FORMAT FOR REFERENCE LISTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

专著英文参考文献格式The format for referencing English monographs in academic writing typically follows a specific structure. Below is a detailed explanation of the format, along with an example to illustrate its application.The basic structure for referencing an English monograph is as follows:1. Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.Let's break down each component of this format:Author's Last Name, First Name: The author's last name should be written first, followed by a comma and theirfirst name. If there are multiple authors, the format varies slightly depending on the number of authors. For two authors, both names are listed with "and" between them. For three or more authors, the first author's name is listed,followed by "et al." (which means "and others" in Latin).Title of the Book: The title of the book should be italicized and capitalized appropriately. If the book is subtitled, the subtitle should be included and separated from the main title with a colon.Place of Publication: This refers to the city or location where the book was published. If the publisher is based in a different city from the place of publication, both should be included.Publisher: The name of the publisher should be provided, along with any identifying information such as the publisher's imprint or series if applicable.Year of Publication: The year the book was published should be included. If the book is part of a multi-volume set or has been reprinted, the original publication year should be noted.Here's an example of how this format would look with areal-world monograph:Smith, John. The History of Modern England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.In this example, the author's last name is "Smith," and the first name is "John." The title of the book is "The History of Modern England," and it was published by Oxford University Press in New York in 2005.It's important to note that while this is a common format for referencing monographs, different journals, publishers, and institutions may have slightly different requirements or preferences. Always check with yourspecific guidelines or editor to ensure your references are formatted correctly.Moreover, when writing an academic paper, it's crucial to ensure that all sources are properly cited and referenced. This not only helps readers to locate the original material but also ensures the credibility and integrity of your work. Therefore, it's essential tofamiliarize yourself with the specific referencing style and guidelines required by your field or institution.。

reference list的格式全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Reference List的格式是学术写作中十分重要的一部分，它用来列出你在文章中引用或参考的各种资料来源，以便读者可以查证、深入了解你的研究或文章内容。

一个规范的Reference List应该包括作者的姓名、出版年份、题目、出版地点和出版商等信息，按照特定的格式排列在文末。

在不同的学科领域和学术机构中，Reference List的格式也可能有所不同，但一般都遵循国际通用的规范。

为了帮助读者更好地撰写和排列Reference List，以下将为您详细介绍Reference List的格式：1. 作者姓名：在Reference List中，作者姓名的排列顺序应该按照作者在原文中出现的顺序，即第一作者列在第一位，之后的作者依次列出。

