6chapter4 dose calculation system

Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by t.. of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved inluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质、离子、可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，为染色体上遗传物质（DNA）提供空间（原核生物遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

管理学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "management" refers to the process of:A. Making decisionsB. Organizing resourcesC. Directing and controlling activitiesD. All of the above答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a function of management?A. PlanningB. StaffingC. MotivatingD. Selling答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：C4. Which of the following is an example of a managementprinciple?A. Division of laborB. CentralizationC. DelegationD. All of the above答案：D5. In the context of management, "controlling" refers to:A. The process of ensuring that things are done as plannedB. The process of making plansC. The process of organizing resourcesD. The process of motivating employees答案：A6. The concept of "span of control" is related to:A. The number of employees a manager can effectively superviseB. The range of activities a manager is responsible forC. The level of authority a manager hasD. The type of control systems a manager uses答案：A7. The management function that involves influencing people to work towards organizational goals is:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：B8. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective communication?A. ClarityB. AmbiguityC. DisorganizationD. Lack of feedback答案：A9. The "scientific management" theory was developed by:A. Henri FayolB. Max WeberC. Frederick TaylorD. Abraham Maslow答案：C10. In the context of management, "empowerment" means:A. Giving employees the authority to make decisionsB. Centralizing all decision-making powerC. Reducing the role of employees in decision-makingD. Ignoring employee input in decision-making答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management principle that suggests that there is an optimal span of control for each manager is known as ________.答案：span of control3. The management approach that focuses on the social needsof employees is known as the ________ approach.答案：human relations4. The process of identifying, selecting, orienting, training, and compensating employees is known as ________.答案：staffing5. A management style that involves a high level of task orientation and a low level of relationship orientation is known as ________ leadership.答案：autocratic6. The concept of "management by objectives" was developed by ________.答案：Peter Drucker7. The "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs, starting with physiological needs and ending with ________ needs.答案：self-actualization8. In a ________ structure, there is a clear chain of command and a narrow span of control.答案：hierarchical9. The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance is known as ________.答案：budgeting10. The management function that involves setting goals and determining the sequence of actions needed to achieve them is known as ________.答案：strategic planning三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What are the three key characteristics of an effective organizational structure?答案：An effective organizational structure should havethe following characteristics: clarity of roles and responsibilities, a clear chain of command, and a balance between centralization and decentralization.2. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is the process of influencing, motivating, and directing individuals towards the achievement of organizational goals. Management, on the other hand, is a broader concept that includes planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources to achieve goals.3. What are the main principles of scientific management according to Frederick Taylor?答案：The main principles of scientific management includethe scientific selection and training of workers, the scientific selection of tasks and tools, the scientific determination of work methods, and the scientific scheduling of work and rest periods.4. Describe the four stages of the control process.。

