建设部文献中英文对照

建筑造价中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The Cost of Building Structure1. IntroductionThe art of architectural design was characterized as one of dealing comprehensively with a complex set of physical and nonphysical design determinants. Structural considerations were cast as important physical determinants that should be dealt with in a hierarchical fashion if they are to have a significant impact on spatial organization and environmental control design thinking.The economical aspect of building represents a nonphysical structural consideration that, in final analysis, must also be considered important. Cost considerations are in certain ways a constraint to creative design. But this need not beso. If something is known of the relationship between structural and constructive design options and their cost of implementation, it is reasonable to believe that creativity can be enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’ observation that most enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’observation that most creative design innovations succeed under competitive bidding and not because of unusual owner affluence as the few publicized cases of extravagance might lead one to believe. One could even say that a designer who is truly creative will produce architectural excellence within the constraints of economy. Especially today, we find that there is a need to recognize that elegance and economy can become synonymous concepts.Therefore, in this chapter we will set forth a brief explanation of the parameters of cost analysis and the means by which designers may evaluate the overall economic implications of their structural and architectural design thinking.The cost of structure alone can be measured relative to the total cost of building construction. Or, since the total construction cost is but a part of a total project cost, one could include additional consideration for land(10～20percent),finance and interest(100～200 percent),taxes and maintenance costs (on the order of20 percent).But a discussion of these so-called architectural costs is beyond the scope of this book, and we will focus on the cost of construction only.On the average, purely structural costs account for about 25 percent of total construction costs, This is so because it has been traditional to discriminate between purely structural and other so-called architectural costs of construction. Thus, in tradition we find that architectural costs have been taken to be those that are not necessary for the structural strength and physical integrity of a building design.“Essential services”forms a third construction cost category and refers to the provision of mechanical and electrical equipment and other service systems. On the average, these service costs account for some 15 to 30 percent of the total construction cost, depending on the type of building. Mechanical and electrical refers to the cost of providing for air-conditioning equipment and he means on air distribution as well as other services, such as plumbing, communications, and electrical light and power.The salient point is that this breakdown of costs suggests that, up to now, an average of about 45 to 60 percent of the total cost of constructing a typical design solution could be considered as architectural. But this picture is rapidly changing.With high interest costs and a scarcity of capital, client groups are demanding leaner designs. Therefore, one may conclude that there are two approaches the designer may take towards influencing the construction cost of building.The first approach to cost efficiency is to consider that wherever architectural and structural solutions can be achieved simultaneously, a potential for economy is evident. Since current trends indicate a reluctance to allocate large portions of a construction budget to purely architectural costs, this approach seems a logical necessity. But, even where money is available, any use of structure to play a basic architectural role will allow the nonstructural budget to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be cut back. The second approach achieves economy through an integration of service and structural subsystems to round out one’s effort to produce a total architectural solution to a building design problem.The final pricing of a project by the constructor or contractor usually takes a different form. The costs are broken down into (1) cost of materials brought to the site, (2)cost of labor involved in every phase of the construction process, (3)cost of equipment purchased or rented for the project, (4)cost of management and overhead, and(5) profit. The architect or engineer seldom follows such an accurate path but should perhaps keep in mind how the actual cost of a structure is finally priced and made up.Thus, the percent averages stated above are obviously crude, but they can suffice to introduce the nature of the cost picture. The following sections will discuss the range of these averages and then proceed to a discussion of square footage costs and volume-based estimates for use in rough approximation of the cost of building a structural system.2. Percentage EstimatesThe type of building project may indicate the range of percentages that can be allocated to structural and other costs. As might be expected, highly decorative or symbolic buildings would normally demand the lowest percentage of structural costs as compared to total construction cost. In this case the structural costs might drop to 10～15percent of the total building cost because more money is allocated to the so-called architectural costs. Once again this implies that the symbolic components are conceived independent of basic structural requirements. However, where structure and symbolism are more-or-less synthesized, as with a church or Cathedral, thestructural system cost can be expected to be somewhat higher, say, 15and20 percent (or more).At the other end of the cost scale are the very simple and nonsymbolic industrial buildings, such as warehouses and garages. In these cases, the nonstructural systems, such as interior partition walls and ceilings, as will as mechanical systems, are normally minimal, as is decoration, and therefore the structural costs can account for60 to 70 percent, even 80 percent of the total cost of construction.Buildings such as medium-rise office and apartment buildings(5～10 stories)occupy the median position on a cost scale at about 25 percent for structure. Low and short-span buildings for commerce and housing, say, of three or four stories and with spans of some 20 or 30 ft and simple erection requirements, will yield structural costs of 15～20 percent of total building cost.Special-performance buildings, such as laboratories and hospitals, represent another category. They can require long spans and a more than average portion of the total costs will be allocated to services (i.e., 30～50 percent), with about 20 percent going for the purely structural costs. Tall office building (15 stories or more) and/or long-span buildings (say, 50 to 60 ft) can require a higher percentage for structural costs (about 30to 35percent of the total construction costs),with about 30 to 40 percent allocated to services.In my case, these percentages are typical and can be considered as a measure of average efficiency in design of buildings. For example, if a low, short-span and nonmonumental building were to be bid at 30 percent for the structure alone, one could assume that the structural design may be comparatively uneconomical. On the other hand, the architect should be aware of the confusing fact that economical bids depend on the practical ability of both the designer and the contractor to interpret the design and construction requirements so that a low bid will ensue. Progress in structural design is often limited more by the designer’s or contractor’slack of experience, imagination, and absence of communication than by the idea of the design. If a contractor is uncertain, he will add costs to hedge the risk he will be taking. It is for this reason that both the architect and the engineer should be well-versed in the area of construction potentials if innovative designs ate to be competitively bid. At the least the architect must be capable of working closely with imaginative structural engineers, contractors and even fabricators wherever possible even if the architecture is very ordinary. Efficiency always requires knowledge and above all imagination, andthese are essential when designs are unfamiliar.The foregoing percentages can be helpful in approximating total construction costs if the assumption is made that structural design is at least of average (of typical) efficiency. For example, if a total office building construction cost budget is ﹩5,000,000,and 25 percent is the “standard”to be used for structure, a projected structural system should cost no more than ﹩1,250,000.If a very efficient design