Structure and anti structure --＂the custom of amusing the parents-in-law＂ under the pe

heterogeneous interfacial structure英文版Heterogeneous Interfacial StructureHeterogeneous interfacial structure refers to the structural differences that exist at the boundary between two different materials or phases. This structure plays a crucial role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the interface, as well as its stability and reactivity.At the interface between two materials, the atomic arrangement, bonding configuration, and electronic structure can all differ significantly from the bulk materials on either side. This heterogeneity can lead to a range of unique properties, such as charge accumulation, bond formation, and catalytic activity. For example, in the field of materials science, heterogeneous interfaces are often exploited to enhance the performance of devices such as solar cells and fuel cells.The study of heterogeneous interfacial structure is challenging due to the complexity of the interactions involved. Experimental techniques such as scanning probe microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction methods can provide insights into the atomic-scale structure and electronic properties of interfaces. Computational modeling is also an important tool for understanding and predicting interfacial behavior.In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of heterogeneous interfacial structures in nanotechnology and materials science. This interest is driven by the potential for novel materials with enhanced properties, as well as the development of new technologies such as nanodevices and sensors.In conclusion, heterogeneous interfacial structure is a crucial aspect of materials science and nanotechnology. Its understanding and control offer the potential for the development of novel materials and devices with enhanced performance and functionality.中文版异质界面结构异质界面结构指的是两种不同材料或相之间的边界处存在的结构差异。

表面技术第52卷 第5期收稿日期：2022–05–24；修订日期：2022–08–01 Received ：2022-05-24；Revised ：2022-08-01基金项目：国家自然科学基金联合基金（U2106226）；国家自然科学基金面上基金（51972290）Fund ：National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund (U2106226); National Natural Science Foundation of China General Fund (51972290)作者简介：李世明（1997—），男，硕士生，主要研究方向为功能水凝胶材料。

Biography ：LI Shi-ming (1997-), Male, Postgraduate, Research focus: functional hydrogel material. 通讯作者：陈守刚（1974—），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为海洋新材料及其防护应用。

Corresponding author ：CHEN Shou-gang (1974-), Male, Doctor, Professor, Research focus: advanced marine materials and their protection. 引文格式：李世明, 李兴霖冒, 陈守刚, 等. 兼具抗疲劳和抗菌功能的双网络水凝胶的构筑及性能[J]. 表面技术, 2023, 52(5): 268-277.LI Shi-ming, LI Xing-lin-mao, CHEN Shou-gang, et al. Preparation and Properties of Anti-fatigue and Antibacterial Double-network Hydrogel[J]. 兼具抗疲劳和抗菌功能的双网络水凝胶的构筑及性能李世明，李兴霖冒，陈守刚，苟江琳，李文（中国海洋大学，山东 青岛 266100）摘要：目的 解决水凝胶力学强度过低问题，同时赋予水凝胶抑菌功能，满足应用需求。

『翻译』ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURALTABLE OF CONTENTS1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a。

DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b。

DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d。

GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称e。

ROOFING ＆CEILING屋面及天棚f。

WALL（CLADDING）墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR ＆TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY（HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING ＆LIFT （ELEV ATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j。

BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦Lime，Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石【Cement, Mortar and Concrete水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti—Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k。

OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】Conventional Terms 一般通用名词【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role职务名称】【Drafting 制图】2。

铜稳态英语In the realm of English learning, the concept of "copper homeostasis" is akin to achieving a balance between input and output. Just as copper is essential yet toxic in excess, so too is the need for a steady flow of language absorption and expression.To maintain this balance, one must immerse themselves in the language, absorbing its nuances and rhythms. Reading, listening, and speaking are the veins through which the language flows, ensuring that the "copper" of English is neither too scarce nor too abundant.Practice is the key that unlocks the door to fluency. Engaging in conversations, writing essays, and participating in debates are all ways to refine the language, ensuring that it remains vibrant and functional.The journey towards mastering English is not a sprint but a marathon. It requires patience and persistence, much like the slow accumulation of copper in a system, gradually building up to a level of stability.Diversifying the sources of language exposure is crucial. From literature to pop culture, from academic texts to casual chats, each interaction adds a layer to the linguistic tapestry.Avoiding the stagnation of language skills is as important as preventing an overload. Regularly challenging oneself with new vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical structures keeps the language fresh and dynamic.In the quest for English proficiency, one must also be mindful of the cultural context. Language is not just a set of words and rules, but a reflection of the society that speaks it.Finally, the pursuit of language mastery should be a joyous one. Embracing the beauty of English, with its rich history and global reach, can make the journey towards "copper homeostasis" not only fulfilling but also enjoyable.。

3. The world was moving towards multi-polar direction with the rising importance of economic force and the declining of military power. The development of Asian-Pacific region was so prominent that America shifted its focus of international strategy from the traditional European continent to Asian countries. 4. Britain gradually came to realize its strategic importance in promoting European integration. Diplomatic policy of a country was the product of a certain historical condition and environment. With the drastic change of the international structure after the CW, Anglo-US SR underwent a lot adjustments and changes.
1997-2001-2005: from closer to honeymoon period
1. 1997-2001: getting closer (after Blair came into power) adopted a balanced foreign policy strengthening both cooperation with the EU and the US; remedy Britain’s relation with the United States Put forward “the Third Way” which is originated from Bill Clinton’s “New Democratic Party” policy Also developed a close personal relationship with Bill Clinton Focused on human rights in foreign policy and adopted new interventionism (human rights are above sovereignty) to follow American steps

考古学英文译著？答：以下是几本关于考古学的英文译著：1. "Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice" by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn - 《考古学：理论、方法与实践》（科林·伦弗和保罗·巴恩合著）- 这本书是一本综合性的考古学教材，介绍了考古学领域的理论、方法和实践。

它涵盖了考古学的各个方面，包括考古学的历史、田野调查、发掘技术、物质文化分析等。

2. "The Archaeology of Knowledge" by Michel Foucault - 《知识考古学》（米歇尔·福柯）- 这本书探讨了知识的形成和演变过程。

福柯通过考察不同的知识体系和话语实践，揭示了知识如何在特定社会和历史条件下产生、传播和权力运作的问题。

3. "Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies" by Jared Diamond - 《枪炮、病菌与钢铁：人类社会的命运》（贾雷德·戴蒙德）- 这本书探讨了人类历史中的地理因素对社会发展的影响。