0103Specifications04User Guide05ESC Programming06Programmable Items07Data CheckingProgrammable Item List of Platinum 60A V4 ESC. (“*” in the form below indicate factory defaults. )USER MANUALHV 130A V4 / HV 130A OPTO V4Brushless Electronic Speed Controller1. Flight Mode:1.1 In “Fixed-wing” mode, the motor will start up when the throttle amount reaches 5% or above. There is no soft start-up, the motor responds to the throttle increase rapidly.1.2 In “Helicopter (Linear Throttle)” mode, the motor will start up when the throttle amount reaches 5% and it will start up in a soft way with the throttle (from 0 to 100%) acceleration time is fixed to 3.5 seconds. It will accelerate to the RPM corresponds to the specific throttle amount at the fixed rate.1.3 In “Helicopter (Elf Governor)” mode, the motor will start up when the throttle amount reaches 40% or above. And it will complete the speed standardization and enter the speed-governing operation in the preset start-up time (4~25s). In this mode, the motor will standardize its speed every time it starts up. Due to different discharge rates/capabilities of different batteries, the RPM you standardize each time may be a little different. In consequence, at the same throttle amount, the RPM may be a bit different when using different batteries, but this won’t affect the speed-governing effect.1.4 In “Helicopter (Store Governor)” mode, the motor will start up when the throttle amount reaches 40% or above. It will also start up in a very soft way. And it will also complete the speed standardization and enter the speed-governing operation in the preset start-up time. In this mode, the motor will only standardize its speed the first time when it starts up. When performing RPM standardization for the first time, we recommend using a fully-charged battery with good discharge capability. After the RPM standardization, change another battery to fly your aircraft. At the same throttle amount, the RPM should be the same as the RPM of the first flight. For consistent control feel, we recommend using this mode. About RPM Standardization & OthersI. The motor will enter the soft start-up when user switches the throttle amount from 0 to 40% or above (50%throttle is recommended). The pitch of main blades should be 0 degree during the• High performance microprocessor for excellent motor speed-governing and super soft start-up.• Microprocessor powered by independent DC regulator has better anti-interference performance, which greatly reduces the risk of losing control.• DEO (Driving Efficiency Optimization) Technology adopted greatly improves throttle response & driving efficiency, reduces ESC temperature.• New switch-mode BEC with adjustable output voltage ranges from 5V to 8V and continuous/peak current of 10A/25A.• BEC is separated from other circuits of the ESC, it will keep its normal output when the MOSFET board of the ESC is burnt. • Multiple flight modes: Fixed-wing, Helicopter (Linear Throttle), Helicopter (Elf Governor),Helicopter (Store Governor).• New governor program with adjustable governor parameter P/I brings excellent speed-governing effect, guarantees the stability of the propeller’s revs when the load changes dramatically. • Data logging records the standardized RPM, minimum voltage and maximum temperature of the flight.• "Restart in auto rotation" can manually interrupt the auto rotation and quickly restart the motor to avoid crashes caused by incorrect operations. • Independent output port for RPM (that is: motor speed) signals.• Separate programming port for ESC programming or parameter setting.• WIFI module (sold separately) for programming the ESC wirelessly with your smart phone (IOS or Android).• Online data checking, ESC programming, firmware upgrade (Multifunction LCD program box or WIFI Express is needed) supported.• Multiple protections like start-up protection, ESC thermal protection, capacitor thermal protection, over-current protection, overload protection, and throttle signal loss protection.Model Applications Input Voltage Cont./Peak Current (10s)BEC OutputThrottle Signal/BEC Output/RPM Signal Transmission WiresSize/WeightSeparate Programming PortPlatinum HV 130A V4White Throttle Signal Wire/Red & Black BEC Output Wires/Yellow RPM Signal Transmission WireFor connecting Multifunction LCD Program Box/WIFI module or fanSwitch-mode, 5V-8V Adjustable (Step:0.1V), 10A/25A Cont./Peak101x45.5x27mm / 168.5gProgrammingConnect the LCD program box and a battery to your ESC as shown above.successfully connected to your ESC.relates to the ESC.main blades =R ÷ Motor Poles ÷ 2 ÷ Gear Ratio × Throttle Amount (%).channel on the VBAR system. About which channel you should plug it in, it depends on your receiver and flybarless system. The White wire is for transmitting Program Your ESC with a WIFI Express: For detailed information, please refer to the user manual of WIFI Express.The ESC will record the standardized RPM, minimum voltage, maximum current and maximum temperatures of the flight but won’t save these data, so you need to keep the ESC on if you want to check theinformation of the flight.08Normal Start-up ProcessTurn on the transmitter, and then move the throttle stick to the bottom position.After connected to a battery, the ESC will emit “♪123” indicating it’s normally powered on.The motor will emit several beeps to indicate the number of LiPo cells.The motor emits a long beep indicating the ESC is ready to go.09Explanations for Warning Tones1. Input voltage is abnormal:The ESC will measure the input voltage the moment when it’s powered on. The motor will keep beeping “BB, BB, BB” (the interval between two BBs is 1 second) when the input voltage is beyond the normal range. The warning tone won’t stop until the voltage turns normal. 2. Throttle signal loss protection is activated:The motor will beep “B-, B-, B-” (the interval between two B-s is 2 seconds) when the ESC doesn’t detect any throttle signal. 3. Throttle stick is not at the bottom position:The motor will beep “B-B-B-B-B-” when the throttle stick is not moved to the bottom position.4. Throttle range is to narrow:The motor will beep “B-B-B-B-B-” when the throttle range you set is too narrow (when designing this ESC, it requires that the entire throttle range you set cannot be less than 50% of the whole throttle range available on the transmitter.) The warning tone indicates the throttle range you set is void and you need to set it again.10Explanations for Multiple Protections11Different Troubles & Status LEDs1. Start-up Protection:The ESC will monitor the motor speed during the start-up process. When the speed stops increasing or the speed increase is not stable, the ESC will take it as a start-up failure. At that time, if the throttle amount is less than 15%, the ESC will automatically try to restart up; if it is larger than 15%, you need to move the throttle stick to back the bottom position and then restart up the ESC. (Possible causes of this problem: poor connection/ disconnection between the ESC and motor wires, propellers are blocked, etc.)2. ESC Thermal Protection:The ESC will gradually reduce the output but won’t cut it off completely when the ESC temperature goes above 110℃. For ensuring the motor can still get some power and won’t cause crashes, so the maximum reduction is about 50% of the full power. The ESC will gradually resume its maximum power after the temperature lowers down. In addition, the ESC temperature cannot exceed 70℃ when it’s powered on. Otherwise, it cannot be started up. (Here we are describing the ESC’s reaction in soft cutoff mode, while if in hard cutoff mode; it will immediately cut off the power.) 3. Capacitor Thermal Protection:The ESC will activate this protection when the operating temperature of capacitors goes over 130℃. It protects capacitors in the same way as the ESC thermal protection does to the ESC .4. Throttle Signal Loss Protection:When the ESC detects loss of signal for over 0.25 second, it will cut off the output immediately to avoid an even greater loss which may be caused by the continuous high-speed rotation of propellers or rotor blades. The ESC will resume the corresponding output after normal signals are received. 5. Overload Protection:The ESC will cut off the power/output or automatically restart itself when the load suddenly increases to a very high value. (Possible cause to sudden load increase is that propellers are blocked.)6. Over-current Protection:The ESC will cut off the power when the current gets close to the short circuit current (of 400A). This protection may be activated by the burnt motor or some others.soft start-up process, the RPM standardization completes when the soft start-up ends, and the ESC makes the motor enter the speed-governing state. In “Helicopter (Store Governor)” mode, if user wants to re-standardize the speed, he needs to set the flight mode to “Helicopter (Elf Governor)” and save this mode first, and then reset the flight mode back to “Helicopter (Store Governor)”, then the ESC will re-standardize the motor speed when the motor rotates for the first time after the ESC is powered off and then on again.II. For ensuring the speed-governing effect, we recommend setting the throttle amount to 85% or below in both speed-governing modes (Helicopter (Store Governor) & Helicopter (Elf Governor)), so there will besufficient compensating room to maintain the consistency of the RPM. We recommend replacing the motor or adjusting the gear ratio if the expected RPM still cannot be reached when the throttle amount exceeds 85%. (Note: You need to re-standardize the RPM after replacing the motor, blades, body frame or adjusting the gear ratio.)III. In “Helicopter (Store Governor)” mode, if you fly your aircraft with another pack that has poor discharge capability after the RPM standardization (with a pack which has good discharge capability), the pack has poor discharge capability will get damaged.IV. In “Helicopter (Store Governor)” mode, different battery packs can bring the same stable RPM only if they have the same cell count. This won’t change even when you change the battery pack. However, battery packs with different cell count don’t have the same effect. For instance, in “Helicopter (Store Governor)” mode, you can not use a 4S to calibrate the motor RPM and then use a 6S to drive the motor, hoping it can run at the same RPM.V. User can decide the control feel via adjusting Governor Parameter P/I. In “Helicopter (Store Governor) or Helicopter (Elf Governor)” mode, connect your ESC to a smart phone or PC, then you can check the throttle vs speed chart.2. LiPo Cells: The ESC will automatically calculate the number of LiPo cells you have plugged in as per the “3.7V/Cell” rule if “Auto Calc.” is selected. Or user can set this item manually. 3. Voltage Cutoff Type:The ESC will gradually reduce the output to 50% of the full power in 3 seconds after the voltage cutoff protection is activated, if soft mode is selected . It will immediately cut off all the output when hard mode is selected. 4. Cutoff Voltage: 2.8V-3.8V (custom), 3.0V (default).5. BEC Voltage: 5-8V (adjustable), 0.1V (step), 6V (default).6. Start-up Time: 4-25s (adjustable), 1s (step), 15s (default). (Note: It only functions in Helicopter (Store Governor) and Helicopter (Elf Governor))7. Governor Parameter P: Control the ESC maintaining the stability of the current motor speed.8. Governor Parameter I: Control the dynamic response. To be specific, control the supplement extent when the actual motor speed is below expectation. If you choose a very big value, then the supplement may be too much. If select a very small value, then the supplement may not sufficient.9. Auto Restart Time:the ESC will cut off its output when the throttle amount is between 25% and 40%. If you increase the throttle amount to above 40% within preset time period (0-90s), the motor will rapidly start up and accelerate to the speed (in the programmed Restart Acceleration Time) corresponds to the specific throttle amount, complete the shutdown and restart up . If you move the throttle stick to over 40% beyond the preset time period, the ESC will enter the soft start-up process. (Note: This function won’t effect unless the throttle amount is over 25% and it only effects in “Helicopter (Store Governor) and Helicopter (Elf Governor)” mode.)10. Restart Acceleration Time:1-3s (adjustable), 0.5s (step), 1.5s (default). This item controls the time the motor will cost to restart and accelerate to the full speed. (This function only effects in “Helicopter Governor Elf/Store” mode) 11. Brake Type:11.1 Proportional Brake: when the throttle range on the transmitter is between 20% and 100%, the corresponding ESC throttle output is between 0% and 100%.When the throttle range on the transmitter is between 20% and 0%, the corresponding brake force is between 0 and 100%.11.2 Reverse: after selecting this option, the RPM signal wire will turn into a reverse signal wire (the signal range is in line with the throttle range). After setting a channel on the transmitter, when the reverse signal length is above 20% signal length, the Reverse mode will be activated. The reverse signal length must be below 20% signal length when the ESC is powered on for the first time. When the reverse signal length is below 20% signal length, 0-100%throttle corresponds to “CW”; when the reverse signal length is above 20% signal length, the motor will stop spinning CW (and then spin CCW); at this time, 0-100% throttle corresponds to “CCW”. Any signal loss will activate the throttle signal loss protection, no matter it happens to the RPM signal wire or the throttle signal cable during the flight.12. Brake Force: 0-100% (adjustable), 1% (step), 0 (default). (Note: this function only effects in “Normal Brake” mode.)13. Timing: 0-30° (adjustable), 1° (step), 15° (default).14. Motor Rotation: CW/CCW. User can adjust this item via a multifunction LCD program box.15. DEO (Freewheel): User can decide this function “Enabled” or “Disabled” in “Fixed Wing” mode or in “Helicopter (Linear Throttle)” mode. This item has been preset to “Enabled” and cannot be adjusted in “Helicopter (Store Governor) and Helicopter (Elf Governor)” mode. This function can brings better throttle linearity.During the normal operation, the Blue LED on the ESC will turn solid after the start-up completes. The Red LED will come on at full throttle and dies out at partial throttle.。

