is really gained by the formality of issuing an official notice. On the other hand, when the number of prospective bidders exceeds three or four, it is well to set down quite precisely all of the pertinent data regarding bid: opening dates, amount of deposit required for sets of ducuments, where they may be secured, who may attend the bid opening, and other relevant information.Now there are a few rare methodical individuals who prefer to have a dot over every “i” and across on every “t” and who might prefer to issue an invitation to bid on every project. Could they get into trouble by it?I rather doubt they would. Any person so methodical would more than likely also be cautious and would be sure that what was said in the invitation to bid was accurate and precise. It is nicely to formalize the invitation data and, if you can afford to takethe time to do so on every project, you go right ahead and have fun. Remember, though, that if your sole bidder is already selected and you definitely do not wish to receive bids from others, you may have a delicate time wending your way through the verbiage required to explain that situation properly.The formula for writing an invitation to bid is simple and clear-cut: be brief and include answers to the following condition.Project Indentification Clearly identify the project by its official-name (used through the construction contract documents: list, where possible, the name of the owner, the name of the Architect, the location of the project, its official project number (if it has one) and the like.Description of the work In fifty to a hundred words, tell what the project includes (bidders would like you to tell them what the construction budget is as well but most of us are reluctant to do so), so a prospective bidder can wasily decide whether this is a project of his type or not.Types of bids required For the classic situation, you are only intersted in bids on a general contract and not in segregated bids. But whatever your wish, make it clear at this point.Bid opening Briefly tell where and when bids will be received, where and when they will be opened, and who may attend the opening. Some architects make a regular party out of the bid opening and serve anyting from tea and cakes to beer and cocktails at their bid openings (always after the bids are opened), apparently on the theory that the lucky low man will want to celebrate and the unlucky others need something in which to drown their sorrow or make the losing easier to bear. Other architects make this a cold sober no-nonsense affair and quite a few even insist on privacy at the time of opening. Whatever your choice, state it here.Documents It is important to clearly state where the documents may be viewed and when as well as under what conditions sets of the documents may be secured. Some architects give a stated number of sets to each qualified bidder; others require adeposit to be left for each set in an amount generally equal to the cost of reproduction; still others require that the bidder post a non-refundable deposit for each set (or only a portion of the deposited amount will be refunded). Since these practice is vary from firm to firm, it is essential that you spell out how you will handle them.Bid deposit requirement It is not unusual for a bidder who was considerably lower than his competitors to worry about why he was so much lower and try to withdraw his bid. Bid deposits are designed to compensate the Owner and Architect for lost time and effort in having to repeat the bidding process or to commence negotiations with the second lowest bidder. The deposit is usually in the form of a “bond” posted by the bidder but supplied through the bidder’s regular bonding surely, often as no fee to the bidder. You should state whether or not a bid bond will be required and if it is required, the amount and the type of bond acceptable.Pre-qualification Many projects (even publicly financed) are not open to the bids of everyone who would like to be a contractor; pre-qualifications are often set. For example,specialized construction such as tunnels, docks or bridges might easily require that the bidder be qualified by previous experience acceptable to the Owner before he will even allowed to bid. One of the newer pre-qualification requirements has to do with “Equal Employment Opportunity” programs and the bidder must demonstrate a functioning EEO program as a part of his regular operation before he is allowed to bid. If any pre-qualification are part of your program, you should so state here.Bid rejection Traditionally, owners and architects have wanted to reserve the right to waive irregularity in bids and to reject any or all bids. In other words, despite all the safeguards of carefully picking over the available bidders before issuing them an invitation, and all the detailed instructions that are then issued to the accepted bidders, there is still a chance that some good guys will flub this bid being late or not sending enough copies or some squally trivial infraction of your rules and thus be disqualified unless you can save him. There is also the chance that the low man mayhave suddenly become undesirable during the bidding period and you don’t want him any more. This minor provision has been hallowed by years of use and will probably be with us for a great many more. There is enough experience with it to warrant continued inclusion.Legal requirement Governmental agencies that have been in existence for any