如果有多个作者，则用逗号隔开，并在最后一个作者的姓名前加上“&”符号。

如果某个作者的姓名包含有缩写，应当按其原文全称列出，而不是直接使用缩写。

2. 出版年份：在作者姓名之后，应当紧跟着文章或书籍的出版年份。

出版年份应当用小括号括起来，紧跟在作者姓名之后，并在括号内用逗号与出版年份隔开。

如果有多个出版年份，应当按照出版年份的顺序从旧到新排列。

3. 题目：在出版年份的后面，应该列出文章或书籍的题目。

题目应该用斜体或引号标明，以示与其他信息的区分。

在书籍的情况下，应该注明出版地点和出版商。

4. 出版地点和出版商：对于书籍来说，除了作者姓名、出版年份和题目外，还应该包括出版地点和出版商的信息。

这些信息可以帮助读者更好地定位和获取参考资料。

5. 期刊文章：如果引用的是期刊文章，则除了作者姓名、出版年份和题目外，还应该包括期刊的名称、卷号和页码等信息。

6. 网络资源：对于网络资源，应该包括作者姓名、出版年份、题目、网址和获取日期等信息。

网址应该足够具体，以便读者可以直接访问到原始资料。

在排列Reference List时，应该按照字母顺序或出版年份顺序排列各个条目，以方便读者查找。

2.2 APA FORMAT FOR REFERENCE LIST2.2.1 AUTHORSGeneral Formsa. Nonperiodical: Include items published separately: books,reports, brochures, certain monographs,manuals and audiovisual mediaAuthor, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: PublisherExample:Robinson, D. N. (1992). Social discourse and moral judgement.San Diego, CA: Academic Pressi. Single Author in a bibliography –When only a single author is listed for a text, a typical referenceentry will appear as follows:Bowlby, J, (1973), Attachment and loss, New York: Basic Books.ii. Multiple Authors in a bibliographyWhen a work has between two and six authors, cite allauthors. When a work has more than six authors cite onlythe last name of the first author followed by “et al.”Roeder, K. et al.(1967) Nerve cells and insect behavior,Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.iii. Corporate authorship in a bibliographyWhen a work is published by a corporation or institution, atypical reference entry should appear as follows:University of Minnesota,(1985), Social psychology,Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.iv. Edited collections in a bibliographyWhen an editor or editors is listed for a text, a typicalreference entry will appear as follows:Higgins, J, (Ed.), (1988), Psychology, New York: Norton.v. No author identified in a bibliographyIf no author is identified, begin with the title. Alphabetizethese kinds of entries by the first significant word in thetitle. A sample entry follows:Experimental psychology, (1938), New York: Holt.b. Periodical: Includes items published on a regular basis: journals,magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc.Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.(1994).Title of Article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.ExampleKernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C.-R., Berry, A., &Harlow, T. (1993). There‟s more to self-esteem thenwhether it is high or low: The importance of stability ofself-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65, 1190 – 1204.i.Journal article, one authorBekerian, D. A.(1993) . In search of the typicaleyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 574 – 576 .ii.Journal article, more than one author, journal paginated by issueKlimoski, R. & Palmer, S.(1993). The ADA and thehiring process in organizations. Consulting PsychologyJournal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10 – 36.iii. Magazine articlePosner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262,673 - 674Note: The name of the authors is written in bold form just for identification purpose. In actual format, the name should not be bold.2.2.2 PUBLICATION DATEa.PeriodicalFowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993).ENRICH MaritalSatisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal ofFamily Psychology, 7, 176-185. (journals, books, audiovisualmedia)(1993, June).(meetings, monthly magazines, newsletters andnewspapers)(1994, September 28). (dailies and weeklies)(in press). (any work accepted for publication but not yet printed)b.NonperiodicalBowlby, J, (1973) . Attachment and loss, New York: Basic Books.(1923/ 1961) (republished work)Note: The publication date is in bold form just for identification purpose. In actual format, the date should not be bold.2.2.3 TITLE OF ARTICLE OR CHAPTERa.PeriodicalDeutsch, F. M., Lussier, J.B. & Servis, L. J. (1993) .Husband at home: Predictors of paternal participation inchildcare and housework.Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 65, 1154 – 1166 .b.NonperiodicalO‟Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992) . Men’s and women’sgender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transitionand transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issuesacross the life cycle (pp. 107 – 123). New York: Springer . Note: The title of article or chapter is written in bold form just for identification purpose. In actual format, it should not be bold.2.2.4 TITLE OF WORK AND PUBLICATION INFORMATIONa.PeriodicalBuss, D. M., & Scmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: Anevolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review,1000. 200 - 232b.NonperiodicalSaxe, G. B. (1991). Cultural and cognitive development: studiesin mathematical understanding. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.c. Translated works in a bibliographyAn English translation of a text typically appears as follows:Freud, S, (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis,(J. Strachey,Trans.), New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940).d. Second work by same author(s) in a bibliographyWhen listing two or more works by the same author in yourreference list, the work with the earlier publication date shouldcome first:Brown, R, (1958), Words and things,New York: Free Press,Macmillan.e. Typical book entry in a bibliographyA typical bibliography entry for a book will appear as follows:Brown, R, (1971), Art and visual perception,Berkeley, CA:University of California Press.f. Reprinted or republished booksFollow this model to list a republished book:Freud, S, (1961), The ego and the id,In J. Strachey (Ed. andTrans.), The standard edition of the complete psychologicalworks of Sigmund Freud(Vol. 19, pp. 3-66), London, HogarthPress, (Original work published 1923).g. Citing a Specific Edition of a BookFollow this model in listing a particular edition of a book:Brown, R, (1987), History of the Theatre(5th ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.h. Citing Multivolume WorksWilson, J, G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.), (1977-1978), Handbook ofteratology (Vols. 1-4), New York: Plenum Press.i. Citing One Book in a SeriesIf the book is part of a series, follow this model:Brown, R, (1984), Michel Foucault,j.Citing items in an anthologyThe following is the bibliographic entry format for an article in anedited book:Rubenstein, J.P, (1967), The effect of television violence on smallchildren, In B.F. Kane (ed.), Television and Juvenile Psychological Development (pp. 112-134), New York: American Psychological Society.k. Reprinted or republished articlesListing a chapter or an article which has been reprinted fromanother source should follow this example:Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E, (1988), Professional roles andactivities as models for art education, In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for discipline-based art education, Reston, VA: NAEA,(Reprinted from Studies in Art Education, 19 (1986), 34-39.)l. Citing interviewsA references entry for a published interview should use thefollowing format:Archer, N, (1993), [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception], Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.m. Citing unpublished dissertationsAn entry for an unpublished doctoral dissertation available onmicrofilm and listed in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI)appears as follows:Smith, A.B, (1984), Graduate student burnouts: Some possiblecauses, Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 9024B-9025B, (University Microfilms No. 76--41, 272)n. Citing films and videotapesA film or videotape is listed in a reference page as follows:Weir, P.B, (Producer), & Harrison, B.F, (Director), (1992), Levelsof consciousness [Videotape], Boston, MA: Filmways.o. Citing television and radio programsTo cite a nonprint source such as a television or radio program, atypical bibliography entry will appear as follows:Keillor, Garrison (Producer), & Smith, Lynn (Director), (2Oct.1993), A prairie home companion[Radio Program], St.Louis, MO: KMOX.p. Citing recordingsTo cite a cassette recording, a typical bibliography entry willappear as follows:McFerrin, Bobby (Vocalist), (1990), Medicine music[CassetteRecording], Hollywood, CA: EMI-USA.q. Citing Specific Documents on a Web SiteAn Article from the APA Monitor (a newspaper):Sleek, S, (1996, January), Psychologists build a culture of peace,APA Monitor, pp, 1, 33 Retrieved January 25, 1996 from theWorld Wide Web: /monitor/peace.html r. Citing Articles and Abstracts From Electronic DatabasesSchneiderman, R, A, (1997), Librarians can make sense of the Net.San Antonio Business Journal, 11(31), pp, 58+, Retrieved January27, 1999 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the World WideWeb: Note: The title of work can either be underlined or italicized or bold.2.3 GUIDELINES ON THE ENTRY OF MUSLIMS NAMES (ARABIC,MALAY AND INDONESIAN) IN THE CITATION OF LITERARY WORKS2.3.1 ARABIC NAMES1. Order of elementsWhen the elements of the name have been determined,place the best known element or combination of elementsfirst. Give the other elements in the following order:khitab, kunyah, ism, patronymic, any other name. Insert acomma after the entry element unless it is the first part ofthe name.a.Khitab (honorific compound of which the last partis typically al-Din)Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Muhammad ibn Ishaqnot Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Qunawi, Sadr al-Din,not al-Qunawi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Ishaqb. Kunyah (typically a compound with Abu or Ummas the first word)Abu al-Barakat Hibat Allah ibn ‘Alinot Hibat Allah ibn …Ali, Abu al-Barakatc. Ism (given name)Nashwan ibn Sa’id al-HimyariNot al-Himyari, Nashwan ibn Sa‟idd.Patronymic (typically a compound with Ibn or Bintas the first word)Ibn Hisham, ‘Abd al-Maliknot …Abd al-Malik ibn Hishame.Other namesqab (descriptive epithet (nickname))Al-Jahiz, ‘Amr ibn Bahrnot …Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahizii.Nisbah (proper adjective ending in i, indicatingorigin, residence, or other circumstances)al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma’ilnot Muhammad ibn Isma‟il al-Bukhariiii.Takhallus (pen name)Qa’ani, Habib Allah Shirazinot Habib Allah Shirazi Qa’ani2. Arabic names popularly known and written in a romanscript, English, etc.a.Persons under surnamei. If the name of a person entered undersurname is written in a nonroman script,romanize the name according to the table forthe language adopted by the cataloguingagency. Add vowels to names that are notvocalized. Example;Jamal ‘Abd al-Nasirnot Gamal Abdel Nasserii.If the name of a person is found only in aromanized form in his or her works, use it asfound. Example;Maudo odi, Syed Abul A’lanot Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu al-A‟lanot Maududi, Syed Abul AlaIf such a person‟s name is found in more than oneromanized form in his or her works, choose the forms thatoccur most frequently.iii.If a name is written in more than onethe table for the original language of most ofthe works. Example;‘Ali Muhammad Irtizanot …Ali Muhammad Irtida (wrote primarilyin Persian but also in Arabic).b.In case of doubt as to which of two or more languageswritten in the Arabic script should be used for theromanization, base the choice on the nationality ofthe person or the language of the area of residenceor activity. If these criteria do not apply, choose (inthis order of preference): Urdu, Arabic, Persian andany other language.c.Persons under given name, etc. Example;Omar Khayyamnot …Umar Khayyam2.3.2 MALAY NAMES1.General ruleEnter a Malay name under the first element of the name andrefer from the last element unless it is known that the bearer ofthe name treats another element of the name as a surname. Inthat case, enter under the surname and refer from the firstelement. Example;William Duncan(Full name: William Duncan anak Ngadan)not Duncan, Williamnot Ngadan, William Duncan anakbutMerican, Faridah(Surname: Merican)not Faridah Merican2. Filial indicatorsi.Omit words or abbreviations denoting filial relationshipunless consistently used by the person. Example;(sometimes appears as: Khalidah Adibah binti Haji Amin)butAbdullah Sanusi bin Ahmadii.If filial relationship is shown beyond one generation,include only the first unless more are required todistinguish between names that are otherwise identical.Example;Ali bin Ahmad(Name appears as: Ali bin Ahmad bin Hussein)not Ahmad, Ali binnot Ali bin Ahmad bin Husseinnot Hussein, Ali bin Ahmad bin3. Titles1.Add after the name titles of honour, rank, or position thatare commonly associated with the name. Refer from thedirect form of title plus name. Example;Abdul Majid bin Zainuddin, Hajinot Haji Abdul Majid bin Zainuddinnot Zainuddin, Haji Abdul Majid bin2.3.3 INDONESIAN NAMES1.Entry elementsEnter an Indonesian name consisting of more than one elementunder the last element of the name. Refer from the name in directorder unless the first element is a European name.a. Compound given name. Example;Hatta, Mohammadnot Mohammad Hattab. Given name plus surname. Example;Djajadiningrat, Idrus Nasirnot Idrus Nasir Djajadiningratc. Given name plus father‟s name. Example;Nasution, Amir Hamzahnot Amir Hamzah Nasutiond. Given name plus clan name. Example;Purbatjaraka, Purnadinot Purnadi Purbatjarakae. Balinese name. Example;Djelantik, I Gusti Ketutnot I Gusti Ketut Djelantiknot Gusti Ketut Djelantik, Inot Ketut Djelantik, I Gustif. Balinese name containing an element indicating seniorityof children. Example;Ginarsa, KtutNot Ktut Ginarsag. Married woman‟s name; last element may be thehusband‟s or the father‟s name. Example;Sani, Sitti Nuraininot Sitti Nuraini Sanis entered under the first elementEnter the following categories of names under the first element of the name. Refer from the last element. If that element is an initial, refer also from the next to the last element.a. A name consisting of a given name followed by anelement denoting filial relationship (e.g. bin, binti,ibni) plus the father‟s name. Example;Abdullah bin Nuhnot Nuh, Abdullah binb. A name that may be as one word or as separatewords and that begins with one of the followingelements: Adi, Budi (Boedi), Joko (Djoko), Karta,Kusuma (Koesoema), Mangku (Mangkoe), Noto,Prawira, Pura (Poera), Sastra, Sri, Surya (Soerya,Surja, Suria), and Tri. If the name of a particularperson sometimes appears as one word andsometimes as separate words, use the one-wordform.) Example;Adi Waskitonot Waskito, Adic. A name containing an initial or abbreviation as thelast element. Example;Djakaria, N.E.not E., Djakaria N.3. Names consisting of given name(s) plus adat titlea. Enter a name that includes one or more of the termsgelar (sometimes abbreviated as gl. or glr.), Daeng,Datuk, or Sutan under the element introduced bysuch words. Refer from the name in direct order.Palindih, Rustam Sutannot Rustam Sutan Palindih4. Names containing place namesEnter a name consisting of personal names followed by aplace name under the element preceding the place name.Treat the place as an integral part of the name.Abdullah Udjong Buloh5. Names of Chinese originEnter a name of Chinese origin that follows the normalChinese order (surname first) under the first element of thename. Refer from the last element of the name.Lim, Yauw Tjin(Name appears as: Lim Yauw Tjin)not Tjin, Lim Yauw6. TitlesAdd titles and honorific words to an Indonesian name.Refer from the direct form of title plus name.Purbatjaraka, Raden Mas Ngabeinot Raden Mas Ngabei PurbatjarakaRefer from the direct form of title plus name even when thetitle is not used in the heading.。

