毕业设计英文翻译

java毕业设计中英文翻译篇一：JAVA外文文献+翻译Java and the InternetIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a traditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web.1. Client-side programmingThe Web’s initial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset thedata on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server. This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that’s typically called “cgi-bin.” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl is a common choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system. Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it. However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem of response time. The response of a CGI program depends on how much data mustbe sent, as well as the load on both the server andthe Internet. (On top of this, starting a CGI program tends to be slow.) The initial designers of the Web did not foresee how rapidly this bandwidth would be exhausted for the kinds of applications people developed. For example, any sort of dynamic graphing is nearly impossible to perform with consistency because a GIF file must be created and moved from the server to the client for each version of the graph. And you’ve no doubt had direct experience with something as simple as validating the data on an input form. You press the submit button on a page; the data is shipped back to the server; the server starts a CGI program that discovers an error, formats an HTML page informing you of the error, and then sends the page back to you; you must then back up a page and try again. Not only is this slow, it’s inelegant.The solution is client-side programming. Most machines that run Web browsers are powerful engines capable of doing vast work, and with the original static HTML approach they are sitting there, just idly waiting for the server to dish up the next page. Client-sideprogramming means that the Web browser is harnessed to do whatever work it can, and the result for the user is a much speedier and more interactive experience at your Web site.The problem with discussions of client-side programming is that they aren’t very different from discussions of programming in general. The parameters are almost the same, but the platform is different: a Web browser is like a limited operating system. In the end, you must still program, and this accounts for the dizzying array of problems and solutions produced by client-side programming. The rest of this section provides an overview of the issues and approaches in client-side programming.2.Plug-insOne of the most significant steps forward in client-side programming is the development of the plug-in. This is a way for a programmer to add new functionality to the browser by downloading a piece of code that plugs itself into the appropriate spot in the browser. It tells the browser “from now on you canperform this new activity.” (You need to download the plug-in only once.) Some fast and powerful behavior is added to browsers via plug-ins, but writing a plug-in is not a trivial task, and isn’t something you’d want to do as part of the process of building a particular site. The value of the plug-in for client-side programming is that it allows an expert programmer to develop a new language and add that language to a browser without the permission of the browser manufacturer. Thus, plug-ins provide a “back door”that allows the creation of new client-side programming languages (although not all languages are implemented as plug-ins).3.Scripting languagesPlug-ins resulted in an explosion of scripting languages. With a scripting language you embed the source code for your client-side program directly into the HTML page, and the plug-in that interprets that language is automatically activated while the HTML page is being displayed. Scripting languages tend to be reasonably easy to understand and, because they aresimply text that is part of an HTML page, they load very quickly as part of the single server hit required to procure that page. The trade-off is that your code is exposed for everyone to see (and steal). Generally, however, you aren’t doing amazingly sophisticated things with scripting languages so this is not too much of a hardship.This points out that the scripting languages used inside Web browsers are really intended to solve specific types of problems, primarily the creation of richer and more interactive graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, a scripting language might solve 80 percent of the problems encountered in client-side programming. Your problems might very well fit completely within that 80 percent, and since scripting languages can allow easier and faster development, you should probably consider a scripting language before looking at a more involved solution such as Java or ActiveX programming.The most commonly discussed browser scripting languages are JavaScript (which has nothing to do withJava; it’s named that way just to grab some of Java’s marketing momentum), VBScript (which looks like Visual Basic), andTcl/Tk, which comes from the popular cross-platform GUI-building language. There are others out there, and no doubt more in development.JavaScript is probably the most commonly supported. It comes built into both Netscape Navigator and the Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE). In addition, there are probably more JavaScript books available than there are for the other browser languages, and some tools automatically create pages using JavaScript. However, if you’re already fluent in Visual Basic or Tcl/Tk, you’ll be more productive using those scripting languages rather than learning a new one. (You’ll have your hands full dealing with the Web issues already.)4.JavaIf a scripting language can solve 80 percent of the client-side programming problems, what about the other 20 percent—the “really hard stuff?” The most popular solution today is Java. Not only is it a powerfulprogramming language built to be secure, cross-platform, and international, but Java is being continually extended to provide language features and libraries that elegantly handle problems that are difficult in traditional programming languages, such as multithreading, database access, network programming, and distributed computing. Java allows client-side programming via the applet.An applet is a mini-program that will run only under a Web browser. The applet is downloaded automatically as part of a Web page (just as, for example, a graphic is automatically downloaded). When the applet is activated it executes a program. This is part of its beauty—it provides you with a way to automatically distribute the client software from the server at the time the user needs the client software, and no sooner. The user gets the latest version of the client software without fail and without difficult reinstallation. Because of the way Java is designed, the programmer needs to create only a single program, and that program automatically works with all computers that havebrowsers with built-in Java interpreters. (This safely includes the vast majority of machines.) Since Java is a full-fledged programming language, you can do as much work as possible on the client before and after making requests of theserver. For example, you won’t need to send a request form across the Internet to discover that you’ve gotten a date or some other parameter wrong, and your client computer can quickly do the work of plotting data instead of waiting for the server to make a plot and ship a graphic image back to you. Not only do you get the immediate win of speed and responsiveness, but the general network traffic and load on servers can be reduced, preventing the entire Internet from slowing down.One advantage a Java applet has over a scripted program is that it’s in compiled form, so the source code isn’t available to the client. On the other hand, a Java applet can be decompiled without too much trouble, but hiding your code is often not an important issue. Two other factors can be important. As you will seelater in this book, a compiled Java applet can comprise many modules and take multiple server “hits” (accesses) to download. (In Java 1.1 and higher this is minimized by Java archives, called JAR files, that allow all the required modules to be packaged together and compressed for a single download.) A scripted program will just be integrated into the Web page as part of its text (and will generally be smaller and reduce server hits). This could be important to the responsiveness of your Web site. Another factor is the all-important learning curve. Regardless of what you’ve heard, Java is not a trivial language to learn. If you’re a Visual Basic programmer, moving to VBScript will be your fastest solution, and since it will probably solve most typical client/server problems you might be hard pressed to justify learning Java. If you’re experienced with a scripting language you will certainly benefit from looking at JavaScript or VBScript before committing to Java, since they might fit your needs handily and you’ll be more productive sooner.to run its applets withi5.ActiveXTo some degree, the competitor to Java is Microsoft’s ActiveX, although it takes a completely different approach. ActiveX was originally a Windows-only solution, although it is now being developed via an independent consortium to become cross-platform. Effectively, ActiveX says “if your program connects to篇二：JAVA思想外文翻译毕业设计文献来源：Bruce Eckel. Thinking in Java [J]. Pearson Higher Isia Education,XX-2-20.Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言，大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视，为什么还有这么多的人认为它是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景，那么答案在刚开始的时候并不是很明显。

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：年月日cannot be duplicated, transplanted, and copied. Using the fingerprint to carry on the status recognition is one of mature biological recognition technologies. As a kind of information carrier, IC card can carry on the encryption to the stored information. It deposits and withdrawals data quickly, favors carrying on modernized information management. The fingerprint IC card system is a perfect integration of the advanced fingerprint recognition technology and the smart IC card technology. The system can compare the registered fingerprint with original fingerprint saved in the IC card which is taken with the user. In addition, the fingerprint IC card system can save all the necessary information of a person such as fingerprint and identification, thus ensuring its flexibility and generality . So it can be widely used in finance, transportation, medical service, credential and other domains that need identification. It has broad application prospect.This article is from …….指纹是人体生物特征之一。