医护英语考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the most common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. CoughC. Sore throatD. All of the above答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?A. Blood pressureB. PulseC. Respiratory rateD. Body temperature答案：D3. What does the acronym "ICU" stand for?A. Intensive Care UnitB. International Clinical UnitC. Immediate Care UnitD. Inpatient Clinical Unit答案：A4. The term "diabetes" refers to a condition characterized by:A. High blood sugar levelsB. Low blood sugar levelsC. High blood pressureD. High cholesterol levels答案：A5. A patient is said to be "anemic" if they have:A. Too much red blood cellsB. Too few red blood cellsC. Too much white blood cellsD. Too few platelets答案：B6. What is the medical term for a surgical incision?A. IncisionB. AmputationC. BiopsyD. Excision答案：A7. Which of the following is a method of sterilization?A. Washing with soap and waterB. BoilingC. Using alcohol swabsD. All of the above答案：D8. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Radioactive ImagingC. Multiple Radioactive IndicatorsD. Medical Radio Imaging答案：A9. What is the primary function of the liver?A. To filter bloodB. To produce bileC. To regulate blood sugar levelsD. To produce red blood cells答案：B10. A "thermometer" is used to measure:A. Blood pressureB. Body temperatureC. Respiratory rateD. Pulse答案：B二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The medical term for a broken bone is ____________.答案：fracture12. A person with a severe allergy to penicillin would be given a warning to avoid contact with this medication, known as a(n) ____________.答案：allergy alert13. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for Human Immunodeficiency ____________.答案：Virus14. A healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart is called a ____________.答案：cardiologist15. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ____________.答案：excretion16. A patient's medical history is recorded in their____________.答案：medical record17. The practice of washing hands with soap and water to prevent the spread of disease is called ____________.答案：hand hygiene18. A(n) ____________ is a healthcare professional trained to provide emergency medical services.答案：paramedic19. The abbreviation "OT" stands for Occupational____________.答案：Therapy20. A patient's condition is assessed and monitored throughregular ____________.答案：check-ups三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. What are the four stages of the nursing process?答案：The four stages of the nursing process are assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.22. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacterium.答案：A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, while a bacterium is a single-celled microorganism that can exist independently and can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to humans.23. What is the purpose of a stethoscope in medical practice?答案：A stethoscope is used by healthcare professionals to listen to the sounds produced by the body, such as the heartbeat and breathing, to diagnose or monitor various conditions.24. Describe the role of a registered nurse in a hospital setting.答案：A registered nurse in a hospital setting providesdirect patient care, administers medications, monitors patients' conditions, collaborates with physicians and other healthcare professionals, and educates patients about theirhealth conditions and treatments.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）25. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：医生建议他每天服用阿司匹林以预防心脏病。