were realized, say, at 80 percent of what would be given by the “average” efficient design estimate stated above the savings,(20 percent),would then be﹩250,000 or 5 percent of total construction costs ﹩5,000,000.If the ﹩5,000,000 figure is committed, then the savings of ﹩250,000 could be applied to expand the budget for “other” costs.All this suggests that creative integration of structural (and mechanical and electrical) design with the total architectural design concept can result in either a reduction in purely construction design concept can result in either a reduction in purely construction costs or more architecture for the same cost. Thus, the degree of success possible depends on knowledge, cleverness, and insightful collaboration of the designers and contractors.The above discussion is only meant to give the reader an overall perspective on total construction costs. The following sections will now furnish the means for estimating the cost of structure alone. Two alternative means will be provided for making an approximate structural cost estimate: one on a square foot of building basis, and another on volumes of structural materials used. Such costs can then be used to get a rough idea of total cost by referring to the “standards” for efficient design given above. At best, this will be a crude measure, but it is hoped that the reader will find that it makes him somewhat familiar with the type of real economic problems that responsible designers must deal with. At the least, this capability will be useful in comparing alternative systems for the purpose of determining their relative cost efficiency.3. Square-foot EstimatingAs before, it is possible to empirically determine a “standard” per-square-foot cost factor based on the average of costs for similar construction at a given place and time. more-or-less efficient designs are possible, depending on the ability of the designer and contractor to use materials and labor efficiently, and vary from the average.The range of square-foot costs for “normal” structural systems is ﹩10 to ﹩16psf. For example, typical office buildings average between ﹩12 and ﹩16 psf, and apartment-type structures range from ﹩10 to ﹩14.In each case, the lower part of the range refers to short spans and low buildings, whereas the upper portion refers to longer spans and moderately tall buildings.Ordinary industrial structures are simple and normally produce square-foot costs ranging from ﹩10 to ﹩14,as with the more typical apartment building. Although the spans for industrial structures are generally longer than those for apartment buildings, and the loads heavier, they commonly have fewer complexities as well as fewer interior walls, partitions, ceiling requirements, and they are not tall. In other words, simplicity of design and erection can offset the additional cost for longer span lengths and heavier loads in industrial buildings.Of course there are exceptions to these averages. The limits of variation depend on a system’s complexity, span length over “normal” and special loading or foundation conditions. For example, the Crown Zellerbach high-rise bank and office building in San Francisco is an exception, since its structural costs were unusually high. However, in this case, the use of 60 ft steel spans and free-standing columns at the bottom, which carry the considerable earthquake loading, as well as the special foundation associated with the poor San Francisco soil conditions, contributed to the exceptionally high costs. The design was also unusual for its time and a decision had been made to allow higher than normal costs for all aspects of the building to achieve open spaces and for both function and symbolic reasons. Hence the proportion of structural to total cost probably remained similar to ordinary buildings.The effect of spans longer than normal can be further illustrated. The “usual” floor span range is as follows: for apartment buildings,16 to 25 ft; for office buildings,20 to 30 ft; for industrial buildings,25 to 30 ft loaded heavily at 200 to 300 psf; and garage-type structures span,50 to 60 ft, carrying relatively light(50～75 psf) loads(i.e., similar to those for apartment and office structures).where these spans are doubled, the structural costs can be expected to rise about 20 to 30 percent.To increased loading in the case of industrial buildings offers another insight into the dependency of cost estimates on “usual” standards. If the loading in an industrial building were to be increased to 500psf(i.e., two or three times), the additional structural cost would be on the order of another 20 to 30 percent.The reference in the above cases is for floor systems. For roofs using efficient orthotropic (flat) systems, contemporary limits for economical design appear to be onthe order of 150 ft, whether of steel or prestressed concrete. Although space- frames are often used for steel or prestressed concrete. Although space-frames are often used for steel spans over 150 ft the fabrication costs begin to raise considerably.At any rate, it should be recognized that very long-span subsystems are special cases and can in themselves have a great or small effect on is added, structural costs for special buildings can vary greatly from design to design. The more special the form, themore that design knowledge and creativity, as well as construction skill, will determine the potential for achieving cost efficiency.4. Volume-Based EstimatesWhen more accuracy is desired, estimates of costs can be based on the volume of materials used to do a job. At first glance it might seem that the architect would be ill equipped to estimate the volume of material required in construction with any accuracy, and much less speed. But it is possible, with a moderate learning effort, to achieve some capability for making such estimates.V olume-based estimates are given by assigning in-place value to the pounds or tons of steel, or the cubic yards of reinforced or prestressed concrete required to build a structural system. For such a preliminary estimate, one does not need to itemize detailed costs. For example, in-place concrete costs include the cost of forming, falsework, reinforcing steel, labor, and overhead. Steel includes fabrication and erection of components.Costs of structural steel as measured by weight range from ﹩0.50 to ﹩0.70 per pound in place for building construction. For low-rise buildings, one can use stock wide-flange structural members that require minimum fabrication, and the cost could be as bow as ﹩0.50 per pound. More complicated systems requiring much cutting and welding(such as a complicated steel truss or space-frame design) can go to ﹩0.70 per pound and beyond. For standard tall building designs (say, exceeding 20 stories),there would typically be about 20 to 30 pounds of steel/psf, which one should wish not to exceed. A design calling for under 20 psf would require a great deal of ingenuity and the careful integration of structural and architectural components and would be a real accomplishment.Concrete costs are volumetric and should range from an in-place low of ﹩150 per cu yd for very simple reinforced concrete work to ﹩300 per cu yd for expensive small quantity precast and prestressed work. This large range is due to the fact that the contributing variables are more complicated, depending upon the shape of the precisecomponents, the erection problems, and the total quantity produced.Form work is generally the controlling factor for any cast-in-place concrete work. Therefore, to achieve a cost of ﹩150 per cu yd, only the simplest of systems can be used, such as flat slabs that require little cutting and much reuse of forms. Where any beams are introduced that require special forms and difficulty in placement of concrete and steel bars, the range begins at ﹩180 per cu yd and goes up to ﹩300.Since, in a developed country, high labor costs account for high forming costs, this results in pressure to use the simplest and most repetitive of systems to keep costs down. It become rewarding to consider the possibility of mass-produced precast and prestressed components, which may bring a saving in costs and\or construction completion time. The latter results in savings due to lower construction financing costs for the contractor plus quicker earnings for the owner.To summarize, the range of cost per cubic yard of standard types of poured-in-place concrete work will average from $150 to $250, the minimum being for simple reinforced work and the maximum for moderately complicated post tensioned work. This range is large and any estimate that ignores the effect of variables above will be commensurately inaccurate.5.SummaryThe estimate and economical design of structure building are important and essential work, which should be valued by all architects and engineers and others. Better you do it, more profit you will receive from it!建筑结构的成本1.前言众所周知，建筑物的结构设计是一个相当复杂的过程，其中既包含处理很多物质因素，又考虑诸多非物质方面的因素。

