2006-12-EC

DIRECTIVE2006/42/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof17May2006on machinery,and amending Directive95/16/EC(recast)(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO-PEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com-munity,and in particular Article95thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(2),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article251of the Treaty(3),Whereas:(1)Directive98/37/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of22June1998on the approximation ofthe laws of the Member States relating to machinery(4)codified Directive89/392/EEC(5).Now that newsubstantial amendments are being made to Directive98/37/EC,it is desirable,in order to clarify matters,thatthat Directive should be recast.(2)The machinery sector is an important part of the engi-neering industry and is one of the industrial mainstaysof the Community economy.The social cost of the largenumber of accidents caused directly by the use ofmachinery can be reduced by inherently safe design andconstruction of machinery and by proper installationand maintenance.(3)Member States are responsible for ensuring the healthand safety on their territory of persons,in particular ofworkers and consumers and,where appropriate,ofdomestic animals and goods,notably in relation to therisks arising out of the use of machinery.(4)In order to ensure legal certainty for users,the scope ofthis Directive and the concepts relating to its applicationshould be defined as precisely as possible.(5)The Member States'mandatory provisions governingconstruction site hoists intended for lifting persons orpersons and goods,which are often supplemented by defacto compulsory technical specifications and/or byvoluntary standards,do not necessarily lead to differentlevels of health and safety but,because of their dispari-ties,do nevertheless constitute barriers to trade withinthe Community.Moreover,the national systems for theconformity assessment and certification of thesemachines diverge considerably.It is therefore desirablenot to exclude from the scope of this Directive construc-tion site hoists intended for lifting persons or personsand goods.(6)It is appropriate to exclude from the scope of this Direc-tive weapons,including firearms,that are subject toCouncil Directive91/477/EEC of18June1991oncontrol of the acquisition and possession of weapons(6);the exclusion of firearms should not apply to portablecartridge-operated fixing and other impact machinerydesigned for industrial or technical purposes only.It isnecessary to provide for transitional arrangementsenabling Member States to authorise the placing on themarket and putting into service of such machinerymanufactured in accordance with national provisions inforce upon adoption of this Directive,including thoseimplementing the Convention of1July1969on theReciprocal Recognition of Proofmarks on Small Arms.Such transitional arrangements will also enable the Euro-pean standardisation organisations to draft standardsensuring the safety level based on the state of the art.(7)This Directive does not apply to the lifting of persons bymeans of machines not designed for the lifting ofpersons.However,this does not affect the right ofMember States to take national measures,in accordancewith the Treaty,with respect to such machines,with aview to implementing Council Directive89/655/EEC of30November1989concerning the minimum safety andhealth requirements for the use of work equipment byworkers at work(second individual Directive within themeaning of Article16(1)of Directive89/391/EEC)(7).(1)OJ C154E,29.5.2001,p.164.(2)OJ C311,7.11.2001,p.1.(3)Opinion of the European Parliament of4July2002(OJ C271E,12.11.2003,p.491),Council Common Position of18July2005(OJ C251E,11.10.2005,p.1)and Position of the European Parlia-ment of15December2005(not yet published in the OfficialJournal).Council Decision of25April2006.(4)OJ L207,23.7.1998,p. 1.Directive as amended by Directive98/79/EC(OJ L331,7.12.1998,p.1).(6)OJ L256,13.9.1991,p.51.(8)In relation to agricultural and forestry tractors,the provi-sions of this Directive concerning the risks currently notcovered by Directive2003/37/EC of the European Parlia-ment and of the Council of26May2003on type-approval of agricultural or forestry tractors,their trailersand interchangeable towed machinery,together withtheir systems,components and separate technicalunits(1)should no longer apply when such risks arecovered by Directive2003/37/EC.(9)Market surveillance is an essential instrument inasmuchas it ensures the proper and uniform application ofDirectives.It is therefore appropriate to put in place thelegal framework within which market surveillance canproceed harmoniously.(10)Member States are responsible for ensuring that thisDirective is effectively enforced on their territory andthat the safety of the machinery concerned is,as far aspossible,improved in accordance with its provisions.Member States should ensure their capacity to carry outeffective market surveillance,taking account of guide-lines developed by the Commission,in order to achievethe proper and uniform application of this Directive.(11)In the context of market surveillance,a clear distinctionshould be established between the disputing of a harmo-nised standard conferring a presumption of conformityon machinery and the safeguard clause relating tomachinery.(12)The putting into service of machinery within themeaning of this Directive can relate only to the use ofthe machinery itself for its intended purpose or for apurpose which can reasonably be foreseen.This doesnot preclude the laying down of conditions of useexternal to the machinery,provided that it is not therebymodified in a way not specified in this Directive.(13)It is also necessary to provide for an adequatemechanism allowing for the adoption of specificmeasures at Community level requiring Member Statesto prohibit or restrict the placing on the market ofcertain types of machinery presenting the same risks tothe health and safety of persons either due to shortcom-ings in the relevant harmonised standard(s)or by virtueof their technical characteristics,or to make suchmachinery subject to special conditions.In order toensure the appropriate assessment of the need for suchmeasures,they should be taken by the Commission,assisted by a committee,in the light of consultationswith the Member States and other interested parties.Since such measures are not directly applicable toeconomic operators,Member States should take allnecessary measures for their implementation.(14)The essential health and safety requirements should besatisfied in order to ensure that machinery is safe;theserequirements should be applied with discernment to takeaccount of the state of the art at the time of constructionand of technical and economic requirements.(15)Where the machinery may be used by a consumer,thatis to say,a non-professional operator,the manufacturershould take account of this in the design and construc-tion.The same applies where a machine is normallyused to provide a service to a consumer.(16)Although the requirements of this Directive do notapply to partly completed machinery in their entirety,itis nevertheless important that the free movement ofsuch machinery be guaranteed by means of a specificprocedure.(17)For trade fairs,exhibitions and such like,it should bepossible to exhibit machinery which does not satisfy therequirements of this Directive.However,interestedparties should be properly informed that the machinerydoes not conform and cannot be purchased in thatcondition.(18)This Directive defines only the essential health and safetyrequirements of general application,supplemented by anumber of more specific requirements for certain cate-gories of machinery.In order to help manufacturers toprove conformity to these essential requirements,and toallow inspection of conformity to the essential require-ments,it is desirable to have standards that are harmo-nised at Community level for the prevention of risksarising out of the design and construction of machinery.These standards are drawn up by private-law bodies andshould retain their non-binding status.(19)In view of the nature of the risks involved in the use ofmachinery covered by this Directive,procedures forassessing conformity to the essential health and safetyrequirements should be established.These proceduresshould be devised in the light of the extent of the dangerinherent in such machinery.Consequently,each categoryof machinery should have its appropriate procedure inconformity with Council Decision93/465/EEC of22July1993concerning the modules for the various phases ofthe conformity assessment procedures and the rules forthe affixing and use of the CE conformity marking,which are intended to be used in the technical harmoni-sation directives(2),taking account of the nature of the(20)Manufacturers should retain full responsibility for certi-fying the conformity of their machinery to the provi-sions of this Directive.Nevertheless,for certain types ofmachinery having a higher risk factor,a stricter certifica-tion procedure is desirable.(21)The CE marking should be fully recognised as being theonly marking which guarantees that machineryconforms to the requirements of this Directive.All othermarkings which are likely to mislead third parties as tothe meaning or the form of the CE marking,or both,should be prohibited.(22)In order to ensure the same quality for the CE markingand the manufacturer's mark,it is important that they beaffixed according to the same techniques.In order toavoid confusion between any CE markings which mightappear on certain components and the CE markingcorresponding to the machinery,it is important that thelatter marking be affixed alongside the name of theperson who has taken responsibility for it,namely themanufacturer or his authorised representative.(23)The manufacturer or his authorised representativeshould also ensure that a risk assessment is carried outfor the machinery which he wishes to place on themarket.For this purpose,he should determine which arethe essential health and safety requirements applicable tohis machinery and in respect of which he must takemeasures.(24)It is essential that,before drawing up the EC declarationof conformity,the manufacturer or his authorised repre-sentative established in the Community should prepare atechnical construction file.However,it is not essentialthat all documentation should be permanently availablein material form,but it must be possible to make itavailable on request.It need not include detailed plans ofsubassemblies used for the manufacture of machinery,unless knowledge of such plans is essential in order toascertain conformity with the essential health and safetyrequirements.(25)The addressees of any decision taken under this Directiveshould be informed of the reasons for such a decisionand of the legal remedies open to them.(26)Member States should provide for penalties applicable toinfringements of the provisions of this Directive.Thosepenalties should be effective,proportionateand dissuasive.with respect to those covered by Directive95/16/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of29June1995on the approximation of the laws of the MemberStates relating to lifts(1).A redefinition of the scope ofthe latter Directive is thus deemed necessary.Direc-tive95/16/EC should therefore be amended accordingly.(28)Since the objective of this Directive,namely,to laydown the essential health and safety requirements inrelation to design and manufacture in order to improvethe safety of machinery placed on the market,cannot besufficiently achieved by the Member States and can bebetter achieved at Community level,the Communitymay adopt measures,in accordance with the principle ofsubsidiarity as set out in Article5of the Treaty.Inaccordance with the principle of proportionality,as setout in that Article,this Directive does not go beyondwhat is necessary in order to achieve that objective.(29)In accordance with point34of the InterinstitutionalAgreement on better law-making(2),Member States areencouraged to draw up,for themselves and in the inter-ests of the Community,their own tables illustrating,asfar as possible,the correlation between this Directiveand the transposition measures,and to make thempublic.(30)The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective should be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying downthe procedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission(3),HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1Scope1.This Directive applies to the following products:(a)machinery;(b)interchangeable equipment;(c)safety components;(d)lifting accessories;(e)chains,ropes and webbing;(f)removable mechanical transmission devices;(g)partly completed machinery.