戴蒙德通过考察不同地区的环境、农业、技术和文化差异，阐述了为什么某些社会比其他社会更加成功的问题。

4. "Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins" by Colin Renfrew - 《考古学与语言学：印欧语系起源之谜》（科林·伦弗）- 这本书探讨了印欧语系的起源和扩散过程。

伦弗通过考古学和语言学等多个学科的交叉研究，提供了关于印欧人迁移和语言变化的理论模型。

这些是一些著名的英文考古学译著，涵盖了不同方面的考古学内容。

请注意，根据您的具体兴趣和需求，还有许多其他优秀的考古学著作可供选择。

第20卷第11期装备环境工程2023年11月EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING·121·热带岛礁大气环境车辆装备腐蚀规律与防护设计及控制措施郭强（北京机械设备研究所 北京 100854）摘要：目的提高车辆装备在热带岛礁大气环境中的耐腐蚀性能，为车辆装备在热带岛礁大气环境长期稳定的服役提供防腐蚀设计与改进依据。

方法通过对岛礁大气环境特点的分析和典型车辆装备腐蚀规律研究与总结，制定相应的腐蚀防护设计及措施，并在车辆装备上进行应用与验证。

结果根据腐蚀特点，车辆装备划分为结构类腐蚀、电气类产品腐蚀、材料和涂层腐蚀等4类，其中，结构类腐蚀是最主要的腐蚀行为，结构类腐蚀类型主要包括缝隙腐蚀、电偶腐蚀、应力作用下腐蚀、磨损腐蚀、结构外形及空腔结构造成的腐蚀等。

根据腐蚀环境进行划分，将整车划分为舱外完全暴露结构区域、底盘底部区域、发动机舱区域和舱内区域等4个腐蚀区域。

在车辆装备上采取相应的腐蚀防护设计与措施，包括典型结构类防腐蚀设计、电气类产品腐蚀防护设计、材料与涂层搭配选用、维护保养和腐蚀监测措施，在热带岛礁大气环境中取得了良好的应用验证效果。

结论根据不同腐蚀类型，采取相应的结构类、电气类产品，材料与涂层合理搭配选用等腐蚀防护设计，加严环境试验考核，以及维修维护、腐蚀监测等腐蚀控制措施，车辆装备在热带岛礁环境中将取得长效且良好的环境适应性。

关键词：热带岛礁；大气环境；车辆装备；腐蚀规律；防腐蚀设计；腐蚀控制措施中图分类号：TG172 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9242(2023)11-0121-12DOI：10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2023.11.016Corrosion Rule, Prevention Design and Control Countermeasures of VehicleEquipment in Tropical Island-reef Atmospheric EnvironmentGUO Qiang(Beijing Institute of Machinery and Equipment, Beijing 100854, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to improve anti-corrosion properties of vehicle equipment in tropical island-reef atmospheric en-vironment, so as to provide evidence of anti-corrosion design and modification for long-term stable service of vehicle equipment in tropical island-reef atmospheric environment. Under analysis on island-reef environment characteristics and research and summary on corrosion rule of vehicle equipment, corresponding corrosion protection design and countermeasures were formu-lated and then applied to the vehicle equipment for verification. According to corrosion characteristics, vehicle equipment corro-sion was classified into four types, including structure corrosion, electrical product corrosion, material corrosion and coating corrosion. Structure corrosion was the major corrosion behavior. The main kinds of corrosion types of structure corrosion were收稿日期：2022-10-19；修订日期：2023-08-24Received：2022-10-19；Revised：2023-08-24引文格式：郭强. 热带岛礁大气环境车辆装备腐蚀规律与防护设计及控制措施[J]. 装备环境工程, 2023, 20(11): 121-132.GUO Qiang. Corrosion Rule, Prevention Design and Control Countermeasures of Vehicle Equipment in Tropical Island-reef Atmospheric Envi-ronment [J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2023, 20(11): 121-132.·122·装备环境工程 2023年11月crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, corrosion caused by structural edge and water-logging structure, etc. In terms of corrosion environment, the vehicle equipment was divided into four areas , which consisted of fully exposed structure outside the cabin, bottom of chassis, area inside engine cabin and area in cabin. The corresponding corrosion protection design and countermea-sures were adopted to the vehicle equipment, including corrosion protection design of classical structure and electric product, optimal selection of materials and coatings, measures of maintenance, corrosion monitoring technique, which achieved good re-sults in practical applications. According to different types of corrosion, corresponding corrosion protection designs and coun-termeasures, such as structure and electric anti-corrosion design, reasonable selection of material and coating, anti-corrosion method of repair and maintenance, strict environmental testing, and corrosion monitoring, can be adopted to help vehicle equipment maintain long-term and good environmental adaptability in tropical island-reef environment.KEY WORDS: tropical island-reef; atmospheric environment; vehicle equipment; corrosion rule; anti-corrosion design; corro-sion control countermeasures相对于我国常见的海洋大气环境特点，热带岛礁（特指纬度≤17°N）大气环境是一种较为特殊的腐蚀环境，其常年具有高温、高湿、高盐雾、强太阳辐射、多降水、多台风等热带海洋大气环境特征[1-5]。