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。

建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. IntroductionIn recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct method of it’s design need establish urgently It’s target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate "clean ". This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to allow users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge contour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deformation pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, installation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the vertical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shell’s features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally, so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of MethodsFor most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didn’t add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams expect smaller span. For residential,if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effe ct, But is different with the truss because it’s load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equivalent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.It’s calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition under the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues.This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply to masonrystructure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of LoadsFirst regard to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2.图2a图3a图2b图3b图2c图3cIn Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calculate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roof beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula, Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotesrepresent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gravity load ,these formulas as follows:()()'''111100110cos cos 38cos cos cos cos L AL L m L AL N l h l h l m ωαβμααββ-=++ ()()()()'10000000101'100000cos cos 2cos cos 8sin cos 8sin cos cos 8sin cos cos cos l l l l l h m m s h N l l h h l h l μαβωααηαβωμβββαββααβ++-=--++()()()()101101110100001012111cos 2cos cos 2L L L L L L L m LL L L mLL L L L L L N h B hL hL LIμξβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫--+-+--+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=++()()()()()001001110011200101021000110111121cos sin 2sin 2sin cos cos A L h L m LL L L mL L m a L L L L h h L m l m N L L L Ah L L k B h L h L δδββββαβ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-+--+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=+---++Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows:()()222211122111cos cos cos 8cos cos cos cos wkL h L L S li N a L h h b ωαωββαβα-=++ ()()()()22222001111222212110cos cos cos 11cos cos cos cos sin 5cos sin cos cos sin cos k K L h l w L w w h w h m L N l l AL h L a h L αωαβαβλαβααββββαββ⎡⎤-⎡⎤+⎢⎥=+++-+⎢⎥++⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows:()()2222210011022001sin cos sin cos 3sin cos cos cos cos cos a a L h l L L N L h l hl αμβαωαβωβδαβαβδβ+=--+ ()()()()222221011120322222102101sin cos sin cos sin sin sin 3cos 2ln cos 5ln cos cos cos cos a l h m l m L m m m N n s l l l g h l h l δβααβαββββαβαβαβ++=++++ ()()()0010011012110121000111sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos a a L L m L L L n L L L L L nh L N L l h l h l ββαβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()00000201sin 2cos a a L m L L L h L l θβα⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦+()()()2000010121001sin sin cos sin cos sin cos cos 2sin cos a e L m L L L h L m m N l l h βααβαββαβββ⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦=-+ ()()()001001001221111221001sin 1sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos sin a a L L L L L L m L L L L L h L h l L h l h ωαββαβαββ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥-+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design ParametersIt’s calculate formula generally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g asvertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate.As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lines distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate two’s end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possible, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two triangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is functionshown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x 0s so the slope level length is y 0=x 0L 2/L 3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of Vertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h 3 is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.()22001cos 212cos e a a mkxL h x N L sh v l x ββ⎡⎤=-⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()211121001sin cos 212cos m kvL h x N l xh x L V βββ⎡⎤=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()22000002221100max 1123cos L La h L L L L N VL h h l a V L L αγβ⎡⎤⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ ()22201000112222201001ln 23cos a L L h l L L L n V s xl h v h L x x l L ββ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+-⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b 、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumbersome and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover,the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1A B C图4a图4b BDFigure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp shown in Figure 1 to analysis inclined plate and the internal forces of the anti-bearing column . in the figure hypotenuse is oblique roof equal to strengthen frame, Similar wind ramp truss rod and the next edge portfolio, could form the dark truss system ,while long rectangular plate can be seen as part of thin-walled beams, which could also be seen as truss. Therefore, we called roof boarding the plane formed a "thin-walled beam-truss" system, in concrete theory, between the truss and the b eam have no natural divide . it’s no need hand count accurate internal forces and bearing force to such a joint system, Because on the one hand span more, big bending stiffness structure sensitive to the bearing uneven subsidence and have to stay safe reserves; on the other hand it has high cross-section, by increasing reinforced to increase capacity on the cost impact is not significant. Specific algorithm is: Single-ramp calculate by simple cradle, Multi-Span ramp’s bending moment, shear, and supporting anti-edge use the calculate value by the possible maximum numerical control methods, Moment is calculate by simple cradle two sides of supports middle Shear, negative moment and support force calculate according to bearing this continuous, two-hinged, about two span take the largest one. Pin-Pin bearing shear force that is supported by the inter-simple calculate according to simple cradle. But in this method the location of the various internal force’s safety level is uneven expansion, appropriate adjustmen t should be made is late calculation. No mater f the triangular or rectangular part of plate, Thin-plane bending rebar can get by method of moment right boards from the bottom point for the moment distance whichassigned to the eaves or roof. The author believe it has no necessary control number of reinforcement according to smallest beams reinforced rate. On the rim of triangle equivalent to ramp strut can shear entirety. when consider the end is weak can properly reinforced its roof beam below the reinforcement. If shear required stirrup in the rectangular part of thin-walled, should superposition to the beam, generally it’s no need to intentionally imaginary abdominal strengthening reinforcement at rod position.4. Calculation and Design of Pull Beam and Roof BeamsBy column in figure 1 marked calculated value of supporting force and their level of vertical component, horizontal component of the total force multiplied by the cosine of angle. Take column A as example, the first footnotes in R A2 is column number, the first footnotes represent the force generated by the panel two. Their horizontal component balanced by triangle three under the eaves of beams. horizontal component of intermediate support reaction is balanced by the two-level pull beam in deep direction. Then pull beam and above the sloping beams constitutes steel Arch. Because of the existence of antisymmetric load, bilateral role in the anti-power-level components may be inconsistent and pull beam should take the average lag. consider the support impact of uneven settlement, the level pull beam design should take bigger value.Roof beams general under four internal forces: First of the above is levels Rally, The second is axial force generated when oblique roofing in the flange plate plane bending. The third is the vertical load to bear as the roof slab edge beams under bending moment, shear ,like board supported by multi-faceted, Actual force is smaller than bear calculated by one-way plate N b,Fourth is the effect of lateral framework of internal forces .it should linear superposition ,Composite Reinforced, in the situation of weight Load, span and the small dip, checking computations should be took for tension beams cracking, appropriate intensify the section, with fine steel, including the side beams of steel beams rafah terminal should take two meander anchorage,just like letter L With ng as 10d long bends, meander 135 degrees angle and put pull beam intersection with the vertical reinforcement column touting the Meander overcast horn.This paper take model in figure 1 as example, ignore tigers window , 4 sloping roof are 35 o angle, the length of roof slab dimensions are shown in figure 4. Plate unit area quality is 350kg/m2,Overhaul live load is 0.50 kN/m2, Pressure standard of windward side is 0.21 kN/m2, Leeward face is -0.45 kN/m2, Design value of roof horizontal seismic acceleration is 0.1g, Calculate the bearing capacity limit by standardizing, Considered separately with and without seismic load effect of the combination basic design value,we use combination of without earthquake force through compare，Load calculation and analysis results of every position shown in table 1:5. Analysis and Design for Roof of the Vertical Loads Under Sloping RoofSlabs as a Multilateral Support PlateFolded plate structure has character of “unified of borad and frame”: General intersection of each pair of ramps are for mutual support, both sides of the transition line’ plate can be counted dogleg small rotation and transmission, distribution Moment.Under load control which is the role of gravity the two sloping geometry load roughly symmetrical occasions, there is no corner at symmetry capital turning point, Approximate seen as the plate embedded solid edge.if take out a distance by plate of eaves, plate of inside ridge also formation to negative moment,and long roof slabs in the plate sloping beams