The influence of temperature on nutrient treatmentefficiency in stormwater biofilter systemsG.-T.Blecken*,Y.Zinger***,T.M.Muthanna**,A.Deletic***,T.D.Fletcher***and M.Viklander* *Urban Water,Department of Civil,Mining and Environmental Engineering,Lulea˚University of Technology, 97187Lulea˚,Sweden(E-mail:godecke.blecken@ltu.se;maria.viklander@ltu.se)**Norwegian Institute for Water Research,Havnegata9,7010Trondheim,Norway(E-mail:tone.muthanna@niva.no)***Department of Civil Engineering,Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration,Monash University,Victoria 3800,Australia(E-mail:yaron.zinger@.au;Tim.Fletcher@.au;ana.deletic@.au)Abstract Nutrients can cause eutrophication of natural water bodies.Thus,urban stormwater which is an important nutrient source in urbanised areas has to be treated in order to reduce its nutrient loads.Biofilters which use soilfilter media,biofilms and plants,are a good treatment option for nutrients.This paper presents the results of a biofilter column study in cold temperatures(þ28C,þ88C,control atþ208C) which may cause special problems regarding biofilter performance.It was shown that particle-bound pollutants as TSS and a high fraction of phosphorus were reduced well without being negatively influenced by cold temperatures.Nitrogen,however,was not reduced;especially NO x was produced in the columns. This behaviour can be explained with both insufficient denitrification and high leaching from the columns. Keywords Biofilter;cold climate;nutrients;stormwater treatmentIntroductionNutrients can cause eutrophication in receiving natural water bodies(Browman et al., 1979;Pitt et al.,1999;Kim et al.,2003).Stormwater runoff is an important source of nutrients in urbanised areas(Larm,2000;Graves et al.,2004;Taylor et al.,2005),and it should therefore be treated.Stormwater biofiltration,also known as bioretention,is a novel option that might be able to treat nutrients in stormwater in order to prevent eutrophication of recipients.A biofilter consists offilter media placed in a trench or basin that is planted on the top.It has a detention storage on the top(by placement in a depression)and a drainage pipe at the bottom to collect the treated water.Stormwater is treated by mechanical,biological and chemical processes in thefilter media,but also by the plants and biofilms,that develops in the media and on the plant roots(Prince George’s County,2002;Hsieh and Davis,2005).Several studies conducted so far have shown a significant removal of phosphorus, phosphate and ammonium,but with low(and sometimes negative)removal of nitrate (Davis et al.,2001;Lloyd et al.,2001;Henderson et al.,2007).However,biofilters are still a relatively new technology and hence,only limited data of the performance of these systems are available.Particular problems could arise when implementing biofilters in regions with constant or temporary cold temperatures,due to reduced biological activity, shorter growing seasons and a smaller number of adapted plant species.However,these systems may still perform well in these instances,since adequate nutrient removal has been achieved in constructed wetlands in cold subalpine climates(Heyvaert et al.,2006). Biofilter performance in cold temperatures is the deciding factor to their successful implementation in regions with rainfall on non-frozen ground during cold periods Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 10 pp 83–91 Q IWA Publishing 2007 83doi:10.2166/wst.2007.749(autumn,winter and spring in temperate climate;autumn,later spring and summer in cold climate).This paper presents preliminary results of a study of the performance of biofilters in relation to temperature.The aim was to determine the nutrient treatment performance of stormwater biofilters in low temperatures in order to enable an analysis of whether there is a correlation between temperature and treatment rate.Material and methods Experimental set-up Laboratory tests were conducted on 15biofilter mesocosms (‘biofilter columns’)made of PVC stormwater pipe (inner diameter:377mm,area:0.11m 2,height:900mm).A trans-parent top (height:400mm)allowed water to pond without affecting light availability for plant growth.The inside wall was sandblasted to prevent preferential flow along the wall.A drainage pipe (diameter:58mm)at the bottom discharged to a sampling outlet (Figures 1and 2).The filter media in the columns included four layers (listed from top,Figure 2):(1)sandy loam layer,400mm,medium to coarse sand with 20%topsoil in the upper 100mm,(2)sand layer,400mm,fine to medium sand,(3)transition layer,30mm,coarse sand and (4)underdrain,70mm,fine gravel with embedded drainage pipe.The columns were planted with Carex rostrata Stokes (Bottle sedge)which is wide-spread in the northern hemisphere (Anderberg and Anderberg,2006).The plant density in the columns was 8plants per column,which corresponds to a density of approximately 73plants/m 2.Before they were planted in the columns,the plants were grown for 5weeks outside to develop a substantial root system.Afterwards they were grown in the columns for two month and irrigated with tapwater.Figure 1Biofilter columns in climate roomG.-T.Bleckenetal.84In order to investigate the temperature effect on the biofilter performance,the tests were carried out in three thermostat controlled climate rooms at constant target tempera-tures of þ28C,þ88C,and þ208C (þ35.68F,þ46.48F,and þ688F,resp.).Five columns each were placed in every climate room (Figure 1).The air temperature in the climate rooms was logged at a 15minute interval using one EBI 20-T (88C)and two EBI 2T-112(28C and 208C)temperature loggers (ebro Electronic,Ingolstadt,Germany).All columns were illuminated with high pressure sodium greenhouse lamps (G-Power Agro,400W,55,000Lm)12hours daily.Experimental procedureStormwater .Since natural stormwater was not available in the required quantity and with constant water quality over the time of the experiment,nor could be stored without significant changes to its quality,semi-synthetic stormwater was used.It was made by mixing tap water with gully pot sediment to achieve the required TSS concentration,topped with certain pollutants to achieve the targeted pollutant concentrations,as outlined in Table 1(only for nutrients;heavy metals were added as well,but are not reported in this paper).A new mixture was made for every stormwater application.The water was stored at the respective temperature (28C,88C,208C,resp.)for at least 24hours before dosing the columns in order to have similar water and air temperatures.In Lulea ˚(Sweden)it rains approximately two times per week in September and October (the month with the most rain events in cold temperatures)with a total precipi-tation amount of around 110mm (SMHI,2005).This corresponds to an average of 5.4L/m 2stormwater runoff per rain event from a catchment with 85%impervious surface.It Figure 2Biofilter column configurationG.-T.Blecken et al.85was assumed that the biofilter area represents appr.4%of the catchment area (one col-umn with 0.11m 2for 2.75m 2catchment)(Wong et al.,2006).Therefore every column was dosed with 15L (5.4L/m 2·2.75m 2¼14.85L <15L)of stormwater twice weekly.Sampling .From the stormwater a sample was taken in three replicates before every stormwater application.All outflow water was collected in PE-tanks until the next dosing event,it was stored at þ28C,and a composite sample was taken from each PE-tank,i.e.15samples per each dosing.This paper reports on results of the first four weeks of stormwater dosing (i.e.eight events).Analyses .All samples were analysed for total and dissolved N,ammonium (NH þ4),nitrate/nitrite (NO x ),TSS,and pH.The dissolved samples were filtered,using Whatman ME25membrane 0.45m m pore size filters.Before analysing P and N,the samples were digested with peroxo-disulphate (according to the Swedish standard method SS 028127)and oxidised with peroxisulphate (SS 028131),resp.The analyses were conducted with a continuous micro flow analyser (QuAAtro,Bran þLuebbe,Hamburg,Germany)according to the device-specific methods no.Q-031-04for P,no.Q-003-04for N and NO x and no.Q-001-04for NH þ4.TSS was determined by filtration through Whatman GF/A 1.6m m pore size glass microfibre filters (SS-EN 872)in one replicate.pH was measured with a field pH-meter (pH330,WTW GmbH,Weilheim,Germany).Data analyses Pollutant reduction was calculated as reduction ¼(1-(out/in))·100%.Thus,production of pollutants results in a negative reduction rate.Analysis of variance (ANOVA)was used to test the influence of temperature on outflow concentrations.Furthermore,box plots were created for nitrogen species and phosphorus to compare in-and outflow concen-trations and their evolution over time.All statistical calculations and plots were computed with the software MINITAB w 15.1.Results and discussion The mean temperature in the three different rooms were 1.88C (SD:1.018C),7.48C (SD:0.358C)and 20.38C (SD:1.028C)respectively.Thus,the real temperatures were very near the target temperatures.The mean inflow and outflow pollutant concen-trations (mg/L)as well as reduction rates (%)at the three different temperatures are shown in Table 2.pH .The average pH-value of the stormwater was 6.9.The pH increased in the columns and the outflow pH at all temperatures was around 7.4.Table 1Semi-synthetic stormwater pollutants and their sourcesPollutant Targeted SourcepH6.9H 2SO 4TSS140mg/L Stormwater gully pot sediment (#400m m Phosphorus (total)0.3mg/L KH 2PO 4(potassium dihydrogen phosphate)0.32mg/L nitrate:KNO 3(potassium nitrate)Nitrogen (total) 1.4mg/L 0.24mg/L ammonium:NH 4Cl (ammonium chloride)organic nitrate:C 6H 4NO 2(nicotinic acid)G.