(1)OJ L213,7.9.1995,p.1.Directive as amended by Regulation(EC)2.The following are excluded from the scope of this Direc-tive:(a)safety components intended to be used as spare parts toreplace identical components and supplied by the manufac-turer of the original machinery;(b)specific equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amuse-ment parks;(c)machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclearpurposes which,in the event of failure,may result in an emission of radioactivity;(d)weapons,including firearms;(e)the following means of transport:—agricultural and forestry tractors for the risks covered by Directive2003/37/EC,with the exclusion ofmachinery mounted on these vehicles,—motor vehicles and their trailers covered by Council Directive70/156/EEC of6February1970on theapproximation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to the type-approval of motor vehicles andtheir trailers(1),with the exclusion of machinerymounted on these vehicles,—vehicles covered by Directive2002/24/EC of the Euro-pean Parliament and of the Council of18March2002relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheelmotor vehicles(2),with the exclusion of machinerymounted on these vehicles,—motor vehicles exclusively intended for competition, and—means of transport by air,on water and on rail networks with the exclusion of machinery mounted onthese means of transport;(f)seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units and machineryinstalled on board such vessels and/or units;(g)machinery specially designed and constructed for militaryor police purposes;(h)machinery specially designed and constructed for researchpurposes for temporary use in laboratories;(i)mine winding gear;(j)machinery intended to move performers during artistic performances;(k)electrical and electronic products falling within the following areas,insofar as they are covered by Council Directive73/23/EEC of19February1973on the harmoni-sation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits(3):—household appliances intended for domestic use,—audio and video equipment,—information technology equipment,—ordinary office machinery,—low-voltage switchgear and control gear,—electric motors;(l)the following types of high-voltage electrical equipment:—switch gear and control gear,—transformers.Article2DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive,‘machinery’designates the products listed in Article1(1)(a)to(f).The following definitions shall apply:(a)‘machinery’means:—an assembly,fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system other than directly applied human oranimal effort,consisting of linked parts or components,at least one of which moves,and which are joinedtogether for a specific application,—an assembly referred to in the first indent,missing only the components to connect it on site or to sources ofenergy and motion,—an assembly referred to in the first and second indents, ready to be installed and able to function as it standsonly if mounted on a means of transport,or installed ina building or a structure,—assemblies of machinery referred to in the first,second and third indents or partly completed machineryreferred to in point(g)which,in order to achieve thesame end,are arranged and controlled so that theyfunction as an integral whole,—an assembly of linked parts or components,at least one of which moves and which are joined together,intended for lifting loads and whose only power sourceis directly applied human effort;(1)OJ L42,23.2.1970,p.1.Directive as last amended by Commission(b)‘interchangeable equipment’means a device which,afterthe putting into service of machinery or of a tractor,is assembled with that machinery or tractor by the operator himself in order to change its function or attribute a new function,in so far as this equipment is not a tool;(c)‘safety component’means a component:—which serves to fulfil a safety function,—which is independently placed on the market,—the failure and/or malfunction of which endangers the safety of persons,and—which is not necessary in order for the machinery to function,or for which normal components may besubstituted in order for the machinery to function.An indicative list of safety components is set out in Annex V,which may be updated in accordance with Article8(1)(a);(d)‘lifting accessory’means a component or equipment notattached to the lifting machinery,allowing the load to be held,which is placed between the machinery and the load or on the load itself,or which is intended to constitute an integral part of the load and which is independently placed on the market;slings and their components are also regarded as lifting accessories;(e)‘chains,ropes and webbing’means chains,ropes andwebbing designed and constructed for lifting purposes as part of lifting machinery or lifting accessories;(f)‘removable mechanical transmission device’means a remo-vable component for transmitting power between self-propelled machinery or a tractor and another machine by joining them at the first fixed bearing.When it is placed on the market with the guard it shall be regarded as one product;(g)‘partly completed machinery’means an assembly which isalmost machinery but which cannot in itself perform a specific application.A drive system is partly completed machinery.Partly completed machinery is only intended to be incorporated into or assembled with other machinery or other partly completed machinery or equipment,thereby forming machinery to which this Directive applies;(h)‘placing on the market’means making available for the firsttime in the Community machinery or partly completed machinery with a view to distribution or use,whether for reward or free of charge;(i)‘manufacturer’means any natural or legal person whopartly completed machinery with this Directive with a view to its being placed on the market,under his own name or trademark or for his own use.In the absence of a manufac-turer as defined above,any natural or legal person who places on the market or puts into service machinery or partly completed machinery covered by this Directive shall be considered a manufacturer;(j)‘authorised representative’means any natural or legal person established in the Community who has received a written mandate from the manufacturer to perform on his behalf all or part of the obligations and formalities connected with this Directive;(k)‘putting into service’means the first use,for its intended purpose,in the Community,of machinery covered by this Directive;(l)‘harmonised standard’means a non-binding technical speci-fication adopted by a standardisation body,namely the European Committee for Standardisation(CEN),the Euro-pean Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC)or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI),on the basis of a remit issued by the Commission in accordance with the procedures laid down in Directive98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of22June1998laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical stan-dards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services(1).Article3Specific DirectivesWhere,for machinery,the hazards referred to in Annex I are wholly or partly covered more specifically by other Community Directives,this Directive shall not apply,or shall cease to apply,to that machinery in respect of such hazards from the date of implementation of those other Directives.Article4Market surveillance1.Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery may be placed on the market and/or put into service only if it satisfies the relevant provisions of this Directive and does not endanger the health and safety of persons and,where appropriate,domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for its intended purpose or under conditions which can reasonably be foreseen.2.Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that partly completed machinery can be placed on the market only if it satisfies the relevant provisions of this Direc-tive.3.Member States shall institute or appoint the competent authorities to monitor the conformity of machinery and partly completed machinery with the provisions set out in para-graphs1and2.4.Member States shall define the tasks,organisation and powers of the competent authorities referred to in paragraph3 and shall notify the Commission and other Member States thereof and also of any subsequent amendment.Article5Placing on the market and putting into service1.Before placing machinery on the market and/or putting it into service,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall:(a)ensure that it satisfies the relevant essential health andsafety requirements set out in Annex I;(b)ensure that the technical file referred to in Annex VII,part A is available;(c)provide,in particular,the necessary information,such asinstructions;(d)carry out the appropriate procedures for assessing confor-mity in accordance with Article12;(e)draw up the EC declaration of conformity in accordancewith Annex II,part1,Section A and ensure that it accom-panies the machinery;(f)affix the CE marking in accordance with Article16.2.Before placing partly completed machinery on the market,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall ensure that the procedure referred to in Article13has been completed.3.For the purposes of the procedures referred to in Article12,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall have,or shall have access to,the necessary means of ensuring that the machinery satisfies the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.4.Where machinery is also the subject of other Directives relating to other aspects and providing for the affixing of the CE marking,the marking shall indicate that the machinery also conforms to the provisions of those other Directives.a transitional period,the system to be applied,the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the provisions of those Direc-tives applied by the manufacturer or his authorised representa-tive.Particulars of the Directives applied,as published in the Official Journal of the European Union,shall be given on the EC declaration of conformity.Article6Freedom of movement1.Member States shall not prohibit,restrict or impede the placing on the market and/or putting into service in their terri-tory of machinery which complies with this Directive.2.Member States shall not prohibit,restrict or impede the placing on the market of partly completed machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative makes a declaration of incorporation,referred to in Annex II,part1, Section B,stating that it is to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other partly completed machinery to form machinery.3.At trade fairs,exhibitions,demonstrations,and such like, Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or partly completed machinery which does not conform to this Directive,provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that it does not conform and that it will not be made available until it has been brought into conformity.Furthermore,during demon-strations of such non-conforming machinery or partly completed machinery,adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.Article7Presumption of conformity and harmonised standards1.Member States shall regard machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, the content of which is set out in Annex II,part1,Section A, as complying with the provisions of this Directive.2.Machinery manufactured in conformity with a harmo-nised standard,the references to which have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union,shall be presumed to comply with the essential health and safety requirements covered by such a harmonised standard.3.The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union the references of the harmonised standards.4.Member States shall take the appropriate measures toArticle8Specific measures1.The Commission,acting in accordance with the proce-dure referred to in Article22(3),may take any appropriate measure to implement the provisions relating to the following points:(a)updating of the indicative list of safety components inAnnex V referred to in point(c)in Article2;(b)restriction of the placing on the market of machineryreferred to in Article9.2.The Commission,acting in accordance with the proce-dure referred to in Article22(2),may take any appropriate measure connected with the implementation and practical application of this Directive,including measures necessary to ensure cooperation of Member States with each other and with the Commission,as provided for in Article19(1).Article9Specific measures to deal with potentially hazardousmachinery1.When,in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article10,the Commission considers that a harmonised stand-ard does not entirely satisfy the essential health and safety requirements which it covers and which are set out in Annex I, the Commission may,in accordance with paragraph3of this Article,take measures requiring Member States to prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of machinery with technical characteristics presenting risks due to the shortcomings in the standard or to make such machinery subject to special condi-tions.When,in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article11,the Commission considers that a measure taken by a Member State is justified,the Commission may,in accordance with paragraph3of this Article,take measures requiring Member States to prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of machinery presenting the same risk by virtue of its technical characteristics or to make such machinery subject to special conditions.2.Any Member State may request the Commission to examine the need for the adoption of the measures referred to in paragraph1.3.In the cases referred to in paragraph1,the Commission shall consult the Member States and other interested parties Taking due account of the results of this consultation,it shall adopt the necessary measures in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article22(3).Article10Procedure for disputing a harmonised standardWhere a Member State or the Commission considers that a harmonised standard does not entirely satisfy the essential health and safety requirements which it covers and which are set out in Annex I,the Commission or the Member State shall bring the matter before the committee set up by Directive98/ 34/EC,setting out the reasons therefor.The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.In the light of the commit-tee's opinion,the Commission shall decide to publish,not to publish,to publish with restriction,to maintain,to maintain with restriction or to withdraw the references to the harmo-nised standard concerned in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article11Safeguard clause1.Where a Member State ascertains that machinery covered by this Directive,bearing the CE marking,accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity and used in accordance with its intended purpose or under conditions which can reasonably be foreseen,is liable to compromise the health and safety of persons and,where appropriate,domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery from the market,to prohibit the placing on the market and/or putting into service of such machinery or to restrict free movement thereof.2.The Member State shall immediately inform the Commis-sion and the other Member States of any such measure,indi-cating the reasons for its decision and,in particular,whether the non-conformity is due to:(a)failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to inArticle5(1)(a);(b)incorrect application of the harmonised standards referredto in Article7(2);(c)shortcomings in the harmonised standards themselvesreferred to in Article7(2).3.The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay.The Commission shall consider,after this consultation,whether or not the measures taken by the Member State are justified,。