department and neighbor plate linked together, these all can be approximated as embedded-plate edge to process.For antisymmetric load like horizontal seismic load,the Ping roof should be treated as shear,but it is not control load usually. Plate final design moment value is the status of various unfavorable combination of linear superposition, from the cross-sectional direction plate reinforced by the columns, Reference, balance the require of concrete deep beams of tectonic, upper plate for Moment of negative reinforcement should be reinforced at all or an entire cross-leader, as they also serve as a deep beam distribution lumbartendons or stirrup. plate in the bottom vertical with reinforcement eaves, Negative reinforcementin accordance with their respective calcualte requirements,and it is different after superpositionstirrups requirementBoth sides of "stirrup" in this situation cann’t linked at awnings edge follow shape “U”, can bebent to shape "L" follow upper and down direction,legnth of packs could equal to thickness ofplate.It should enhenced at the node of ramp at the intersection appropriately. It recommended thatuse swagger tectonic shown as in Figure 5 considing simple structure without axillary at thesituation of Cloudy angle without pull. To ensure all reinforced Installing accuracy, Few of therhombus with the supports and rebar stirrups could be added to formed positioning Skeleton atstrengthening reinforced department in the figure, Let two later installed sloping steel plate tie toits lashing,designers should use a three-dimensional geometric method to accurately calculate thediamond stirrups limb edge length and Forming a swagger construction plans6. Calculating and processing of open window and hole in sloping roofAssume the plate in figure 6 has a big hole whose wideth is b ,height is h 0 ,assuming that tungcenter along with the plane bending moment, shear, respectively are M and V through overall calculation, use vierendeel calculation method get about middle cave:1XO MM T τ= 2NR MM T τ=3113312h V V h h =+ 0XO NR M M M V h --= Where I 1、I 2 、I respectively represent upp er and down plate limb’s Section moment of inertia anddouble limbs section moment of inertia.while Edge Moment by hole is:1113I M V b M α=+ 2212I M V b M μ=+not very big by the hole, close to the neutral axis in most cases overall, under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation,under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation.General tiger win dow’s form prominent roof Facade which a hole had opened up and the other faces a concrete slab closed.when analysis of vertical slab roof slab surface loads ,compare with without windows and roof slabs hole window sheet increased load. profiles of window’s folded plate form make it reduce the bending stiffness compare with without hole roof board, But with the profile hole edge which parallel to the vertical plate is a partial increase in bending stiffness. In the absence of the vertical plate window subordinate legislation should have upturns beam to increase stiffness of the surrounding caves near.in this way i can temporarily ignore the plate stiffness variation acording to the actual load, size and boundary conditions by entities plate to calculate psitive and negative moment and further processing nodes.it should point out that theRoof ramp layout hole edge ideal location is near the plate-bending line, especially in the open side of the window because it was cut down byvertical transmission line of the moment. If the roof slab roof beams department no outward roof then the actual plate-bending force on the line near the roof beam reversed also true, Because of this architects should strive for when determine oosition of tiger position take appropriate care.When pin tung far away from line-bending window wall and roofing in the intersection must bear folded plate and transmission moment, but compare with plate without hole its capacity is weaken surely,and it’s node turn into weak parts. To fill thy judgment and calculation errorstwo panels can be double reinforcement. When the hole is less than line-bending scope should increase negative reinforcement around to keep overall security plate bearing capacity. To ensure steel plate in place accuratly,also should use positioning stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement constitute skeleton similar as figure 5. Hoop end within vertical bars should be strengthen steel and end cave corner should be harvested more than one anchor length to make sure that bottom of the cave 4 tensile stress concentration.7. Stabilize Roof SlopeIn China's V-shaped folded plate structure design norms,the method prevent both sides of theflanges at local instability is limit its generous ratio,This requirement come from the use of isotropic plate buckling theory analysis. In research the flanges outside instability in critical state, the boundary conditions of winglets suppose as freedom outside, fixed interior, pre - and post-hinged on both sides,the situation plates subjected to the bending stress to solve width and height ratio corresponding with the critical pressure compressive stress. When the grade of concreteIs C30,the limit of width and height(b/t)ratio is 47, take 35 as stress non-normative value. Concrete elastic modulus and strength levels is not a linear relationship if use high-strength concrete other study should be taken. In the actual slope roof only a long row to the middle plate bearing plate outside may receive pressure. And here is just the pouringplate affixed roof sloping beams and horizontal pull beam cast together.Have no possible of rollover and foreign rising displacement. norms limited of folded plate span is 21m. roof below and the vertical column spacing generally much smaller it. And the board which into one with roof beams changed boundary conditions of plate, anti-great instability role also very big. For other locations ramp vertical compression edge May also set up the appropriate plate edge beams all these method will receive beyond the norms of redundant safety. Taking into account the plate shear plane, while the vertical direction of the load caused the exit plane effects, Therefore, the grasp of security of caution should cautious. This paper proposed ramp thickness not less than to the short span of 1 / 35 which also conform to design experience of generally confined SLABS, Concrete should graded between C25 and C35 while Steel should I or class II.puter Calculation Method of Local Sloping Roof Structure andOverall ICC of Overall StructureAny calculate software with inclined plate shell modules and the modules bar structural finite element can calculation of competent sloping roof. Shell element of each node have 3 membrane freedom and three panels freedom and can analysis the plane board and internal forces Of out-of-plane effects. However, the current prevalence of certain spatial structure finite element computer program which although have shell model but some are not inclined plate, some not right at the same plane, the stress state and foreign integrated reinforcement are not perfect. Withstructures becoming more diverse, complex and ramp space problems often encountered. Such software should expand its pre - and post-processing functions for conversion of shell element stiffness matrix and loading vector in the direction of freedom and further analysis of ramp space, the space of concrete against stress integrated reinforcement. In a fundamental sense manual method and the finite element method are interchangeable but the result may be very different. As long as layout roof component as this concept,then use the software to calculate can fast, precise, to achieve this goal of this paper.From the eaves to the roof elevation areas, the whole roof of anti-lateral stiffness lower than mutation, quality small than lower,this could not easy to simulate in calculation of whole housing. At the top construction of the seismic as higher-mode response which is also whiplash effect, the earthquake-lateral force may be abnormal and have effect on under layers. Therefore, in the partial hand count roof occasions when take ICC analysis to the overall structure, it proposed roof layer use model of tilt rod ramp support to reduce effect on the overall results distortion.If use software with function of space ramp handling and sloping roof modeling with shell element,all will be wrapped from top to bottom. Top results can be directly used and the distortion of the overall impact would cease to exist.10. Conclusion1）Concrete ramps, side beams in different directions superposition of internal forces, reinforced and ramp stability, the hole limits all to be do in-depth study related this research. Similar typical problems are top floor of structural transformation layer and box-type base box side wall all their research results can be used to adopt.It’s a important method do observation on project; finite element analysis ICC will be more economical, practical and popular. Currently existing completed sloping roof no matter the subjective designers use what kind of assumptions and analysis and whether reinforcement is reasonable as long as the overall structure of the objective reality, create a space folded plate and the arch system that their current work state can be used to summarize and draw upon.2）This structure forms make a new world of design concept of use the top floor and impact on people's living habits.The economic, social benefits it taked will gradually revealed,however it need interaction of architectural and structural professionals and People’s awareness andinformation and even real estate management policies and other support aspects.This method is hard for structure professional,some specific details have no norms to follow at present. This is the challenges sructure staff faced and also the happy exist.references[1]Francis D.K.Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1997.[2]Jiang Fengqing :internal forces of Simply supported two-way pack square plate, Civil Engineering Journal,1982(2)[3]Lai Mingyuan.Zhang Guxin:Deflection and internal forces of Simple peripheral portfolio folded plate roof, Civil Engineering Journal,1992(2)[4] ]Lai Mingyuan: Deflection and internal forces of Simple flattened four folded plate roof slope, Civil Engineering Journal, 1995(1)[5]Li Kaixi.Cui Jia:Local Stability About Yan Beam, Building Structures ,1996(1) [6]user manuals and technical conditions of Multi-storey high-rise building and the space finite element structural analysis and design software SATWE, PKPM CAD department of China Building Research Academy[7]Chen Xinghui.Lin Yuankun: Several calculation problems in the design of V-folded plate roof , Scientific publishing house,1985[8]current building structure norms, China Construction Industry Press,2002译文：钢筋混凝土坡屋顶的结构设计简介：本文对于现浇钢筋混凝土坡屋顶，尤其是常见的住宅结构，指出实际工程中常见的设计错误及问题。