Referencing Guide American Psychological Association (APA)APA is an author date referencing style and is the choice for many disciplines including: Psychology Sociology Business Economics Education Nursing Social Work CriminologyUnless otherwise stated the following information and examples are based on:American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Available at CDU Library - REF 808.06615 PUBLNote : Your references should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, webpage) insufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it. Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author).How to reference booksA book with one authorIn text citationMikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions.Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj, 2005).Mikolaj states that; “environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals” (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).Reference List Mikolaj, A.A. (2005). Stress management for the emergency care provider . Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.Note : Capitalise only the first word of book title and subtitle. As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by two authorsIn text citationWhite and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context.There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone, 1997).The authors state “the doctrine of precedent is meant to ensure that radical change or differential treatment of any kind is difficult to achieve” (White & Perrone, 1997, p.89).Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence.Reference ListWhite, R. & Perrone, S. (1997). Crime and social control: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book by four or more authorsIn text citationNote: cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.First citationGillis, Perkins, Roemer and Snodgrass (1987) make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones.OrThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer & Snodgrass, 1987). Subsequent citationsGillis et al. (1987) make the ….orThe authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, et al. 1987).Second citation within the same paragraphGillis et al. make the ….Reference ListGillis, M., Perkins, D., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1987).Economics of development (2nd ed.). New York: WW Norton &Company.As per example section page 175 and section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An edited bookIn text citationSwingland (2003, pp. 65-74) provides an excellent examination of the concept of capturing and conserving biodiversity.Reference ListSwingland, I.R. (Ed.). (2003). Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: The market approach. London: EarthscanPublications.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A book or work by an association or institutionIn text citationChapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007).Reference ListPrime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading. (2007).Report of the task group on emissions trading. Canberra, ACT: Dept. ofthe Prime Minister and Cabinet.Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Citing multiple sources at one point in the textIn text citationOther studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading. (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007; Swingland, 2003).Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.As per section 6.19, page 177 of the APA manual, 6th ed.A chapter in an edited book In text citation …and according to Tulving (1997, p.151) “Few problems in science are as difficult”. Reference List Tulving, E. (1997). What is episodic memory? In T. F. Pettijohn (Ed.), Sources. Notable selections in social psychology (pp. 151-164). Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group.As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic bookIn text citationHe claims the “decisive step .... was taken in 1895 in London” (Munsterberg,1916, ¶ 2). Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers. Reference List Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study . Retrieved from /files/15383/15383-8.txtAs per examples 19 to 22, pages 203-204 of the APA manual, 6th ed. (note different types of electronic books are cited differently – check the APA manual if unsure).Print articlesIn text citationSansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He likewise is a looter of the Dreamings.Reference list Sansom, B. (2006). Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story. Oceania , 76(1), 83-104. How to reference journal articlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of article title and subtitle, and capitalise all main words of the journal title.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI ).In text citationAccording to Holland (2006) “Classroom climate and teacher credibility are critical both to low student resentment and high diversity learning” (p. 196).Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.Reference listHolland, L. (2006). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility.Journal of Political Science Education, 2(2),187-203.doi:10.1080/15512160600669122As per example 1, page 198 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic article without a DOIIn text citationThe author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari, 2006, ¶ 4).Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers.Reference listKari, J. (2006). Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching. First Monday,11(1). Retrieved from/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html.As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference newspaper articlesNewspaper article with authorIn text citationDelaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and itsimplications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K.J. & Vara, V. (2007, November 28). Google to peddle free parking for your computer files. The Australian, p.40. As per example 10, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article no author providedIn text citation April the 1st was the proposed date for the big Cane Toad Day Out (Don’t be a fool, 2008).Reference list Don't be a fool, kill as many cane toads as you can: pollie. (2008, August 18). Northern Territory News, p. 6.As per example 9, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Newspaper article accessed from an online source In text citation “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson. (2007).Reference list Robertson, J. (2007,October 22). Online boost for training options. The Courier Mail . Retrieved from .auAs per example 11, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.In text citationCoates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in terms of lives lost from the early 1800’s onwards.Reference list Coates, L. (1996). An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia. In R.L. Heathcote, C. Cuttler and J. Koetz (Eds.), NDR96 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction (pp. 49-54). Canberra, Australia: Institution of Engineers.How to reference published conference proceedingsNote: for conference proceedings published in book form use book citing conventions; for those published in periodical form(i.e. published regularly) use journal conventions.As per section 7.04, page 206 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference reports and governmentpublicationsDocument produced by a government agencyIn text citation“39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (Australian Public Service Commission [APSC], 2006, p.107).Note: if the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter – (APSC, 2006).Reference listAustralian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06. Canberra: Author.Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then do not repeat details. And if the issuing agency has assigned a number to the report, give the number inparentheses after the title.As per section 7.03, page 205 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference statistics from the ABSIn text citationThe Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] reported that p eople born in the United Kingdom accounted for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and Vietnam (4% each) (2007, p.9).Reference listAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-06. Cat. No. 3412.0. Canberra: Author. Retrieved 15th February,2008,.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdfAs per example 4.15 page 231. Cat. No. denotes ABS Catalogue NumberIn text citationThe CCH Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993, p.164) defines the term subjudice “not yet judicially settled”.Reference list The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law (2nd ed.). (1993.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.Note : If no editor or author details use book title. As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.An entry in an encyclopaediaIn text citationVesper, (2005) discusses the range of sources of heavy metal contamination of cave waters.Reference list Vesper, D. J. (2005). Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals. In D. C. Culver & W. B. White (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of caves (pp. 127-131). Burlington: Elsevier.Or Frederic, L. (1997). E-AWASE. In Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations (Vol. 2, pp. 331). Paris: Author.As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Print versionIn text citation Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training.Reference list Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of How to reference thesesHow to cite reference books (encyclopaedias and dictionaries)learning in the secondary practicum (Unpublished doctoraldissertation). Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.If the thesis is a master’s thesis, use: (Unpublished master’s thesis).As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Electronic thesisIn text citationCampbell’s (2004, p.2) concern is “the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at a rapid rate.”Reference listCampbell, K. (2004). Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention.(Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Deakin University,Geelong, 2004). Retrieved from.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.120915/As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.How to reference WebsitesWeb documents, no date:In text citationThe guide stresses there are a lot of things you can do(Northern Territory Department of Justice [NTDJ], p.4).Note: if the organisation is recognised by abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter.Reference listNorthern Territory Department of Justice.(n.d).Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from.au/justice/documents/stepforward.pdfSee further example of citing a website at /learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspxHow to reference MultimediaPodcastsIn text citation :According to Professor Michael Kahn....... (Seega, 2008).. Seega, B. (Producer). (2008, August 4). Oral Cancer. The Health Report [Podcast]. Retrieved from .au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/As per example 50, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Television broadcastIn text citationMasters reveals .... (2006).. or The program depicts......(Masters, 2006)..Masters, C. (Writer) & Alexander, J. (Director). (2006). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), Four Corners . Ultimo, NSW: ABC Television.Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.As per example 51, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.Online videoReference listMesserschmit (2006, July 23). Engineering gone wrong [Video file]. Video posted to /watch?v=7e-UHhYAzucPersonal communications – Citation within the textIn text citationPersonal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters, e-mail messages etc.…(R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2008)R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2008)…Note : As these materials are unpublished they are not included in reference lists or bibliographies.As per section 6.20, page 214Commonly Used Abbreviationssymbol ¶ paragraphapp. appendixart. articlechap. chapterdiv. divisiondoi digital object identifiered. editor, edited by, editioneds. editorset al. and others (Latin et al)daten.d. nono. nos. number(s)placen.p. nop. pp. page(s)par. paragraphpt. partrev. revisedsec. sectionser. seriessuppl. supplements.v. under the word (Latin subverso)trans. translator(s)vol. volume。