-T.Bleckenetal.86TSS .Reduction of TSS was around 97%,and whilst the effect of temperature on this removal was statistically significant (p ¼0.001),it accounted for very little of the observed variation,and was of no practical significance (Table 3,Figure 3).Other factors are clearly influencing TSS removal,although it was high in all cases.The low difference between the columns at different temperatures is not surprising since the TSS removal is mainly a matter of mechanical filtration which itself is not influenced by temperature (unless the soil media soil freezes forming channels).Because of the high TSS removal,a high (and largely temperature independent)removal of particle bound pollutants could be expected.Phosphorus .In the stormwater inflow 85%of the total phosphorus was particle bound.The fraction was slightly different in the outflow at the different temperatures (28C:87%particle bound,88C:84%particle bound and 208C:82%particle bound).A temperature independent removal of about 80%was detected for total phosphorus (p ¼0.933,Table 3).There is a very clear decrease in the outflow concentrations and their variances over time (Figure 4).Dissolved phosphorus was also well removed by the biofilter,with no significant temperature dependence (p ¼0.285,Table 3).However,its reduction rate was slightly higher at cold temperatures.The results make sense,if we assume that physical filtration is the main mechanism for P removal,while biological activity within the soil may cause some leaching of P from media (the higher biological activity occurs at higher temperatures).This leaching is getting smaller with time as the Table 2Pollutant concentrations and removalStormwater (2)all temp.Outflow (3)28C 88C 208CpH 6.90(0.20)7.32(0.13)7.40(0.10)7.46(0.18)TSS concentration 142.7(13.9) 3.6(1.4) 5.1(1.7) 4.6(2.1)mean reduction 97.5%96.4%96.8%N total concentration 1.38(0.16) 1.38(0.29) 1.54(0.25) 4.23(0.68)mean reduction 20.5%211.6%2207.8%N dissolved concentration 1.16(0.08) 1.33(0.26) 1.31(0.15) 3.94(1.02)mean reduction 214.9%213.2%2240%NO x (1)concentration 0.24(0.01)0.72(0.26)0.89(0.13) 3.79(0.57)mean reduction 2198%2265%21461%NH 4(1)concentration 0.32(0.05)0.11(0.05)0.14(0.06)0.15(0.05)mean reduction 64.5%56.2%51.7%P total concentration 0.292(0.018)0.055(0.036)0.058(0.032)0.056(0.030)mean reduction 81.2%80.3%80.7%P dissolved concentration 0.031(0.017)0.007(0.002)0.009(0.004)0.010(0.005)mean reduction 77.5%71.5%69.3%(1)only the first 4events have been analysed (2)three replicates per event analysed (3)mean value of five replicate columns and all events.Table 3One-way ANOVA:p-value of temperature influence on outflow concentrations and R 2(adjusted)of the modelp -value R 2(adj.)TSS 0.0019.0%N total 0.00089.4%N dissolved 0.00080.4%NO x (2)0.00093.7%NH ð2Þ40.065 6.0%P total0.9330.0%P ð2Þdiss :0.285 2.1%G.-T.Blecken et al.87source is depleted,which explains the decreasing outflow concentrations with time in Figure 4.Overall however,mechanical removal of phosphorus is the most important factor and therefore overall P removal is high.Nitrogen .While the biofilters at 28C and 88C showed little or no leaching of total nitrogen,a high production (on average 2208%removal)was observed at 208C (Figure 5,Table 2).No trend over time wasobserved.Figure 3Box plot of in-and outflow TSS concentrations at the 3different temperatures and 8samplings Figure 4Box plots of in-and outflow total phosphorus concentrations at the 3different temperatures and 8samplingsG.-T.Bleckenetal.88The total nitrogen in the synthetic stormwater influent was 84%dissolved,whilst in the treated outflow water 96%,85%and 93%was at 28C,88C and 208C,respectively.The proportion of the nitrogen compounds changed during the treatment in the biofilter.NH þ4was reduced at all temperatures,whilst NO x was produced (Table 2,Figure 6).This means that nitrification in the unsaturated zone of the biofilter was occurring and there-fore NH þ4levels were decreased and NO x levels were increased.Since no denitrification was taking place due to the lack of an anoxic zone and/or a carbon source,levels of NO xFigure 5Box plots of in-and outflow total nitrogen concentrations at the 3different temperatures and 8samplingsFigure 6Box plots of in-and outflow:(a)dissolved NO x ,(b)and dissolved NH þ4concentrations at the 3different temperatures and 8samplings G.-T.Blecken et al.89However,a significant temperature effect was demonstrated for dissolved nitrogen behaviour (p ¼0.000dissolved N and NO x ,Table 3):the higher the temperature the higher the NO 3production due to increasing nitrification with increasing temperatures.More importantly,more nitrogen from the soil leached to the outflow water at higher temperatures.Unfortunately,it is not clear yet whether the leaching will stop over time as plants mature,as has been observed in similar biofilter studies (Zinger et al.,2007).The plants had only 2–3months of establishment,while in Zinger at al ’s experiments they had 5months to establish.It is known that plants (and in particular their roots)play a major role in N removal,since unvegetated biofilters are always demonstrated to leach nitrogen (Hatt et al.,2006;Lee and Schloz,2007),whilst vegetated biofilters do not (Henderson et al.,2007).Conclusion Even in cold climates,it is clear that effective removal of particle-bound pollutants (TSS and particulate phosphorus)can be achieved.This verifies the findings of other cold climate studies (Ba ¨ckstro ¨m,2002;Muthanna et al.,2007).However,the results showed poor overall removal of nitrogen from the stormwater.In particular,there was a very high production of NO x ,which was probably caused by nitrification,and limited denitrifi-cation.Such large net production of nitrogen was not expected as other studies have shown a reduction or at least only minor production of nitrogen even in biofilters without an anoxic zone (Kim et al.,2003;Scholz,2004;Zinger et al.,2007).However,it is possible that the short establishment time of the plants in the presented experiments is the main cause of this.Further research should be conducted to investigate if the removal of N will begin to improve over time.The biofilters showed the best performance for nitrogen (i.e.the lowest production)at the coldest temperatures.A key area of subsequent research is therefore to determine if the addition of an anoxic zone with added carbon source,which has been shown to improve denitrification in biofilters (Kim et al.,2003;Zinger et al.,2007),would remain effective,even in cold temperatures.References Anderberg,A.-L.and Anderberg,A.(2006).Den virtuella floran:Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet.http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/(accessed 08October 2007).Browman,M.G.,Harris,R.F.,Ryden,J.C.and Syers,J.K.(1979).Phosphorus loading from urban stormwater runoff as a factor in lake eutrophication -Theoretical considerations and qualitative aspects.J.Environ.Qual.,8(4),561–566.Ba ¨ckstro ¨m,M.(2002).Grassed Swales for Urban Drainage .Doctoral Thesis 2002:06,Division of Sanitary Engineering,Lulea ˚University of Technology,Lulea ˚,Sweden.Davis,A.P.,Shokouhian,M.,Sharma,H.and Minami,C.(2001).Laboratory study of biological retention for urban stormwater management .Water Environ.Res.,73(1),5–14.Graves,G.A.,Wan,Y.and Fike,D.L.(2004).Water quality characteristics of storm water from major land uses in south Florida .J.Am.Water Resour.Assoc.,40(6),1405–1418.Hatt,B.E.,Siriwardene,N.,Deletic,A.and Fletcher,T.D.(2006).Filter 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australis in experimental constructed wetlandfilters treating urban runoff?Ecol.Eng.,29(1),87–95.Lloyd,S.,Fletcher,T.D.,Wong,T.H.F.and Wootton,R.M.(2001).Assessment of pollutant removalperformance in a bio-filtration system-preliminary results.Paper presented at the Second South Pacific Stormwater Conference,New Zealand.Muthanna,T.M.,Viklander,M.,Blecken,G.-T.and Thorolfsson,S.T.(2007).Snowmelt pollutant removal in bioretention areas.Water Res.,41(18),4061–4072.Pitt,R.,Clark,S.and Field,R.(1999).Groundwater contamination potential from stormwater infiltration practices.Urban Water,1(3),217.Prince George’s County(2002).Bioretention Manual.Lead Author:D.A.Winogradoff.Department of Environmental Resources,Programs&Planning Division,Prince George’s County,Maryland,USA. Scholz,M.(2004).Treatment of gully pot effluent containing nickel and copper with constructed wetlands ina cold climate.J.Chem.Technol.Biotechnol.,79,153–162.SMHI.Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute(2005).Klimatkarta Uppma¨tt nederbo¨rd 1961–1990,ma˚nadsvis.(In Swedish).Taylor,G.D.,Fletcher,T.D.,Wong,T.H.F.,Breen,P.F.and Duncan,H.P.(2005).Nitrogen composition in urban runoff–implications for stormwater management.Water Res.,39(10),1982.Wong,T.H.F.,Fletcher,T.D.,Duncan,H.P.and Jenkins,G.A.(2006).Modelling urban stormwater treatment–A unified approach.Ecol.Eng.,27(1),58.Zinger,Y.,Fletcher,T.D.,Deletic,A.,Bleckenr,G.-T.and Viklande,M.(2007).Optimisation of the Nitrogen Retention Capacity of Stormwater Biofiltration Systems.Paper presented at the NOVATECH 2007,Lyon,France.G.-T. Blecken et al.91。

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：组合钻床动力滑台液压系统及电控系统设计外文题目： Drilling machine译文题目：组合钻床学生姓名：马莉莉专业：机械设计制造及其自动化0701班指导教师姓名：王洁评阅日期：正文内容小四号字，宋体，行距1.5倍行距。