period of time always have their own format for the invitation to bid(or whatever they happen to call it), and generally the laws governing care and use of public money prescribe certain magic words and incantations to include. If yours is a publicly financed project, the invitation may be written for you by your client’s legal staff. If it is left up to you, good sense dictates that you pass the rough draft by your own legal counsel and that of your client before it is published.If your invitation to bid is really being distributed broadlly to a large number of prospective biddders, you might very well send it in the form of a letter. You might also publish it as a paid ad in the local newspaper in the area of construction. Remember that the invitation is precisely that kind of “invitation”which can be accepted or declined.If your list of prospective bidders is also small that it contains only those who will actively work at the bidding process, you can do as most architects do and merely include the invitation as one of the documents bound into the Project Mannual.There is nothing to prevent an invitation to bid being actually on the design firm’s letterhead in the form of a letter. This can quite easily be bound into the Project Mannual later as one of the exibits in the series of contract documents.Text B Instructions to biddersYou will find most of the following points in instructions to bidders written by professional specifiers. You will often find other points as well, depending on local practices and previous expreience.Project Identification It may seem redundant to repeat in the instructions to bidders the same information you so carefully put into the invitation to bid. But it is a common practice, and an expected inclusion: to state the official name of the project, its project number if it has one, the name of the Owner and the Architect, and all other data which might be necessary to conclusively prove which project it is that you are talking about.Contract documents The care and feeding of Contract Documents to bidders is a full time job in some larger offices. Imagine the logistics of printing and handling perhaps a hundred sets where the Drawings comprise a hundred and fifity to two hundred sheets and the Specifications contain sixty or more Sections. Imagine the cost to someone. Who is going to absorb the cost? The Owner？The Architect? The bidder？Who pays for mailing? And, if they are sent by mail, will it be Parcel Post or Air Mail? What if the sets are returned after bid opening but also marked up and dog-earned that they can’t be used for construction? Who absorbs that cost? And what will you do if a biddder asks for copies of the Electrical Section only?It is not difficult for even a small office to tie up a thousand dollars or more in copies of material for the use of bidders, material the bulk of which may or may not be of any use to them the Contract is awarded.So you can understand the care with which expericed office approach this problem of how many sets will be issued per bidder, whether a deposit will be returned, whether “split sets” will be issued, and a variety of similar matters.Examination of site and document It is inconceivable but there are cases on record where the contractor said “If I’d seen the site before I bid, I never would have put in the price I did. ”There are also cases on record where a contractor claimed that he didn’t really have a chance to study their plans because you were in such a hurry for a figure. The purpose of this portion of the instructions to bidder is to put the bidder on notice that he should examine the site and study all of the Documents since no allowance will bemade later for problems which could have been avoided had he done so.Clarifications Recognizing the errors and ambiguities can creep into the work of any design office, no matter how hard you try, you should establish the mechanics by which clarifications can be requested and obtained. In fairness to all bidders, errors caught by one bidder should be corrected for the benefit of all. In the same way clarifications issued to a single bidder over the telephone should be distributed to his competitors as well. Since these matters are best handled in the form of “Addenda”, and since Addenda should only be issued by the person issuing the original Contrator Documents, it follows that questions should be directed to that party who will then either answer the question himself or secure the answer from the person most farmiliar with the subject, and will promptly follow up with a formal Addedum to all bidders on record. You should therefore state how you will receive queries, by telephone or in writing, to whom they should be addressed, how answers will be issued, and that you and the owner are not responsible for accuracy of clarifications issued in any other manner. The final date on which requests for clarification will be received should also be stated.Substitutions Many specifications written today include an entire Section on “submittals and substitutions.”Even though you include such a Section in your Specification, you should also use this earlier opportunity to call the bidder’s attention to it and to establish a final date for acceptance of requests for substitution.Types of bids You should clearly state here the type of bid you want (“general contract”, “segregated”, “cost-plus”, etc.) and the fact that you will not consider bids of other types. If you are requesting segregated