广西师范学院师园学院英语专业学生学位论文参考文献的格式要求Format of Notes and Bibliography for Students of English英语专业学生学位论文中的英文参考文献和中文参考文献分别归类排列，英文的排在前面，中文的排在后。

英文的参考文献按作者姓的英文字母顺序排列，无明显作者的英文参考文献（如某些词典、辞书、百科全书）则按照书名的英文字母顺序排列。

中文的参考文献按作者姓的拼音字母顺序排列，无明显作者的中文参考文献按书名拼音字母排序。

（文学方向使用MLA格式，文学之外的所有论文使用APA格式）以下为MLA格式：一些常用的文献类别标号：专著[M]、论文集[C]、期刊文章[J]、字典百科全书[Z]、论文集里的文章[A] 报纸文章[N]。

1.专著类格式：作者.书名（英文的用斜体）[M].出版地: 出版社，出版年: 参考的具体页码。

(1) 独立作者Carroll, D. W. Psychology of Language [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000:30- 40.何兆熊. 新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2000: 56.(2) 同一作者两本以上的参考书（按照书名第一个字母的顺序排列）Hirsch, David. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know [M]. Boston: Houghton, 1987: 45.Hirsch, David. The Philosophy of Composition[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977: 23.黄国文.语篇分析概要[M].长沙: 湖南教育出版社，1988: 34,56.黄国文.英语语言问题研究[M].广州: 中山大学出版社，1999: 45.(3) 同一作者两本以上同年出版的参考书（按照书名第一个字母的顺序排列）Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation[M]. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1988a: 45.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1988b: 4.周兆祥.翻译初阶[M].香港: 商务印书馆，1996a: 2.周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].香港: 商务印书馆，1996b:40.(4) 一本书有两、三位作者Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 6. （第一个作者姓+名，后面的作者名+姓）Berry, J., J. Foose & T. Jones. Up From the Cradle of Jazz: New Orleans Music Since World WarⅡ[M]. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986: 5.金圣华、黄国彬.因难见巧——名家翻译经验谈[M].香港: 三联书店有限公司，1996: 34.(5) 同一本书由有四位或更多的作者Edens, Walter. et al. Teaching Shakespeare [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977: 45, 78.张三、李四等.语言杂谈[M].香港：三联书店有限公司，2002: 33.(6) 无作者署名的书Encyclopedia of Photography [Z]. New York: Crown, 1984: 90.现代汉语词典[Z]. 北京: 商务印书馆，1992: 2345.2.文章类格式：著者．题名[J]．期刊名称．出版年，卷号（期号）．文章的起止页码(1)期刊文章Goodman, K.S. Reading: a psycholinguistic guessing gam e [J]. Journal of the Reading Specialists,1967(6):126—135.华惠芳.阅读理解中的知识提取和信息加工[J].外语与外语教学, 2000(1):45-47.(2)论文集的文章Peter V oller. Does the teacher have a role in autonomous language learning? [A]. In Phil Benson & K. Johnson (eds.). Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning[C]. London: Longman, 1997: 101-203.张美芳.关系繁多的综合性学科 [A].梅德明、黄国文主编.语文研究群言集[C].广州: 中山大学出版社, 1997: 32.3.互联网资料格式：作者，文章题目，网上上传时间，网址（加下划线）。