The drilling machine is a machine for making holes with removal of chips and it is used to create or enlarge holes. There are many different types of drilling machine for different jobs, but they can be basically broken down into two categories.The bench drill is used for drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal and gets its name because it is bolted to bench for stability so that larger pieces of work can be drilled safely. The pillar drill is a larger version that stands upright on the floor. It can do exactly the same work as the bench drill, but because of its size it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology.Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.If you need your drilling machine to work at high volume, a multi spindle drill head will allow you to drill many holes at the same time. These are also sometimes referred to as gang drills.Twist drills are suitable for wood, metal and plastics and can be used for both hand and machine drilling, with a drill set typically including sizes from 1mm to 14mm. A type of drill machine known as the turret stores tools in the turret and positions them in the order needed for work.Drilling machines, which can also be referred to as bench mounted drills or floor standing drills are fixed style of drills that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drilling machine consists of a base, column, table, spindle), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor.The head typically has a set of three which radiate from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion. Some older models do however rely on the operator to lift and re clamp the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindles axis and in some cases rotated to a position perpendicular to the column.The size of a drill press is typically measured in terms of swing which can be is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the centre of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. Speed change on these drilling machines is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement.Some drills add a third stepped pulley to increase the speed range. Moderndrilling machines can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Some machine shop drilling machines are equipped with a continuously variable transmission, giving a wide speed range, as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.Machine drilling has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill. Firstly, it requires much less to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.The use of a table also allows a vice or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work. This makes the operation much more secure. In addition to this, the angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately and repetitively.Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology. Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.Drilling machines are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks such as sanding, honing or polishing, by mounting sanding drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. To add your products click on the traders account link above.You can click on the links below to browse for new, used or to hire a drilling machine.Drilling machines are used for drilling, boring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping. Several types are used in metalworking: vertical drilling machines, horizontal drilling machines, center-drilling machines, gang drilling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, and special-purpose drilling machines.Vertical drilling machines are the most widely used in metalworking. They are used to make holes in relatively small work-pieces in individual and small-lot production; they are also used in maintenance shops. The tool, such as a drill, countersink, or reamer, is fastened on a vertical spindle, and the work-piece is secured on the table of the machine. The axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the workpiece. Programmed control is also used to orient the workpiece and to automate the operation. Bench-mounted machines, usually of the single-spindle type, are used to make holes up to 12 mm in diameter, for instance, in instrument-making.Heavy and large workpieces and workpieces with holes located along a curved edge are worked on radial drilling machines. Here the axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the spindle relative to the stationary work-piece.Horizontal drilling machines are usually used to make deep holes, for instance, in axles, shafts, and gun barrels for firearms and artillery pieces.Center-drilling machines are used to drill centers in the ends of blanks. They are sometimes equipped with supports that can cut off the blank before centering, and in such cases they are called center-drilling machines. Gang drilling machines with more than one drill head are used to produce several holes at one time. Multiple-spindle drilling machines feature automation of the work process. Such machines can be assembled from several standardized, self-contained heads with electric motors and reduction gears that rotate the spindle and feed the head. There are one-, two-, and three-sidedmultiple-spindle drilling machines with vertical, horizontal, and inclined spindles for drilling and tapping. Several dozen such spindles may be mounted on a single machine. Special-purpose drilling machines, on which a limited range of operations is performed, are equipped with various automated devices.Multiple operations on workpieces are performed by various combination machines. These include one- and two-sided jig boring machines,drilling-tapping machines (usually gang drilling machines with reversible thread-cutting spindles), milling-type drilling machines and drilling-mortising machines used mainly for woodworking, and automatic drilling machines.In woodworking much use is made of single- and multiple-spindle vertical drilling machines, one- and two-sided, horizontal drilling machines (usually with multiple spindles), and machines equipped with a swivel spindle that can be positioned vertically and horizontally. In addition to drilling holes, woodworking machines may be used to make grooves, recesses, and mortises and to remove knots.英文翻译指导教师评阅意见。

英文：High-Rise Buildings and StructuralDesignAbstract：It is difficult building . One may say that low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .Key Words：High-Rise Buildings Structural Design Framework Shear Seismic SystemIntroductionThe vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sectionsto support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can e asily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required persquare foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy .1.Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems .This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down theoverturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third powerof the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However ,this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystembe suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2.Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact inthe most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames . 3.Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . Forexample , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directlyon the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5.The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategicplacement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .6.Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor .This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work togetherinstead of separately .7.Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontalcomponents such as two or more elevator shafts at multistoryintervals with a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deepgirder trusses .Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .Shear-Wall SystemsWhen shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . Therefore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion .Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type with openings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangements . A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls .As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section ,。

1 英文文献翻译1.1 英文文献原文题目Potatoes peeled structure designAbstract: the graduation design is mainly studied on the bas is of the principle of friction of potato peeling machine d esign, working principle and the composition of the equipment . Through the analysis of original data, project demonstratio n and related data analysis and calculation, the overall des ign of a complete potato peeler to peel and mechanical stru cture is a new form, to better serve the fruits and vegeta bles to the development of leather industry, better adapt to the demand of the market both at home and abroad, so has the good market prospect.Keywords: potatoes peeled structure; Friction ; drive1 the domestic research statusTechnology is to measure whether an enterprise has the advan ced nature, whether have market competitiveness, whether can keep ahead of competitors' important index. With the rapid d evelopment of domestic potato peeling agency market, the core of the related production technology and research and devel opment will certainly has become the focus of the industry enterprises. Understand the potato peeling machine in the pro duction of the core technology research and development at h ome and abroad, process equipment, technology, application and trend, for an enterprise to improve product technical speci fication, improve the market competitiveness is critical. Potato products the main varieties of potatoes, potato chips, dehydrated mashed potatoes, etc. No matter what kind of products, its processing technology requirements of raw material s to deal with the peel potatoes, to guarantee the quality of the products, ensure its appearance, color and taste. P eel potatoes peeled methods mainly include artificial, chemica l peeling, mechanical peeling, etc. Artificial to skin peelin g effect is better, but low efficiency, high loss rate, obv iously can not adapt to the needs of the development of th e potato industrialization; Chemical peeling a hot alkaline o r peel and low temperature liquid method in two forms, main ly rely on the strong alkali solution and liquid chemical p eeling effect, softening and relaxation potato skins and body -to keep, then use high pressure water jet, peeled. This me thod the flushing process of before and after peeling the d emand is higher, and liquid alkali, peel or consumption is too large, the cost is higher, and this way the serious in fluence the taste of the product. Mechanical peeling is fric tion peel form, the main dependence between potato and potat o and potato with silicon carbide or rubber friction between role and achieve the goal of peel, good effect of this a pproach to skin, reduce the production cost, reduced environm entalpollution, simple operation, fast speed, can one person opera tion, high energy efficiency to maximize the interests of the products.2. the working principle of the potato peelerThe potato peeling machine adopts horizontal machine, mainly including working cylinder, work table, frame and transmission parts (see diagram). When to work in the potato peeling m achine, wheel rotation, the material by a bucket shape inlet, material fall on the surface of a