bids, this can be a length subject.Preparation of bids How many copies of the bid form do you want? Will you accept Xeroxed copies or must each be on the form you provided? Does each copy need to contain actual signatures or, if Xeroxing is permitted, may the signature be on the original only? How many signature will you require from partnerships? Who can sign for a corporation? Will you require any other data on the bid form such ascontractor’s number, etc.Bid bonding Reuirements that bidders post a bond in an amount 10% of their base bid are not uncommon on a competitive bidding. Statistics show that very few of those bonds are ever forfeited, even when the low bidder fails to accept the award, since there are so many steps to go through in finally securing payment on such a defaulted bond. When you have asked a selected few bidders to favor you with a bid, it is something considered insulting to reuire them to go to the trouble of securing and posting a bid bond.It is highly recommended that you discuss the matter with your own management people and risk consultants. If you decide to require bid bonding, then you should carefully explain how and under what conditions the bond will be forfeited or returned.Other bonding Performance bonds” and “labor and materials payment” bonds are genareally required; it is the amounts that vary. Again, you should consult your management experts and those of your owner, as well as specialists in the field of management-risk. When the sums are determinded, and the proper forms have been selected, you should describe the amounts and name the forms here.Subcontractor listing Since the Contract Documents are directed to the “Contractor”, with a capital “C”, we seldom mention subcontractors anywhere in our documents. But most of us would like to know just who the bidders propose to use for certain critical portions of the work and we often ask that they furnish us a list of those subcontractors, either as a part of their bid or as a preprequisite before the contract is signed. On public work, such a list is not only mandatory but later changes can hardly be accomplished without an action by the Congress of the United States. As an attempt to eliminate “bid shopping” by unscrupulous contractors, this is a commendable stance. As one additional last-minute task facing the frantic bidders is trying to sift out the lowest practical prices from his many subs, it is a pain in the neck and a reqiurement they would just as soon not have to meet.On private work, you can generally accompished your purpose (to look over the proposed subs before awarding a contract to the lowest bidder) by merely requiring the lowest bidder to supply you with a lsit of his subcontractors within a stated period after bid opening.Lesson 2 Management and Engineering ManagementText A Management1.1 Management definitionMcFarland identifies four uses of the word management, as:(1) an organizational or administrative process;(2) a science, discipline, or art;(3)the group of people running an organization;(4) an occupational career.1.2 Management levelsEnsign or admiral, college president or department chair, maintenance forman, plant manager, or company president; all managers. What skills must they have, what roles do they play, what functions do they carry out, and how are these affected by the level at which they operate? Let us look at wach of these questions in order.Management is normally categorized into three levels：first-line，middle,and top management．Managers at these three levels need many of the same skills，but they use them in different proportionsThe higher the management level，the further into the future the manager’s decisions reach and the greater the amount of the resources that are placed at risk．First-line managers are the only managers who directly supervise nonmanage. They hold titles such as foreman, supervisor, or section chief. Generally, they are responsible for carrying out the plans and objectives of higher management, using the personnel and other resources assigned to them. They make short-range operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers，supervise the work that is done，and evaluate the performance of individual workers. First-line managers may only recently have been appointed from among the ranks of people they are now supervising. They may feel caught in the middlebetween their former fellows and upper management, each of which feels the supervisor should be representing them. Indeed, they must provide the “linking pin’’between upper management and the working level, representing the needs and goals of each to the other.Many engineers going into a production or construction environment will find themselves assigned as a foreman or supervisor very quickly．Many find such an assignment a very satisfying chance to “make things happen”through their own actions and decisions．Doing so effectively，while according the workers newly assigned to you the courtesy and respect merited by their years of experience, requires tact and judgement．If you can achieve this balance，however，you may be surprised to find how willing your team members are to accord you the same respect，and to help you learn your job．Middle managers carry titles such as plant manager，division head，chief engineer，or operations manager．