Chinese Philosopy I

《中国哲学智慧》课程教学大纲
课程 编号
1600R408
课程名称
（中文） 中国哲学智慧
（英文）the wisdom of Chinese Philosophy
c
1．学分：2 学时： 20（课内学时： 20 实验学时： ） 2．课程性质：本科通识课
3．适用专业： 适用对象： 4．先修课程： 无 5．首选教材：无 二选教材：无 参考书目：
6．考核形式： 论文
7．教学环境： 多媒体教学
课程教学目的及
要求
通过该课程的教学，使学生对中国哲学中的智慧，尤其是中国传统儒、释、道三家的主要思想有一个比较深入的了解，使学生对传统哲学智慧的认识达到一定的深度。

课程 内容 及学 时分 配 第一章 五经要义 （4课时）
一、五经总说；二、五经分说
第二章 儒学精神（4课时）
一、孔子与儒家；二、仁与礼
第三章 佛教与道教（4课时）
一、佛教简介；二、道教简介
第四章 老庄智慧（4课时） 一、老子及其智慧； 二、庄子及其智慧
第五章：中国近代哲学 （4课时）
配套 实践 环节 说明
大纲编
写
（教研组）（签名）责任人
年月日
系审核
（系）（签名）意见
年月日
学院审
（签名）公章）核意见
年月日。

Chinese philosophyChinese philosophyYin and Yang symbol with the bagua symbols paved ina clearing outside of Nanning City, Guangxiprovince, China.Traditional Chinese中國哲學Simplified Chinese中国哲学[show]TranscriptionsThe majority of traditional Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States eras, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",[1] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.[1] Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.[2] It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.Following the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the dominant philosophical school of China.[3]The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty. Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution. Mohism though popular at first due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Qin Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han Dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy. The Six Dynasties era saw the rise of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han Dynasties. By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhism's arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism became highly popular during the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty due in large part to the eventual combination of Confucian and Zen Philosophy.Confucianism represents the collected teachings of the Chinese sage Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE. His philosophy concerns the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. The Analects stress the importance of ritual, but also the importance of 'ren', which loosely translates as 'human-heartedness,[4] Confucianism, along with Legalism, is responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy, which holds that one's status should be determined by education and character rather than ancestry, wealth, or friendship.[5] Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence in Chinese culture, the state of China and the surrounding areas of Southeast Asia.During the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese philosophy integrated concepts from Western philosophy. Anti-Qing Dynasty revolutionaries, involved in the Xinhai Revolution, saw Western philosophy as an alternative to traditional philosophical schools; students in the May Fourth Movement called for completely abolishing the old imperial institutions and practices of China. During this era, Chinese scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, and nationalism into Chinese philosophy. The most notable examples are Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People ideology and Mao Zedong's Maoism, a variant of Marxism–Leninism.[6]In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's "market economy socialism".Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture. In the post-Chinese economic reform era, modern Chinese philosophy has reappeared in forms such as the New Confucianism. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due. Chinese philosophy still carries profound influence amongst the people of East Asia, and even Southeast Asia.Contents[hide]• 1 Ancient philosophyo 1.1 History▪ 1.1.1 Early beliefs▪ 1.1.2 Hundred Schools of Thoughto 1.2 Schools of thought▪ 1.2.1 Confucianism▪ 1.2.2 Daoism▪ 1.2.3 Legalism▪ 1.2.4 Naturalists▪ 1.2.5 Mohism▪ 1.2.6 Logicians▪ 1.2.7 Agriculturalists• 2 Early Imperial era philosophyo 2.1 History▪ 2.1.1 Qin and Han Dynasties▪ 2.1.2 Six Dynastieso 2.2 Schools of thought▪ 2.2.1 Xuanxue▪ 2.2.2 Zen• 3 Mid to Late Imperial era philosophyo 3.1 Historyo 3.2 Schools of thought▪ 3.2.1 Neo-Confucianism• 4 Modern erao 4.1 New Confucianism• 5 Tea and philosophy• 6 Great philosophical figures•7 Concepts within Chinese philosophy•8 See also•9 References•10 Further reading•11 External linksAncient philosophy [edit]History [edit]Early beliefs [edit]Early Shang Dynasty thought was based upon cyclicity. This notion stems from what the people of the Shang Dynasty could observe around them: day and night cycled, the seasons progressed again and again, and even the moon waxed and waned until it waxed again. Thus, this notion, which remained relevant throughout Chinese history, reflects the order of nature. In juxtaposition, it also marks a fundamental distinction from western philosophy, in which the dominant view of time is a linear progression. During the Shang, fate could be manipulated by great deities, commonly translated as gods. Ancestor worship was present and universally recognized. There was also human and animal sacrifice.When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, a new political, religious and philosophical concept was introduced called the "Mandate of Heaven". This mandate was said to be taken when rulers became unworthy of their position and provided a shrewd justification for Zhou rule. During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi (the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.Hundred Schools of Thought [edit]Main article: Hundred Schools of ThoughtIn around 500 BCE, after the Zhou state weakened and China moved into the Spring and Autumn Period, the classic period of Chinese philosophy began (it is an interesting fact that this date nearly coincides with the emergence of the first Greek philosophers). This is known as the Hundred Schools of Thought (諸子百家; zhūzǐ bǎijiā; "various scholars , hundred schools"). This period is considered the golden age of Chinese philosophy. Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period, the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism (often spelled "Taoism"), Mohism and Legalism.Schools of thought [edit]Confucianism [edit]Kong Fuzi (Latin: Confucius)Main article: ConfucianismConfucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of the sage collected in the Analects of Confucius. It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the "state religion" of imperial China. Its influence also spread to Korea and Japan.The major Confucian concepts include rén (humanity or humaneness),zhèngmíng(rectification of names; e.g. a ruler who rules unjustly is no longer a ruler and may be dethroned), zhōng(loyalty), xiào(filial piety), and lǐ(ritual). Confucius taught both positive and negative versions of the Golden Rule. The concepts Yin and Yang represent two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change. The Confucian idea of "Rid of the two ends, take the middle" is a Chinese equivalent of Hegel's idea of "thesis, antithesis, and synthesis", which is a way of reconciling opposites, arriving at some middle ground combining the best of both.Daoism [edit]Chinese glazed stoneware statue of a Daoist deity, from the Ming Dynasty, 16th century.Main article: TaoismDaoism is a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Dao Te Ching(Dào Dé Jīng; ascribed to Laozi) and the Zhuangzi (partly ascribed to Zhuangzi). The character Dao道 (Dao) literally means "path" or "way". However in Daoism it refers more often to a meta-physical term that describes a force that encompasses the entire universe but which cannot be described nor felt. All major Chinese philosophical schools have investigated the correct Way to go about a moral life, but in Taoism it takes on the most abstract meanings, leading this school to be named after it. It advocated nonaction (wu wei), the strength of softness, spontaneity, and relativism. Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom "practise Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside." Most of Taoism's focus is on what is perceived to be the undeniable fact that human attempts to make the world better actually make the world worse. Therefore it is better to strive for harmony, minimising potentially harmful interference with nature or in human affairs.[7]Legalism [edit]Main article: Legalism (Chinese philosophy)Legalism is a political philosophy synthesized by a philosopher named Han Fei. With an essential principle like "when the epoch changed, the ways changed", it upholds the rule of law and is thus a theory of jurisprudence.A ruler should govern his subjects by the following trinity:1.Fa (法 fa3): law or principle.2.Shu (術shù): method, tactic, art, or statecraft.3.Shi (勢shì): legitimacy, power, or charisma.Legalism was the chosen philosophy of the Qin Dynasty. It was blamed for creating a totalitarian society and thereby experienced decline. Its main motto is: "Set clear strict laws, or deliver harsh punishment". Both Shang Yang and Han Fei promoted the absolute adherence to the rule of law, regardless of the circumstances or the person. The ruler, alone, would possess the authority to dispense with rewards and punishments. Ministers were only to be rewarded if their words matched the results of their proposals, and punished if it did not; regardless if the results were worse or better than the claims. Legalism, in accordance with Han Fei's interpretation, could encourage the state to be a militaristic autarky. The philosophy was highly progressive, and extremely critical of the Confucian and Mohist schools. This would be used to justify Li Si's large scale persecutions of the other schools of thought during the Qin dynasty, and the invariable denunciation by Confucian scholars from the Han dynasty and onwards.Naturalists [edit]Main article: School of NaturalistsThe School of Naturalists or the School of Yin-yang (陰陽家/阴阳家;Yīnyángjiā; Yin-yang-chia; "School of Yin-Yang") was a Warring States era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements; Zou Yan is considered the founder of this school.[8] His theory attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: the complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, negative) and yang (light, hot, male, positive) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth). In its early days, this theory was most strongly associated with the states of Yan and Qi. In later periods, these epistemological theories came to hold significance in both philosophy and popular belief. This school was absorbed into Taoism's alchemic and magical dimensions as well as into the Chinese medical framework. The earliest surviving recordings of this are in the Ma Wang Dui texts and Huang Di Nei Jing.Mohism [edit]Main article: MohismMohism (Moism), founded by Mozi(墨子), promotes universal love with the aim of mutual benefit. Everyone must love each other equally and impartially to avoid conflict and war. Mozi was strongly against Confucian ritual, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism.Logicians [edit]Main article: School of NamesThe logicians (School of Names) were concerned with logic, paradoxes, names and actuality (similar to Confucian rectification of names). The logician Hui Shi was a friendly rival to Zhuangzi, arguing against Taoism in a light-hearted and humorous manner. Another logician, Gongsun Long, told the famous When a White Horse is Not a Horse dialogue. This school did not thrive because the Chinese regarded sophistry and dialectic as impractical.