2006/66/EC电池指令(中文)2006-66-EC电池指令(中文)欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2006年9月2日第2006/66/EC号关于电池及蓄电池、废弃电池及蓄电池以及废止91/157/EEC的指令欧洲议会和欧盟理事会注意到建立欧洲共同体条约，特别是其中第175（1）条和第95（1）条，注意到欧盟委员会的提案，注意到欧洲经济社会委员会的提案，注意到欧盟地区委员会的意见，按照欧洲共同体条约第251条所制定的程序以及协调委员会2006年6月22日通过的联合文本，鉴于：(1) 协调各国家跟电池及蓄电池、废弃电池及蓄电池有关的措施是有利的。

这个指令的主要目的是将电池及蓄电池、废弃电池及蓄电池对环境的影响减到最少，从而对保护、保存和改善环境指令做出贡献。

立法75（1）条。

然而，采取基于第95（1）条来协调与重金属含量及电池及蓄电池标识有关的措施也是合适的，目的是确保在欧洲共同体内部市场顺利实施，并避免内部的不正当竞争。

(2) 欧盟理事会通讯于1996年7月30公布的关于欧洲共同体废弃物处理策略综述为欧洲共同体未来的废弃物政策确立了指导方针。

通讯强调了减少废弃物中有害物质含量的必要性，指出在整个欧洲共同体范围内在产品及产品制造过程中限制使用这些有害物质规则的潜在好处。

通讯还说明既然废弃物的产生是不能避免的，那么废弃物应该在材料或能源上循环再利用。

(3) 欧洲议会1988年1月25日决议关于欧洲共同体抗击由镉引起的环境污染行动计划强调，为了保护人类健康和环境，镉控制的策略是限制镉的使用场合和收集、回收含镉电池。

(4) 欧洲议会1991年3月18日第91/157/EEC号关于含有某些有害物质的电池及蓄电池指令使一些成员国在这个领域制定了一些法律。

然而，指令的一些目的没有完全达到。

第1600/2002/EC号制定的第六个欧洲共同体环境行动计划决议和第2002/96/EC号关于电子电气设备废弃指令（WEEE）也强调91/157/EEC指令需要修改。

一，关于2006/95/EC新合併的低電壓指令(LVD，Low Voltage Directive) ，其號碼為2006/95/EC，於2006年12月27日在歐洲官方的刊物(Official Journal) 上已經發行，並於2007年1月16日開始正式實施了。

這個新合併的低電壓指令（2006/95/EC），只是合併了兩個舊的低電壓指令73/23/EEC 以及93/68/EEC。

此改變，除了低電壓指令號碼改變之外，對於低電壓指令本身內容以及CE 標誌之要求，並沒有任何實質上的改變。

所以，對於已經發行之試驗報告或是證書，就不需要再修改或是重新發行了CE低电压指令的适用范围LVD适用于所有本身功能使用电压范围在交流50~1000V，直流75~1500V的电机产品，这个定义系指指令的适用范围，而不是指令适用的限制 (例如，在使用交流230V的计算机中，直流12V的电路所造成的危险也受LVD的规范)。

LVD适用于提供给消费者和工业使用的产品，如果是工业用设备，指令也涵盖了制造商本身使用的产品(例如: 测试设备)。

二.CE技术文件的要求LVD的CE体制与EMC指令类似，所有在适用范围内的产品都必须有CE标志，而且必须有制造商的代表或进口商所签署的符合声明书。

简单的自我宣告并不足以确定产品是安全的 (〝安全〞被定义成不会造成人员或家畜的死伤及财务的损害)，基于这个原因，LVD的声明需要有技术文件档案的支持来证明。

技术证明文件须包含:1. 机设备的一般性描述2. 概念上的设计及制造图样3. 了解这些图样所必须的描述和说明4. 列出全部或部份适用的标准，及描述为满足指令安全观点所采行的对策5. 设计的推算结果，执行过程的检查6. 测试报告制造商须用各种必要的方法以确保制造过程符合技术文件所述，档案的内容应清楚的证明产品在设计观点上，是安全的，而且能确定在制造过程中一直都符合。