The American two-party systemStates has always had a two-party system, first in the opposition between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, then in the competition between the Republicans and the Democrats. There have been frequent third-party movements in the history of the country, but they have always failed. Presidential elections seem to have played an important role in the formation of this type of two-party system. The mechanism of a national election in so large a country has necessitated very large political organizations and, at the same time, relatively simplified choices for the voter. American parties are different from their counterparts in other Western countries. They are not tied in the same way to the great social and ideological movements that have so influenced the development of political life in Europe during the last two centuries. There have been Socialist parties at various times in the history of the United States, but they have never challenged the dominance of the two major parties. It can be argued that the main reason for the failure of Socialist parties in America has been the high degree of upward mobility permitted by a rich and continually expanding economy. The consequence of this mobility has been that class consciousness has never developed in the United States in a manner that would encourage the formation of large Socialist or Communist parties.In comparison with European political movements, therefore, American parties have appeared as two varieties of one liberal party, and within each party can be found a wide range of opinion, going from the right to the left.The American parties have a flexible and decentralized structure, marked by the absence of discipline and rigid hierarchy. This was the structure of most of the cadre-type parties of the 19th century, a structure that most liberal parties have retained. Federalism and a concern for local autonomy accentuate the lack of rigid structure and the weakness of lines of authority in the parties. Organization may be relatively strong and homogeneous at the local level, but such control is much weaker on the state level and practically nonexistent on the national level. There is some truth to the observation that the United States has not two parties but 100—that is, two in each state. But it is also true that each party develops a certain degree of national unity for the presidential election and that the leadership of the president within his party gives the victorious party some cohesion.In voting, Republicans and Democrats are usually found on both sides. An alliance between liberal Republicans and Democrats against conservative Republicans and Democrats tends to develop. But neither bloc is stable, and the alignment varies from one vote to another. As a consequence, despite the existence of a two-party system, no stable legislative majority is possible. In order to have his budget adopted and his legislation passed, the president of the United States must carefully try to gather the necessary votes on every question, bearing the wearisome task of constantly forming alliances. The American two-party system is thus a pseudo-two-party system, because each party provides only a loose framework within which shifting coalitions are formed.The Republican National Committee (RNC) is responsible for promoting Republican campaign activities. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. Its current chairman is Michael S. Steele. The chairman of the RNC is chosen by the President when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Party's state committees. The RNC, under the direction of the party's presidential candidate, supervises the Republican National Convention, raises funds, and coordinates campaign strategy. On the local level there are similar state committees in every state and most large cities, counties and legislative districts, but they have far less money and influence than the national body.The Republican House and Senate caucuses have separate fundraising and strategy committees. The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) assists in House races, and the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) in Senate races. They each raise over $100 million per election cycle, and play important roles in recruiting strong state candidates, while the Republican Governors Association (RGA) assists in state gubernatorial races; it is currently chaired by Governor Rick Perry of Texas.The Democratic National Committee (DNC) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities. While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform, the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than public policy. In presidential elections it supervises the Democratic National Convention. The national convention is, subject to the charter of the party, the ultimate authority within the DemocraticParty when it is in session, with the DNC running the party's organization at other times. The DNC is currently chaired by Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) assists party candidates in House races; its current chairman (selected by the party caucus) is Rep. Chris Van Hollen of Maryland. Similarly the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) raises large sums for Senate races. It is currently headed by Senator Robert Menendez of New Jersey. The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee (DLCC), currently chaired by Mike Gronstal of Iowa, is a smaller organization with much less funding that focuses on state legislative races. The DNC sponsors the College Democrats of America (CDA), a student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists. Democrats Abroad is the organization for Americans living outside the United States; they work to advance the goals of the party and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats. The Young Democrats of America (YDA) is a youth-led organization that attempts to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates, but operates outside of the DNC. In addition, the recently created branch of the Young Democrats, the Young Democrats High School Caucus, attempts to raise awareness and activism amongst teenagers to not only vote and volunteer, but participate in the future as well. The Democratic Governors Association (DGA) is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents; it is currently chaired by Governor Brian Schweitzer of Montana. Similarly the mayors of the largest cities and urban centres convene as the National Conference of Democratic Mayors.Each state also has a state committee, made up of elected committee members as well as ex-officio committee members (usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies), which in turn elects a chair. County, town, city, and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level. State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. Rarely do they have much funding, but in 2005 DNC Chairman Dean began a program (called the "50 State Strategy") of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and paying for full-time professional staffers.[9]The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. It is the oldest political party in continuous operation in the United States and it is one of the oldest parties in the world.[3][4]In the U.S. political spectrum, the party's platform is considered center-left.[5]The Democratic Party has the most registered voters of any party as of 2004, with 72 million voters.[6] Polls taken over the last decade indicate 34% to 36% of American voters self-identify as Democrats.[7]Since the 2006 general elections, the Democratic Party has been the majority party in both the House of Representatives and the United States Senate. Democrats also hold a majority of state governorships and control a majority of state legislatures. Barack Obama, the current President of the United States, is the 15th Democrat to hold the office.The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the Grand Old Party or the GOP, despite being the younger of the two major parties. In the U.S. political spectrum, the party's platform is generally considered center-right.The Republican Party has the second most registered voters as of 2004 with 55 million, encompassing roughly one-third of the electorate.[2] Polls over the last year have found that twenty-one to twenty-six percent of Americans self-identify as Republicans.[3][4][5]There have been eighteen Republican Presidents. Republicans currently fill a minority of seats in both the United States Senate and the House of Representatives, hold a minority of state governorships, and control a minority of state legislatures.。

(3)We show a decomposition of the Cu 3d state into contributions of z2, yz+xz, xy, and x2-y2 orbitals.The xy and x2-y2 states, which are oriented perpendicular to the z axis, do not have any contribution to the bonding or antibonding.On the other hand, the z2 and yz+xz states, effectivelyparticipate in the hybridization. Our results are in very goodagreement with those reported by Hahn and Weber , andshow that the bonding is directional and along the edges of the cubic cell. This result is clearly pointed out in the maps of the electron densities.
3.研究方法
(1)本文采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性 原理方法，在广义梯度积分(GGA)的近似下， 计算了Cu3MN （M=Ni,Cu,Zn,Pd,Ag,Cd）的 态密度及能隙等。 (2)在布里渊区的无简化部分，我们用全势线 性Muffin-tin轨道组合分子动力学方法，Cu的 相对半径1.7;N,1.5;Ag,Cd,Pd,Zn为1.9；角动 量L=10
(3)目前：Zachwjeja和Jacobs 成功合成了复合 物Cu3PdxN,x取值在0.020< x<0.989，对单晶 体结构分析表明它是钙钛矿型结构， Cu3Pd0.989N的晶格常数a=3.854Å, Cu3Pd0.020N的晶格常数a=3.810Å。这两种复 合物是银色的导体。 (4)在Cu3N晶体内插入另一个金属原子可以改 变Cu3N的电学性能。用第一性原理计算，可 了解到 Cu3MN（M=Ni,Cu,Zn,Pd,Ag,Cd）的电学性能。