[citation needed]Agriculturalists [edit]Main article: AgriculturalismAgriculturalism was an early agrarian social and political philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.[9] The philosophy is founded on the notion that human society originates with the development of agriculture, and societies are based upon "people's natural prospensity to farm."[10]The Agriculturalists believed that the ideal government, modeled after the semi-mythical governance of Shennong, is led by a benevolent king, one who works alongside the people in tilling the fields. The Agriculturalist king is not paid by the government through its treasuries; his livelihood is derived from the profits he earns working in the fields, not his leadership.[11]Unlike the Confucians, the Agriculturalists did not believe in the division of labour, arguing instead that the economic policies of a country need to be based upon an egalitarian self sufficiency. The Agriculturalists supported the fixing of prices, in which all similar goods, regardless of differences in quality and demand, are set at exactly the same, unchanging price.[11]Early Imperial era philosophy [edit]History [edit]Qin and Han Dynasties [edit]The short founder Qin Dynasty, where Legalism was the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine. These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace. In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language (from this comes the denomination Old Text) that were so much more reliable. In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortalSix Dynasties [edit]The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the Xuanxue(mysterious learning), also called Neo-Taoism. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming).A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the Northern and Southern, Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement. At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century. Two chiefly important monk philosophers were Sengzhao and Daosheng. Butprobably the most influential and original of these schools was the Chan sect, which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the Zen sect.In the mid-Tang Buddhism reached its peak, and reportedly there were 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 hermitages and 260,500 monks and nuns. The power of the Buddhist clergy was so great and the wealth of the monasteries so impressive, that it instigated criticism from Confucian scholars, who considered Buddhism as a foreign religion. In 845 Emperor Wuzong ordered the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, confiscating the riches and returning monks and nuns to lay life. From then on, Buddhism lost much of its influence.Schools of thought [edit]Xuanxue [edit]Main article: XuanxueXuanxue was a philosophical school that combined elements of Confucianism and Taoism to reinterpret the Yijing,Daodejing, and Zhuangzi. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming). A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.Zen [edit]The Sakyamuni Buddha, by artist Zhang Shengwen, 1173-1176 CE, Song Dynasty.Main articles: Zen and Buddhism in ChinaBuddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE. When used in a generic sense, a Buddha is generally considered to be someone who discovers the true nature of reality.Although Buddhism originated in Nepal, it has had the most lasting impact on China[citation needed]. Since Chinese traditional thought focuses more on ethics rather than metaphysics, it has developed several schools distinct from the originating Indian schools. The most prominent examples with philosophical merit are Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chán (a.k.a. Zen). They investigate consciousness, levels of truth, whether reality is ultimately empty, and how enlightenment is to be achieved. Buddhism has a spiritual aspect that compliments the action of Neo-Confucianism, with prominent Neo-Confucians advocating certain forms of meditation. The Buddha showed people what was right or wrong. The teaching still lives on today.Mid to Late Imperial era philosophy [edit] History [edit]Neo-Confucianism was a revived version of old Confucian principles that appeared around the Song Dynasty, with Buddhist, Taoist, and Legalist features. The first philosophers, such as Shao Yong, Zhou Dunyi and Chang Zai, were cosmologists and worked on the Yi Jing. The Cheng brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, are considered the founders of the two main schools of thought of Neo-Confucianism: the School of Principle the first, the School of Mind the latter. The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty. The School of Mind was developed by Lu Jiuyuan, Zhu Xi's main rival, but was soon forgotten. Only during the Ming Dynasty was the School of Mind revived by Wang Shouren, whose influence is equal to that of Zhu Xi. This school was particularly important in Japan.During the Qing Dynasty many philosophers objected againstNeo-Confucianism and there was a return to the Han Dynasty Confucianism, and also the reprise of the controversy between Old Text and New Text. In this period also started the penetration of Western culture, but most Chinese thought that the Westerners were maybe more advanced in technology and warfare, but that China had primacy in moral and intellectual fields.Schools of thought [edit]Neo-Confucianism [edit]Main article: Neo-ConfucianismDespite Confucianism losing popularity to Taoism and Buddhism,Neo-Confucianism combined those ideas into a more metaphysical framework. Its concepts include li(principle, akin to Plato's forms), qi(vital or material force), taiji (the Great Ultimate), and xin (mind).Modern era [edit]See also: Chinese nationalism, Maoism, and Culture of the People's Republic of ChinaDuring the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy had also begun to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. Notably, Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of rights, let alone human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them. In 1864, W.A.P. Martin had to invent the word quanli to translate the Western concept of "rights" in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.