建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。

旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。

引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。

因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。

本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。

文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。

其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。

该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。

文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。

通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。

结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。

通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。

外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。

反思前瞻规划优化施工流程Farook Hamzeh Glenn Ballard Iris D. Tommelein摘要研究的问题：如何改善前瞻规划在建设行业的做法来提高生产计划的可靠性？目的：为了评估前瞻规划的性能，寻找一个标准化的做法，使前瞻规划与活动执行有紧密的联系，来提高生产计划的可靠性。

研究设计/方法：本研究采用案例分析，行业访谈，和行业调查，以评估目前在北美、南美和欧洲的建设项目执行的前瞻规划。

研究结果：研究结果显示存在与去年规划系统规则的不符合，前瞻规划与标准化做法的不足，识别和清除限制的迟缓，而且没有对计划失败的分析。

关键词：前瞻规划，生产计划，生产控制，精益建设，最后的规划系统，规划建设。

简介建筑、工程与施工是受变化问题的困扰的，即破坏项目绩效和扰乱施工流程导致对项目时间、成本和质量造成的不利影响（Hamzeh等，2007年，霍普和Spearman2008年，萨利姆等。

2006年，克莱顿1966年）。

组织使用许多种不同的方法来维持生产流程的一致性和屏蔽产量内部业务流程以及外部环境的变化。

汤普森（1967）着重介绍了这些方法，其中包括：•预测•缓冲•平滑各种预测方法是用于预测在内部流程和生产原料中的变化。

然而，预测不能满足所有的变化，并且有许多限制：越详细的预测越不准确，越遥远的预测越容易出错。

（纳米亚斯2009年）。

缓冲用于减轻同时在输入侧和输出侧的工艺变化。

输入通常需要成功执行的任务包括：信息，先决条件工作，人力资源，空间，材料，设备，外部条件和资金（巴拉德＆Howell公司1994年，科斯基拉2000年）。

缓冲区可以采取的三种主要形式：时间，库存和产能。

时间缓冲是分配松弛的活动，利用额外的库存缓冲库存以应对供应的变化，以及用容量缓存，保留额外的容量，如加班或只在需要的时候维持机器工作，以适应激增的负荷。

平滑的供应和需求的变化是另一种方法，组织申请由于缓冲可能的不足，以满足所有的变化，是昂贵的，并可能导致满荷。

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 文献、资料来源：International Journal文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005.5.30院（部）：城市建设学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程专业班级：4姓名：XXX学号：指导教师：翻译日期：中文译文：动应力下304L不锈钢振动时效的成效评估摘要振动时效是一种程序，通过动应力振动的方式来减少残余应力。

目前，定时和定量考核振动时效的成效问题十分重要，荷载或动应力在振动时效期间对焊接结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

本文论述了304L不锈钢振动时效期间焊接试样的循环应力应变及儒变机制。

根据实验结果，提出了残余应力对动应力松弛的数学模型，此模型用于评价制造HT—7U Tokamak焊接结构振动时效的影响。

残余应力测量值与计算值之间的差额约为11%，结果表明，采用动态应力振动时效效果评价是实用的。

关键词：振动时效；残余应力；荷载；动态应力；焊接1 引言振动时效表示动应力下残余应力的减少量，虽然已广泛应用了40多年的振动时效机理仍在调查中，但振动时效的定量考核依然是一个十分重要的问题。

一般来说，振动时效处理机附属于要求应力松弛结构的偏心大电机，相结合的动态应力和残余应力可超过材料的屈服强度，从而引发局部塑性变形和应力松弛。

残余应力的减少影响了振动块的自然特性，振动时效效果往往根据比较前后振动时效振动响应曲线[2]来评估，例如移频共振[3]。

但这种方法的有效性，虽然于振动时效后很快步入但却只是定性评价。

定量评价结果可以通过测量振动时效前后同一点处的残余应力得出。

可采用钻孔和XRD两种方法测量焊接残余应力但复杂而费时，由于两种测量方法必需同时采用，故这种评估方法并不常用。

焊接结构振动时效期间评价残余应力的减少需要一种简单而且定性的方法。

残余应力是没有外部载荷情况下自我平衡的内应力。

焊接结构振动时效期间，循环应力或动态应力对结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems andoptions for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.2. Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For manyolder persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million olderpersons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eightiesand nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been thenursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services areaccessible.5. ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although thesestrategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.译文：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

建筑英文文献及翻译第一篇：建筑英文文献及翻译外文原文出处: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149动力性能对建筑物的破坏引言：建筑物在地震的作用下，和一些薄弱的建筑结构中，动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。

特别是要满足最基本的震动周期，无论是在设计的新建筑，或者是评估已经有的建筑，使他们可以了解地震的影响。

许多标准(例如：欧标，2003；欧标，2006)，建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。

这样的表达式被牢记在心，得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人，1997)，从而人为的低估了标准周期。

因为这个原因，他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例：乔普拉本和高尔，2000)。

当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例：克劳利普和皮诺，2004；普里斯特利权威，2007)。

当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较，有大的差异，提供非常低的周期标准(例：纳瓦洛苏达权威，2004)。

一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008)；另外，一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型，提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度，开裂，空隙填实，等等)。

联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。

这个原因对于他们的振动，可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏，这个必须被重视。

通常，结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。

结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。

但对于建筑物周期而言，到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。

建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

黄山学院毕 业 设 计系 别：_________________________班 级：_________________________姓 名：_________________________指 导 教 师：_______郭富__________________2010年5月8 日刘星 10土对本（2）班 土木工程系目录1 中文翻译 (1)1.1钢筋混凝土 (1)1.2土方工程 (2)1.3结构的安全度 (3)2 外文翻译 (6)2.1 Reinforced Concrete (6)2.2 Earthwork (7)2.3 Safety of Structures (9)1 中文翻译1.1钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。