rotating brush roller corrugated bulge, the effect of the centrifugal force by the brush roller tangent upward movement, material constant alon g the motion for a cylindrical wall, rise to the top, was at the top of the block back into the working surface of the plate. Into the rough surface and friction brush roll. The reciprocating movement of the material in this process, by violent agitation, and formed with a brush roller, wall and between particles is given priority to with flip, rubb ing friction, impact of comprehensive mechanical effects, so as to achieve the aim of the skin. At the same time of f riction peel, from inject water into the hole, in a timely manner will be wiped off the skin of the through brush b rush roll and roll gap to discharge mouth eduction body. In the case of non-stop, open the discharge valve of mouth, material by dial discharged through the discharge port. After peeling potatoes peel by institutions discharging chute into the auxiliary body, after screening and other auxiliary wor k again into the next procedure.3. summaryBelieve in the near future, once the product is applied to the actual, will greatly save the working time, improve wo rk efficiency, improve the economic benefit, at the same tim e will make a great contribution for the mass production, g iving impetus to the development of potato industry better a nd faster. Mechanical peeling, powered by motor, through the pulley drive cylinder at the bottom of the spinning mill. Low middle, high edge mill wheel surface, undulate. Tubers to join the cylinder, each other due to centrifugal forceand the friction effect, within the cylinder up, down, lef t, right turn, and constantly rolling; And the rubber cylind er lining, will rebound tuber, in the mill and the cylinder wall under the function of rubber potato tuber is grinding to the skin evenly, achieve the goal of potato peeling. T o skin with clear water, and then open the side door, tube r discharge from a side door, dander with flow from the di scharge gap around the millstone. The machine for batch prod uction, peeling machine, mill rotate at a certain speed, rol ler potato in under the action of centrifugal force, gravity and the friction, using potato work relative to the mill, the relative speed difference between the potato skin remov ed.1.2中文翻译马铃薯去皮结构设计摘要:本次毕业设计主要研究了以摩擦原理为基础的马铃薯去皮机的设计要点、工作原理及设备的组成。

Development of polymer-based sensors for integration into a wireless data acquisition system suitable for monitoring environmental and physiological processesBiomolecular Engineering Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2006, Pages 253-257AbstractIn this work, the pressure sensing properties of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer films were evaluated by integrating them with a wireless data acquisition system. Each device was connected to an integrated interface circuit, which includes a capacitance to frequency converter (C/F) and an internal voltage regulator to suppress supply voltage fluctuations on the transponder side. The system was tested under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0 to 17 kPa. Results show PE to be the more sensitive to pressure changes, indicating that it is useful for the accurate measurement of pressure over a small range. On the other hand PVDF devices could be used for measurement over a wider range and should be considered due to the low hysteresis and good repeatability displayed during testing. It is thought that this arrangement could form the basis of a cost-effective wireless monitoring system for the evaluation of environmental or physiological processes.Keywords: Pressure; Thick film; Polymers; Sensor; Wireless1. IntroductionIn many professions and industries, the ability to make measurements in difficult to reach or dangerous environments without risking the health of an individual is now a necessity. A way of wirelessly transmitting data from the sensor, which is at the point of interest, to a remote receiver is required. Using this approach, sensors can be implanted in a difficult to reach or harsh environment and left there for a period of time. Sensors designed to measure any number of parameters including pressure, conductivity and pH could be used (Barrie, 1992, Astaras, 2002and Flick and Orglmeister, 2000). Data transfer is typically achieved using radio frequencies to send information to a receiver, which is remote from the area of interest.Apart from industrial and environmental applications, these acquisition systems could revolutionise the healthcare system in a number of areas. They could find applications in the treatment of patients which have experienced extreme traumas by monitoring critical parameters such as intra-cranial pressure (Flick and Orglmeister, 2000). However, in a more routine setting they could also be used to make long term measurements of biological fluid pressure for clinical studies in several areas, such as cardiology, pulmonology and gastroenterology (Yang et al., 2003). In the future, it may even be possible to monitor patients while they reside in their home or continue to work (Budinger, 2003).With these applications in mind, a wireless data acquisition system, including a capacitance to frequency converter (C/F) and an internal voltage regulator to provide a stable operation has been developed. The circuitry was developed to minimise power consumption, as power will not be randomly available in the test environment. The system was developed specifically for the measurement of pressure. Two capacitive structures were formed using polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for the sensing layer. These materials were chosen for their biocompatibleand mechanical properties. Capacitive structures are preferred as they lead to lower power consumption and higher sensitivity than their piezoelectric counterparts (Puers, 1993).PVDF is a low-density semi-crystalline material, consisting of longrepeating chains of CF2CH2molecules. The crystalline regionconsists of a number of polymorphs, of which the α- and β-phase are most common. The β-phase is piezoelectric and has many advantages including its mechanical strength, wide dynamic range, flexibility and ease of fabrication (Payne and Chen, 1990). Poled PVDF films have been employed in the development of devices, which can be used in a wide range of applications, for example, providing robots with tactile sensors and the measurement of explosive forces (Payne et al., 1990and Bauer, 1999). In a medical context, poled PVDF films have been popular in the development of plantar pressure-measurement systems, where their flexibility and the ease with which electrode patterns can be attached has been a particular advantage (Lee and Sung, 1999). Micromachined devices using PVDF as a flexible element in the system have also been developed for use in an endoscopic grasper because of its high force sensitivity, large dynamic range and good linearity (Dargahi et al., 1998).Polyethylene is a cost effective and versatile semi-crystalline polymerconsisting of repeating CH2CH2units. The most common forms arelow-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where the density is related to the degree of chain branching. It is a material which is useful in pressure-sensing applications and has been popular for use in the development of flexible electronics (Harsanyi, 1995 and Domenech et al., 2005). PE is particularly popular in the fabrication of polymer/carbon-black composites for pressure measurement (Zheng et al., 1999 and Xu et al., 2005). Furthermore, polyethylene terephtalate (PET)has been identified as an electret material with possible dynamic pressure sensing applications (Paajanen et al., 2000).In this work, both PE and PVDF films were formed into a sandwich capacitor, which was then subjected to changing hydrostatic pressures. The films deformed under pressure and the resulting change in capacitance was transmitted wirelessly through the liquid to an external receiver, which converts the signal to a corresponding voltage.2. Experimental procedureThe sensing layers were in the form of films with thickness of approximately 100 μm. The PVDF film has a dominant β-phase and was purchased from Precision Acoustics Ltd. The LDPE film was supplied from Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd. The Young's modulus of each material is an indication of how likely the material is to deform under applied pressure and is quoted to be 8.3 GPa and 0.1–0.3 GPa for PVDF and PE, respectively. To form the capacitors, DuPont 4929 silver paste was deposited using a DEK RS 1202 automatic screen-printer to form electrodes measuring15 mm × 10 mm. The sensor structure is shown in Fig. 1. This approach was used as difficulties in depositing other electrode materials on PVDF have been recorded (Payne and Chen, 1990). After deposition, the electrodes were dried in air and cured at 100 °C for 30 min. The electrical properties of each device were measured, from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, using a Solatron S1 1260 Impedance Gain/Phase Analyser.Fig. 1. Structure of the PVDF and PE capacitor.To evaluate the performance of each material under pressure, capacitors were individually connected to the interface and transmitter circuit. The sensor was protected using a thin, flexible waterproof membrane. The circuit was contained in a weatherproof housing. This was a rigid structure of dimensions 54 × 59 mm2 and was necessary to protect the electronics from the liquid environment. To connect the sensor to the interface an opening was drilled into the housing and the connections were made waterproof.The change in capacitance with increasing depth in a liquid environment was then recorded.The pressure in this case ranged from 0 to 17 kPa. The change in capacitance was converted to a frequency, which was wirelessly transmitted to an external receiver. The transmitter and receiver are battery powered. A comparison of the power requirements, this circuit (marked with an asterisk) is compared to other standard interface circuits is shown in Table 1. A block diagram of the transmitter and receiver system can be seen in Fig. 2.Table 1.Power consumption for sensor interface circuitsThe main element of the sensor interface circuit is an integrated capacitance to frequency converter, which