References and Bibliography:A reference list cites work that specifically supports a particular essay or report.A bibliography cites work for background or further reading.A reference list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source material. Because the purpose of listing references is to enable the readers to retrieve and use the sources, reference data must be correct and complete.Make sure that references cited in the text appear in the reference list and that each entry in the reference list is cited in the text.The Electronic Engineering Department has decided to conform to The American Psychological Association (APA) format, which is one of the most recognised reference styles, for all essays, reports, articles, etc. published in the Electronic Engineering Department.As a general rule, make sure that you provide sufficient information to allow the reader to locate the source you are citing. When in doubt provide more information rather than less. Each entry usually contains the following elements: author, year of publication, title and publishing data.References for printed materialBooks• Book author(s) or editor(s)• Date of Publication• Title of book• Page numbers• Publication information: location and publisherExamples:Pitts, J. M., & Schormans, J. A. (2000). Introduction to IP and ATM design and performance : with applications and analysis software. New York : John Wiley. (047149187X)Laughton, M. A., & Warne, D. F. (Eds.). (2003). Electrical engineer's reference book. 16th ed. Oxford, Boston: Newnes. (0750646373)(The long number at the end is the ISBN - International Standard Book Number.)Amari, S-I, Giles, C.L, Gori, M, &. Piuri, V. (Eds.). (2000). Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Computing: New Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium. 24-27 July 2000. Los Alamitos, CA.: IEEE Computer Society.Article or book chapters in an edited book• Article or chapter author• Date of publication• Title of article or chapter• Book editor(s)• Title of book• Page numbers• Publication information: location of publication and publisherExample:Hardman, V. J., & Hailes, S. (1999). Mobile multimedia access for the Internet. In D. R. Bull, C. N. Canagarajah & A. R. Nix (Eds.), Insights into mobile multimedia communications (pp. 111 - 132). San Diego, CA : Academic. (012 140310 6).(You will not find the author "Hardman" in Queen Mary Library catalogue - authors of book chapters are not included.)Published proceedings or published contribution to a symposium in an edited book• Author• Date of Publication• Title• Editor(s)• Title of publication• Page numbers• Publication information: location and publisherExamples:Papadopoulos, S., & Parini, C. G. (1998). FDTD scattering by a dielectric strut in large geodesic space-frame radomes.In International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory. Proceedings. 25-28 May,1998 (Vol.2, pp. 721-3). Thessaloniki : Aristotle University.Chen, Y., & Cuthbert, L. (2003). Optimized downlink transmit power control during soft handoverin WCDMA systems. In R. Smith (Ed.), WCNC 2003. 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record. New Orleans, LA, USA. 16-20 March 2003. (Vol.1, pp. 547-51). Piscataway, NJ, USA : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Journal• Author(s)• Date of Publication• Title of article• Title of Periodical• Volume number• Page numbersExample:Chiau, C.C., Chen, X., & Parini, C. (2003). Multiperiod EBG structure for wide stopband circuits. IEE Proceedings-Microwaves Antennas & Propagation, 150, no.6, 489-92.Unpublished paper• Author• Date of publication• Title• Title of conference/meeting• LocationExample:Lanktree, C., & Briere, J., (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.Technical and research reports• Report author(s)• Date of Publication• Report title• Page numbers• Publication information: location and publisherExample:Ely, J. J., Nguyen, T. X., & Koppen, S. V. (2003). Wireless phone threat assessment and new wireless technology concerns for aircraft navigation radios. (NASA Technical Paper NASA/TP-2003/212446). Washington, D.C : National Aeronautics and Space Administration.BrochuresAs entire booksIn bracket identify the publication as a brochureWeb referencesOnline periodicals and online documents:Electronic sources include databases, online journals, websites or web pages, online newsletters and web based or email based discussion groups.Provide sufficient information to allow the reader to locate the source you are citing.Cite what is available when you cannot find some elements of information about a source. If the work originally had a print existence, it may be necessary to give the date of the original print publication.Include the date that you accessed the source (Note: not required when citing messages). Cite the address (URL) accurately. Include the access-mode (http, ftp, telnet, etc.). If it is necessary to divide the URL between two lines, break only after a slash mark and do not insert a hyphen at the break.Web PagesIndividual work• Author/Editor• Title of page• Publisher (optional)• Publication date /Last modified• Address• Access dateExample:Crane, G., editor (2000, March). Hercules, Greece's greatest hero. Retrieved November 27, 2000, from Tufts University, Classics Department, Perseus Project Web site:/Hercules/Abbott, K. (2004, May). Finding information for Electronic Engineering, Engineering, Materials and the IRC in Biomedical Materials. Retrieved May 27, 2004, from Queen Mary, University of London Library Web site : /eng/engweb.htmPart of a work• Author/Editor• Title of part• Source title• Publisher (optional)• Publication date /Last modified• Address• Access dateExample:Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903). Of the dawn of freedom. In The Souls of Black Folk. Retrieved November 27, 2000, from Project BartlebyMagazine, journal, newspaper article• Author (if known)• Title of article• Source information (title, volume, pub. date, paging if available)• Database used (when found with subscription database)• Access dateExample: Scott, J. (1999, Jan./Feb.). From hate rhetoric to hate crime: a link acknowledged too late. Humanist, 8-14. Retrieved on November 27, 2000, from SIRS Researcher database.MessagesE-Mail Discussion List Posting• Author• Pub. date of message• Title/Subject line of message• Description• List name• List address (Web message archive or e-mail address)Example:Holland, N. (2000, Oct. 15). Overcoming depression. Message posted to Psyart electronic mailing list, archived at /ipsa/psyart.htmlUSENET Newsgroup Posting• Author• Pub. date of message• Title/Subject line of message• Description• Newsgroup nameExample:Smith, B.C. (2000, Sept. 22). Conserving water in a closed environment. Message posted to news://sci.bio.environmentWeb Forum Posting• Author• Pub. date of message• Title/Subject line of message• Description• Forum/Message addressExample:Martin, P. (2000, Nov. 24). An impartial Supreme Court?Message posted to /interactions/s.131587/highlights/Personal E-Mail Message• Author/Sender• Date of message• Description/RecipientE-mail messages should be cited only within the text of the paper.They are not included in the References.Example:Anthony Boyle (personal communication, Aug. 31, 2000) stated that this notion of utopia was consistent with the view held by many religious scholars.List of accepted abbreviations:Chap. chapterEd. editionRev. ed. revised edition2nd ed. second editionEd.(Eds.) Editor (Editors)Trans. Translator(s)n.d. no datep. (pp.) page (pages)Vol. Volume (as in Volume 5)Vols. Volumes (as in 5 vols.)No. NumberPt. PartTech. Rep. Technical ReportSuppl. SupplementFor further information:See the American Psychological Association APA style manual./elecref.htmlFor Internet sources: See “Citing Net Sources” the Ohio State University Libraries guide at: net.TUTOR Home/tutor/open/les7/guide.html/tutor/les7/guideimages.html#1。

the list of references should be in order byWhen compiling a list of references for a research paper or project, it is important to ensure that the references are arranged in a specific order. This order should be based on the citation style being used, but typically the references should be listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If there are multiple authors for a single work, the reference should be listed by the last name of the first author listed. If there are no authors listed for a source, it should be listed alphabetically by the title of the work.In some citation styles, such as APA, the references should also be double-spaced and have a hanging indent, where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented. Following these formatting guidelines can help make the list of references clear and easy to read for readers.It is important to carefully check the formatting and order of the references before submitting a paper or project, as errors can lead to confusion or even plagiarism accusations. By following the correct order and formatting guidelines, you can ensure your references are presented in a professional and organized manner.。

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chicago Style Citation: The Ultimate GuideThe Chicago Manual of Style, commonly referred to as CMS or CMOS, is one of the most widely used style guides for writing and citation in the humanities and social sciences. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, offers a comprehensive set of guidelines on formatting, referencing, and citing sources. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the key elements of Chicago style citation and how to apply them in your writing.1. Basic Principles of Chicago StyleChicago style citation follows the author-date andnotes-bibliography systems. The author-date system is commonly used in the natural and social sciences, while the notes-bibliography system is preferred in the humanities. In both systems, sources are cited in footnotes or endnotes and listed in a bibliography at the end of the text.2. Formatting CitationsIn Chicago style, citations are formatted differently depending on whether they are in the text or in a footnote or endnote. In-text citations include the author's last name, the publication year, and page number(s) if applicable, e.g., (Smith 2010, 25). Footnotes and endnotes provide more detailed information about the source, including the author's full name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers.3. Creating a BibliographyThe bibliography in Chicago style includes all sources cited in the text. Each entry should include the author's name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers if relevant. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author.4. Citing Different Types of SourcesChicago style provides specific guidelines for citing various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and more. When citing a book, for example, you should include the author's full name, the title of the book in italics, the publication information, and the publication year. For journal articles, you need to include the author's name, the title of the article, the journal title, publication information, and page numbers.5. The Importance of ConsistencyConsistency is key when using Chicago style citation. Make sure your citations follow the same format throughout your paper and that your bibliography is properly organized and formatted. Pay attention to details such as punctuation, capitalization, and italics to ensure your citations are accurate and consistent.6. Using Citation Management ToolsTo simplify the process of formatting citations in Chicago style, consider using citation management tools such as Zotero, EndNote, or RefWorks. These tools can help you organize your sources, generate citations automatically, and create bibliographies with ease.In conclusion, Chicago style citation is a widely used and respected system for documenting sources in academic writing. By following the guidelines outlined in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, you can ensure that your writing is clear, credible, and properly referenced. Whether you are a student, researcher, or writer, mastering Chicago style citation will enhance the quality and professionalism of your work.篇2Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is a comprehensive guide for authors, editors, and publishers in various academic and professional fields. This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting scholarly articles, books, and other written works in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style.The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely used style guide for academic writing in the humanities and social sciences. It provides detailed guidelines on citation and bibliography formatting, as well as general rules for grammar, punctuation, and manuscript preparation.One key feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system, which uses footnotes and a bibliography to credit sources in written work. Footnotes allow readers to see the source of a quotation or idea at a glance, while the bibliography provides a full list of works cited in the text.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also covers a wide range of topics related to manuscript preparation, including capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and punctuation. The manual offers clear and concise rules for formatting headings, block quotations, and lists, as well as guidance on the use of italics, bold, and other typographical elements.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is an essential resource for anyone engaged in academic writing or publishing. With its detailed guidelines on citation, grammar, and manuscript preparation, the Chicago Manual of Style helps authors and editors produce clear, accurate, and well-organized written works in accordance with academic standards.篇3The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely-used style guide for writing and publishing in the English language. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, provides detailed guidelines on formatting, citation, and other aspects of writing. In this article, we will provide an overview of the key features of the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition.One of the most important aspects of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system. The manual provides two main citation styles: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system. Under the notes and bibliography system, footnotes or endnotes are used to provide information about sources, while a bibliography is included at the end of the document. In the author-date system, in-text citations are used to provide information about sources, and a reference list is included at the end of the document.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also provides detailed guidance on other aspects of writing, such as punctuation, grammar, and word usage. The manual includes information on topics such as the use of commas, semicolons, and colons, as well as guidance on how to use hyphens, ellipses, and other punctuation marks. The manual also includes a comprehensive guide to grammar, covering topics such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, and sentence structure.Another important feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its guidance on formatting manuscripts. The manual provides detailed guidelines on how to format headings, margins, and page numbers, as well as how to format citations, references, and bibliographies. The manual also includes information on how to use italics, boldface, and other formatting elements in a document.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition is an invaluable resource for writers, editors, and publishers. Its comprehensive guidelines on citation, formatting, and other aspects of writing make it an essential reference for anyone working in the English language. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a book, or a business document, the ChicagoManual of Style can help you ensure that your writing is clear, consistent, and professional.。

Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。

广西师范学院师园学院英语专业学生学位论文参考文献的格式要求Format of Notes and Bibliography for Students of English英语专业学生学位论文中的英文参考文献和中文参考文献分别归类排列，英文的排在前面，中文的排在后。

英文的参考文献按作者姓的英文字母顺序排列，无明显作者的英文参考文献（如某些词典、辞书、百科全书）则按照书名的英文字母顺序排列。

中文的参考文献按作者姓的拼音字母顺序排列，无明显作者的中文参考文献按书名拼音字母排序。

（文学方向使用MLA格式，文学之外的所有论文使用APA格式）以下为MLA格式：一些常用的文献类别标号：专著[M]、论文集[C]、期刊文章[J]、字典百科全书[Z]、论文集里的文章[A] 报纸文章[N]。

1.专著类格式：作者.书名（英文的用斜体）[M].出版地: 出版社，出版年: 参考的具体页码。

(1) 独立作者Carroll, D. W. Psychology of Language [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000:30- 40.何兆熊. 新编语用学概要[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2000: 56.(2) 同一作者两本以上的参考书（按照书名第一个字母的顺序排列）Hirsch, David. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know [M]. Boston: Houghton, 1987: 45.Hirsch, David. The Philosophy of Composition[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977: 23.黄国文.语篇分析概要[M].长沙: 湖南教育出版社，1988: 34,56.黄国文.英语语言问题研究[M].广州: 中山大学出版社，1999: 45.(3) 同一作者两本以上同年出版的参考书（按照书名第一个字母的顺序排列）Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation[M]. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1988a: 45.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1988b: 4.周兆祥.翻译初阶[M].香港: 商务印书馆，1996a: 2.周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].香港: 商务印书馆，1996b:40.(4) 一本书有两、三位作者Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 6. （第一个作者姓+名，后面的作者名+姓）Berry, J., J. Foose & T. Jones. Up From the Cradle of Jazz: New Orleans Music Since World WarⅡ[M]. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986: 5.金圣华、黄国彬.因难见巧——名家翻译经验谈[M].香港: 三联书店有限公司，1996: 34.(5) 同一本书由有四位或更多的作者Edens, Walter. et al. Teaching Shakespeare [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977: 45, 78.张三、李四等.语言杂谈[M].香港：三联书店有限公司，2002: 33.(6) 无作者署名的书Encyclopedia of Photography [Z]. New York: Crown, 1984: 90.现代汉语词典[Z]. 北京: 商务印书馆，1992: 2345.2.文章类格式：著者．题名[J]．期刊名称．出版年，卷号（期号）．文章的起止页码(1)期刊文章Goodman, K.S. Reading: a psycholinguistic guessing gam e [J]. Journal of the Reading Specialists,1967(6):126—135.华惠芳.阅读理解中的知识提取和信息加工[J].外语与外语教学, 2000(1):45-47.(2)论文集的文章Peter V oller. Does the teacher have a role in autonomous language learning? [A]. In Phil Benson & K. Johnson (eds.). Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning[C]. London: Longman, 1997: 101-203.张美芳.关系繁多的综合性学科 [A].梅德明、黄国文主编.语文研究群言集[C].广州: 中山大学出版社, 1997: 32.3.互联网资料格式：作者，文章题目，网上上传时间，网址（加下划线）。

Reference FormatNote: Authors must reference the original source of a work, not asecondary source.All references must be complete prior to acceptance of a manuscript. The following list gives examples of commonly lacking information:• Names of publishers (for books and proceedings) and their locations. Proceed-ings require the same information as other books.• Inclusive page numbers or (for books) chapters.• Complete journal names (no abbreviations unless part of actual title).• Journal volume and issue numbers (or months).• Locations of companies, universities, and societies in reports and papers.The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) should be incorporated in every reference for which it is available. A DOI is an identifier of intellectual property entities on digital networks. It provides a system for persistent identification and interoperable exchange of managed information. The use of DOIs as identifiers makes the management of intel-lectual property in a network environment easy and convenient and allows the con-struction of automated services and transactions. For more information on DOIs and their value, visit or .For all references: Spell out everything except AIAA, NASA, NACA, AGARD, and NATO; months may be abbreviated. All references must be numbered and cited in numerical order in the text. Classified or export-restricted references, personal/private communications, and personal Web sites are not permitted. A reference that is not re-liably available is of no use to readers. List all authors. Follow these examples for for-mat:Chapter in a Book:[1] Turner, M. J., Martin, H. C., and Leible, R. C., “Further Development and Applica-tions of Stiffness Method,” Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, 1st ed., Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1963, pp. 6–10.Journal Article:[2] Bhutta, B. A., and Lewis, C. H., “Large-Angle-of-Attack Viscous Hypersonic Flowsover Complex Lifting Configurations,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,published online 30 Nov. 1989; Vol. 27, No. 2, 1990, pp. 194–204; also AIAA Paper 89-0269, Jan.1989. [Note: Month acceptable if number is not available.]doi: xx.xxxx/x.xxxxxor (if published only electronically and not yet available in a particular journal issue): [2] Bhutta, B. A., and Lewis, C. H., “Large-Angle-of-Attack Viscous Hypersonic Flowsover Complex Lifting Configurations,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,published online 30 Nov. 1989.doi: xx.xxxx/x.xxxxxProceedings/Transactions Articles:[3] Blottner, F. G., “Prediction of Electron Density in the Boundary Layer of Entry Vehi-cles with Ablation,” The Entry Plasma Sheath and Its Effects on Space Vehicle Electro-magnetic Systems, NASA SP-252, Vol. 1, Oct. 1970, pp. 219–240.[4] Wirin, W. B., “Space Debris 1989,” Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Colloquium on theLaw of Outer Space, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1990, pp. 184–196.Company Report:[5] Bhutta, B. A., and Lewis, C. H., “PNS Predictions of External/Internal HypersonicFlows for NASP Propulsion Applications,” VRA, Inc., VRA-TR-90-01, Blacksburg, VA, June 1990.NASA Report:[6] Miner, E. W., and Lewis, C. H., “Hypersonic Ionizing Air Viscous Shock-LayerFlows over Nonanalytic Blunt Bodies,” NASA CR-2550, May 1975.Meeting Paper:[7] Bhutta, B. A., and Lewis, C. H., “Aerothermodynamic Performance of 3-D and Bent-Nose RVs under Hypersonic Conditions,” AIAA Paper 90-3068, Aug. 1990.[8] Hobbs, D. E., “Experimental Investigation of Compressor Cascade Wakes,” Ameri-can Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 82-GT-299, April 1982.AIAA Book Series:[9] Sutton, K., “Air Radiation Revisited,” Thermal Design of Aeroassisted Orbital TransferVehicles, edited by H. F. Nelson, Vol. 96, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, New York, 1985, pp. 419–441.Electronic Media:[10] von Hippel, T., “Contribution of White Dwarfs to Cluster Masses,” AstronomicalJournal [online], Vol. 114, No. 4, 1998, pp. 1536–1542, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/journal/contents/v115n4.html [retrieved 13 April 1998].[11] Richard, J. C., and Fralick, G. C., “Use of Drag Probe in Supersonic Flow,” AIAAJournal on Disc [CD-ROM], Vol. 1, No. 2, Disc 1, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996.[12] Vickers, A., “10–110 mm/hr Hypodermic Gravity Design A,” Rainfall SimulationDatabase[online database], /bgrg/lab.html[retrieved 15 March 1998].Anonymous Report:[13] “Equations, Tables, and Charts for Compressible Flow,” NACA Rept. 1135, 1953.[Note: Include month if available.]。