Cellular Automata Modeling of Chemical SystemsCellular Automata Modeling of Chemical SystemsA textbook and laboratory manualLemont B.Kier,PhDProfessor of Medicinal ChemistrySenior Fellow,CSBCrVirginia Commonwealth UniversityUSAPaul G.Seybold,PhDProfessor of ChemistryWright State UniversityExternal Fellow,CSBCrVirginia Commonwealth UniversityUSAChao-Kun Cheng,PhDAssociate Professor of Computer ScienceFellow,CSBCFrVirginia Commonwealth UniversityA publication of the Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityrVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond VirginiaUSAA C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.ISBN-101-4020-3657-4(HB)ISBN-13978-1-4020-3657-6(HB)ISBN-101-4020-3690-6(e-book)ISBN-13978-1-4020-3690-3(e-book)Published by Springer,P.O.Box17,3300AA Dordrecht,The Netherlands.Printed on acid-free paperAll Rights ReservedC2005SpringerNo part of this work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmittedin any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording or otherwise,without written permission from the Publisher,with the exceptionof any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being enteredand executed on a computer system,for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.Table of ContentsPreface vii1.Modeling Nature12.Cellular Automata93.Water as a System394.Solution Systems575.Dynamic Aqueous Systems736.Water-Surface Effects877.First-Order Chemical Kinetics1098.Second-Order Chemical Kinetics1259.Additional Applications in Chemical Kinetics139e of the CASim Program157Index169PrefaceOver the past two decades there has been a significant growth in the use of computer-generated models to study dynamic phenomena in the nature.These studies have ranged over many of thefields of human endeavor.For example, insect behavior is a target for dynamic models;automobile traffic is another. The sociologists have picked up on the possibilities afforded by computer mod-els to study dynamic systems.In the physical and biological sciences,dynamic computer models have been used to study a variety of phenomena.Some studies in chemistry have appeared in the literature,but thefield is so vast that only a small area has been considered for computer modeling.In our view chemistry is ripe for studies utilizing this paradigm.The study of chemistry is usually focused on changes;we establish a structure,a form,but it is of real interest wwhen we consider how and to what it is boratory studies in schools introduce the student to simple processes that always work.More com-plex transformations are difficult to set up as experiments;they often do not “work”and so the didactic value of such experiences is marginal.It is our purpose in this book to explore and reveal how some computer mod-els might enrich the practical experiences,traditionally carried out in“wet”labs. We pursue this goal using one of the modeling schemes that was developed a half century ago:cellular automata.The record of cellular automata as a model-ing paradigm is revealed in the literature.We have used cellular automata in our research for a decade,modeling solution and kinetic phenomena of chemical systems.We feel that this approach can bring new meaning to experimental chemistry in the form of in silico experiments.This book is dedicated to that objective.The book is organized into three sections.In thefirst section we introduce the student to some of the concepts that are fundamental to an understandingviii Preface of chemical phenomena.These include a look at the subject of complexity. Imbedded in these concepts are general chemical phenomena such as self-organization,emergent properties,and local interactions.This section sets the stage for a look at some of the modeling techniques used to explore complex systems.In the second section we present a brief overview of some currently used dynamic modeling methods before introducing cellular automata.After a brief history of this method we describe the ingredients that drive the dynamics exhibited by cellular automata.These include the platform on which cellular automata plays out its modeling,the state variables that define the ingredients, and the rules of movement that develop the dynamics.Each step in this section is accompanied by computer simulation programs carried on the CD in the back of the book.WWith this background the student is then equipped to witness what has been done in chemistry using cellular automata models.These studies are accompanied by unfinished studies and challenges,“what if”ideas for the student.The laboratory in a general chemistry course is an ideal place to use this approach since it brings to the student views of many phenomena,previously difficult to visualize.As an adjunct to experimental work in the lab,it opens up a new level of understanding.It may even pique interest in pursuing new theoretical investigations in chemistry.At a nearfinal stage of writing this book,we had a golden opportunity to test the modeling exercises.Seven students in the Integrated Life Sciences graduate program at the Virginia Commonwealth University were asked to read the text and to perform many of the examples and studies.Their experiences were of immense value to us infinalizing the manuscript.We want to acknowledge them and thank them for their efforts.They are Xiangrong Kong,Julie Naumann, Jean Nelson,Antoine Nicolas,Elizabeth Prom,Alexander Tulchinsky,and Carl Zimmerman.We also want to thank Yingjin Cui for her help in creating some of thefigures.The authors thank Marco Tomassini for early,helpful reviews of the manuscript.We thank Enguang Zhao for his help in preparing the Java version of the CA program.Finally we acknowledge the scholarly climate and encour-agement given to us at the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at the Virginia Commonwealth University.Lemont B.KierPaul G.SeyboldChao-Kun Cheng。

2023新高考一卷英语原题及参考答案2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考全国I卷）英语学科注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt？A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。

1.What will Jack probably do this weekend？A.Go camping.B.Visit a friend.C.Watch a film.2.What does the woman ask the man to do？A.Take care of her bags.B.Pack the food for her.C.Check the train sche dule.3. When will the man see Bob？A.This FridayB.This SaturdayC.Next Monday4.Why does the man apologizeA.For the terrible food.B.For the overchargeC.For the waiter's rudeness.5.What are the speakers talking aboutA.Writing a book.B.Holding a celebration.C.Buying a present.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