is used to link the sensoris the sensor capacitance,converted to voltage levels using phase locked loop (PLL) unit. This IC is a micro-power device since it typically draws 20 μA. The relationship between the frequency (f) and the voltage (V) has been measured to bef=V×13.1kHz/V （2）The value of 13.1 kHz/V was found by measuring the slope of the change in frequency with voltage for the voltage-controlled oscillator as shown in Fig. 3. It should be noted that while the PLL unit reduces power supply, it creates a non-linear output signal. Therefore the sensor response will appear to be non-linear.Fig. 3. Measured F/V characteristics of the VCO.Finally, a Lloyd Instruments LR50k was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the PVDF material over a wider pressure range. The LR50k is commonly used to place materials under tension or compression. In this work, it was used in compression mode, increasing the load on the capacitor over time. The change in sensor output was measured using a HP 4192 A LF Impedance Analyser at a frequency of 100 kHz. The capacitor was repeatedly tested in the range 0–560 kPa.3. Results and discussionWhen parallel plate capacitors, such as those formed in this study, are placed under pressure, the thickness of the sensing layer changes, resulting in an alteration of the distance, d, between the electrodes or plates. When the pressure is applied uniformly, there is a correspondingly uniform change in d, which leads to a change in the overall capacitance, according to Eq. (3)(3)where, C is the capacitance, r, is the relative permittivity of the , is the permittivity of free space and A is the area of dielectric,othe capacitor plates. The capacitance was found to be 40 pF and 140 pF for the PE and PVDF sensors, respectively. The relative permittivity was measured to be 3.45 for PE and 9.27 for PVDF at a frequency of 1 MHz. The capacitance of both materials showed a high stability over a wide range of frequencies, as shown in Fig. 4, making them well suited for integration into the wireless data acquisition system. Previous work on thick film capacitors using a PZT and PVDF dielectric layer have shown that device sensitivity is affected by operating frequency (Arshak et al., 2000). The differences are attributed to changes in dissipation factor. The PE sensor showed a stable response, however there is some variation the capacitance of the PVDF sensor at higher frequencies. Therefore, operating frequency could be used to optimize the sensor response.Fig. 4. Variation of capacitance with frequency for PE and PVDF devices.Fig. 5shows the response of the PE and PVDF sensors to pressure in the range 0–17 kPa. It was observed that PE shows a higher sensitivity to pressure changes than the PVDF film. The change in voltage is related to the capacitance change, which is a direct result of deformation of the dielectric layer under pressure. For the PE sensor, the voltage changes by 20 mV over the entire range. For the PVDF sensor the change is 5 mV. The relationship between capacitance and voltage is shown in Eqs. (1)and (2). Therefore, it can be seen from the results that PE sensors show the highest sensitivity, and are well suited to pressure measurement over the range tested. On the other hand PVDF devices may be more useful for measurements over larger ranges. For example, shock sensors based on PVDF are used to measure impact pressures up to 12 GPa (Bauer, 1999).Fig. 5. Change in voltage with pressure in the range 0–17 kPa for the PE and PVDF sensors.In order to investigate the behaviour of the PVDF over a large pressure range, it was tested using an LR50k and the results are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the material showed a high sensitivity, particularly for pressures up to 100 kPa. It is thought that the dissimilarity in Young's modulus can explain their different behaviour under pressure. PVDF is a tougher, more resilient material that PE and so it requires higher pressures, to achieve a measurable change in capacitance. Alternatively, PE will deform more easily, resulting in larger changes in capacitance over a reduced pressure range.Fig. 6. Relative change in capacitance for PVDF sensors, tested using a Lloyd Instruments LR50k.The maximum difference between loading and unloading cycles was measured and expressed as a percentage of the full-scale deviation in order to calculate the hysteresis. Values ranging from 6 to 30% have previously been calculated for polymer thick film devices (Arshak et al., 1995 and Arshak et al., 2000). In this work, the hysteresis was calculated to be 5% and 6% for the PE and PVDF sensors, respectively, as shown in Fig.7. This corresponds well with the values quoted above.Fig. 7. Hysteresis of (a) the PE sensor and (b) the PVDF sensor as measured for one loading and unloading cycle.Each device was also subjected to repeated cycling, in order to establish its repeatability (the maximum difference between output readings as determined by two calibrating cycles). Five cycles are shown for PE in Fig. 8(a) and PVDF in Fig. 8 (b). The repeatability was calculated to be 10% and 6% for PE and PVDF, respectively. This can be attributed to movement of the polymer chains while they are under pressure (Arshak et al., 1995). The more rigid nature of the PVDF can explain the lower percentage repeatability, as it does not suffer the same degree of slippage.Fig. 8. Repeatability of (a) the PE sensor and (b) the PVDF sensor as measured for five loading cycles.From the results shown above, it can be seen that both PE and PVDF have shown a good sensitivity to pressure. The measured levels of hysteresis and repeatability are similar to that previously measured for polymer devices (Arshak et al., 1995and Arshak et al., 2000). PVDF is best suited to the measurement of pressure in the range 0–100 kPa. PE could also be used over this range, but it is expected that because of its lower Young's modulus, the sensor would experience a high level of hysteresis and slippage of the polymer chains during its operation. However, for medical purposes, it is not likely, that measurements over a pressure of 40 kPa will be required. In this respect, PE is more suited for the measurement of physiological processes.4. ConclusionIn this work, the pressure sensing properties of sandwich capacitors based on PE and PVDF were evaluated using a specially constructed data acquisition system. It was seen that each material displayed a high sensitivity to pressure changes in the range 0–17 kPa. It was found that the PE sensors were the most sensitive, but each device displayed low hysteresis and repeatability. It can be concluded that PE is the most sensitive to pressures over a small range, however PVDF could find applications in systems where pressures measurements over a large range are required. Further evidence for this was found by testing the PVDF samples using an LR50k where they showed a high sensitivity to pressures from 0 to 100 kPa.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Enterprise Ireland Commercialization Fund 2003, under the technology development phase, as part of the MIAPS project, reference No. CFTD/03/425. Funding was also received from theIrish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology: funded by the National Development Plan.ReferencesArshak et al., 2000K.I. Arshak, D. McDonagh and M.A. Durcan, Development of new capacitive strain sensors based on thick film polymer and cermet technologies., Sens. Acutators A-Phys.79(2000), pp. 102–114. Article | PDF (662 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27) Arshak et al., 1995K.I. Arshak, A.K. Ray, C.A. Hogarth, D.G. Collins and F. Ansari, An analysis of polymeric thick-film resistors as pressure sensors,Sens. Acutators A-Phys.49 (1995), pp. 41–45. Abstract | PDF (346 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (18)Astaras, 2002Astaras, A., Ahmadian, M., Aydin, N., Cui, L., Johannessen, E., Tang, T.-B., Wang, L., Arslan, T., Beaumont, S.P., Flynn, B.W., Murray, A.F., Reid, S.W., Yam, P., Cooper, J.M., Cumming, R.S., 2002. A miniature integrated electronics sensor capsule for real-time monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract (IDEAS). IEEE ICBME conference: The Bio-Era: New Challenges, New Frontiers, Singapore.Barrie, 1992 S.A. Barrie, A Textbook of Natural Medicine: Heidelberg pH Capsule Gastric Analysis, Churchill Livingstone, New York (1992). Bauer, 1999 Bauer, F., 1999. Advances in Piezoelectric PVDF Shock Compression Sensors. 10th International Symposium on Electrets, 1999, ISE 10, Delphi, Greece, 647–650.。

毕业设计（英文翻译）译文内容ERP project implementation experiences and lessons （ERP项目实施经验和教训）译文出处IT Professional系别：信息管理系专业：信息管理与信息系统班级：T873-1学生姓名：曹凯学号：20080730126指导教师：蔡亮ERP project implementation experiences and lessons The past one or two years, around the ERP of many articles, covering almost every corner of the ERP, which greatly promoted the concept of ERP in China to promote. Although different authors differences of opinion, but at least there is one thing that all authors agree that successful application of ERP system depends on three aspects, the phenomenon can be expressed with the following formula: ERP Application Success = prepared suitable software companies among the successful implementation of the successful implementation of ERP systems applications to ensure the success of the most important factor. A lot of preparations for the implementation or are being implemented ERP enterprise ERP implementation methods and models for a clear understanding of, often to the implementation of unnecessary trouble. This chapter, we will focus on ERP implementation of the project to resolve the various problems for users reference. ERP software and general financial software or small software applications, the biggest difference is the "implement" this idea. The general financial software, or other small applications, as long as software developers or distributors slight training for users, a user can operate the software, software application effect good or bad depends largely on the quality of the software itself, ERP system is very different from so-called " one-third of software, seven parts to implement. "ERP Software Project "implemented" (Implementation) this concept can be present in our country is not yet widely accepted in