reference list的格式
参考文章1和2提供了两种不同的reference list格式，分别是Harvard和Chicago。

这两种格式在引用方式和参考文献的组织上有所不同。

在Harvard格式中，参考文献列表是按作者字母顺序排列的。

如果没有作者，则按标题引用，并按照标题的第一个重要单词列在按字母顺序排列的列表中。

该列表通常放在作品的末尾，使用逗号来分隔每个引用项目。

对于同一作者的多个作品，会按时间顺序列出，从最早出版的作品开始。

对于电子来源，使用尖括号将Web地址/URL与引用的其余部分隔离开来。

在Chicago格式中，正文中会按引用先后顺序连续编排序号，并在该页底以脚注（Footnotes）或在文末以尾注（Endnotes）形式注明出处，或在文末单列参考文献项，以Bibliography为标题。

这种格式也要求至少有4个或5个参考文献（对于1000字的文章），而2000字的文章需要10个左右参考文献。

以上内容仅供参考，建议查阅专业文献获取更准确的信息。

Bibliography FormatsA bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below.Book: Single AuthorMLA Ramos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York:Harper, 2005. 姓名一个全拼，一个只有开头字母（目的是为了防止性别歧视）。

一个年代在前面，用括号标出，一个在最后。

APA Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins. 书名一个用title case，一个sentence case，均用斜体（相当于中文书名号）。

英文指南文献应用格式英文回答：Guideline for Formatting References in English.When referencing sources in academic writing, it is crucial to adhere to specific guidelines to ensure consistency, clarity, and proper attribution.In-text Citations:Cite sources parenthetically within the body of your text, providing the author's last name and the year of publication.For example: (Smith, 2023)。

If citing multiple authors, separate their names with commas: (Jones et al., 2022)。

For direct quotations, include the page number(s) after the year: (Green, 2021, p. 123)。

Reference List:Create a separate reference list at the end of your document, titled "References."List references alphabetically by author's last name.Use standard formatting for different source types, such as books, journal articles, and websites.Provide all necessary information for readers to locate the source, including:Author(s)。