Ultomiris® (ravulizumab-cwvz)(Intravenous)Document Number: IC-0427 Last Review Date: 07/01/2021Date of Origin: 02/04/2019Dates Reviewed: 02/2019, 10/2019, 12/2019, 11/2020, 07/2021I.Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for twelve months and may be renewed.II.Dosing LimitsA.Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [NDC Unit]:−Ultomiris 10 mg/mL** – 30 mL SDV: 10 vials on day zero followed by 13 vials s tarting on day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafter−Ultomiris 100 mg/mL – 3 mL SDV: 10 vials on day zero followed by 13 vials starting o n day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafter−Ultomiris 100 mg/mL – 11 mL SDV: 3 vials on day zero followed by 3 vials starting on day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafterB.Max Units (per dose and over time) [HCPCS Unit]:Indication Loading Dose Units Maintenance Dose UnitsPNH/aHUS 300 units on Day 0 360 units on Day 14 and every 8 weeks thereafterIII.Initial Approval Criteria 1Coverage is provided in the following conditions:•Patient is at least 1 month of age; AND•Patients must be administered a meningococcal vaccine at least two weeks prior toinitiation of therapy (If urgent Ultomiris therapy is indicated in an unvaccinated patient,administer meningococcal vaccine(s) as soon as possible and provide patients with twoweeks of antibacterial drug prophylaxis.); ANDUniversal Criteria 1•Prescriber is enrolled in the Ultomiris Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program; AND•Confirmation that the patient will revaccinated with the meningococcal v accine according to current medical guidelines for vaccine use; AND•Will not be used in combination with other complement-inhibitor therapy (i.e., eculizumab);ANDParoxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) † Ф 1,4,8•Used as Soliris switch therapy (please refer to Section IV for the pertinent renewal criteria); OR•Diagnosis must be accompanied by detection of PNH clones of at least 5% by flow cytometry diagnostic testing; ANDo Demonstrate the presence of at least 2 different glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) protein deficiencies (e.g., CD55, CD59, etc.) within at least 2 different cell lines(granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes); ANDo Patient has one of the following indications for therapy:▪Presence of a thrombotic event▪Presence of organ damage secondary to chronic hemolysis▪Patient is pregnant and potential benefit outweighs potential fetal risk▪Patient is transfusion dependent▪Patient has high LDH activity (defined as ≥1.5 x ULN) with clinicalsymptoms; ANDo Documented baseline values for one or more of the following (necessary for renewal): serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hemoglobin level, and packed RBC transfusionrequirementAtypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS) † 1,5,7•Used as Soliris switch therapy (please refer to Section IV for the pertinent renewal criteria); OR•Patient shows signs of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) (e.g., changes in mental status, seizures, angina, dyspnea, thrombosis, increasing blood pressure, decreased platelet count, increased serum creatinine, increased LDH, etc.); ANDo Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) has been ruled out by evaluating ADAMTS-13 level (ADAMTS-13 activity level > 10%); ANDo Shiga toxin E. coli related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) has been ruled out; ANDo Other causes have been ruled out such as coexisting diseases or conditions (e.g., bone marrow transplantation, solid organ transplantation, malignancy, autoimmunedisorder, drug-induced, etc.) or known genetic defect in cobalamin C metabolism;ANDo Documented baseline values for one or more of the following (necessary for renewal): serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum creatinine/eGFR, platelet count, anddialysis requirement† FDA Approved Indication(s); ‡ Compendia Recommended Indication(s); Ф Orphan Drug IV.Renewal Criteria 1Coverage may be renewed based upon the following criteria:•Used as switch therapy, for a diagnosis of PNH or aHUS, if a patient has shown a beneficial disease response and absence of unacceptable toxicity while on Soliris; OR •Patient continues to meet the universal and other indication-specific relevant criteria identified in section III; ANDo Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include: serious meningococcal infections (septicemia and/or meningitis), infusion-related reactions, other serious infections (i.e. Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), thrombotic microangiopathy(TMA) complications, etc.; ANDo Disease response indicated by one or more of the following:▪PNH 1,4,8Decrease in serum LDH from pretreatment baselineStabilization/improvement in hemoglobin level from pretreatmentbaselineDecrease in packed RBC transfusion requirement from pretreatmentbaseline▪aHUS 1,5,7Decrease in serum LDH from pretreatment baselineStabilization/improvement in serum creatinine/eGFR from pretreatmentbaselineIncrease in platelet count from pretreatment baselinePatient no longer requires dialysis treatmentsV.Dosage/Administration 1Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) & Complement-Inhibitor Therapy Naïve*Administer the doses based on the patient’s body weight. Starting 2 weeks after the loading dose, begin maintenance doses once every 4 weeks or every 8 weeks (depending on body weight)Atypical HemolyticUremic Syndrome (aHUS)≥5 kg - <10 kg 600 300 Every 4 weeks ≥10 kg - <20 kg 600 600 Every 4 weeks ≥20 kg - <30 900 2,100 Every 8 weeks ≥30 kg - <40 kg 1,200 2,700 Every 8 weeks ≥40 kg - <60 kg 2,400 3,000 Every 8 weeks ≥60 kg - <100 kg 2,700 3,300 Every 8 weeks ≥100 kg3,000 3,600 Every 8 weeks *Note: for Soliris switch therapy please refer to the package insert for appropriate switch dosing.VI.Billing Code/Availability InformationHCPCS Code:•J1303 − Injection, ravulizumab-cwvz, 10 mg; 1 billable unit = 10 mgNDC:•Ultomiris 300 mg/3 mL single-use vials for injection: 25682-0025-xx•Ultomiris 300 mg/30 mL single-use vials for injection: 25682-0022-xx**•Ultomiris 1100 mg/11 mL single-use vials for injection: 25682-0028-xx**Note: This NDC has been discontinued as of 06/11/2021.VII.References1.Ultomiris [package insert]. Boston, MA; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc; June 2021. AccessedJune 2021.2.Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria a ndrelated disorders by flow cytometry. Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, DiGiuseppe JA, IllingworthAJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2010Jul;78(4):211-30. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.20525.3.Parker C, Omine M, Richards S, et al. Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal n octurnalhemoglobinuria. Blood. 2005 Dec 1. 106(12):3699-709.4.Sahin F, Akay OM, Ayer M, et al. Pesg PNH diagnosis, follow-up and treatment guidelines.Am J Blood Res. 2016;6(2): 19-27.5.Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to themanagement of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016Jan;31(1):15-39.6.Taylor CM, Machin S, Wigmore SJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the m anagementof atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in the United Kingdom. Br J Haematol. 2010Jan;148(1):37-47.7.Cheong HI, Kyung Jo S, Yoon SS, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management ofAtypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Oct;31(10):1516-1528.8.Brodsky RA, Peffault de Latour R, Rottinghaus ST, et al. Characterization of breakthroughhemolysis events observed in the phase 3 randomized studies of ravulizumab versuseculizumab in adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologica. 2020 Jan16. pii: haematol.2019.236877. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236877. [Epub ahead of print] Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis CodesD59.3 Hemolytic-uremic syndromeD59.5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [Marchiafava-Micheli]Appendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National Coverage Determination (NCD), Local Coverage Articles (LCAs) and Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at: /medicare-coverage-database/search/advanced-search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCA/LCD): N/AJurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorE (1) CA, HI, NV, AS, GU, CNMI Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLCF (2 & 3) AK, WA, OR, ID, ND, SD, MT, WY, UT, AZ Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC5 KS, NE, IA, MO Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS)6 MN, WI, IL National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)H (4 & 7) LA, AR, MS, TX, OK, CO, NM Novitas Solutions, Inc.8 MI, IN Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS) N (9) FL, PR, VI First Coast Service Options, Inc.J (10) TN, GA, AL Palmetto GBA, LLCM (11) NC, SC, WV, VA (excluding below) Palmetto GBA, LLCNovitas Solutions, Inc.L (12) DE, MD, PA, NJ, DC (includes Arlington &Fairfax counties and the city of Alexandria in VA)K (13 & 14) NY, CT, MA, RI, VT, ME, NH National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)15 KY, OH CGS Administrators, LLC。