建立安全设计较好的方法是，先表示符合所列出的调和标准，而以测试报告为证据。

I(Acts whose publication is obligatory)DIRECTIVE2006/66/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof6September2006on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive91/157/EEC(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO-PEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com-munity,and in particular Article175(1)thereof and Article95(1)thereof in relation to Articles4,6and21of this Directive,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(2),Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of Regions(3),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article251of the Treaty(4),in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation Committee on22June2006,Whereas:(1)It is desirable to harmonise national measuresconcerning batteries and accumulators and wastebatteries and accumulators.The primary objective of thisDirective is to minimise the negative impact of batteriesand accumulators and waste batteries and accumulatorson the environment,thus contributing to the protection,preservation and improvement of the quality of theenvironment.The legal base is therefore Article175(1)of the Treaty.However,it is also appropriate to takemeasures at Community level on the basis ofArticle95(1)of the Treaty to harmonise requirementsconcerning the heavy metal content and labelling ofbatteries and accumulators and so to ensure the smoothfunctioning of the internal market and avoid distortionof competition within the Community.(2)The Commission Communication of30July1996onthe Review of the Community Strategy for WasteManagement established guidelines for future Com-munity waste policy.That Communication stresses theneed to reduce the quantities of hazardous substances inwaste and points out the potential benefits of Com-munity-wide rules limiting the presence of suchsubstances in products and in production processes.Itfurther states that,where the generation of waste cannotbe avoided,that waste should be reused or recovered forits material or energy.(3)The Council Resolution of25January1988on a Com-munity action programme to combat environmentalpollution by cadmium(5)stressed the limitation of theuses of cadmium to cases where suitable alternatives donot exist and the collection and recycling of batteriescontaining cadmium as major elements of the strategyfor cadmium control in the interests of the protection ofhuman health and the environment.(4)Council Directive91/157/EEC of18March1991onbatteries and accumulators containing certain dangeroussubstances(6)has brought about an approximation ofMember States'laws in this field.However,the objectivesof that Directive have not been fully attained.DecisionNo1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of22July2002laying down the Sixth Com-munity Environment Action Programme(7)and Direc-tive2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of27January2003on waste electrical and elec-tronic equipment(WEEE)(8)also underlined the need forDirective91/157/EEC to be revised.Directive91/157/EEC should therefore be revised and replaced inthe interests of clarity.(1)OJ C96,21.4.2004,p.29.(2)OJ C117,30.4.2004,p.5.(3)OJ C121,30.4.2004,p.35.(4)Opinion of the European Parliament of20April2004(OJ C104E,30.4.2004,p.354),Council Common Position of18July2005(OJC264E,25.10.2005,p.1)and Position of the European Parliament of13December2005(not yet published in the Official Journal).(5)OJ C30,4.2.1988,p.1.(6)OJ L78,26.3.1991,p.38.Directive as amended by CommissionDirective98/101/EC(OJ L1,5.1.1999,p.1).(7)OJ L242,10.9.2002,p.1.(5)In order to achieve its environmental aims,this Directiveprohibits the placing on the market of certain batteriesand accumulators containing mercury or cadmium.Italso promotes a high level of collection and recycling ofwaste batteries and accumulators and improved environ-mental performance of all operators involved in the lifecycle of batteries and accumulators, e.g.producers,distributors and end-users and,in particular,thoseoperators directly involved in the treatment and recy-cling of waste batteries and accumulators.The specificrules needed to do this are supplementary to existingCommunity legislation on waste,in particular Direc-tive2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of5April2006on waste(1),Council Direc-tive1999/31/EC of26April1999on the landfill ofwaste(2)and Directive2000/76/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of4December2000on the incineration of waste(3).(6)In order to prevent waste batteries and accumulatorsfrom being discarded in such a way as to pollute theenvironment,and to avoid end-user confusion about thedifferent waste management requirements for differentbatteries and accumulators,this Directive should applyto all batteries and accumulators placed on the marketwithin the Community.Such a wide scope should alsoensure economies of scale in collection and recycling,aswell as optimal resource saving.(7)Reliable batteries and accumulators are fundamental forthe safety of many products,appliances and services,and are an essential energy source in our society.(8)It is appropriate to distinguish between portable batteriesand accumulators on the one hand and industrial andautomotive batteries and accumulators on the other.Thedisposal of industrial and automotive batteries and accu-mulators in landfill sites or by incineration should beprohibited.(9)Examples of industrial batteries and accumulatorsinclude batteries and accumulators used for emergencyor back-up power supply in hospitals,airports or offices,batteries and accumulators used in trains or aircraft andbatteries and accumulators used on offshore oil rigs orin lighthouses.Examples also include batteries and accu-mulators designed exclusively for hand-held paymentterminals in shops and restaurants,bar code readers inshops,professional video equipment for TV channelsand professional studios,miners'lamps and diving lampsattached to mining and diving helmets for professionals,back up batteries and accumulators for electric doors toprevent them from blocking or crushing people,batteries and accumulators used for instrumentation orin various types of measurement and instrumentationequipment and batteries and accumulators used inconnection with solar panel,photo-voltaic,and otherrenewable energy applications.Industrial batteries andaccumulators also include batteries and accumulatorsused in electrical vehicles,such as electric cars,wheel-chairs,bicycles,airport vehicles and automatic transportvehicles.In addition to this non exhaustive list of exam-ples,any battery or accumulator that is not sealed andnot automotive should be considered industrial.(10)Examples of portable batteries and accumulators,whichare all-sealed batteries and accumulators that an averageperson could carry by hand without difficulty and thatare neither automotive batteries or accumulators norindustrial batteries or accumulators,include single cellbatteries(such as AA and AAA batteries)and batteriesand accumulators used by consumers or professionals inmobile telephones,portable computers,cordless powertools,toys and household appliances such as electrictoothbrushes,razors and hand-held vacuum cleaners(including similar equipment used in schools,shops,restaurants,airports,offices or hospitals)and any batteryor accumulator that consumers may use for normalhousehold applications.(11)The Commission should evaluate the need for adaptationof this Directive,taking account of available technicaland scientific evidence.In particular,the Commissionshould carry out a review of the exemption from thecadmium ban provided for portable batteries and accu-mulators intended for use in cordless power tools.Exam-ples of cordless power tools are tools that consumersand professionals use for turning,milling,sanding,grinding,sawing,cutting,shearing,drilling,makingholes,punching,hammering,riveting,screwing,polishing or similar processing of wood,metal and othermaterials,as well as for mowing,cutting and othergardening activities.(12)The Commission should also monitor,and MemberStates should encourage,technological developmentsthat improve the environmental performance of batteriesand accumulators throughout their entire life cycle,including through participation in a Community eco-management and audit scheme(EMAS).(13)In order to protect the environment,waste batteries andaccumulators should be collected.For portable batteriesand accumulators,collection schemes achieving a highcollection rate should be established.This means settingup collection schemes so that end-users can discard allwaste portable batteries and accumulators conveniently(1)OJ L114,27.4.2006,p.9.(2)OJ L182,16.7.1999,p.1.Directive as amended by Regulation(EC)(14)It is desirable for Member States to achieve a high collec-tion and recycling rate for waste batteries and accumula-tors so as to achieve a high level of environmentalprotection and material recovery throughout the Com-munity.This Directive should therefore set minimumcollection and recycling targets for Member States.It isappropriate to calculate the collection rate on the basisof average annual sales in preceding years,so as to havecomparable targets for all Member States that areproportionate to the national level of battery and accu-mulator consumption.(15)Specific recycling requirements should be established forcadmium and lead batteries and accumulators in orderto attain a high level of material recovery throughoutthe Community and to prevent disparities betweenMember States.(16)All interested parties should be able to participate incollection,treatment and recycling schemes.Thoseschemes should be designed to avoid discriminationagainst imported batteries and accumulators,barriers totrade or distortions of competition.(17)Collection and recycling schemes should be optimised,in particular in order to minimise costs and the negativeenvironmental impact of transport.Treatment and recy-cling schemes should use best available techniques,asdefined in Article2(11)of Council Directive96/61/ECof24September1996concerning integrated pollutionprevention and control(1).The definition of recyclingshould exclude energy recovery.The concept of energyrecovery is defined in other Community instruments.(18)Batteries and accumulators can be collected individually,by way of national battery collection schemes ortogether with waste electrical and electronic equipment,by way of national collection schemes set up on thebasis of Directive2002/96/EC.In the latter case,as anobligatory minimum treatment requirement,batteriesand accumulators should be removed from the collectedwaste electrical and electronic equipment.After theirremoval from the waste electrical and electronic equip-ment,batteries and accumulators are subject to therequirements of this Directive,notably they count forachieving the collection target and are subject to recy-cling requirements.(19)Basic principles for financing the management of wastebatteries and accumulators should be set at Communitylevel.Financing schemes should help to achieve highcollection and recycling rates and to give effect to theprinciple of producer responsibility.All producers asdefined by this Directive should be registered.Producersshould finance the costs of collecting,treating and recy-cling all collected batteries and accumulators minus theprofit made by selling the materials recovered.However,under certain circumstances,the application of deminimis rules to small producers could be justified.(20)The provision of information to end-users on the desir-ability of separate collection,the collection schemesavailable and end-users'role in the management of wastebatteries and accumulators is necessary for successfulcollection.Detailed arrangements should be made for alabelling system,which should provide end-users withtransparent,reliable and clear information on batteriesand accumulators and any heavy metals they contain.(21)If,in order to achieve the objectives of this Directive,and,in particular,to achieve high separate collectionand recycling rates,Member States use economic instru-ments,such as differential tax rates,they should informthe Commission accordingly.(22)Reliable and comparable data on the quantities ofbatteries and accumulators placed on the marketcollected and recycled are necessary for monitoringwhether the objectives of this Directive have beenachieved.(23)Member States should lay down rules on the penaltiesapplicable to infringements of the provisions of thisDirective and ensure that they are implemented.Thosepenalties should be effective,proportionate and dissua-sive.(24)In accordance with paragraph34of the Interinstitutionalagreement on better law-making(2),Member States areencouraged to draw up,for themselves and in the inter-ests of the Community,their own tables,which will,asfar as possible,illustrate the correlation between thisDirective and the transposition measures and to makethem public.(25)The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective should be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying downthe procedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission(3).