2024年英语a级考试卷Part I. Listening Comprehension (20%)Section A: Short Conversations (10%)Directions: In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. M: I'm so tired. I've been working on this project all day.W: Why don't you take a break? You've been at it for hours.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?A) Keep working.B) Finish the project quickly.C) Take a break.D) Start a new project.2. W: Do you like this dress? I'm not sure if it suits me.M: It looks great on you. The color really brings out your eyes.Q: What does the man think of the dress?A) It doesn't look good.B) The color is not nice.C) It suits the woman well.D) It is too expensive.3. M: How much is this book?W: It's 20. But if you have a membership card, you can get a 20% discount.Q: How much will the man pay if he has a membership card?A) 16.B) 18.C) 20.D) 24.4. W: Are you going to the concert tonight?M: I'd love to, but I have to study for my exam tomorrow.Q: Why isn't the man going to the concert?A) He doesn't like the concert.B) He has no money.C) He has to study.D) He is sick.5. M: What time does the library close today?W: It usually closes at 9 p.m., but on Fridays it closes an hour earlier.Q: What time does the library close on Fridays?A) 8 p.m.B) 9 p.m.C) 10 p.m.D) 7 p.m.Section B: Long Conversations (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 long conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked some questions. The conversations will be read twice. Listen carefully and answer the questions.Conversation 1M: Hi, Jane. How was your weekend?W: It was great. I went to the beach with my friends.M: That sounds like fun. What did you do there?W: We swam, sunbathed, and had a picnic.M: Did you take any pictures?W: Of course. I took a lot of beautiful pictures.Questions:6. Where did Jane go on the weekend?A) To the mountains.B) To the park.C) To the beach.D) To the city center.7. What did Jane do at the beach?A) She only swam.B) She swam, sunbathed and had a picnic.C) She just sunbathed.D) She played volleyball.Conversation 2W: Good morning, sir. Can I help you?M: Yes, I'm looking for a gift for my daughter. She likes reading.W: Well, we have a lot of books here. What kind of books does she like?M: She likes novels, especially those about adventure.W: Then I recommend this one. It's a very popular adventure novel.M: Thank you. How much is it?W: It's 15.Questions:8. Who is the man buying a gift for?A) His wife.B) His daughter.C) His mother.D) His sister.9. What kind of books does the man's daughter like?A) Poetry.B) Science fiction.C) Novels about adventure.D) History books.10. How much is the book?A) 10.B) 15.C) 20.D) 25.Section C: Passages (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear 1 passage. The passage will be read twice. Listen carefully and answer the questions.The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives. We can use it to get information, communicate with others, and do shopping. However, we should also be careful when using the Internet. There are some risks, such as identity theft and virus attacks. To protect ourselves, we should use strong passwords, not click on suspicious links, and install antivirus software.Questions:11. What can we use the Internet for?A) Only getting information.B) Getting information, communicating and shopping.C) Just shopping.D) Communicating and playing games.12. What are the risks of using the Internet?A) Identity theft and virus attacks.B) Only virus attacks.C) Losing money.D) Meeting bad people.13. How can we protect ourselves when using the Internet?A) Use weak passwords.B) Click on all links.C) Use strong passwords, not click on suspicious links and install antivirus software.D) Don't use antivirus software.Part II. Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Section A: Multiple Choice (20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.14. She is very ______ in music and can play several instruments.A) interested.B) interesting.C) bored.D) boring.15. I can't find my keys. I ______ them in the office.A) must leave.B) must have left.C) should leave.D) should have left.16. The new bridge ______ next year will be the longest in the city.A) to be built.B) built.C) being built.D) having been built.17. If it ______ tomorrow, we will go for a picnic.A) doesn't rain.B) won't rain.C) not rain.D) didn't rain.18. He has made great ______ in his English study in the past few months.A) progress.B) progresses.C) a progress.D) the progress.19. I don't like this shirt. Can you show me ______ one?A) another.B) other.C) the other.D) others.20. She is so busy that she has ______ time for hobbies.A) little.B) a little.C) few.D) a few.21. The movie was so ______ that many people left the theater early.A) bored.B) boring.C) excited.D) exciting.22. He ______ his homework when his mother came home.A) was doing.B) is doing.C) does.D) did.23. We are looking forward to ______ from you soon.A) hear.B) hearing.C) be heard.D) have heard.24. There are ______ students in our class, twenty boys and twenty - five girls.A) forty - five.B) forty - four.C) forty - three.D) forty - six.25. She speaks English as ______ as her brother.A) good.B) well.C) better.D) best.26. The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.A) who?B) which.C) where?D) when?27. I'm sorry I'm late. I was ______ in traffic.A) held up.B) held on.C) held out.D) held back.28. My parents ______ me to become a doctor when I was a child.A) hoped.B) wanted.C) expected.D) wished.29. He is old enough to ______ himself.A) look after.B) look for.C) look up.D) look into.30. ______ of the two boys is taller.A) All.B) Both.C) None.D) Neither.31. The teacher told us ______ noise in class.A) not make.B) not to make.C) don't make.D) to not make.32. She ______ a lot of money on clothes every month.A) spends.B) costs.C) takes.D) pays.33. I have ______ been to Paris. I really want to go there.A) never.B) ever.C) already.D) just.Section B: Fill in the Blanks (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the best one to fill in each blank.Most people like traveling. Some people like to travel by plane, while others prefer to travel by train. Traveling by train has many advantages. First of all, it is much _34_ (cheaper/safer/faster/more expensive) than traveling by plane. You can save a lot of money. Secondly, you can enjoy the beautiful _35_ (scenery/people/cities/airports) along the way. You can see mountains, rivers, and fields. Thirdly, traveling by train is more _36_ (comfortable/uncomfortable/dangerous/boring). You can walk around, stretch your legs, and even have a meal in the dining car.However, traveling by train also has some _37_(advantages/disadvantages/benefits/pleasures). For example, it usually takes a longer time to reach your destination. And sometimes the trains can be very _38_ (crowded/empty/quiet/clean), especially during the peak travel season.In conclusion, whether you choose to travel by train or by plane depends on your _39_ (money/time/needs/health) and preferences. If you want to save money and enjoy the journey, traveling by train is a good _40_ (idea/way/choice/plan). But if you are in a hurry and don't mind spending more money, traveling by plane may be a better _41_(option/answer/solution/result).When you are traveling, it is important to _42_(prepare/forget/ignore/neglect) well in advance. You should book your tickets early, pack your bags properly, and make sure you have all the necessary _43_ (things/items/objects/stuff) with you.Part III. Reading Comprehension (30%)Section A: Multiple - choice Questions (20%)Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1.The mobile phone has become an essential part of our lives. We use it to communicate with others, get information, and even do business. Mobile phones are getting more and more advanced. They have larger screens, better cameras, and faster processors.However, there are also some problems associated with mobile phones. One problem is that people are spending too much time on their mobile phones. This can lead to a lack of face - to - face communication andsocial isolation. Another problem is that mobile phones can be a distraction, especially when people are driving or studying.To solve these problems, we should use mobile phones in moderation. We should also set aside some time for face - to - face communication and other activities.44. What can we use mobile phones for?A) Only communicating.B) Communicating, getting information and doing business.C) Just getting information.D) Doing business and playing games.45. What are the problems of mobile phones?A) People spend too much time on them and they can be a distraction.B) They are too expensive.C) They have small screens.D) They are difficult to use.46. How can we solve the problems of mobile phones?A) Use them all the time.B) Use them in moderation and set aside time for other activities.C) Stop using them.D) Buy new ones.Passage 2.In recent years, more and more people are interested in learning a second language. There are many reasons for this. For one thing, learning a second language can open up new job opportunities. For another, it can help people understand different cultures.There are many ways to learn a second language. One way is to take language classes at a school or language center. Another way is to use language learning apps. These apps can be very convenient as you can learn at your own pace.However, learning a second language is not easy. It requires a lot of time and effort. You need to practice speaking, listening, reading and writing regularly.47. Why are more people interested in learning a second language?A) Because it is easy.B) Because it can open up new job opportunities and help understand different cultures.C) Because it is fashionable.D) Because they have nothing else to do.48. What are the ways to learn a second language?A) Only take language classes.B) Take language classes or use language learning apps.C) Only use language learning apps.D) Read books.49. What is required to learn a second language?A) A lot of time and effort, and regular practice of all skills.B) Only a little time.C) No effort.D) Just listening practice.Section B: True or False (10%)Directions: Read the following statements. Write "T" if the statementis True and "F" if the statement is False.50. Mobile phones have no negative effects. (F)51. Learning a second language is very easy. (F)52. Traveling by train is always faster than traveling by plane. (F)53. If you have a membership card, you can always get a discount when buying things. (F)54. People should use strong passwords to protect themselves when using the Internet. (T)Part IV. Writing (20%)Section A: Translation (10%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English.1. 他昨天晚上熬夜看足球比赛了。