Although there are more first-line managers than any other in most organizations，most of the levels in any large organization are those of middle management. Even the lowest level of middle manager (the second-line manager，who directly supervises first-line managers) is an indirect manager，and has the fundamentally different job of managing through other managers. Middle managers make plans of intermediate range to achieve the long-range goals set by top management，establish departmental policies，and evaluate the performance of subordinate work units and their managers．They also provide an integrating and coordinating function so that the short-range decisions and activities of first-line supervisory groups can be orchestrated toward achievement of the long range goals of the enterprise．There has been much discussion recently on the probable effect of computer-based management information systems on the numbers, levels, and functions of middle managers．Top managers bear titles such as chairman of the board，president，or executive vice president; one of these will normally be designated“chief executive officer”(CEO). In government the top manager may be the administrator (of NASA) orsecretary (of commerce) or governor or mayor. While they may report to some policy-making group，they have no full-time manager above them．Top managers are responsible for defining the character，mission，and objectives of the enterprise．They must establish criteria for and review long-range plans. They evaluate the performance of major departments，and evaluate leading management personnel to gauge their readiness for promotion to key executive positions.1.3 Managerial skillsKatz suggests that managers need three types of skills：technical，interpersonal, and conceptual. Technical skills are skills (such as engineering, accounting, machining, or word processing) practiced by the group supervised. Figure 1 shows that the lowest level of manager has the greatest need for technical skills，since they are directly supervising the people that are doing the technical work．Even top managers must understand the underlying technology on which their industry is based. Interpersonal skills, on the other hand, are important at every managenent level, since every manager achieves results through the efforts of other people. Conceptual skills represent the ability to “see the forest in spite of trees”--to discern the critical factors that will de termine an organization’s success or failure．This ability is essential to the top manager’s responsibility for setting long-term objectives for the enterprise，although it is needed to some extent at every level.Figure 1 Skills required versus management level1.4 Functions of managersHenry Fayol，the famous French mining engineer and executive, divided magenerial activities into five “elements”: planning, organizing, command, coordination, andcontrol. These elements,now called “functions of managers”，have proven remarkably useful and durable over the decades. Although each management author has their favored set of functions, almost all include planning, organizing，and controlling on their list. “Command” become too authoritive a word。

机械工程的世界The world of MechanicalEngineeringHi to all of you, how you peeps doing. Today I would be discussing Mechanical Engineering with you. Are you a Matrix lover, or movies like transformers? Do you have a fascination for cars, then Mechanical engineering is your forte. Go for the course and get your dream job.Let’s read this article further to know about the greatness of this subject. Under-mentioned topics I have covered in this article:What is Mechanical engineering?Mechanical engineering jobs for the subject loversBranches of mechanical engineeringMechanical engineering Vs. Computer ScienceUniversities in Australia for mechanical engineeringTo become an excellent mechanical engineer what steps you must takeWhat is Mechanical engineeringMechanical engineering is a branch of engineering. It uses different principles of Physics and material science. Principles helps in designing, manufacture, and maintenance ofmechanical systems. The subject is from engineering stream. It involves the use of heat and mechanical power for the working of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest engineering disciplines. Many students are fond of becoming mechanic engineers.If you want to be a mechanical engineer, you need to be good at physics. You must have a command over the topics of this subject. Topics are mechanics, kinematics, thermo-dynamics, materials science. Along with these principles engineers use knowledge of computers. This helps them to design manufacturing plants, equipment, heating-cooling systems, etc.History of mechanical engineeringDevelopment of mechanical engineering is from Ancient Greek times. Archimedes discovered the Physical law of buoyancy. There were many thinkers and ancient engineers who are behind man-made marvels. Development of chariot, water clocks, and the steam engine. Such things are the ancient discoveries. So we can believe that mechanical engineering is old age discovery.Design of Crankshaft was first mentioned in the book ‘Knowledge of ingenious mechanics.’ The book was by Al- Jazari, written in 1206. As the time progress, mechanical engineering expanded. New analytical thinking came into it. Newton’s laws of motions were one of the most significant discoveries. Things we are creating today is a gift from yesterdays generation.The modern age of mechanical engineeringNew concepts of physics in 19th century developed mechanical engineering. The field has evolved in order to keep the pace with technical advancement. Mechanics is now growing in areas of composites, mechatronics, and nano-technology. It is also overlapping with aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering.Mechanical engineering jobs for the subject loversFuture is very bright for mechanical engineers. They can go in every area related to manufacturing. They have to work according to the domain of the company. He works in the on design and control of a system. He checks a new system for efficiency. After that, he carries out improvement process.A mechanical engineer can work as an automobile engineer. He can go in cement industries, aeronautical, or in mining industries. There is also an increasing demand for mechanical engineer in Environment engineering. Let’s see in detail the jobs where mechanical engineers land in.Aerospace industryHere you need to do researches, designs, manufactures, operates and maintains aircraftAutomotive industryDesigning car models, manufacturing it, distributes and marketing of vehicles. This seems to be a cool profession especially for those who love cars.Chemical industryDo you love chemistry, then go for it. Work with oil companies, chemicals manufacturers.Construction industryYou can flaunt your creativity in this area. Make designs and build infrastructures, buildings.Defense industryIf you want to support your nation but do not have that sort of genetics or physique, then no worries. Be a mechanical engineer and provide equipment, armours, and technology to the military.Electronics industryEveryone needs electrical equipment. Make and manufacture the components to every sector from automobiles to military.Fast moving consumer goods industryHere you get the chance to develop home utility products and goods. For example, tools to clean the house, or for personal hygieneMaterials and metals industryDevelopment of new tools made up of metals. They are required for every field.Medicine industryDevelop machines and medical equipment. Types of equipment and machines are:x-ray scannersCT scan machinesTools which can be helpful in surgery.BRANCHES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMechanical engineering is a vast area. There are number of engineering fields that fit into mechanics. Let’s learn one by one about some of these engineering branches.Acoustical engineeringThis branch deals with the controlling of sound and vibration to reduce noise. Engineers arefocused on working on designing, analysis and sound control.Manufacturing engineeringThis branch is concerned with manufacturing processes and production methods. Engineer makes machines and tools to manufacture goods.Thermal engineeringIt’s about controlling heating and cooling in the environment. You must have a good knowledge of thermo-dynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat to excel in this stream.Vehicle engineeringThe design and manufacture of all manner of vehiclesAerospace engineeringIt is concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. There are two more parts of this stream:1. Aeronautical EngineeringIt studies the design and structure of aircraft fly in atmosphere. It requires practical and theoretical knowledge of parts and material.2. Astronautical EngineeringIt is similar to aeronautical engineering. In this engineers works on aircraft and spacecraft that operates outside the earth’s atmosphere.Bio-medicine EngineeringIt is also known as bio-engineering. In this field, principles of engineering are applied in medicine and biology. Engineers make artificial organs, body parts replacements, etc. He also manufactures medical devices and equipment.Design engineeringIn this branch, an engineer designs a machine. He makes it a lot better and efficient. The engineer modifies the existing machines for better performance.Energy engineeringIn this field, Engineer deals with energy creation and conservation. The work is to make machines to use energy efficiently. It also deals with the methods to find alternative energy sources.If you are doing bachelor’s, then you need not choose a speciality. But if you are planning to go for higher studies then be ready with the one. You may face difficulties in the subject. For that, you can go for online assignment help from the experts. If you don’t have time for making an assignment or need assistance. They can surely help you. You can quickly get a great assignment without spending much.Mechanical engineering Vs. Computer ScienceIt might be a funny thing to make a comparison between computer scientists and mechanical engineers. But you may get surprised to know the similarities between them. Both of them design, develop and create tools to simplify our lives. One is doing digitally whereas other is physical. Let’s have a look at the similarities between them.Mechanical engineersMechanical engineers identify and find solutions to a problem. Engineers use mathematics, science, and engineering knowledge. They use physical tools and machinery. They are needed in factories, industries, and power plants. Some of the engineers make new machines while others improve the existing ones.Computer ScientistsLike mechanical, computer engineers identify and solve problems. They use maths and science principles. There work is to design, develop and check tools to solve problems. CS engineers also improve existing programs and make new ones.Coursework of Mechanical EngineeringBefore getting enrolled in any mechanical engineeri ng program, it’s better to look at coursework. I have mentioned