society. Company also believes that spend money on custom software, software developers will have responsibility for the software free of charge to help companies use them does not know the need for a standardized ERP software, the "implementation" process, this process is time-consuming, human consumption, but also Enterprise implementation costs paid separately. ERP software for project "implementation of the" understanding of the concept should include the following aspects: the implementation of business management software is very difficult, the need for implementation of the methodology guidance, the need for a professional team specializing in software implementation, the need for software programming standardized training materials.Enterprise management software project software is not just hands-on training for users, more importantly, enterprises should first business process reengineering (Reengineering), rationalize and standardize the enterprise management. This is a business management software implementation of an important step.Enterprise management software project is not only guide the user how to use the software, but also to help the user information standardization and standardized codes.Business management software for project implementation will require not only enterprise software provides the standard management model, also called for in the implementation process can also be handled according to the user's specific business needs of the software for customer-oriented transformation.Enterprise management software, project implementation is a time-consuming process of human and financial resources to implement short cycle is six months or as long as two to four years. And software implementation costs, the price varies from quite as many as several times to achieve software, the purchase price.ERP software implementation of the project is to change and optimize business processes as a catalyst. The entire software implementation process requires the adjustment of business processes and re-design and application software functionality tightly together, simultaneously. Which pairs of business management will be produced by the impact could include: changes to the competitive strategy, organizational adjustments and departments to redefine the responsibilities of each individual job responsibilities and working methods and changes. These changes will be more conducive to enterprise business goals, but also for each employee, including all management and operational personnel challenges, corporate decision-making ability to understand and accept this concept critical to the success of software implementation.ERP project failureAt present, enterprises in the implementation of ERP systems, the main reason for project failure according to participate in the implementation of the main points, main reasons for enterprises and implementation of units of reasons.First, the reasons for enterprises1, weak basic data to establish the basis for enterprise data is an important measure for improving the management of the new system implementation is built on a sound basis for the data above. In the present circumstances the establishment of such data systems are also part of the implementation; different enterprises in this area has a large difference in the implementation side when doing demand analysis does not consider the difference;2, human factors, employees for the new system, accept the need for a psychological process of identification and operational proficiency. If the new system, greatly increase the use of their work, they produced a strong resistance to the implementation problems encountered in the process is magnified. In the ERP implementation process in the initial phase of increased workload seems to have become an unavoidable issue. In addition the new management style for the quality of personnel made a higher demand, causing some people's jobs crisis; the new management style will be committing some people's vested interests. In this case, if business leaders did not express a firm attitude, these people will adopt the attitude of defamation so that projects do not go. That is why many people call to ERP implementation into an number one reason for the project.3, issue management processes, poor strongest appeals of various articles and proposed "business process reengineering is a prerequisite for ERP implementation", but how no one gives a specific method of restructuring.4, for the implementation of objectives to be achieved without clear that the enterprise for the new system is not familiar, can learn from the successful experience and few would like to make a very clear objective very difficult. Therefore, to go to the function as possible, in this thought under the guidance of a choice, making the implementation of a number of parties will not sure, or even can not promise to do things down, for future implementation of the left barrier. Many companies on the implementation of ERP systems lack the right expectations that the ERP system is a "panacea" that can solve all the problems existence of the business, or to see other companies have implemented an ERP system indiscriminate competition;5, the basis of a large amount of data during the period in the implementation of some companies trying to one-time completion of these work, in fact it is not realistic. Butthere are also the other extreme, the only software process idle up, what data needs to work Adds what, it will have two questions there is no sense of many of the implementation of the basic data can not be put this work into the future of the Who do? Second, the new system to increase the use of workload, for example in the case of the data produced a complete work orders for five minutes to complete the contrary, the establishment of a single pre-work was to prepare a work plan, may take five hours. While you can use "In the future do this work on the simple" words of comfort, but its implementation is the negative impact of imagined.6, hoping to get a ready-made "products" from the enterprise point of view, the maintenance of normal production conditions, a long time to carry out a large-scale "management reform" is unrealistic, and hope to get a can brought on the word " products ", which is understandable. However, the basic data set, the software used must be the hands of employees to complete, the software implementation, after all, is different from a product application. Some users even too much to the current process evaluation system for the commercialization of ERP software, made too many unrealistic customized modifications.7, human input is not enough this is also emphasized in many articles the reasons for the introduction of advanced management methods first used by the enterprise backbone, but the "backbone" of the meaning of the production means that they are inseparable. Therefore, enterprises are also faced with the dilemma of choice, do not deploy the backbone of the implementation is difficult, but the backbone of a long out of production is indeed difficult. Implementation of the project the involvement of senior management personnel is not enough, the project team members and technical personnel-based, rather than related to the management and operational personnel; the main consideration of technology rather than the management of the applicability of applicability; only focused on ERP system may bring about the effectiveness of the implementation of ERP system, while ignoring the risks. This is also the inadequacy of human input.Second, the reasons for the implementation of unitThe basis of modern management in China rather weak, and its development can quickly give a catch up feel. Implementation of the personnel is always in a constantprocess of learning, there is no experience can learn much mature. Because the system is not very familiar with the implementation of achievable objectives are unclear, it is generally applied in the past the old MIS development will be implemented to treat the project as a development project, making the work done a lot but do not see results; not to the implementation of projects as a management approach, which is the implementation of units from the composition, as well as the content of technology exchange seminar can be reflected; implementation of the objectives of the uncertainty makes the results of the implementation depends entirely on the specific personal qualities and His understanding of the project. In other words, not only failed to reflect the implementation of device management software, management style, and even failed to reflect the implementation of units of management thinking, but is entirely personal style, which is with the software supplier could not provide detailed implementation guidance is directly related to . The implementation of team instability: This is China's software industry, a common problem. Implementation if it can be completed within the expected time, but also will not have much impact, but dragged on for far too long on the implementation team is a test, because of the implementation methods are not standardized, and personnel movement of the work done by a very easy out of touch. A B unequal relationship: the contract signing before the song is intended to meet the various requirements of Party A, even though there is suspicion of fraud, but the last resort of the larger components, contract enforcement in the Party's request to mention the more more Vietnam to mention the more detailed, until the last can not be met, the two sides stalled. Implementation of the ERP system has yet to learn to professional consultants bring tremendous value and help. For work abroad in the implementation of both management consulting firm, provides businesses with the implementation of programs, while the lack of corresponding organizations in the country, if any, have a high asking price for the enterprise is difficult to accept. ERP in domestic practice, this part of the work actually undertaken by the implementing units. Enterprises to implement ERP system is the benefits and risks coexist. Only a correct understanding of risk, control risk, thereby reducing the risk to successful implementation of ERP systems, ERP systems to fully enjoy the tremendous business benefits.The necessary conditions for the successful