将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。

其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。

其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。

因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。

由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。

将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。

这一要求是可以达到的。

因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。

如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。

浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。

对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国防部Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission中华人民共和国教育部Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国工业和信息化部Ministry of Industry and Information of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家民族事务委员会National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国公安部Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家安全部Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国司法部Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国财政部Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国自然资源部Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国生态环境部Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国交通运输部Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会Ministry of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国退役军人事务部Ministry of Veterans Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国应急管理部Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国水利部Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国农业农村部Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of ChinaMinistry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国文化和旅游部Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People's Republic of China中国人民银行The People's Bank of China中华人民共和国审计署National Audit Office of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家外国专家局State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of the People's Republic of China国家航天局China National Space Administration国家原子能机构China Atomic Energy Authority国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局National Nuclear Safely Administration国务院国有资产监督管理委员会State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council 中华人民共和国海关总署General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家市场监督管理总局State Administration for Market Regulation国家广播电视总局National Radio and Television Administration国家体育总局General Administration of Sport of China国家统计局National Bureau of Statistics国家国际发展合作署China International Development Cooperation Agency国家医疗保障局National Health-care Security Administration国家机关事务管理局National Government Offices Administration中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China国家标准化管理委员会Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家版权局National Copyright Administration of the People's Republic of China国务院港澳事务办公室Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council中华人民共和国国家互联网信息办公室Cyberspace Administration of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Center of the State Council中央广播电视总台China Media Group中国气象局China Meteorological Administration中国银行保险监督管理委员会China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission国家行政学院National Academy of Governance国家信访局National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration国家粮食和物资储备局National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration国家能源局National Energy Administration国家国防科技工业局State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 国家移民管理局National Immigration Administration国家铁路局National Railway Administration of the People's Republic of China中国民用航空局Civil Aviation Administration of China中华人民共和国国家邮政局State Post Bureau of of the People's Republic of China国家文物局National Cultural Heritage Administration国家中医药管理局National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine国家煤矿安全监察局National Coal Mine Safety Administration国家外汇管理局State Administration of Foreign Exchange国家药品监督管理局National Medical Products Administration国家知识产权局National Intellectual Property Administration国家公务员局State Administration of Civil Service国家档案局National Archives Administration of China国家保密局National Administration of State Secrets Protection中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区联络办公室Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong S.A.R中央人民政府驻澳门特别行政区联络办公室Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao S.A.R全国人民代表大会The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中华人民共和国最高人民法院The Supreme People's Court of the 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外文原文Stage of construction cost controlConstruction enterprises in engineering construction of a construction project cost management is the foundation of the enterprise survival and the development and the core of the construction stage does well the cost control to achieve the purpose of increasing earnings is the project activities more important link, this paper will carry on the elaboration to this question, so that in enterprise production and management play a directive role.So in the project construction cost control what are the content? The author through 10 years of work experience, and analysis has the following aspects: contract aspects: according to construction drawing, contracting contract as the basis, according to the requirements of the contract project, quality, progress index, compiled in detail the construction organization design, this as the basis of cost plan. The project is in the contract and the existence of the change of component project, report to. As far as possible increases the project income. Use contract rights granted reasonable increase income and reduce expenditure.technical aspects: first of all, according to the actual situation of construction site, scientific planning of the construction site layout, to reduce the waste and save money to create conditions; Based on its technical superiority, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of management personnel, and carry out the mention reasonable suggestion activities, the expansion of nearly may cost control of scope and depth.quality and security; In strict accordance with the engineering technical specifications and rules of safe operation management, reduce and eliminate quality and safety accidents, make all sorts of loss is reduced to the minimum.machinery management: according to the requirements of project scientific, reasonable selection of machinery, give full play to the mechanical performance; Be reasonable arrangement construction in order to improve the utilization rate of the machinery, reduce machine fee cost; Regular maintenance machinery, improve the integrity rate of the machinery, provide guarantee for the whole progress. For the rent must be the mechanical equipment, to improve market research touch bottom the material aspects: material purchasing should be abided by "quality, low price and short distance of the principle of" approach to correct materials measurement, serious acceptance, the maximum limit reduced purchasing management in the process of consumption. According to the construction schedule science organization the use of material plan, avoid downtime should phenomenon; Material drawing shall be strictly controlled, regular inventory, grasps the actualconsumption and the progress of the projects contrast data; For in the recovery turnover materials, sorting, completed with timely and exits, like this is advantageous to the turnover use and reduce the lease fees, and reduce the cost.and administrative management: first to streamline management institutions, avoid overstaffing, reduce unnecessary salary expenses; Control business expenses and so on each unproductive spending Numbers. The administrative office of the materials with property, all on the card USES, prevent damage and loss, and financial aspects: the financial department is an important part of the cost control, mainly through the spending review all the expenses, balance scheduling funds and establishing various auxiliary records and hard working with all department cost implementation method such as the inspection and supervision, and the engineering cost analysis of all-round and provide feedback to decision-making departments, in order to take effective measures to correct the deviation of the project cost.More from seven aspects of simple described the content of the responsibility cost management, so in the construction of how to specific implementation, which we need to master the dynamic control of the construction project cost.In short, the construction project cost control is a complicated system engineering. Construction project cost control, the need for flexible use of, the actual operation should adjust measures to local conditions, different project size, different construction enterprise, different management system have differences, but no matter how construction enterprise to manage production is the consumption of human resources, material resources and cost, guidance, supervision and regulation and restrictions译文施工阶段成本控制建筑施工企业在工程建设中实行施工项目成本管理是企业生存和发展的基础和核心，在施工阶段搞好成本控制，达到增收节支的目的是项目经营活动中更为重要的环节，本文将对这一问题进行论述，以便在企业的生产经营中起指导作用。

国务院机构中英文对照1、外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs2、国防部Ministry of National Defence3、国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission4、国家经济计划委员会State Economy and Trade Commission5、教育部Ministry of Education全国高考the National College Entrance Examination6、科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology7、国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, T echnology and Industry for National Defence8、国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission9、公安部Ministry of Public Security10、国家安全部Ministry of State Security11、监察部Ministry of Supervision12、民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs13、司法部Ministry of Justice14、财政部Ministry of Finance15、人事部Ministry of Personnel16、劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security17、国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources18、建设部Ministry of Construction19、铁道部Ministry of Railways20、交通部Ministry of Communications21、信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry22、水利部Ministry of Water Resources23、农业部Ministry of Agricultry24、对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation25、文化部Ministry of Culture26、卫生部Ministry of Health27、国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission28、中国人民银行The People's Bank of China29、审计署National Auditing Administration。