化学学科英语Chemistry is a fascinating and multifaceted field of study that has been integral to the advancement of human civilization. From the ancient alchemists' quest for the elixir of life to the modern-day scientists' exploration of the fundamental building blocks of the universe, chemistry has played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the physical world.The study of chemistry encompasses a vast array of sub-disciplines, each with its own unique focus and applications. Organic chemistry, for example, delves into the intricate structures and reactions of carbon-based compounds, paving the way for the development of essential pharmaceuticals, polymers, and other materials that have transformed our daily lives. Inorganic chemistry, on the other hand, examines the properties and behaviors of compounds that do not contain carbon, leading to groundbreaking discoveries in materials science, energy production, and environmental remediation.One of the most captivating aspects of chemistry is its ability to unravel the mysteries of the natural world. Through the rigorous application of the scientific method, chemists have uncovered the hidden mechanisms that govern the behavior of matter at the atomicand molecular levels. This knowledge has enabled us to create new substances with unprecedented properties, revolutionizing industries ranging from healthcare to electronics.The language of chemistry, with its intricate nomenclature, complex equations, and specialized terminology, can be daunting to the uninitiated. However, mastering this language is essential for effective communication and collaboration within the scientific community. The ability to accurately describe chemical processes, interpret experimental data, and convey findings to both peers and the general public is a hallmark of a skilled chemist.Beyond the purely academic realm, the practical applications of chemistry are truly astounding. From the development of life-saving medications to the design of high-performance materials, the contributions of chemists have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. The field of green chemistry, for instance, focuses on developing sustainable processes and products that minimize environmental impact, paving the way for a more eco-friendly future.As the world faces increasingly complex challenges, the role of chemistry in providing innovative solutions has become more crucial than ever. Whether it's finding ways to harness renewable energy sources, designing more efficient water purification systems, orcreating advanced materials for aerospace applications, chemists are at the forefront of addressing the pressing issues of our time.The study of chemistry also extends beyond the purely scientific realm, intersecting with fields such as philosophy, history, and the arts. The philosophical implications of our understanding of the physical world, the historical evolution of chemical knowledge, and the aesthetic beauty of molecular structures have all been the subject of extensive scholarly discourse and artistic exploration.In conclusion, the study of chemistry is a dynamic and multifaceted endeavor that has had a profound impact on the course of human history. From the ancient alchemists' quest for the elixir of life to the modern-day scientists' exploration of the fundamental building blocks of the universe, chemistry has been a driving force behind the advancement of human civilization. As we continue to push the boundaries of our understanding and harness the power of chemistry to address the challenges of the future, the importance of this field of study will only continue to grow.。

表面技术第51卷 第1期 ·272· SURFACE TECHNOLOGY 2022年1月收稿日期：2021-04-09；修订日期：2021-05-31 Received ：2021-04-09；Revised ：2021-05-31基金项目：国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U19A20103）；吉林省科技发展计划项目（20190101005JH ，20180101324）Fund ：National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund Project (U19A20103); Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project (20190101005JH, 20180101324) 作者简介：弯艳玲（1979—），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为微纳制造、功能表面。

Biography ：WAN Yan-ling (1979—), Female, Doctor, Associate professor, Research focus: micro-nano manufacturing, functional surface. 引文格式：弯艳玲, 严灿东, 王博, 等. 微结构几何参数对铝合金表面结冰性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2022, 51(1): 272-279.WAN Yan-ling, YAN Can-dong, WANG Bo, et al. The Influence of Microstructure Geometric Parameters on the Icing Properties of Aluminum 微结构几何参数对铝合金表面结冰性能的影响弯艳玲，严灿东，王博，于化东（长春理工大学 跨尺度微纳制造教育部重点实验室，长春 130000）摘 要：目的 制备具有稳定性的抗结冰表面，并探讨表面微结构几何参数对表面结冰性能的影响。