英国留学生哈佛论文文献格式写法Guide to Harvard ReferencingThis guide has been produced by the ASU in response to questions from Business School students about the important subject of accurate referencing. It is essential for you to reference your work thoroughly because everything you write for the Business School is 'evidenced' - your discussion and arguments should consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert' practitioner experience. These two main sources (theory and practice) MUST be referenced throughout yourwriting. Readers must be able to see which words are your own words and what sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions. Good referencing is ESSENTIAL because:1) Your tutor must be able to check your source.2) Other readers might want to follow up your work.3) Your tutor needs to see if you are reading and understanding course material and book lists.4) If you do not reference, you can be accused of stealing the work and ideas of others, and this is the serious offenceof Plagiarism.The UH Business School uses the Harvard referencing system. ASU have produced a 'standardised' version from the many different variations of Harvard that are available because it is important to be consistent with all your references. ASU worked with IH consultants to produce this standard referencing format for the Business School. Harvard is a modern'author-date' system and should not be used in the same document with the older footnote system ('historical' system) which contains numbers in the text and footnotes. The complete reference consists of two parts:an in-text citation and a final reference in the list ofReferences, which has the following order:If you do not have any part of the information, you will have to leave it out or indicate you do not have it with 'date unknown' for example. Very rarely is the 'author unknown' although it may be a 'corporate' author. You can reference ANY sources using Harvard - the rule is keep the same order of information as above.WHO WROTE THE WORK?WHEN DID THEY WRITE IT?WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE WORK?WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND?References and BibliographyReferences are NOT the same as a Bibliography. Your lecturer may ask you to put either one of these, or both at the end ofyour assignment. Whichever you use, the Harvard style is the same and it must be arranged alphabetically. Here are the differences:ReferencesReferences contain a list of all the sources you actually used and 'cited' in the text.BibliographyA Bibliography contains all the sources of information that you used as 'background' reading for the assignment but you did not actually cite these sources in the text. A Bibliography should not only include books, but any background sources that you think should be mentioned. Do not make a long Bibliography to impress. Only include items that you think provide useful information for the reader.Remember:References / Bibliography must be arrangedalphabetically, according to author.A Reference list must contain an entry for each in-text citation.Other sources, not cited in the text, should go in a separate Bibliography.Always note the full details of your references and quotes as you read and write, so that you do not forget your sources. It will then be easier to make the final list of References. Include a page number if your citation is a direct quotation from your source, otherwise, page numbers are not normally required, although there will be some exceptions.Make a final check when editing your work that eachin-text citation also appears in the References.Do not mix Harvard with other referencing systems (i.e. do not use 'ibid', 'op.cit', etc.)UHBS Harvard Referencing does not use numbering, footnotes and endnotes.Even though there are slight variationsofthe Harvard format in use worldwide, the key issue is that you must be CONSISTENT and use the same style throughout. The format in this guide has been agreed by the ASU, LIS and interested UHBS staff.Only reference the sources you actually use(see primary and secondary sources below).Take careful note of the different use of italics, inverted commas, etc. between different types of sources (e.g. books and journals). Generally, the titles of books, journals and newspapers are put in italics. The titles of articles in journals are put in inverted commas.If your source is an electronic version, rather than a paper copy of a journal, book, newspaper or report, then you need to state [Online] to show that you read it online instead of hard copy.Use ‘Available at’ for URL (uniform resource locator) to identify a web address.Always include the date (day, month and year) that you'accessed' your web reference source.Primary and secondary sourcesPrimary sources are the 'original' sources. Secondary sources are the sources referred to by other authors. This guide gives examples of both types of sources. Remember that ideally, youshould always consult the primary source. However, whatever type of source you use, the golden rule is to only cite and reference the source that you actually use.Attribution tenseAs a general rule, use the present tense. For example, "Brown (1987) suggests…". even when the reference is not a current one. The concepts and issues referred to are considered to be still current.Final list of ReferencesConsistent punctuation and spacing are necessary in the References. Some general rules apply:Authors' names:Use only the initials of the authors' given names.No full stops are used between initials.Titles of works:Only capitalise content words for the titles of books, book chapters and journal articles.In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers, capital letters should be used as they appear normally.Use italics for the titles of books, journals, and newspapers. Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articles in inverted commas (single quotation marks).Page numbering:Books: page numbers are not usually needed in the References. Journal articles: page numbers appear as the final item of the citation, followed by a full stop.Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a page range, e.g. pp.11-12Whole citation:The different details, or elements, of each citation are separated by full stops.The whole citation finishes with a full stop.ContentsBooks1 One author2 Two authors3 Several authors4 Edited book5 More than one book by the same author in the same yearJournals6 Author unknown7 One author8 Two authors9 Author citing another authorElectronic Information10 Electronic book11 Electronic journal12 Internet page - author known13 Organisation website14 Information databases – citing a journal article15 Information databases – citing a report (author unknown)16 Discussion group/Bulletin board17 Virtual Learning Environments (StudyNet)18 Conference proceedings (published on the Internet)19 Electronic magazine or newsletter20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)21 Multiple references to the same website22 Using an acronym (short forms of organisation/institution names)Other sources23 Two articles by same author in same year24 Reference material (dictionary, encyclopaedia)25 Photographs26 Newspaper or magazine article - unspecified author27 Newspaper or magazine article – author known28 Corporate author29 Lecture notes (PowerPoint slides, handouts)30 Personal communications (interview, conversation, fax, email, letter)31 Research reports32 CD-ROM33 Film (DVD / Videocassette / film)34 Full conference proceedings35 Government/EU publication36 Reports37 In house publications38 Thesis / dissertation39 Translation (by translator)40 Translation (by student)41 Encyclopaedia entries42 Exhibition guides/catalogues43 Graphs (figures and tables)44 Legislation45 Case law46 Television47 Radio48 Quotations49 Quoting other students50 YouTube VideosBooksReferencesMahoney, D. & Cripps, M. (2008)International business: a managerial perspective. 5th edn. Hong Kong: Pearson.JournalsOnly the title of the journal is put in italics. The title of the article is put in inverted commas.Electronic InformationLord (2010) shows how the sweeping reforms to China's economy have tended to produce a new 'cultural revolution' in reverse.ReferencesLord, J. (2010) 'FromHutong to Hu Jintao. Development and change in China: ne w marketing strategies’. American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai Conference. 13 January. Shanghai: AMCHAM. Available at:/marketing/conf.aspx [Accessed:25th January, 2010].Other sourcesse, M. (1976)Taxi Driver [DVD] New York: Columbia-Warner.“The language of business is excessively dependent on 'buzz words' like 'blue sky thinking' and 'thinking outside the box' which actually have the opposite effect by encouraging a reliance on stale, simplistic ideas. Anyone who signals that he is 'thinking outside the box' is almost invariably trapped ins ide it”.ReferencesCourtney, M. (2007) The Language of Business. Hong Kong: Macmillan China Ltd.An example of a final list of References, in alphabetical order:ReferencesBessant, J. (2001) 'The question of public trust and stock markets'. Journal of Investment. 45(2) pp. 207-226. Bessant, J. & Webber, R. (2001) 'Policy and standards: the case for liberalisation'. AccountingStudies. 20(1) pp. 43-47. Marieb, E. (2000) Essential Management Theory: Management in Action. 6th edn. San Francisco: Berkeley [Online] Available at:/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials / [Accessed: 4 February, 2009].Nott, A.J. (2006) 'Integrated pathways'. Organisational Journal. 4(10) pp.102-113 [Online] Available at:/lists/pathways.html [Accessed: 5 February, 2009].Robbins, S.P. (2004) Organizational behaviour. 11th edn. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Pearson.Robbins, S.P. & De Cenzo, D.A. (2006) Fundamentals of management: essential concepts and applications.4th edn. Upper Saddle River. N J: Pearson.Snyder, M. (2001) ‘Research methods for Business Studies’.Journal of Research.6(2) May. pp.45-56 [Online] Available at: http://www.research/Business/15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed: 2 March, 2009].University of Reading (2006) Abrief Guide to Internet Resources. Reading: Reading University. [Online] Available at: /libweb/Lib/Subj/Ir/ireduc.html [Accessed: 6 February, 2009].FinallyASU hope this guide helps with all your assignments. Remember to reference in-text in your exams. However, exam references do not usually require a Bibliography or Reference list (unless it is ‘Open Book’ w hen you should check with the lecturer).If this guide does not solve your referencing issue, please do not hesitate to contact the ASU. To test your referencing skills complete the attached Quiz. Alternatively, for an online quiz to check your Harvard Referencing knowledge,see: /ptl/common/LIS.nsf/li s/busharvard or from StudyNet click Learning Resources, Business.。

•Creating a reference list or bibliographyA numbered list of references must be provided at the end of thepaper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or otherinformation that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.Print DocumentsBooksNote: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.Standard formatSingle author[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,1993, pp. 123-135.[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.Edited work[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.Later edition[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.More than one author[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebelswith a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Businessprocesses and information technology. Cincinnati:South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.Three or more authorsNote: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations,Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge.Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.Series[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: AWorld Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.Conference (complete conference proceedings)[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.Government publication[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department,2003.Manual[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, TransmissionSystem for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1995.Catalogue[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp.,Brooklyn, NY.Application notes[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.Note:Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.Technical report[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol,"Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep.916-1010-BB, 1997.Patent / Standard[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U.S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzycontrollers," presented at 5th International Conference onFuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.Thesis or dissertation[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve therouting problem in communication networks," Ph.D.dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.Parts of a BookNote: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.Single chapter from an edited work[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-acvoltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth AnnualPortable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.Article in an encyclopaedia, signed[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.Study Guides and Unit ReadersNote: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37. Journal ArticlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.Standard formatJournal articles[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys.Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijnnetworks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.OR[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D linemodels using local search?" IEEE Transactions on PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," MicroelectronicsReliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, to be published.Electronic documentsNote:When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.E-BooksStandard format[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. MahwahNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.Article in online encyclopaedia[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The BlackwellEncyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems,G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144.[E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.E-JournalsStandard formatJournal article abstract accessed from online database[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use casesin real-time embedded systems," Information and SoftwareTechnology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract].Available: ProQuest, /proquest/.[Accessed May 12, 2005].Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.Journal article from online full-text databaseNote: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirementsengineering exercises in a global virtual team setup,"Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p.21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, . [Accessed May 31, 2005].[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of readingon the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: /volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].Journal article in electronic journal subscription[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Newspaper article from online database[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].Newspaper article from the Internet[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The WestAustralian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available:.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Internet DocumentsStandard formatProfessional Internet site[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVBterrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed:Aug. 17, 1998].Personal Internet site[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002.[Online]. Available:/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm[Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].General Internet site[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12,2004].Internet document, no author given[4] 揂憀ayman抯?explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,?Oct.3, 2003. [Online]. Available:/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].Non-Book FormatsPodcasts[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, 揊rom Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg? Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available:.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xm l. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].[2] S. Gary, Presenter, 揃lack Hole Death Ray? StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: .au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].Other FormatsMicroform[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department ofScience and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & CompanyPty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra:Department of Science and Technology, 1984.Computer game[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM].United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.Software[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISIResearchSoft, 2003.Video recording[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.A reference list: what should it look like?The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser,"Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method,"Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of softwarerequirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: AcademicOneFile, . [Accessed May 31,2005].[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].[25] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. 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