[12]By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There have been attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn Yìxiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo Zédōng) added Marxism, Stalinism, and other communist thought.When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution. Their influence on Chinese thought, however, remains. The current government of the People's Republic of China is trying to encourage a form of market socialism.Since the radical movement of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government has become much more tolerant with the practice of traditional beliefs. The 1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China guarantees "freedom of religion" with a number of restrictions. Spiritual and philosophical institutions have been allowed to be established orre-established, as long they are not perceived to be a threat to the power of the CPC. (However, it should be noted that those organizations are heavily monitored by the state.) The influences of the past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due.New Confucianism [edit]Main article: New ConfucianismNew Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and revived in post-Mao era contemporary China. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.Tea and philosophy [edit]Philosophy have been an influence in the development of the tea ceremony. The elements of the Chinese tea ceremony include the harmony of nature and self cultivation, and enjoying tea in a formal or informal setting. When tea is more than a drink and the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity, promote harmony with nature, discipline the mind, quiet the heart, and attain the purity of enlightenment, the art of tea becomes teaism.。

中国哲学的英语作文Chinese Philosophy。

Chinese philosophy is a rich and diverse tradition that has had a profound impact on the world. It encompasses a wide range of schools of thought, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, each of which has its own unique perspectives on the nature of reality, human existence, and the proper way to live. In this essay, we will explore some of the key ideas and themes of Chinese philosophy and consider their relevance to the modern world.One of the central concepts in Chinese philosophy isthe idea of harmony. This idea is central to both Confucianism and Taoism, and it reflects a deep concern for the balance and order of the natural world. In Confucianism, harmony is achieved through the cultivation of virtue and the practice of proper social relationships. Confucius emphasized the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and the fulfillment of one's social roles asessential for maintaining social harmony. Similarly, Taoism emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and following the flow of the Tao, or the way of nature.Another key theme in Chinese philosophy is the idea of balance. This idea is central to the concept of yin and yang, which represents the complementary forces of nature. The concept of yin and yang is central to both Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine, and it reflects a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all things. In Chinese philosophy, balance is seen as essential for health, happiness, and well-being, and it is something that should be cultivated in all aspects of life.In addition to harmony and balance, Chinese philosophy also emphasizes the importance of self-cultivation andmoral development. Confucianism, in particular, places a strong emphasis on the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral character. Confucius believed that the ultimate goal of life was to become a junzi, or noble person, who embodies the virtues of benevolence,righteousness, and propriety. Similarly, Taoism emphasizes the importance of self-cultivation through practices such as meditation, qigong, and tai chi, which are seen as essential for achieving harmony and balance in life.The ideas and themes of Chinese philosophy have important implications for the modern world. In an age of increasing globalization and environmental degradation, the emphasis on harmony, balance, and self-cultivation in Chinese philosophy offers important insights into how we might live more fulfilling and sustainable lives. The concept of harmony reminds us of the importance of livingin balance with the natural world and with each other, while the emphasis on self-cultivation reminds us of the importance of developing our moral character and innerwell-being.In conclusion, Chinese philosophy is a rich and diverse tradition that offers important insights into the nature of reality, human existence, and the proper way to live. The ideas of harmony, balance, and self-cultivation are central to Chinese philosophy and have important implications forthe modern world. By studying and reflecting on these ideas, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our place in the world, and we can learn how to live more fulfilling and meaningful lives.。