建筑施工质量管理中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译Building construction quality managementAbstract：adhere to the quality first, improve the management level, improve the quality of construction is the key, only to meet the required quality standards and user requirements under the premise of quality, time limit for a project, cost, to meet the requirements, to provide more high-quality, safe, economical and applicable building products. Based on this, the building construction quality management of.Key words: housing construction building construction quality management1 strengthen training, selection of construction personnel is laying the quality control personnel foundationEngineering quality were all participants in the project construction technology management, operating personnel coordination work results, so construction workers is to form the main factor of project quality. To control the engineering quality first is the training and selection of construction personnel, improving their comprehensive quality. We should improve their quality awareness, according to comprehensive quality regardless of idea construction personnel must establish five concepts: the concept of quality first, pre-control priority idea, talk with data concept and social benefit and enterprise benefit and comprehensive benefit idea. The second is the construction of the technical quality of personnel, management, construction personnel should have higher quality planning and management capacity, production personnel should have superb technical ability, be strict in one's demands of the style of work, strictimplementation of quality standards and procedures of the legal concept, service personnel should do good technology and service life, can be with excellent service indirectly to ensure engineering quality.2 give full play to QC quality control functionAccording to "the anti-seizure combination, prevention first " principle is carried out actively " tell, help, anti, card" scientific examination method, and the constructionpersonnel together, common to the owners of construction process, responsible, quality control personnel, users, the construction personnel to establish new relations of cooperation, quality inspection staff and the construction site operations personnel is consistent, it is to provide users with high quality, satisfaction of building products. But the construction production is busy, to snatch the project schedule is loosen quality management tendency occurs. This led to check the quality of the project is checked with contradictions between. To give full play to the initiative of the staff to check the quality of the project, it is necessary to establish the authority of the quality inspection personnel, it is very necessary and important.3 following a case analysis gradually quality management, engineering survey:The territory of Hechi a building for the underground layer, on the ground twenty-two, twenty-five buildings, covers an area of 2550.4 square meters, building a total height of 79.950 meters, construction area of 4008 square meters underground, on the ground 36855 square meters, balcony area is 1570.1 square meters; the main design reasonable service life is 50 years; building fire grade two, seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, frame aseismic grade two; the ground floor to the ground floorthree layer 2-A axis 2-6 axis and2-17 axis short limb shear wall seismic rating for a class, the rest of shear wall seismic grade two. The project uses the base form of prestressed high-strength concrete pipe pile, structure type for the cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame shear wall structure.4 construction managementOn the construction quality management, mainly involves three aspects, one is about the design, survey and document review management. On design, reconnaissance unit quality behavior and results of the activities of the supervision, the emphasis is placed on the design, survey and document review supervisory control. If the violation of the relevant laws, regulations and mandatory standards for the design and survey documents, can be through direct economic penalties and legal sanctions, enabling direct responsibility assumed by the error caused by negligence or intentional quality responsibility. Two of the activities of the bidding management, focuses on the construction bidding supervision, market supervision and quality supervision the effective integration, through the quality supervision to promote the market competition and standardization of the benign operation, effectively through market operation, to ensure the validity of quality supervision. Three isthe text of the contract supervision, is the focus of construction contract supervision, quality management standardization and legalization to fulfil the terms of the contract, the legal effect of contract binding the construction quality and results. By analyzing the three aspects of examination and supervision, to achieve the government's construction qualityof the implementation process control and supervision. Before the construction, in the final analysis is the emphasis of quality management for owners of quality behavior management, because the owner of all these activities of the organizers, decision makers, which is the standard construction owner quality behavior and results of the activities of the important measures.5 construction management5.1 Lraw materials quality controlMaterial quality engineering construction quality is the key, use of raw materials does not meet the requirements of engineering, engineering quality can not meet the requirements. Therefore, in the construction quality control of stop before construction on material quality control, to ensure the quality of materials, in order to improve construction quality. For the control of materials, first of all to the common material supply necessary audit, select qualified suppliers for the supply of materials. Secondly, to approach the necessary inspection of raw materials, including: quality inspection report of the inspection, the inspection of appearance, physical and chemical inspection inspection. Through a series of tests to ensure the quality of the raw materials entering.5.2 procedures and time limit controlTo implement the handover inspection system, on the procedures of unqualified shall enter into next working procedure construction. At the same time construction quality affected by seasons, the reasonable arrangement of construction schedule is to ensure the engineering quality are important measures, and blindly rush period will inevitably lead to serious consequences. Quality control step is to establish quality control,selected key and key technology to undertake the key is checked, the two is to strengthen the operation of the management, project quality is good or bad, depends to some extent on the construction of personnel operation level.5.3 increase on-site inspectionsQuality management in the construction site should strive to grasp first-hand information, and strive to achieve the timely control, for the occurrence of the problemmust accomplish early discovery, early correction of bad old practices die hard, avoid, avoid large loss. For example, in the masonry tie bar examination, if taken after the completion of a masonry opening examination, is not easy to check, and to identify the problems are also difficult to remedy, but in the on-site inspection in a timely manner to solve, can avoid bigger loss, but also easy to get the cooperation.The entity quality inspection methods should adopt scientific monitoring instruments and equipment, to provide accurate, reliable and convincing data, strengthen the government engineering quality supervision and inspection of scientific and authoritative. Through the supervision, to ensure the implementation of mandatory standards, ensure the construction of law, regulations and standard carry out, from macroscopical overall grasp the construction project quality and structure safety. In addition, in strengthening program management at the same time, we must strengthen the technical control. Technology control method using standard evaluation method is better. Evaluation of standard methods are mainly as follows: one is the on site quality assurance condition examination and evaluation, two is the completion of the project the detection results of the examination and evaluation, three ison site quality assurance data examination and evaluation, four of engineering entity size deviation of the measured, five is for the completion of engineering the macro visual inspection evaluation.5.4 after the completion of the managementAfter the completion of the quality management of construction projects is put into use check management. First of all to ensure that do not meet the quality standards of the project can not be put into use, avoid inferior project to the state and public users cause direct harm and influence. The second is the decoration, repair and maintenance of quality supervision in construction project whole life quality management category : one is to eliminate or reduce due to renovation, maintenance process caused by irregularities on the construction engineering foundation, body structure and environmental quality, damage, cause quality accident. Two is prevented due to repair, maintenance quality is not up to the requirements to the state and public users production and living environment caused by direct damage. At this stage of the supervision should be emphasized good two close: it is strictly for its completion and acceptance review, supervision, to ensure that the registration of the reliability, authority and effectiveness. Two is to enhance the decoration, maintenance of quality management in the process, so that construction project whole lifequality objectives are effective implementation, for users to create a safe, comfortable, healthy production, living environment, so that the construction quality and realizing the sustainable development. Advocating and implementing project quality insurance, the project quality management into economic management category, to solve engineering after the delivery ofquality problem tenants to find the responsible party for any menace from the "rear".This phase is the project by construction to use or production of mark; is on engineering quality inspection the necessary link; is the guarantee contract task is finished in the round, improve project quality level of final checks. The unit after the completion of the project, must undertake the final inspection and test. Unit engineering technical person in charge should be prepared for the demands of information collected materials, equipment, component quality certificate of materials, a variety of material test data, record of concealed work, construction records records. By the technical director of project organization project technology, quality, production and other relevant professional and technical personnel to the scene inspection and evaluation. To identify the construction quality defects should be corrected, and should be corrected once again after the verification to demonstrate conformity. T o ensure engineering quality accord with mandatory standard design documents and the requirements of the contract, the employer, the Ministry of supervision of the project completion report. Attended by the construction unit of the organization of the main parties involved in the completion of initial inspection, acceptance procedure.endingProject, quality, the quality of housing construction related to people's daily life and the safety of life and property. In recent years, the housing quality problems have already become the focus of public attention, annual 3.15 consumer rights day, China Consumers Association published by consumer complaints the largest of the ten major categories of commodities, the housing quality problems at the front. Therefore, constructionmanagement in many aspects, quality management is the key and core. Only do a good job in building engineering construction quality planning and housing construction quality control, to create more quality engineering.Reference.[1 ] Building Engineering ( Construction Management ) [ J]. Journal of Taizhou Polytechnic College.[2 ] Wang Yan. Paying attention to construction management" two pieces of skins" phenomenon [J ]. Management of construction enterprises.[3 ] Lin Yihong, Li Yuanying. To improve construction quality several ponders [J ]. Shanxi building, 2005, 31 ( 1): 127-128.[4 ] Bu Narui, Wang Liwen, Li Wanqin. Discussion on construction management [ J]. Journal of Hebei Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2002, ( 02).Hu Zhenghua[ 5]. The era of knowledge economy the construction management [J ]. Parathion design and powder engineering, 2005, ( 06).[ 6].Zheng Jingqiu.Infuluencing the contrcution qulity of Engineering five fsctors[J ]. Shanxi building.2005,31( 1):135-136.浅谈房屋建筑施工中的质量管理摘要：坚持质量第一、提高管理水平,是提高建筑工程质量关键之所在,只有在符合规定的质量标准和用户要求的前提下,满足质量、工期、成本等要求,才能为社会提供更多的优质、安全、经济适用的建筑产品。