implementation of ERP'sERP enterprises should pay attention to the preconditions is that companies must understand the ERP, the demand for ERP systems to be very clear. Know what is ERP, know that ERP can solve any problem, to know that companies are most concerned about issues can be resolved with the ERP and know how to use ERP, and how to implement to be successful.First, a necessary condition for the successful implementation of ERP:To achieve information integration under certain conditions, the gist is to manage the basic specification. This is the implementation of the ERP system, a necessary condition. However, in order to be successful, there are many other factors, from the domestic implementation of experiences and lessons divided into pre-conditions and the correct implementation of two parts, are summarized as follows. Successful business must have seven pre-conditions, which must be made before the implementation of the system, estimates and judgments:1, enterprises have long-term business strategy, the product viable, sustainable and stable market share, there is a stable operating environment;2, there is the reform of leadership development, continuously enterprising spirit, the determination of the success or failure of project implementation responsibility;3, business in which competition in the market environment is key to the whole, there is a mechanism to achieve a modern enterprise system;4, the management of solid footing, data integrity;5, the leadership understands ERP, the building of a clear demand for ERP systems, there is the goal of reunification. Is the enterprise really feel the pressure of market competition: There is a sense of urgency and crisis. This switched from project managers League6, there is a clear realistic goals. To understand the ERP's basis, after a demonstration after the company's leadership to arrive at a unified aim, to all employees are aware of this goal, to achieve this goal.7, the leadership's determination and commitment: real ERP is essentially a management model change, which inevitably involves the "new ideas and changemanagement" and "update our concepts and change management" there is no business of the firm determination of senior leaders and specific guidance is not enough The.To be successful, the implementation process in the system, it is also important to note 9 to achieve the following:1, the project implementing organization candidates properly, there is effective leadership and hard work of project managers;2, emphasis on training, education, the importance of improving staff quality; Alliance project manager, project management issues.3, the manager act in harmony with the computer staff;4, attach importance to the accuracy and integrity of data;5, choose the applicable software, and long-term cooperation between software vendors;6, using the scientific project management, implementation methods, the implementation of proper guidance and technical service support;7, there is a strict work discipline, the work has developed strict protocols and guidelines;8, deepening reform, emphasis on business process reengineering;9, incentive mechanism, there is a stable compound personnel.Second, the implementation of ERP should be noted that solved the problem: Implementation of the ERP should be noted that there are many problems solved. Require special attention, which is most likely to be neglected or ignored. Mainly in the following 4 points.1, in which a candidate, and organizational issues. Job was to get people to do, and the specific implementation by the Implementation Group responsible for completing, therefore, the project should be properly implementing the organization's candidates. In particular, the project manager candidate, a direct bearing on project implementation success or failure.2, is training. Emphasis on training and education and improve the overall quality. Should pay attention to information technology and advanced management thought combination.3, is a good simulation to run.4, is conducive to accurate data to establish an incentive mechanism. The above 4 points are all about people, so management of people-oriented, good people is the most important.Implementation of the ERP system, the model approachSum up for many years in the global and domestic implementation of ERP systems experience, we believe that: ERP software, a prerequisite for the successful implementation is correct guiding ideology. Successful implementation of software is appropriate and effective role in the implementation of ways to share results. Model of success are: ERP system should be included in management thinking and in-depth and accurate understanding of this enterprise problems and managing change in thinking to be very clear, companies must understand their own management system, the expected new management system has to be a clear description. To establish the ability to accurately understand and implement changes in corporate management ideas, Jidong management software, but also understands and has experience in ERP system implementation, understanding the implementation of the law of system implementation team. In this team, there should be the highest policy level of personal involvement of business and leadership. For the changing needs of business management, business management options available to meet the appropriate changes in the software and hardware for implementation in an effective manner.Effective implementation include the following(1) Senior management commitment: the implementation of ERP system - must be senior management commitment to the project. Give the project sufficient attention, executive first, the second in command must participate in Project Steering Committeeand participate in project management, leadership project implementation process for major regulatory changes and business process assessment and decision making.(2) a practical project plan and budget.(3) a valid authorization, and human resources in a reasonable arrangement.(4) Sector Manager, directly involved in the project's success also has a very important role in the implementation of the project, each module will be the possibility of successful implementation of the relevant departments of the relevant department managers as a key assessment indicators, the participating departments by the department manager within the business process reengineering.(5) mutual cooperation between the various departments.(6) personnel education and training.(7) the formation of a Jidong management team are also proficient in the implementation of software in this contingent, we must explicitly manage the implementation of Mei-chin, the core of top management by one or number two personally led the daily work should be from led by representatives of top management, IT departments in the project team could only serve to provide technical support and software maintenance role.(8) implemented in phases in order to point to an area to demonstrate effect of allowing the system end-users and business managers to implement as soon as possible to see results. Not only with the lack of knowledge of ERP software, but also has practical industry knowledge and management experience, proficient in the law of ERP system implementation and project management expertise, and can guide enterprises in the successful implementation of ERP business management while achieving changes in personnel, is the enterprise in the implementation of ERP systems have to face the most practical problems in implementing the strategy million in hand, successful companies to choose a qualified professional with considerable consulting firm to assist the implementation of ERP systems. In other countries, choose a professional consulting firm is not necessarily the selected ERP software company. Alliance project manager articles in depth.ERP system implementation process is to develop a standardized model, which is thousands of enterprises at home and abroad for many years into practice, summed upthe experience, in accordance with the principles of project management, followed by the following main components:The establishment of three project organizations; to develop an implementation plan; overall demand survey, the overall solution and detailed solution design; right personnel at different levels of continuous and repeated training; to prepare and input data; software features simulation run (prototype testing); customization and secondary development; to simulate the actual operation, demonstration, evaluation, revision, approval; the development of new guidelines for the work systems and work procedures; from a small number of government departments started to switch to the new system, and gradually expand the scope of application; summary evaluation, continuous improvement.ERP项目实施经验和教训在过去的一两年中，各地有很多文章，几乎涵盖了所有关于ERP的，这大大促进了ERP在中国的概念，ERP软件。

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外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。

9 Continuous-Time DynamicNeural Networks9 连续时间动态神经网络9.1 Dynamic Neural Network Structures: An Introduction9.2 Hopfield Dynamic Neural Network (DNN) and Its Implementation 9.3 Hopfield Dynamic Neural Networks (DNNs) as Gradient-like Systems9.4 Modifications of Hopfield Dynamic Neural Networks9.5 Other DNN Models9.6 Conditions for Equilibrium Points in DNN9.7 Concluding RemarksProblems9.1动态神经网络结构导论9.2动态的Hopfield神经网络（DNN）及其实现9.3动态的Hopfield神经网络（DNNS）为梯度样系统9.4修改动态的Hopfield神经网络9.5其他DNN模型9.6条件平衡点在DNN9.7结语问题As seen in the previous chapters, a neural network consists of many interconnected simple processing units, called neurons, which form the layered configurations. An individual neuron aggregates its weighed inputs and yields an output through a nonlinear activation function with a threshold. In artificial neural networks there are three types of connections: intralayer, interlayer, and recurrent connections. The intralayer connections, which are also called lateral connections or cross-layer connections, are links between neurons in the same layer of the network. The interlayer connections are links between neurons in different layers. The recurrent connections provide self-feedback links to the neurons. In interlayer connections, the signals are transformed in one of the two ways: either feedforward or feedback.就像在前面的章节中，神经网络由许多互连简单处理单元，称为神经元，形成层状结构。