结构化学英语Structured ChemistryChemistry is a vast and complex field of study that encompasses the understanding of the composition, structure, and properties of matter. One of the key aspects of chemistry is the concept of structure, which plays a crucial role in determining the behavior and characteristics of chemical substances. Structural chemistry, a subfield of chemistry, focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms and molecules, and how this arrangement influences the chemical and physical properties of materials.The study of structure in chemistry involves the investigation of the three-dimensional (3D) arrangements of atoms within molecules and the intermolecular interactions that exist between them. This knowledge is essential for understanding the behavior of chemical systems, predicting their properties, and designing new materials with desired characteristics.One of the fundamental tools used in structural chemistry is X-ray crystallography. This technique involves the bombardment of a crystalline sample with X-rays, which interact with the electrons inthe atoms of the crystal. The resulting diffraction pattern can be analyzed to determine the precise arrangement of atoms within the crystal structure. This information is crucial for understanding the properties of solid-state materials, such as metals, minerals, and ceramics.Another important technique in structural chemistry is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This method utilizes the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to provide information about the chemical environment and connectivity of atoms within a molecule. NMR spectroscopy is widely used in the identification and characterization of organic compounds, as well as in the study of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.In addition to these experimental techniques, computational methods have also become increasingly important in the field of structural chemistry. Quantum mechanical calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), allow researchers to model the behavior of atoms and molecules at the quantum level, providing insights into their electronic structure and chemical reactivity.One of the key applications of structural chemistry is in the design and development of new materials. By understanding the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties, chemists can engineer substances with specific characteristics, suchas high strength, enhanced thermal stability, or improved electrical conductivity. This knowledge is particularly valuable in fields like materials science, nanotechnology, and catalysis.Another important aspect of structural chemistry is its role in the study of biological systems. The structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules are crucial for understanding their functions and interactions within living organisms. This knowledge is essential for the development of new drugs and the understanding of disease processes.In conclusion, the field of structural chemistry is a fundamental and multifaceted discipline that underpins our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of matter. Through the use of advanced experimental and computational techniques, structural chemists continue to unravel the mysteries of the molecular world, paving the way for new discoveries and innovations that have the potential to transform our lives.。

化学母核结构英文The structure of the atomic nucleus is a fundamental concept in the field of chemistry. It refers to the arrangement and organization of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom. Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is crucial for comprehending the behaviorand properties of different elements. This article will explore the various aspects of the atomic nucleus structure from multiple perspectives.From a historical perspective, the understanding of the atomic nucleus structure has evolved over time. In theearly 20th century, Ernest Rutherford conducted the famous gold foil experiment, which led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. Rutherford proposed that the nucleus is a small, dense, and positively charged region located at the center of an atom. This revolutionary idea challenged the previous model of the atom, known as the plum pudding model, which suggested that the positive charge was uniformly distributed throughout the atom.Moving on to a more technical perspective, the atomic nucleus is composed of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons are electrically neutral. These particles are collectively called nucleons. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element's identity and is known as the atomic number. For example, an atom with six protons is carbon, while an atom with eight protons is oxygen. The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is known as the mass number.The arrangement of nucleons within the atomic nucleus is not random. They are organized in energy levels or shells, similar to the electron shells surrounding the nucleus. The nucleons occupy specific energy levels based on their quantum mechanical properties. The arrangement of nucleons in the nucleus follows certain rules, such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two nucleons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.Another crucial aspect of the atomic nucleus structureis its stability. Some nuclei are stable, meaning they do not undergo spontaneous decay or radioactive decay. Stable nuclei have a balanced ratio of protons to neutrons, which contributes to their longevity. However, many nuclei are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, releasing energyand transforming into different elements over time. The stability of a nucleus is influenced by the forces between nucleons, such as the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force.The atomic nucleus structure also plays a vital role in nuclear reactions and nuclear energy. Nuclear reactions involve changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus,such as nuclear fission or fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy. This process is utilized in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs. On the other hand, nuclear fusion involves the combination of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing even more energy. Fusion is the process that powers the sun and other stars.In conclusion, the structure of the atomic nucleus is a complex and fascinating topic in the field of chemistry. It encompasses the arrangement of protons and neutrons within the nucleus, their organization in energy levels, the stability of nuclei, and their role in nuclear reactions. Understanding the atomic nucleus structure is essential for unraveling the behavior and properties of different elements, as well as for the development of nuclear energy technologies.。

表面技术第53卷第4期刻蚀法制备高透过率防眩高铝玻璃王其琛1，郝霞2，赵竞一1，王闻之1，段佳岐1，赵会峰2，李军葛2，姜宏1,2*（1.海南大学 a.海南省特种玻璃重点实验室 b.南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室，海口 570228；2.海南海控特玻科技有限公司，海南 澄迈 571924）摘要：目的采用刻蚀法制备了具有高透过率的高铝玻璃，分析刻蚀时间对玻璃表面形貌和性能的影响。

方法将经过HF（2.3 mol/L）溶液酸洗10 min后的玻璃样品清洗烘干，然后放入H2SO4（0.1 mol/L）、HCl （0.4 mol/L）、Na2SiF6（0.02 mol/L）的混合溶液中进行不同时间的表面刻蚀处理，形成了超表面凹坑结构，这种结构使部分光线经过有限次数的反射和折射后成为透射光的一部分，这种凹坑结构也相当于在空气和玻璃之间增加了一个具有梯度折射率的介质层，从而减少反射率、增加透过率。

通过扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线能谱仪（EDS）、紫外可见近红外分光光度计等仪器，对刻蚀前后玻璃的表面进行分析研究。

结果随着刻蚀时间的延长，蚀坑的直径逐渐增大，同时致密度也在逐渐增加直至相互融合，而坑深先增大后减小。

可见光波长范围内的平均透过率先增加后降低，反射率先降低后增加，且透过率均大于玻璃原片，反射率均小于玻璃原片。

刻蚀前后玻璃成分基本不变，铅笔硬度达到9H。

结论刻蚀后，在玻璃表面形成超表面凹坑结构，当刻蚀时间为20 min时，蚀坑直径达到2.5~5.0 μm，深度达到927.2 nm 左右，平均透过率达到95.95%，平均反射率达到4.01%。