(26)Since the objectives of this Directive namely protectingthe environment and ensuring the proper functioning ofthe internal market cannot be sufficiently achieved bythe Member States and can therefore,by reason of thescale or effects of the action,be better achieved at Com-munity level,the Community may adopt measures,inaccordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set outin Article5of the Treaty.In accordance with the prin-ciple of proportionality,as set out in that Article,thisDirective does not go beyond what is necessary in orderto achieve those objectives.(27)This Directive applies without prejudice to Communitylegislation on safety,quality and health requirements andspecific Community waste management legislation,inparticular Directive2000/53/EC of the European Parlia-ment and of the Council of18September2000on end-of-life vehicles(1)and Directive2002/96/EC.(28)As regards producer responsibility,producers of batteriesand accumulators and producers of other productsincorporating a battery or accumulator are responsiblefor the waste management of batteries and accumulatorsthat they place on the market.A flexible approach isappropriate to enable financing schemes to reflectdiffering national circumstances and to take account ofexisting schemes,particularly those set up to complywith Directives2000/53/EC and2002/96/EC,whileavoiding double charging.(29)Directive2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of27January2003on the restriction of theuse of certain hazardous substances in electrical andelectronic equipment(2)does not apply to batteries andaccumulators used in electrical and electronic equip-ment.(30)Automotive and industrial batteries and accumulatorsused in vehicles should meet the requirements of Direc-tive2000/53/EC,in particular Article4thereof.There-fore the use of cadmium in industrial batteries and accu-mulators for electrical vehicles should be prohibited,unless they can benefit from an exemption on the basisof Annex II to that Directive,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1Subject-matterThis Directive establishes:(1)rules regarding the placing on the market of batteries andaccumulators and,in particular,a prohibition on the placing on the market of batteries and accumulators containing hazardous substances;and(2)specific rules for the collection,treatment,recycling anddisposal of waste batteries and accumulators to supplement relevant Community legislation on waste and to promote a high level of collection and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators.It seeks to improve the environmental performance of batteries and accumulators and of the activities of all economic opera-tors involved in the life cycle of batteries and accumulators,e.g.producers,distributors and end-users and,in particular, those operators directly involved in the treatment and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators.Article2Scope1.This Directive shall apply to all types of batteries and accumulators,regardless of their shape,volume,weight,mate-rial composition or use.It shall apply without prejudice to Directives2000/53/EC and2002/96/EC.2.This Directive shall not apply to batteries and accumula-tors used in:(a)equipment connected with the protection of MemberStates'essential security interests,arms,munitions and war material,with the exclusion of products that are not intended for specifically military purposes;(b)equipment designed to be sent into space.Article3DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive,the following definitions shall apply:(1)‘battery’or‘accumulator’means any source of electricalenergy generated by direct conversion of chemical energy and consisting of one or more primary battery cells(non-rechargeable)or consisting of one or more secondary battery cells(rechargeable);(2)‘battery pack’means any set of batteries or accumulatorsthat are connected together and/or encapsulated within an outer casing so as to form a complete unit that the end-user is not intended to split up or open;(3)‘portable battery or accumulator’means any battery,button cell,battery pack or accumulator that:(a)is sealed;and(b)can be hand-carried;and(c)is neither an industrial battery or accumulator nor anautomotive battery or accumulator;(4)‘button cell’means any small round portable battery oraccumulator whose diameter is greater than its height and which is used for special purposes such as hearing aids, watches,small portable equipment and back-up power;(1)OJ L269,21.10.2000,p.34.Directive as last amended by Council(6)‘industrial battery or accumulator’means any battery oraccumulator designed for exclusively industrial or profes-sional uses or used in any type of electric vehicle;(7)‘waste battery or accumulator’means any battery or accu-mulator which is waste within the meaning of Article1(1)(a)of Directive2006/12/EC;(8)‘recycling’means the reprocessing in a production processof waste materials for their original purpose or for other purposes,but excluding energy recovery;(9)‘disposal’means any of the applicable operations providedfor in Annex IIA to Directive2006/12/EC;(10)‘treatment’means any activity carried out on wastebatteries and accumulators after they have been handed over to a facility for sorting,preparation for recycling or preparation for disposal;(11)‘appliance’means any electrical or electronic equipment,as defined by Directive2002/96/EC,which is fully or partly powered by batteries or accumulators or is capable of being so;(12)‘producer’means any person in a Member State that,irre-spective of the selling technique used,including by means of distance communication as defined in Directive97/7/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20May1997on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts(1),places batteries or accumulators, including those incorporated into appliances or vehicles, on the market for the first time within the territory of that Member State on a professional basis;(13)‘distributor’means any person that provides batteries andaccumulators on a professional basis to an end-user;(14)‘placing on the market’means supplying or making avail-able,whether in return for payment or free of charge,to a third party within the Community and includes import into the customs territory of the Community;(15)‘economic operators’means any producer,distributor,collector,recycler or other treatment operator;(16)‘cordless power tool’means any hand held appliancepowered by a battery or accumulator and intended for maintenance,construction or gardening activities;(17)‘collection rate’means,for a given Member State in agiven calendar year,the percentage obtained by dividing the weight of waste portable batteries and accumulators collected in accordance with Article8(1)of this Directive or with Directive2002/96/EC in that calendar year by the average weight of portable batteries and accumulators that producers either sell directly to end-users or deliver to third parties in order to sell them to end-users in that Member State during that calendar year and the preceding two calendar years.Article4Prohibitions1.Without prejudice to Directive2000/53/EC,Member States shall prohibit the placing on the market of:(a)all batteries or accumulators,whether or not incorporatedinto appliances,that contain more than0,0005%of mercury by weight;and(b)portable batteries or accumulators,including those incorpo-rated into appliances,that contain more than0,002%of cadmium by weight.2.The prohibition set out in paragraph1(a)shall not apply to button cells with a mercury content of no more than2%by weight.3.The prohibition set out in paragraph1(b)shall not apply to portable batteries and accumulators intended for use in: (a)emergency and alarm systems,including emergencylighting;(b)medical equipment;or(c)cordless power tools.4.The Commission shall review the exemption referred to in paragraph3(c)and submit a report to the European Parlia-ment and to the Council by26September2010,together,if appropriate,with relevant proposals,with a view to the prohi-bition of cadmium in batteries and accumulators.Article5Increased environmental performanceMember States which have manufacturers established on their territory shall promote research and encourage improvements in the overall environmental performance of batteries and accu-mulators throughout their entire life cycle as well as the devel-opment and marketing of batteries and accumulators which contain smaller quantities of dangerous substances or which contain less polluting substances,in particular as substitutes for mercury,cadmium and lead.Article6Placing on the market1.Member States shall not,on the grounds dealt with in this Directive,impede,prohibit,or restrict the placing on the market in their territory of batteries and accumulators that meet the requirements of this Directive.2.Member States shall take the necessary measures toArticle7Overarching objectiveMember States shall,having regard to the environmental impact of transport,take necessary measures to maximise the separate collection of waste batteries and accumulators and to minimise the disposal of batteries and accumulators as mixed municipal waste in order to achieve a high level of recycling for all waste batteries and accumulators.Article8Collection schemes1.Member States shall ensure that appropriate collection schemes are in place for waste portable batteries and accumula-tors.Such schemes:(a)shall enable end-users to discard waste portable batteries oraccumulators at an accessible collection point in their vici-nity,having regard to population density;(b)shall require distributors to take back waste portablebatteries or accumulators at no charge when supplying portable batteries or accumulators,unless an assessment shows that alternative existing schemes are at least as effec-tive in attaining the environmental aims of this Directive.Member States shall make public such assessments;(c)shall not involve any charge to end-users when discardingwaste portable batteries or accumulators,nor any obliga-tion to buy a new battery or accumulator;(d)may be run in conjunction with the schemes referred to inArticle5(2)of Directive2002/96/EC.Collection points set up to comply with point(a)of this para-graph shall not be subject to the registration or permit require-ments of Directive2006/12/EC or Council Directive91/689/ EEC of12December1991on hazardous waste(1).2.Provided that the schemes meet the criteria listed in para-graph1,Member States may:(a)require producers to set up such schemes;(b)require other economic operators to participate in suchschemes;(c)maintain existing schemes.3.Member States shall ensure that producers of industrial batteries and accumulators,or third parties acting on their behalf,shall not refuse to take back waste industrial batteries and accumulators from end-users,regardless of chemical composition and origin.Independent third parties may also collect industrial batteries and accumulators.4.Member States shall ensure that producers of automotive batteries and accumulators,or third parties,set up schemes for the collection of waste automotive batteries and accumulators from end-users or from an accessible collection point in their vicinity,where collection is not carried out under the schemes referred to in Article5(1)of Directive2000/53/EC.In the case of automotive batteries and accumulators from private,non-commercial vehicles,such schemes shall not involve any charge to end-users when discarding waste batteries or accumulators, nor any obligation to buy a new battery or accumulator.Article9Economic instrumentsMember States may use economic instruments to promote the collection of waste batteries and accumulators or to promote the use of batteries and accumulators containing less polluting substances,for instance by adopting differential tax rates.If they do so,they shall notify the measures related to the imple-mentation of those instruments to the Commission.Article10Collection targets1.Member States shall calculate the collection rate for the first time in respect of the fifth full calendar year following the entry into force of this Directive.Without prejudice to Directive2002/96/EC,annual collection and sales figures shall include batteries and accumulators incor-porated into appliances.2.Member States shall achieve the following minimum collection rates:(a)25%by26September2012;(b)45%by26September2016.3.Member States shall monitor collection rates on a yearly basis according to the scheme set out in Annex I.Without prejudice to Regulation(EC)No2150/2002of the European Parliament and of the Council of25November2002on waste statistics(2),Member States shall transmit reports to the Commission within six months of the end of the calendar year concerned.Reports shall indicate how they obtained the data necessary to calculate the collection rate.4.In accordance with the procedure referred to in Article24(2):(a)transitional arrangements may be laid down to addressdifficulties faced by a Member State in satisfying the requirements of paragraph2as a result of specific national circumstances;。