SZ-100Particle Size AnalyzerAN206 Using the SZ-100 Autotitrator to fi nd Isoelectric Point (IEP)The isoelectric point, IEP, of a colloidal system is determined automatically with the SZ-100 and Autotitrator from HORIBA Instruments. Zeta potential data as a function of pH is collected while the author is drinking coffee and writing support documents.IntroductionZeta potential is the charge on a particle at the shear plane. This value of surface charge is useful for understanding and predicting interactions between particles in suspension. A large magnitude (either positive or negative), that is, over about 25 mV, zeta potential is generally considered an indication that the particle suspension will be electrostatically stabilized. Zeta potential can be measured with the HORIBA SZ-100-Z shown in Figure 1.Figure 1: SZ-100 Nanoparticle AnalyzerZeta potential is a function of both the particle surface chemistry and the suspending medium chemistry (1). The ions that are at the particle surface and controlling surface potential are a function of the concentration and nature of the ions in the bulk liquid. In addition, the concentration of ions affects the distance over which charge effects persist. For example, a signifi cant amount of dissolved salt will shield the electrostatic interactions between particles. Some ions, known as specifi c ions will prefer to stick to the particle surface as the concentration of these ions increases. Examples of specifi c ions include H+ and polyvalent ions. In this work, the effect of H+ concentration on particle surface charge is studied. Other examples on the effect of various ion concentrations can be found in (2) and (3). T ypically, and for good reason, H+ concentration is discussed in terms of pH. pH has a strong effect on the surface charge of many types of particles. In addition, pH is a parameter that is often and readily changed in a formulation. For these reasons, the effect of pH on particle surface charge is often studied. One number that characterizes a surface is the isoelectric point, IEP, or point of zero charge, PZC, which refers to the conditions, often pH, at which the particle surface charge is zero. At pH values lower than the IEP, the particle surface charge is positive and at pH values higher than the IEP, the particle surface charge is negative. One rule of thumb for stable suspensions is to ensure that the pH is one full pH unit away from the IEP. Values of IEP are obtained by measuring the zeta potential as a function of pH and identifying the pH at which the zeta potential value crosses zero. In most cases this is achieved by interpolating the experimental data. T extbook values of IEP are often not useful for practical work since the value of IEP can change dramatically with even a small amount of impurity that is driven to the sample surface. IEP measurement results can also be affected by incomplete particle surface wetting or by the choice of surfactants. For example, adding TSPP to a metal oxide suspension will cause the IEP to shift to extremely low pH values or disappear altogether. For these reasons, IEP values are typically measured and that is a process that can be automated. The automation of isoelectric point measurement is achieved with the HORIBA Autotitrator accessory for theFigure 2:Autotitrator accessory for the SZ-100Page 2/2SZ-100 shown in Figure 2. The Autotitrator automatically adds acid or base to adjust the pH of the sample, records pH, and loads the sample into the graphite electrode cell in the SZ-100. Zeta potential is then determined and the cycle is automatically repeated for the next pH in the series.Materials and Methods Arti fi cial coffee creamer was diluted until slightly cloudy in DI water. Sample pH was automatically decreased to pH 2 and then increased stepwise with the HORIBA Autotitrator. Zeta potential was measured with the reusable graphite electrode cell in the HORIBA SZ-100Z nanoparticle analyzer. Sample pH was measured with the HORIBA 9621C temperature-compensated pH electrode. In this study, 100 mM nitric acid and 100 mM sodium hydroxide were used as the acid and base reagents respectively. The Autotitrator reagent containers include provision for molecular sieve treatment of incoming air that replaces removed titrant. The 5 mL burettes precisely deliver the reagents without bubbles eliminating the need for degassing. The smallest reagent dose that can be delivered manually is 0.0025 mL. The Autotitrator was set up in the software via a wizard type interface as shown in Figure 3 below. T he available manual mode was not used in this study.Figure 3: Screen Shot of Autotitratorsetup screen in the software.The pH probe was fi lled and calibrated using HORIBA standard solution set 101-S. After cleaning, it was held in place over the sample beaker with an integrated ring stand. The integrated stir plate mixed the sample as reagent was automatically delivered. When the target pH was reached, a peristaltic pump rinsed the zeta potential cell and delivered the sample for measurement. The zeta potential was measured in triplicate and pH monitored for drift during measurement. Then, the cycle was repeated for the next pH in the series.Results and DiscussionThe zeta potential of the coffee powder suspension as a function of pH is shown in Figure 3 below. From pH 2 to pH3, the zeta potential value of the coffee creamer emulsion increases. This is probably due to speci fi c shifts in the structure of the emulsion at low pH. From pH 3 to pH 11, the shape of the curve is the classical backwards S shape. At low pH, the particle charge is positive due to the large H + ion concentration. At high pH, the particle charge is negative due to the large OH- ion concentration. The obtained valueof the isoelectric point where the zeta potential crosses frompositive to negative is at pH 5. Finally, there is a decreasein the magnitude of the zeta potential between pH 11 and pH 13. This is either due to another structural shift in the emulsion or due to the shielding effect of the increased number of ions in the suspension. The main point of this plot is that the isoelectric point of this system is at pH 5.Figure 4: Screen shot of results of automatic titrationresults with the SZ-100 and Autotitrator.ConclusionsThe IEP of a suspension can be automatically determined using the HORIBA SZ-100 and the HORIBA Autotitrator. The IEP of this particular arti fi cial coffee creamer was found to be at pH 5.References(1) HORIBA Application Note AN195 “Isoelectric Point Determination”, available at /fi leadmin/uploads/Scienti fi c/Documents/PSA/AN195_app.pdf (2) HORIBA Application Note AN201 “Wastewater T reatment: Zeta Potential Analysis of Suspended Clay Solids”, available at /fi leadmin/uploads/Scienti fi c/Documents/PSA/Application_Notes/AN201_app.pdf(3) HORIBA Application Note AN202 “Zeta Potential Analysis of Re fi nery Wastewater and Its T reatment,” available at /fi leadmin/uploads/Scienti fi c/Documents/PSA/Application_Notes/AN202_app.pdf******************/scienti fi cUSA: (800) 446-7422 France:+33 (0)1 64 54 13 00 Japan: +81 (0)3 38618231T h i s d o c u m e n t i s n o t c o n t r a c t u a l l y b i n d i n g u n d e r a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s - © H O R I B A I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . 05/2012。