关键词：化学刻蚀；透过率；高铝玻璃；超表面凹坑结构；玻璃表面中图分类号：TB34 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)04-0184-09DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.04.017High Transmittance Anti-glare High AluminumGlass Prepared by Etching MethodWANG Qichen1, HAO Xia2, ZHAO Jingyi1, WANG Wenzhi1, DUAN Jiaqi1,ZHAO Huifeng2, LI Junge2, JIANG Hong1,2*(1. a. Special Glass Key Lab of Hainan Province, b. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization inSouth China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; 2. HNHT Special GlassTechnology Co., Ltd., Hainan Chengmai 571924, China)ABSTRACT: Chemical etching is a widely used surface treatment technique that can improve the optical properties of materials, such as transmittance, gloss, etc. In order to obtain high aluminum glass with high transmittance, the high aluminum收稿日期：2022-12-30；修订日期：2023-05-06Received：2022-12-30；Revised：2023-05-06基金项目：海南省重大科技计划项目（ZDKJ2021049）；国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U22A20124）Fund：Key Scientific & Technological Project of Hainan Province (ZDKJ2021049); Joint Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20124)引文格式：王其琛, 郝霞, 赵竞一, 等. 刻蚀法制备高透过率防眩高铝玻璃[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(4): 184-192.WANG Qichen, HAO Xia, ZHAO Jingyi, et al. High Transmittance Anti-glare High Aluminum Glass Prepared by Etching Method[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(4): 184-192.*通信作者（Corresponding author）第53卷第4期王其琛，等：刻蚀法制备高透过率防眩高铝玻璃·185·glass was treated to get anti-glare and anti-reflection performance and the transmittance was improved by chemical etching. The samples were cleaned with surfactants, and then placed in a mixed solution of ultrapure water, ethanol and acetone and washed ultrasonically at 25 ℃ for 30 min and finally washed and dried with ultrapure water. The samples were then pickled in2.3 mol/L HF solution and reacted at 25 ℃for 10 min and removed and washed with ultrapure water. After drying, the pickledsamples were placed in containers containing 0.1 mol/L H2SO4, 0.4 mol/L HCl, 0.02 mol/L Na2SiF6 solution and etched for different time. After the reaction at 25 ℃, the samples were taken out, washed with ultrapure water, and dried to obtain high aluminum glass with high transmittance. The glass surface was analyzed and studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible near-infrared spectrophotometer and other instruments. The surface of the unetched high aluminium glass presented a smooth and neat form. After etching, the surface had meta-surface pit structure, which was mainly used to change the optical path. When the light entered the surface structure, part of the light after a limited number of reflections and refractions became part of the transmitted light, and this pit structure was also equivalent to adding a dielectric layer with a gradient refractive index between air and glass, thereby reducing reflectivity and increasing transmittance. When the etching time was 5 min, a relatively sparse etching pit with a diameter of about 1.0-2.5 μm and a pit depth of about 600 nm appeared, with an average transmittance of 93.28% and an average reflectivity of 6.57%.With the extension of the etching time, the diameter of the etching pit gradually increased, the density gradually increased, and the etching pits began to contact each other. When the etching time reached 20 min, the diameter of the pit was about 2.5-5.0 μm, the depth of the pit was about 927.2 nm, the average transmittance reached 95.95%, which was 4.13% higher than thatof the original unetched glass sheet, and the average reflectivity reached 4.01%, which was 4.10% lower than that of the original unetched glass sheet. When the etching time reached 30 min, the etching pits contacted and fused with each other, the depth of the pits decreased after fusion, the glass surface gradually flattened, the diameter of the pits was about 3.5-7.0 μm, the depth of the pits was about 862.4 nm, the average transmittance reached 95.09%, and the average reflectivity reached 4.90%. The composition of the glass before and after etching is basically unchanged, and the hardness of the pencil reaches 9H, which can also verify that the etching method is a film layer formed by etching directly on the glass body, and the film layer is closely combined with the glass matrix, and the film layer strength is higher. Chemical etching can prepare large-area anti-reflective glass, and its application prospects are very broad.KEY WORDS: chemical etching; transmittance; high aluminum glass; meta-surface pit structure; glass surface玻璃具有高透光率、耐水、抗紫外线等优点，被应用于许多领域中[1-5]。

长春市绿园区反诈中心Title: The Role and Importance of the Anti-Fraud Center in the Green Garden District of Changchun CityChapter 1: Introduction1.1 BackgroundChangchun City, the capital of Jilin Province in Northeast China, has witnessed a surge in fraud incidents in recent years. These incidents not only threaten the financial security of individuals but also tarnish the reputation of the city. In response to this alarming situation, the Green Garden District of Changchun City established an Anti-Fraud Center, aiming to combat and prevent fraud cases effectively.1.2 ObjectivesThe objective of this paper is to explore the role and significance of the Anti-Fraud Center in the Green Garden District of Changchun City. It will discuss the center's structure, functions, strategies, and potential challenges faced in carrying out its mission effectively.Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of the Anti-Fraud Center2.1 StructureThe Anti-Fraud Center comprises various departments, including a helpline, a cybercrime unit, a training division, a public awareness department, and legal support personnel. These departments work collaboratively to tackle fraud cases from different perspectives, ensuring a comprehensive approach to anti-fraud efforts.2.2 FunctionsThe Anti-Fraud Center serves multiple functions. Firstly, it acts as a central hub for receiving and responding to fraud reports and complaints from residents. Secondly, it conducts thorough investigations and evidence collection to build strong cases against fraudsters. Additionally, the center actively engages in public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about different fraud schemes and preventive measures. Lastly, the center provides legal consultations and support to victims, ensuring they receive adequate assistance during legal proceedings.Chapter 3: Strategies Employed by the Anti-Fraud Center3.1 Collaborative ApproachThe Anti-Fraud Center adopts a collaborative approach by partnering with various stakeholders, including the police, financial institutions, and community organizations. This collaboration fosters effective information exchange, enhances investigation capabilities, and ensures efficient prosecution of fraudsters.3.2 Technological AdvancementsThe center capitalizes on technological advancements to combat fraud effectively. It utilizes cutting-edge surveillance systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to identify patterns, detect potential threats, and analyze large amounts of data rapidly. These advancements enable the center to stay ahead of fraudsters and prevent fraudulent activities more effectively.Chapter 4: Challenges and Future Prospects4.1 ChallengesDespite the efforts of the Anti-Fraud Center, several challengeshinder the effective prevention and control of fraud cases. These challenges include a lack of public awareness, evolving fraud techniques, limited resources, and the international nature of cybercrime. Overcoming these challenges requires continuous adaptation and cooperation among different stakeholders.4.2 Future ProspectsThe Anti-Fraud Center aims to strengthen its preventive measures by expanding public awareness campaigns, promoting cooperation with other districts, and enhancing training programs for residents. Its future prospects also involve increasing international cooperation to combat transnational fraud effectively.In conclusion, the establishment of the Anti-Fraud Center in the Green Garden District of Changchun City is a significant step towards protecting residents from fraud. Through its structure, functions, strategies, and collaborations, the center is playing a vital role in preventing fraud, supporting victims, and maintaining the security and reputation of Changchun City. However, continued efforts, resources, and cooperation are necessary to stay ahead of fraudsters in this increasingly digital and complex world.在过去的几十年里，世界发生了翻天覆地的变化，科技的快速发展不仅改变了我们的生活方式，也对社会经济结构造成了深远的影响。