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE2006/13/ECof3February2006amending Annexes I and II to Directive2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Directive2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of7May2002on undesirable substances in animal feed(1),and in particular Article8(1) thereof,Whereas:(1)Directive2002/32/EC provides that the putting intocirculation and the use of products intended for animalfeed that contain levels of undesirable substancesexceeding the maximum levels laid down in Annex Ithereto is prohibited.(2)The term‘dioxins’as referred to in this Directive covers agroup of75polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin congeners(PCDD)and135polychlorinated dibenzofuran(PCDF)congeners,of which17are of toxicological concern.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)are a group of209different congeners which can be divided into twogroups according to their toxicological properties:12congeners exhibit similar toxicological properties todioxins and are therefore often termed‘dioxin-likePCBs’.The other PCBs do not exhibit dioxin-liketoxicity but they have a different toxicological profile.(3)Each congener of dioxins or dioxin-like PCBs exhibits adifferent level of toxicity.In order to be able to sum upthe toxicity of these different congeners,the concept oftoxic equivalency factors(TEFs)has been introduced tofacilitate risk assessment and regulatory control.Thismeans that the analytical results relating to all17indi-vidual dioxin congeners and to the12dioxin-like PCBcongeners are expressed in terms of a quantifiable unit,namely the‘TCDD toxic equivalent concentration’(TEQ).(4)On30May2001the Scientific Committee for Food(SCF)adopted an opinion on the Risk Assessment ofDioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food,updating itsopinion of22November2000on this subject on thebasis of new scientific information that had becomeavailable since the latter’s adoption(2).The SCF fixed atolerable weekly intake(TWI)of14pg WHO-TEQ/kgbody weight for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.Exposureestimates indicate that a considerable proportion of theCommunity population have a dietary intake in excess ofthe TWI.Certain population groups in some countriescould be at higher risk owing to particular dietary habits.(5)More than90%of human dioxin and dioxin-like PCBexposure derives from foodstuffs.Foodstuffs of animalorigin normally contribute approximately80%ofoverall exposure.The dioxin and dioxin-like PCBburden in animals stems mainly from feedingstuffs.Therefore feedingstuffs,and in some cases soil,are ofconcern as potential sources of dioxins and dioxin-likePCBs.(6)The Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition(SCAN)has been asked to advise on the sources of contami-nation of feedingstuffs with dioxins and PCBs,including dioxin-like PCBs,the exposure of food-producing animals to dioxins and PCBs,the carry-overof these compounds to food products of animal origin,and any impact on animal health of dioxins and PCBspresent in feedingstuffs.The SCAN adopted an opinionon6November2000.It identified fish meal and fish oilas the most heavily contaminated feed materials.Animalfat was identified as the next most seriouslycontaminated material.All other feed materials ofanimal and plant origin had relatively low levels ofdioxin contamination.Roughages presented a widerange of dioxin contamination depending on location,degree of contamination with soil and exposure tosources of aerial pollution.The SCAN recommended,inter alia,that emphasis should be placed on reducingthe impact of the most contaminated feed materials onoverall diet contamination.(1)OJ L140,30.5.2002,p.10.Directive as last amended by Directive2005/87/EC(OJ L318,6.12.2005,p.19).(2)Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the RiskAssessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food adopted on 30May2001—Update based on new scientific information available since the adoption of the SCF opinion of22November 2000(http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out90_en.pdf).(7)Although,from a toxicological point of view,themaximum level should apply to dioxins and dioxin-likePCBs,maximum levels were set for dioxins only and notfor dioxin-like PCBs,given the very limited data availableat that time on the prevalence of dioxin-like PCBs.However,in the meantime more data on the presenceof dioxin-like PCBs have become available.(8)According to Directive2002/32/EC,the Commissionshould review the provisions as regards dioxins by theend of2004for the first time,in the light of new dataon the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs,inparticular with a view to the inclusion of dioxin-likePCBs in the levels to be set.(9)All operators in the food and feed chain must continueto make all possible efforts to do all that is necessary tolimit the presence of dioxins and PCBs present in feedand food.Directive2002/32/EC accordingly providesthat the maximum levels applicable should be furtherreviewed by31December2006at the latest with theaim of significantly reducing the maximum levels.Giventhe time necessary to obtain sufficient monitoring data todetermine such significantly lower levels,that time-limitshould be extended.(10)It is proposed to set maximum levels for the sum ofdioxins and dioxin-like PCBs expressed in World HealthOrganisation(WHO)toxic equivalents,using the WHO-TEFs as this is the most appropriate approach from atoxicological point of view.In order to ensure asmooth switchover,for a transitional period theexisting levels for dioxins should continue to apply,inaddition to the newly set levels for the sum of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs.The separate maximum level fordioxins(PCDD/F)remains applicable for a temporaryperiod.The products intended for animal feedmentioned in point27a have to comply during thatperiod with the maximum levels for dioxins and withthe maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.Consideration will be given by31December2008to dispensing with the separate maximum level fordioxins.(11)It is of major importance that analytical results arereported and interpreted in a uniform way in order toensure a harmonised enforcement approach throughoutthe mission Directive2002/70/EC of26July2002establishing requirements for the determi-nation of levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs infeedingstuffs(1)provides that a product intended foranimal feeding shall be considered as non-compliantwith the established maximum level if the analyticalresult confirmed by duplicate analysis and calculated asthe mean of at least two separate determinations exceedsthe maximum level beyond reasonable doubt taking intoaccount the measurement uncertainty.There are differentpossibilities to estimate the expanded uncertainty(2).(12)The scope of Directive2002/32/EC covers the possibilityof establishing maximum levels of undesirable substancesin feed additives.Since high levels of dioxins have beenfound in trace elements,a maximum level should beestablished for dioxins and the sum of dioxins anddioxin-like PCBs for all additives belonging to the func-tional group of compounds of trace elements and themaximum levels should be extended to all additivesbelonging to the functional group of binders and anti-caking agents and to premixtures.(13)In order to encourage a proactive approach to reducingthe dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs present in food andfeed,action levels were set by Commission Recommend-ation2002/201/EC of4March2002on the reduction ofthe presence of dioxins,furans and PCBs in feedingstuffsand foodstuffs(3).Those action levels are a tool forcompetent authorities and operators to highlight thosecases where it is appropriate to identify a source ofcontamination and to take measures to reduce oreliminate it.Since the sources of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs are different,separate action levels should bedetermined for dioxins on the one hand and for dioxin-like PCBs on the other hand.(14)Directive2002/32/EC provides for the possibility ofsetting action levels.The action levels should thereforebe transferred from Recommendation2002/201/EC toAnnex II to Directive2002/32/EC.(15)The reduction of human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs through food consumption is important andnecessary to ensure consumer protection.As foodcontamination is directly related to feed contamination,an integrated approach must be adopted to reduce dioxinand dioxin-like PCB incidence throughout the food chain,i.e.from products intended for animal feed throughfood-producing animals to humans.A proactiveapproach is followed to actively reduce the dioxins anddioxin-like PCBs in feed and food and consequently themaximum levels applicable should be reviewed within adefined period of time with the objective to set lowerlevels.Therefore consideration will be given by31December2008at the latest to significantly reducingthe maximum levels for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.(1)OJ L209, 6.8.2002,p.15.Directive as amended by Directive2005/7/EC(OJ L27,29.1.2005,p.41).(2)Information on different ways for the estimation of the expandeduncertainty and on the value of the measurement uncertainty can be found in the report‘Report on the relationship between analytical results,measurement uncertainty,recovery factors and the provisions of EU food and feed legislation’—http://europa.eu.int/comm/food /food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/report-sampling_analysis_2004_ en.pdf(3)OJ L67,9.3.2002,p.69.(16)Operators need to make efforts to step up their decon-tamination capacity to remove effectively dioxins anddioxin-like PCBs from fish oil.Further efforts have todone by the operators to investigate the different possi-bilities to remove dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from fishmeal and fish protein-hydrolysates.Once the decontami-nation technology is also available for fish meal and fishprotein hydrolysates,operators will have to do efforts toprovide for sufficient decontamination capacity.Thesignificant lower maximum level for the sum of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs,to which consideration shall begiven by31December2008,shall be for fish oil,fishmeal and fish protein hydrolysates based on the technicalpossibilities of the most effective,economically viable,decontamination procedure.As regards fish feed,thissignificant lower level shall be determined based on thetechnical possibilities of the most effective,economicallyviable,decontamination procedure for fish oil and fishmeal.(17)The extraction procedure used for the analysis of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs has a large influence on theanalytical result in particular on products intended foranimal feed of mineral origin and it is therefore appro-priate to determine before the date of application theextraction procedure to be used for the analysis ofdioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.(18)Directive2002/32/EC should therefore be amendedaccordingly.(19)The measures provided for in this Directive are inaccordance with the opinion of the StandingCommittee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1Annexes I and II to Directive2002/32/EC are amended in accordance with the Annex to this Directive.Article21.Member States shall bring into force the laws,regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by4November2006at the latest.They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions and a correlation table between those provisions and this Directive.When Member States adopt those provisions,they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication.Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.2.Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.Article3This Directive shall enter into force on the20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article4This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels,3February2006.For the CommissionMarkos KYPRIANOUMember of the CommissionANNEX (a)Point27in Annex I to Directive2002/32/EC is replaced by the following:Undesirable substances Products intended for animal feed Maximum content relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of12%(1)(2)(3)‘27a.Dioxins(sum of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDFs)expressed inWorld Health Organisation(WHO)toxicequivalents,using the WHO-TEFs(toxicequivalency factors,1997(*)(a)Feed materials of plant origin with theexception of vegetable oils and their by-products0,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(b)Vegetable oils and their by-products0,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(c)Feed materials of mineral origin1,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(d)Animal fat,including milk fat and egg fat2,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(e)Other land animal products includingmilk and milk products and eggs andegg products0,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(f)Fish oil6,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(g)Fish,other aquatic animals,their productsand by-products with the exception offish oil and fish protein hydrolysatescontaining more than20%fat(****)1,25ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(h)Fish protein hydrolysates containing morethan20%fat2,25ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(i)The additives kaolinitic clay,calciumsulphate dihydrate,vermiculite,natrolite-phonolite,synthetic calcium aluminatesand clinoptilolite of sedimentary originbelonging to the functional groups ofbinders and anti-caking agents0,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(j)Additives belonging to the functionalgroup of compounds of trace elements1,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***) (k)Premixtures1,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(l)Compound feedingstuffs,with theexception of feed for fur animals,petfoods and feed for fish0,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)(m)Feed for fish.Pet foods2,25ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)27b.Sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs(sum of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins(PCDDs),polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)expressed in World Health Organi-sation(WHO)toxic equivalents,using theWHO-TEFs(toxic equivalency factors,1997(*)(a)Feed materials of plant origin with theexception of vegetable oils and their by-products1,25ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(b)Vegetable oils and their by-products1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(c)Feed materials of mineral origin1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(d)Animal fat,including milk fat and egg fat3,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(1)(2)(3)(e)Other land animal products including1,25ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)milk and milk products and eggs andegg products(f)Fish oil24,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)4,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(g)Fish,other aquatic animals,their productsand by-products with the exception offish oil and fish protein hydrolysatescontaining more than20%fat(****)(h)Fish protein hydrolysates containing more11,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)than20%fat1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(i)Additives belonging to the functionalgroups of binders and anti-caking agents(j)Additives belonging to the functional1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)group of compounds of trace elements(k)Premixtures1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)1,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(l)Compound feedingstuffs,with theexception of feed for fur animals,petfoods and feed for fish7,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(m)Feed for fish.Pet foods(*)WHO-TEFs for human risk assessment based on the conclusions of the World Health Organisation meeting in Stockholm,Sweden,15-18June1997(Van den775).Berg et al.,(1998)Toxic Equivalency Factors(TEFs)for PCBs,PCDDs,and PCDFs for Humans and for Wildlife.Environmental Health Perspectives,106(12),(b)Annex II to Directive2002/32/EC is replaced by the following:‘Undesirable substances Products intended for animal feedAction threshold relative to afeedingstuff with a moisture contentof12%Comments and additional information(e.g.nature of investigations to beperformed)(1)(2)(3)(4)1.Dioxins(sum of polychlorinateddibenzo-para-dioxins(PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)expressed in World Health Organisation(WHO) toxic equivalents,using the WHO-TEFs(toxic equivalency factors,1997(*)(a)Feed materials of plant originwith the exception ofvegetable oils and their by-products0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(b)Vegetable oils and their by-products0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(c)Feed materials of mineralorigin0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(d)Animal fat,including milk fatand egg fat1,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(e)Other land animal productsincluding milk and milkproducts and eggs and eggproducts0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(f)Fish oil5,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceededall information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,should be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(g)Fish,other aquatic animals,their products and by-products with the exceptionof fish oil and fish proteinhydrolysates containing morethan20%fat 1,0ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(h)Fish protein hydrolysatescontaining more than20%fat 1,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(i)Additives belonging to thefunctional groups of bindersand anti-caking agents 0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(j)Additives belonging to the functional group of com-pounds of trace elements 0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(k)Premixtures0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified, take appropriate measures,where possible,to reduce or eliminate source of contamination.(l)Compound feedingstuffs, with the exception offeedingstuffs for fur animals,pet foods and feedingstuffsfor fish 0,5ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(m)Feedingstuffs for fish.Pet foods 1,75ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.2.Dioxin like PCBs(sum of poly-chlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) expressed in World Health Organisation(WHO)toxic equivalents,using the WHO-TEFs(toxic equivalency factors, 1997(*)(a)Feed materials of plant originwith the exception ofvegetable oils and their by-products0,35ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(b)Vegetable oils and their by-products0,5ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(c)Feed materials of mineralorigin0,35ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(d)Animal fat,including milk fatand egg fat0,75ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(e)Other land animal productsincluding milk and milkproducts and eggs and eggproducts0,35ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(f)Fish oil14,0ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not be necessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level in some areas is close to or above the action level.However,in cases where the action level is exceeded, all information,such as sampling period,geographical origin,fish species etc.,must be recorded with a view to future measures to manage the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in these materials for animal nutrition.(g)Fish,other aquatic animals,their products and by-products with the exceptionof fish oil and fish proteinhydrolysates containing morethan20%fat 2,5ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(h)Fish protein hydrolysatescontaining more than20%fat 7,0ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(i)Additives belonging to thefunctional groups of bindersand anti-caking agents 0,5ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(j)Additives belonging to the functional group of com-pounds of trace elements 0,35ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(k)Premixtures0,35ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified, take appropriate measures,where possible,to reduce or eliminate source of contamination.(l)Compound feedingstuffs, with the exception offeedingstuffs for fur animals,pet foods and feedingstuffsfor fish 0,5ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)Identification of source of contam-ination.Once source is identified,take appropriate measures,wherepossible,to reduce or eliminatesource of contamination.(m)Feedingstuffs for fish.Pet foods 3,5ng WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg(**)(***)In many cases it might not benecessary to perform an investi-gation into the source of contami-nation as the background level insome areas is close to or above theaction level.However,in caseswhere the action level is exceeded,all information,such as samplingperiod,geographical origin,fishspecies etc.,must be recordedwith a view to future measures tomanage the presence of dioxinsand dioxin-like compounds inthese materials for animal nutrition.(*)WHO-TEFs for human risk assessment based on the conclusions of the World Health Organisation meeting in Stockholm,Sweden,15-18June1997(Van den Berg et al.,(1998)Toxic Equivalency Factors(TEFs)for PCBs,PCDDs,PCDFs for Humans and for Wildlife.Environmental Health Perspectives,106(12),775).。