When it comes to conducting experiments in school,it is essential to follow a systematic approach to ensure accuracy,safety,and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions.Here are the steps you can take to perform a school experiment effectively:1.Understanding the Objective:Before starting any experiment,it is crucial to understand the purpose of the experiment.What are you trying to prove or disprove? What hypothesis are you testing?2.Research:Conduct preliminary research to understand the background of your experiment.This includes reviewing scientific literature,understanding the principles involved,and identifying any potential challenges.3.Formulating a Hypothesis:Based on your research,formulate a hypothesis that you can test through the experiment.A hypothesis is a proposed explanation that can be tested.4.Designing the Experiment:Plan the experiment carefully.Decide on the variables that you will control,those that you will measure,and those that will be kept constant.Ensure that the experiment is designed to test your hypothesis effectively.5.Gathering Materials:List all the materials and equipment you will need for the experiment.This may include chemicals,glassware,measuring tools,and safety equipment.6.Safety First:Always consider safety precautions before starting the experiment.This includes wearing appropriate protective clothing,such as lab coats,gloves,and safety goggles,and understanding the proper handling of chemicals and equipment.7.Conducting the Experiment:Follow the steps of your experiment carefully.Record all observations and measurements accurately.It is important to maintain a systematic approach to ensure that the results are reliable.8.Data Analysis:After the experiment,analyze the data you have e appropriate statistical methods to determine if your results support your hypothesis.9.Drawing Conclusions:Based on your data analysis,draw conclusions about your hypothesis.Were you able to prove or disprove it?What does this mean in the context of your experiment?10.Reporting:Write a detailed report of your experiment.This should include an introduction,a literature review,a methodology section,results,discussion,andconclusions.Ensure that your report is clear,concise,and wellstructured.11.Peer Review:Share your experiment and findings with peers or teachers for feedback. This can help you identify any potential flaws in your experiment or interpretation of results.12.Reflection:Reflect on the entire process.What did you learn?What would you do differently next time?Reflection is a crucial part of the scientific process as it helps in continuous learning and improvement.Remember,the key to a successful school experiment is not just in the execution but also in the thoughtful planning and critical analysis of the results.。

Four Laws of Ecology1 In broad outline,there are environmental cycles which govern the behavior of the three great global systems:the air,the water,and the soil.Within each of them live many thousands of different species of living things.Each species is suited to its particular environmental niche,and each,through its life processes,affects the physical and chemical properties of its immediate environment.1概括来讲,地球的三大系统—空气、水和土壤的行为由环境循环所决定。

每个系统中都生活着成千上万个不同物种的生物,每个物种都有与之相适宜的独特的环境生位,并且每一物种,在其整个生命历程中,都影响着它的周边环境的物理和化学特性。

2 Each living species is also linked to many others.These links are bewildering in their variety and marvelous in their intricate detail.An animal,such as a deer,may depend on plants for food;the plants depend on the action of soil bacteria for their nutrients;the bacteria in turn live on the organic wastes dropped by the animal on the soil.At the same time.the deer is food for the mountain lion. Insects may live on the juices of plants or gather pollen from their flowers.Other insects suck blood from animals.Bacteria may live on the internal tissues of animals and plants.Fungi degrade the bodies of dead plants and animals.All this,many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate,precise relationships,makes up the vast network of life on the earth.2每个生物物种也与许多其他的物种相联系。

30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 555525 January 2016EMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008Committee for Human Medicinal ProductsICH guideline E14: the clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs (R3) - questions and answersStep 5E14 Q&As (R3) Document HistoryICH guideline E14: the clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs (R3) - questions and answersICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersTable of contents1E lectrocardiograms methodology (4)2G ender (9)3P ositive control (10)4S tudy design (12)5U se of concentration response modeling of QTc data (13)6S pecial cases (16)7E lectrocardiograms monitoring in late stage clinical trials (17)ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answers1Electrocardiograms methodologyICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 4/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 5/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 6/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 7/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 8/202GenderICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 9/203Positive controlICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 10/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 11/204Study designICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 12/205Use of concentration response modeling of QTc dataICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 13/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 14/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 15/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 16/20 6 Special cases6.1 March2014 The ICH E14 Guideline states that in certain cases a conventional thoroughQT study might not be feasible. In suchcases what other methods should beused for evaluation of QT/QTc andproarrhythmic potential? In certain cases the conventional “thorough QT/QTc” study design (a crossover study in healthy volunteers with short-term administration of the usual maximum dose and one higher dose with placebo and positive control) might need to be modified for a drug or active metabolite with a long half-life or delayed QT effect, or because of safety, tolerability or practical issues that preclude use in healthy subjects. In most cases alternative designs can be used that may affect power considerations, but do notcompromise study interpretation. For example, multiple doses can be studied in aparallel design trial or can use patients with the disease for which the drug is intendedrather than healthy volunteers.Where a placebo-controlled comparison using appropriate doses is not possible,alternative study d esigns should incorporate as many of the usual “thorough QT/QTc”design features as possible, and the quality and extent of the pre-clinical evaluation (ICHS7B Guideline) is particularly critical. Other useful supplementary data might includeintensive ECG data acquisition in early phase single or multiple ascending dose studies,utilisation of concentration-response analysis, and evaluation of exposures that aregreater than are anticipated with the intended marketed dose.A single dose of a positive control is generally sufficient, even if it precedes theinvestigational drug treatment. In the absence of a positive control, there is reluctanceto draw conclusions of lack of an effect; however, if the upper bound of the two-sided90% confidence interval around the estimated maximal effect on QTc is less than 10 ms,it is unlikely to have an actual mean effect as large as 20 ms.When a thorough QTc study of usual or modified design is not feasible, the intensity oflate phase ECG monitoring will be dependent upon the quality and extent of the non-clinical and clinical evaluation. In situations where it is not possible to study higherexposures than are anticipated with the intended marketed dose, more intensive ECGmonitoring might be necessary during Phase 3 trials. When the non-clinical and early7Electrocardiograms monitoring in late stage clinical trialsICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 17/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 18/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 19/20ICH guideline E14 (R3) - questions and answersEMA/CHMP/ICH/310133/2008 Page 20/20。