第52卷第11期表面技术2023年11月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·63·基于多孔黏结层的超疏水复合涂层制备及其耐磨性研究汪希奎1,2，苏一凡1，程真1，花颢轩1，刘星宇1，王蕊1，周张恒1，侯泽钟1，李卓然1，赵俊豪1，张友法1*（1.东南大学 a.材料科学与工程学院 b.江苏省先进金属材料高技术研究重点实验室，南京 211189；2.贵州大学 机械工程学院，贵阳 550025）摘要：目的提高超疏水涂层的耐磨性。

方法采用底面复合方法增强超疏水涂层的附着性和耐磨性，通过发泡剂在树脂底漆表面形成均匀孔隙结构，使喷涂于底漆表面的部分超疏水纳米颗粒嵌入孔隙中，通过硬化树脂的凸起结构有效保护超疏水纳米颗粒，从而提高涂层整体的耐磨性。

在摩擦磨损试验机上开展橡胶磨损测试，综合评价涂层的耐磨性能，并通过扫描电子显微镜和同轴光学显微镜对涂层表面的原始形貌及磨损形貌进行分析，通过接触角测量仪对涂层磨损前后的表面润湿性进行测试。

结果当异构十六烷的质量分数为50%、预热温度为130 ℃、预热时间为100 s时，在底漆表面可形成较深且分布均匀的孔隙结构，基于该底漆制备的超疏水复合涂层的耐磨性相对更好。

在30 N载荷下，优化涂层经橡胶磨损700次后，仍能保持较好的疏水性。

结论通过发泡剂对底面复合涂层进行改进，可有效提高超疏水纳米涂层与基底之间的黏结强度；底漆表面的孔隙结构有利于超疏水颗粒的嵌入，充分利用硬化树脂的凸起结构对嵌入的超疏水颗粒进行保护，可有效提高底面复合超疏水涂层的整体耐磨性。

关键词：超疏水；纳米涂层；耐磨性；树脂底漆；发泡剂；孔隙结构中图分类号：TB332 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)11-0063-09DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.11.005Fabrication and Wear Resistance of Robust SuperhydrophobicComposite Coating Based on Porous Adhesive LayerWANG Xi-kui1,2, SU Yi-fan1, CHENG Zhen1, HUA Hao-xuan1, LIU Xing-yu1, WANG Rui1,ZHOU Zhang-heng1, HOU Ze-zhong1, LI Zhuo-ran1, ZHAO Jun-hao1, ZHANG You-fa1*(1. a. School of Materials Science and Engineering, b. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing 211189, China; 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China)ABSTRACT: Superhydrophobic surface is a nanostructured surface that can provide excellent waterproof, dustproof and anti-fouling properties. In the past few years, a surge has been seen in research interest in these surfaces, particularly in收稿日期：2023-07-02；修订日期：2023-10-10Received：2023-07-02；Revised：2023-10-10基金项目：国家自然科学基金（52071076，52205304）；贵州大学自然科学专项（特岗）项目（（2023）25）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (52071076, 52205304); Natural Science Special Program of Guizhou University for Special Post ((2023) 25)引文格式：汪希奎, 苏一凡, 程真, 等. 基于多孔黏结层的超疏水复合涂层制备及其耐磨性研究[J]. 表面技术, 2023, 52(11): 63-71. WANG Xi-kui, SU Yi-fan, CHENG Zhen, et al. Fabrication and Wear Resistance of Robust Superhydrophobic Composite Coating Based on Porous Adhesive Layer[J]. Surface Technology, 2023, 52(11): 63-71.*通信作者（Corresponding author）·64·表面技术 2023年11月areas such as anti-icing, anti-corrosion, antibacterial activity, oil-water separation, heat transfer, and water collection. The potential applications of superhydrophobic coating are broad and diverse, making it one of the important new materials that have emerged in the past 20 years. In all superhydrophobic coating preparation technologies, nano-coating technology is an important means to promote the industrial application of superhydrophobic surfaces because of its convenient construction, convenient mass production and low cost. However, in practical applications, the wear resistance has a great effect on the application range and service life of the coating. Coating with poor wear resistance may be badly worn in a short time, leading to a rapid decline in its superhydrophobic properties. The coating with outstanding wear resistance can provide longer protection and extend the working life of the surface. Therefore, wear resistance should be fully considered in the design and preparation of superhydrophobic coatings. The wear resistance of the coating can be improved by optimizing the coating preparation process, selecting high wear resistance materials, and adding additives. At the same time, for the practical application of superhydrophobic coating, strict wear resistance testing and evaluation are also needed to ensure that it can meet the actual needs.In order to improve the wear resistance of the superhydrophobic coating, the method of combining primer and topcoat was adopted to enhance the coating adhesion and wear resistance. Foaming agent formed a uniform pore structure on the surface of the resin primer, so that some superhydrophobic nanoparticles sprayed on the primer surface were embedded into the pores, and the superhydrophobic nanoparticles were effectively protected by the raised structure of the hardened resin. Then, the overall wear resistance of the coating could be improved. Furthermore, rubber wear test was carried out by the friction and wear testing machine, and the wear resistance of the coating was evaluated comprehensively. The original morphology and wear morphology of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and coaxial optical microscope, and the surface wettability of the coating before and after wear was tested by contact angle measuring instrument. When the mass proportion of isocetane was 50%, the preheating temperature was 130 ℃and the preheating time was 100 s, the primer surface could form deep and evenly distributed pore structures, and the wear resistance of the superhydrophobic composite coating prepared based on the primer was relatively better. The results indicated that under 30 N of load, the optimized coating could still maintain good hydrophobicity after 700 times of rubber wear. The bonding strength between the superhydrophobic nano-coating and the substrate can be effectively enhanced by improving the composite method with blowing agent. The pore structure on the resin primer surface is conducive to the embedding of superhydrophobic nanoparticles, and the convex structure of the hardened resin can be fully used to protect the embedded superhydrophobic particles, which can effectively improve the overall wear resistance of the composite superhydrophobic coating.KEY WORDS: superhydrophobic; nano-coating; wear resistance; resin primer; foaming agent; pore structure研究表明，基于荷叶效应研发的超疏水表面具有优异的超疏水性，在自清洁、防雾、防冰、抗腐蚀及耐指纹等方面具有较好的应用前景，近十几年来一直受到国内外研究者的普遍关注[1-8]。