欧盟公告新电池指令2006/66/EC 欧盟委员会已于2006年9月26日正式公告第2006/66/EC号「电池、蓄电池、废电池及废蓄电池」指令，并自2008年9月26日起废止现行之第91/157/EEC号「含有某些危险物质之电池和蓄电池」指令。

此指令主要目的为调和各会员国关于电池、蓄电池、废电池及废蓄电池之措施，减少电池、蓄电池、废电池及废蓄电池对环境造成的负面冲击，因而促进地球环境之维护。

为了达成上述目标，此指令提出禁止销售某些含有危害物质电池之措施，同时也规定会员国应制定回收体系以达成电池回收目标之最高标准。

另外，此指令也规定生产者有关电池标示以及电池易于拆除之设计…等责任。

欧盟各会员国必须于2008 年9月26日以前将此指令转化为其国内法令。

此指令的重点如下：1. 指令目的根据第一条规定，此指令目的在规范并禁止含有危害物质的电池及蓄电池置于市场销售，并具体订定收集、处理、回收及处置废电池及废蓄电池之相关规范，进而提高废电池及蓄电池之回收及再利用率。

2. 适用范围根据第二条规定，此指令适用于所有类型的电池及蓄电池，无论其形状、体积、重量、材质成分或使用。

3. 禁止销售根据第四条规定自2008 年9月26日起，会员国应禁止下列电池置于市场销售：•镉含量超过0.002 ﹪的携带式电池或蓄电池(使用于紧急警报系统、医疗设备以及无线电动工具者除外)；•汞含量超过0.0005 ﹪的所有电池或蓄电池(汞含量小于2﹪的钮扣电池除外)。

4. 回收目标根据第十条规定，会员国应于此指令实施后之第5年首次统计废电池及废蓄电池之「回收率(collection rate)。

会员国应达成下列「最小回收率」(minimum collection rates)：•应于2012年9月26日之前达成25﹪(按当年度回收量除以电池过去三年之平均销售量计)。

•应于2016年9月26日之前达成45﹪。

5. 处理与回收根据第十二条规定，会员国应确保于2009年9月26日之前，生产者或第三者应以保护人类健康及地球环境为前提，建立废电池及废蓄电池之「处理与回收」(Treatment and Recycling)体系，关于「处理与回收」的规范须符合此指令附件三之规定。