英语医学考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. CoughC. Sore throatD. All of the above答案：D2. The primary function of the heart is to:A. Oxygenate the bloodB. Filter the bloodC. Circulate the blood throughout the bodyD. Store the blood答案：C3. What is the medical term for inflammation of the stomach lining?A. GastritisB. GastroenteritisC. ColitisD. Hepatitis答案：A4. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. ThyroxineC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A5. Which of the following is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. LymphomaD. Carcinoma答案：A6. The process of cell division is known as:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A7. What is the correct term for the study of the structure of the body?A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. PathologyD. Pharmacology答案：A8. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of:A. Oxygen and carbon dioxideB. Nutrients and wasteC. Water and electrolytesD. Hormones and neurotransmitters答案：A9. Which organ is responsible for detoxification of the body?A. LiverB. KidneyC. LungsD. Spleen答案：A10. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Somatic nervous systemD. Sympathetic nervous system答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The largest organ of the human body is the _______.答案：Skin12. The medical condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood is known as _______.答案：Diabetes13. The process by which the body breaks down food into nutrients is called _______.答案：Digestion14. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is known as _______.答案：Etiology15. A person with a medical condition that causes difficulty in breathing is said to have _______.答案：Asthma16. The main function of the kidneys is to _______.答案：Filter waste products from the blood17. The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders is called _______.答案：Psychiatry18. The medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor is _______.答案：Excision19. The study of the causes and development of diseases is known as _______.答案：Pathology20. The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment is called _______.答案：Homeostasis三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacteria.答案：Viruses are smaller and require a host cell to replicate, while bacteria are larger, single-celled organisms that can reproduce independently. Viruses cause infections by invading host cells and using the host's machinery to replicate, whereas bacteria can cause infections by multiplying on their own.22. What is the role of white blood cells in the immune system?答案：White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. They help in the body's defense mechanism through various processes like phagocytosis, producing antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity.23. Describe the process of blood clotting.答案：Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a complex process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It involves a series of reactions where clottingfactors in the blood are activated in a cascade, leading to the formation of a fibrin mesh that traps blood cells and forms a clot. This process also includes the activation of platelets which aggregate at the site of injury to form a plug.24. What are the functions of the liver?答案：The liver performs a multitude of。

化学练习题英语### Chemistry Practice Questions in EnglishChemistry is a fascinating subject that requires a strong foundation in both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Here are some practice questions to help you hone your understanding of various chemical concepts.#### 1. Atomic StructureQuestion: Explain the difference between an atom, a molecule, and an ion.Answer: An atom is the smallest unit of an element thatretains the properties of that element. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. An ionis an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.#### 2. Chemical EquationsQuestion: Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane (C3H8).Answer: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane is:\[ C_3H_8 + 5O_2 \rightarrow 3CO_2 + 4H_2O \]#### 3. StoichiometryQuestion: How many moles of oxygen gas (O2) are required tocompletely combust 15 moles of propane?Answer: Using the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced equation, 1 mole of propane requires 5 moles of oxygen. Therefore, for 15 moles of propane:\[ 15 \text{ moles C}_3\text{H}_8 \times \frac{5 \text{ moles O}_2}{1 \text{ mole C}_3\text{H}_8} = 75 \text{ moles O}_2 \]#### 4. Redox ReactionsQuestion: In the reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4), which is the reducing agent and which is the oxidizing agent?Answer: In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide acts as the reducing agent, and potassium permanganate acts as the oxidizing agent. The hydrogen peroxide gets oxidized, while the potassium permanganate gets reduced.#### 5. Acid-Base EquilibriaQuestion: What is the pH of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH)?Answer: Acetic acid is a weak acid and does not fully dissociate in water. Its pH can be estimated using the acid dissociation constant (Ka). Assuming the initial concentration of H+ ions is equal to the concentration of H+ ions produced by dissociation, the pH can be calculated using the formula:\[ \text{pH} = -\log[H^+] \]\[ [H^+] = \sqrt{Ka \times [CH_3COOH]} \]\[ \text{pH} \approx 2.9 \] (using Ka for acetic acid, whichis approximately \( 1.8 \times 10^{-5} \))#### 6. ThermodynamicsQuestion: If the enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction is -500 kJ/mol and the entropy change (ΔS) is 0.2 kJ/mol·K,calculate the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) at 298 K.Answer: The Gibbs free energy change can be calculated using the formula:\[ \Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S \]\[ \Delta G = -500 \text{ kJ/mol} - (298 \text{ K} \times 0.2 \text{ kJ/mol·K}) \]\[ \Delta G = -500 \text{ kJ/mol} - 59.6 \text{ kJ/mol} \]\[ \Delta G = -559.6 \text{ kJ/mol} \]#### 7. Organic ChemistryQuestion: What is the IUPAC name for the compound CH3CH2CH2OH?Answer: The IUPAC name for the compound CH3CH2CH2OH ispropane-1-ol, where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached tothe first carbon of the propane chain.#### 8. Periodic Table TrendsQuestion: Explain why the boiling point of elements generally increases as you move down a group in the periodic table.Answer: As you move down a group in the periodic table, the atomic size increases, and the number of electrons also increases. This leads to a greater number of Londondispersion forces (a type of van der Waals force) between the atoms or molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point.#### 9. Chemical KineticsQuestion: If the rate of a reaction doubles when the concentration of a reactant is doubled, what is the order of the reaction with respect to that。