below some general topics. These topics are in the syllabus of most universities. Have a look at them:For bachelor’s degreeIntroduction to engineering computing Chemistry of energy and materials Experimental physicsCAD and fabricationMaterials scienceStatics and structuresLinear algebra and differential equations DynamicsSolid mechanicsThermo-dynamicsFluid mechanicsCircuits and electronicsHeat transferSystem dynamicsData analysis and measurementsFor master’s degreeApplied mathematics in mechanical engineering Energy policy, regulation, and incentives Numerical linear algebraFeedback control designIntroduction to control design techniques Advanced dynamics and computationDigital control systemsThermal engineering fundamentalsThere might be few additions to the topics of mechanical engineering. What I have mentioned is, the general syllabus. The syllabus is from the famous universities of Australia. There are a lot of students who can face difficulty to understand these topics. Sometimes when University gives assignment work, they fail to make. For those students, I would suggest taking assignment help online. There are experts online to help you out in your tough time.Universities in Australia for mechanical engineeringUniversity of MelbourneUniversity offers a three years full-time Master’s course in engineering. Here are three areas of engineering for master’s degree:a. Master of Engineering (Mechanical)b. Master of Engineering (Mechanical with Business)c. Master of Engineering (Mechatronics)Monash UniversityMonash University offers four years bachelor in an engineering course. Several engineering specializations provided by Monash University:a. Aerospace Engineeringb. Chemical Engineeringc. Civil Engineeringd. Electrical and Computer Systems Engineeringe. Environmental Engineeringf. Materials Engineeringg. Mechanical Engineeringh. Mechatronics Engineeringi. Resources Engineeringj. Software EngineeringRMIT UniversityUniversity offers four-year bachelor program in various disciplines of engineering. I have mentioned some of them below:a. Aerospace engineering and aviationb. Bio-medical engineeringc. Chemical engineeringd. Civil engineeringe. Computer engineeringf. Electrical and electronic engineeringg. Engineering managementh. Environmental and sustainable engineeringi. Mechanical and automotive engineeringTo become an excellent mechanical engineer what steps you must takeSTEP 1: EARN A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGA bachelor degree in this field is a must to have. It is a start to your mechanical career. Students should choose a famous university. Secondly, you need to achieve a competitive percentage in it.STEP 2: EARN A MASTER’S DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMaster’s degree is not mandatory to have. You can get a job after a bachelor’s degree. But higher the education more will be the package. Therefore, doing masters in Mechanical engineering can be a good deal.STEP 3: BUILD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EXPERIENCEExperience plays an essential role in the development of a career. It helps to build the skills required to be an expert engineer. It can help to generate new ideas in your mind. Experience can generate various opportunity for you.STEP 4: SEEK ORGANIZATIONAL CERTIFICATIONMany organizations are offering a certificate in mechanical engineering. A certificate can be of immense importance. It can prove your skills, increase your market value, and build confidence.STEP 5: CONSIDER A PHDGaining knowledge is always a productive thing. Engineers can go for Ph.D. programs in mechanical engineering. Those who enjoy research can do Ph.D. They can also teach next-gen minds.The present and the future of mechanical engineeringSo till now, you must have an idea about this stream and skills required for the stream. Now I would like to tell you more about the scope of Mechanical engineering. Like any other field, for this also you must have certain traits. You must have a love for machinery and mechanical parts. Your physics, chemistry, and mathematics ought to be good. Then comes your analytical mind, logical reasoning capacity, and problem-solving power. If you possess all of the traits, then be ready for a bright future.No one has seen future. You never know what it can bring for you. But the field of mechanics has excellent benefits for students. You can go into computers, bio-medicines, nano-technology after doing mechanics. There are many more career options as you have read earlier in thisarticle. So you can quickly judge that you can grab a job easily in this field.But there is a catch for you guys. As you know the competition is increasing day by day, so you need to catch the pace. A graduate may not get a good job after mechanical engineering. You need to prove your mettle. Stay connected with the higher education and technical advancement. Only then you can do something great in this field.ConclusionHope you guys had a good time with this article.I took all the essential aspects of mechanical engineering. The article started with the definition and history of the subject. Moving further, I have talked about jobs and branches ofengineering. Next, I discussed the similarities between mechanical and Computer science. After that coursework and Universities in Australia for mechanics. At last, I have mentioned the future of this subject. All in all, this article is covering every major and minor area of ME (Mechanical Engineering).。