岩心钻探规程2006-12金刚石钻进工艺勘探队：高明星二0一一年四月金刚石钻进工艺第一节开孔应根据地层特点选择不同的开孔方法。

1.在冲积层、堆积层或松散的砂土层开孔时，可使用肋骨钻头、刮刀钻头并使用泥浆作冲洗液，也可使用普通硬质合金钻头干钻。

坍塌严重时，可从孔口灌注稠泥浆或分段投入粘土球，捣实后再钻进，也可使用聚丙烯酰胺低固相泥浆护壁。

钻进预定深度后，及时下入孔口管。

2.在砾石层开孔时，可用冲击钻头钻进也可在孔口挖坑、灌注水泥后直接钻进，或先挖掘一定深度，埋入孔口管后再钻进。

钻进中除用泥浆护壁外，还可采用跟套管、注入快干水泥等方法，分段护壁、分段钻进。

3.在硬岩盘开孔时，应先用硬质合金钻头钻进300毫米深，然后用旧的孕镶金刚石钻头钻进。

硬质合金、钢粒钻进时开孔方法同上。

第二节金刚石钻头、扩孔器的选择和使用金刚石的品级、金刚石钻头与扩孔器的规格、性能必须符合《DZ2-78地质岩心钻探金刚石钻头、扩孔器》标准的要求。

应根据岩石的可钻性、研磨性和完整程度来选择钻头、扩孔器的类型、金刚石粒度和浓度及胎体硬度。

1.在硬的、坚硬的、可钻性级别高的和裂隙、破碎的岩石中钻进时，应选用细粒表镶或细目数孕镶的钻头、扩孔器。

在中硬的、可钻性级别低的和均质、完整的岩石中钻进时，应选用粗粒表镶或粗目数孕镶的钻头、扩孔器。

2.在研磨性强的岩石中钻进时，应选用硬胎体的钻头、扩孔器。

在研磨性弱的岩石中钻进时，应选用软胎体的钻头、扩孔器。

钻头与扩孔器及卡簧之间要合理配合。

1.扩孔器外径应比钻头外径大0.3～0.5毫米，岩层坚硬时应采用下限数值。

2.卡簧的自由内径应比钻头内径小0.3～0.4毫米。

钻进时，应按钻头和扩张孔器外径的大小，排好顺序轮换使用，即先使用外径大的，后使用外径小的；对于钻头来说，还应同时考虑先用内径小的，后用内径大的。

新钻头到达孔底后，必须进行“初磨”，即轻压(为正常钻压的1/3左右)、慢转(100转/分左右)钻进10分钟左右，然后再采用正常参数继续钻进。

欧盟ROHS环保标准--关于2006/66/EC号电池指令关于2006/66/EC号电池指令欧洲在2003年相继出台了RoHS和WEEE指令，令各国特别是国内的电器生产厂商哗然，奔波于两个指令之间。

而同样是“电”字开头的电池则有专门的电池指令——91/157/EEC，93/86/EEC和98/101/EC。

近年来，电池指令的发展迅速。

1991年3月18日，欧盟第91/157/EEC号[含有某些危险物质之电池和蓄电池]指令制定完成。

之后，欧盟委员会又于1999年1月5日公布了第98/101/EC号指令，该指令为第91/157/EEC号指令之修订版。

最近，欧盟委员会于2006年9月26日正式公告第2006/66/EC号[电池、蓄电池、废电池及废蓄电池]指令，并自2008年9月26日起废止现行之第91/157/EEC号[含有某些危险物质之电池和蓄电池]指令。

“回收令”令广大电池企业陷入尴尬1991年3月18日，欧盟发布91/157/EEC号电池指令该指令称，含汞量超过0.0005%、含镉量超过0.002%的电池，将在欧盟境内都将被禁止销售。

此外，欧盟将从2008年开始强制回收废旧电池，回收费用则由生产厂家来负担。

从2009年开始，所有在欧盟境内销售的电池都必须标明具体使用寿命。

2012年之前，欧盟境内1／4的废旧电池须被回收。

到2016年时，这一比例应达到45%。

目前，欧盟此项指令已获欧盟理事会与欧洲议会批准，即将成为欧盟法律。

在成为欧盟法律之后，各欧盟成员国将在两年内通过相关国内法律与之相适应。

欧盟指出，实施该草案的目的是为了保护环境，防止废电池中镉等金属污染。

实际上，早在2002年，欧委会就颁布2002/525/EC号决定，规定自今年1月1日起停止出售含金属镉的电动汽车用电池。

此外，今年7月1日起，欧盟《关于在电子电气设备禁止使用某些有害物质指令》(RoHS)有将开始实施，指令规定投放于市场的新电子和电气设备不得包含铅、汞、镉、六价铬、聚溴二苯醚和聚溴联苯。

2006/40/ECEmissions from Air-conditioning Systems2006/40/EC空调系统的排放060704Deutscher Text: 2006/40/EG - Emissionen aus Klimaanlagen德语版本：2006/40/EG - Emissionen aus KlimaanlagenContents:ConsiderationMethod of calculating the total global warming potential (GWP) for a preparation 目录考虑事项为计算全球变暖潜势而准备DIRECTIVE 2006/40/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 17 May 2006relating to emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles2006/40/EC of 17.05.2006 OJ No. L161 of 14.06.2006欧洲议会和理事会关于汽车空调系统排放的规定2006/40/EC（2006年5月17日）17.05.2006 2006/40/EC OJ 编号. L161 of 14.06.2006CONSIDERATIONTop考虑事项THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (1), Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty(2), in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation Committee on 14March 2006,欧洲议会和欧盟理事会，考虑到欧盟委员会的组建条约，尤其是其中的第95条；考虑来自欧洲委员会的建议，考虑欧洲经济和社会委员会(1)的主张，依照条约(2)中条款251中所提到的程序，以及调解委员会于2006年3月14日所批准的联合文件而行动，Whereas:鉴于(1) The internal market comprises an area without internal frontiers in whichthe free movement of goods, persons, services and capital must be ensured, and to that end a Community type-approval system for motor vehicles is in place. The technical requirements for the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to air-conditioning systems should be harmonised to avoid the adoption ofrequirements that differ from one Member State to another and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market.内部市场由无内部障碍的区域组成，在这里必须确保商品、人员、服务和资本能够自由流动，以至于关于汽车的欧洲理事会型号许可系统能够畅行。

超详细！欧洲垃圾管理系统概述进入20世纪以来，面对城市垃圾数量的持续大幅增长，有关废弃物的产生、处置和循环成为欧盟及其成员国共同关注的问题。

为寻求促进废弃物更有效的循环和处置的综合性方案，欧盟委员会首先提出建立一套关于废弃物循环利用的标准，同时要求成员国在该标准的基础上制定各自的国家废弃物防治规划。

欧盟推出多样区域型的垃圾管理策略，如垃圾填埋指令(1999/31/CE)、《废弃物焚烧指令》（2000/76/EC）、废弃物管理的框架指令（Directive 2006/12/EC）、废弃物架构指令(Directive 2008/98/EC)等环境改善政策，用来提升城市垃圾的管理。

欧洲国家垃圾处置有一个显著的特点，即都受着欧盟统一政策指令的影响。

1.1 废弃物管理框架指令（2006/12/EC）、（2008/98/EC）1975年7月15日，欧盟理事会制订了关于废弃物的75/442/CEE 框架指令。

1996年9月24日，欧盟出台了《欧盟综合污染预防与控制（IPPC）指令》96/61/EC，为大多数高耗能工业领域的能效改进提供了监管依据。

2006年4月5日，欧盟在IPPC指令基础上，出台了关于废弃物管理的框架指令（Directive 2006/12/EC）,取代了之前的75/442/CEE框架指令。

新指令中并没有设定产生废弃物数量的具体数字，而是允许其成员国在该框架下，根据本国国情，采取不同的实施形式和方法来确保框架指令的落实。

2006/12/CE指令中，提出了废弃物的欧洲分类标准。

欧盟于 2008年10月通过了《废弃物框架指令》（Directive 2008/98/EC）。

2008/98/EC是欧盟关于废弃物处理的基础法律框架。

指令反映了可持续废弃物管理的理念，明确提出要落实废弃物管理优先原则（即预防、循环前准备、循环利用、处理过程中能源回用和最终处置的优先级依次递减）。

指令中对“废弃物”、“副产品”、“再循环利用”、“能源回收”和“废弃物终端”等概念作出了新的明确的定义，通过选择适当的废弃物处置技术手段，向促进再利用和再循环利用、推动有机废弃物分类收集以及实现延伸的生产者责任提出了要求。

欧盟包装指令(94/62/EC)简介现在的塑料软包装企业使用的油墨和胶水,提供的SGS检测报告,不符合包装材料的检测标准,不是选用的玩具、就是电子电器的检测标准。

适合我们包装的检测标准是:94/62/EC现将收集相关内容转发给一直关心支持本论坛的网友欧盟包装指令(94/62/EC)简介1. 欧盟法规的形式欧盟法规的形式为:规章(Regulations)、指令(Directives)、决定(Decisions)、建议和意见(Recommendations and advice),其中建议和意见没有约束力。

本章介绍的法规主要是指令。

指令对所有成员国有约束力。

指令仅要求成员国达到指令所要求的目标,而实施指令的方式和措施由成员国机构各自作出选择。

指令是对成员国发布的。

指令通常是由欧洲议会(THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT)和欧盟理事会(THE COUNCILOF THE EUROPEAN UNION)根据欧共体条约赋予的职责颁布的。

欧盟正在筹划制订宪法,目前欧共体条约相当于欧盟宪法。

2 欧盟指令的内容和特点欧盟指令规定基本要求,是技术性法规。

基本要求(essential requirement)基本要求规定了保护公众利益的基本要素;基本要求是强制性的,只有满足基本要求的产品方可投放市场和交付使用;基本要求主要是指产品在生命、环境和国家安全、消费者利益和能源消耗方面的要求。

仅就主要技术内容而言,欧盟指令相当于我国的强制性国家标准。

所不同的是,欧盟指令涉及税收,规定制造商、供应商、进口商和***作者等的责任,提及消费者的义务等,而我国的强制性国家标准通常不涉及这些内容。

出口欧盟商品的包装,应首先了解欧盟针对包装的指令中的基本要求:WTO 成员国之间有关基本要求的技术文件是互相公开的,我国标准中可对应基本要求的术语为:必达要求(exclusive requirement);基本要求是市场准入的第一道技术门槛,跨越这道门槛才有资格参与市场竞争。