主要参考规范及文献：参考规范中华人民共和国国家标准GB50001-2001 房屋建筑制图统一标准中华人民共和国国家标准GB50007-2011 建筑地基基础设计规范中华人民共和国国家标准GB50009-2011 建筑结构荷载规范(2006版）中华人民共和国国家标准GB50223-2008 建筑工程抗震设防分类标准中华人民共和国国家标准GB50010-2010 混凝土结构设计规范中华人民共和国国家标准GB50011-2010 建筑抗震设计规范中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T50103-2001总图制图标准中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T50104-2010建筑制图统一标准中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T50105-2010建筑结构制图标准中华人民共和国国家标准GB50045-95高层民用建筑设计防火规范(2005年版) 中华人民共和国国家标准GB50368-2005 住宅建筑规范中华人民共和国国家标准GB50352-2005 民用建筑设计通则中华人民共和国国家标准GB50100-2001 住宅建筑模数协调标准参考文献：[1] 朱彦鹏. 混凝土结构设计. 高等教育出版社，2014.8[2] 徐占发. 建筑结构与构件. 人民交通出版社，2005[3] 同济大学.房屋建筑学. 中国建筑工业出版社，1997[4] 丰定国. 抗震结构设计. 武汉理工大学出版社，2003.8[5] 彭少明. 混凝土结构. 武汉理工大学出版社，2004.4[6] 陈希哲. 土力学地基基础. 清华大学出版社，2004.4[7] 林宗凡. 结构原理及设计. 高等教育出版社，2002.8[8] 徐有邻. 混凝土结构设计规范理解与应用. 中国建筑工业出版社，2002.[9] 陈基发. 建筑结构荷载设计手册. 中国建筑工业出版社，2004.12Primary reference standards and literature:The main specification:[1] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB50001-2001 housing construction drawing standard[2] of the People's Republic of China national standard code for the design of building foundation GB50007-2011[3] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB50009-2011 (2006 edition) load code for the design of building structures[4] of the People's Republic of China state construction engineering classification of seismic fortification standards GB50223-2008 standard[5] of the People's Republic of China national standard concrete structure design code GB50010-2010[6] of the People's Republic of China national standard building seismic design code GB50011-2010[7] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB/T50103-2001 general layout drawing standards[8] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB/T50104-2010 architectural drawing standard[9] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB/T50105-2010 building structure drawing standards[10] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB50045-95 code for fire protection design of tall buildings (2005 edition)[11] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB50368-2005 residential building codes[12] of the People's Republic of China national standard GB50352-2005 general principles of the civil building design[13] of the People's Republic of China national standard residential building modular coordination standard GB50100-2001References:[1] yan-peng zhu. Concrete structure design. Higher education press, 2014.8[2] Xu Zhanfa. Architectural structures and artifacts. People's traffic press, 2005[3] of tongji university. Housing architecture. China building industry press, 1997[4] FengDingGuo. Aseismic structure design. Wuhan university of science and technology press, 2003.8[5] shao-ming peng. Concrete structure. Wuhan university of science and technology press, 2004.4[6] Chen Xizhe. Soil mechanics foundation. Tsinghua university press, 2004.4[7] Lin Zongfan. The structure principle and design. High education press, 2002.8[8] you-lin xu. Understanding and application of concrete structure design code. China building industry press, 2002.[9] chan foundation. Building structural load design manual. China building industry press, 2004.12。

中文译文：建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。

为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。

该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面：企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。

扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。

筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。

管理、组织及结构：未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。

劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。

研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。

这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。

研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。

这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设．轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。

工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。

应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。

合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Construction stage safety civilization management1 Research content and purposeAt present China's production safety situation is still grim, especially the building area of the multiple casualties situation has not fundamentally reversed, construction safety is extremely stern; production safety foundation is weak, guarantee system and mechanism is not perfect; safety production supervision and management mechanism, team construction and supervision work also needs to be strengthened.With China's implementation of the "going out" strategy, the overseas engineering construction requirements of construction enterprises toward the safety and high quality fast and efficient direction, but the due to the overseas projects in surveying, design, competitive bidding system and construction exists some defects or mistakes, especially the construction environment and conditions for overseas and domestic different is formed many unsafe factors. Some governments of developed countries on safe and civilized construction management and supervision ineffective, at the same time, the security incident victimscompensation is relatively low, so as to project management are real will "safety first" self psychological suggestion and safe and civilized management psychological orientation proposed higher requirements. And in the preparation of the overseas project safety assurance program, sometimes due to lack of understanding in the engineering field, easy to cause the of dangerous source judgement is not accurate or not in place, and psychologically cannot accurately to ensure the safety of the positioning of the feasibility of the program.By exploring the harmful factors in the construction process and construction process was studied in unsafe, uncivilized between factors and employee of contradiction and the law of the unity of opposites, making better use of these rules to formulate a scientific, reasonable, effective all safe and civilized production tube system, to improve and perfect the measures of safety and technological civilization, to prevent and eliminate various harmful factors in the process of construction to the conversion of the casualty of a series of management work, to protect workers' safety and health, ensure safety in production. Due to the construction of the unsafe factor is relatively more, a little careless, it may occur accident. In recent years, occurred throughout the country in the construction work accidents and serious casualty statistics tells us that construction of the security situation is still very grim. However, construction safety problems with everything else, has its own objective law. It objectively resides in the entire construction activity. Since so, naturally, be it analysis to understand, master rules of it, take the organizational and technical measures to pre control, in order to achieve the purpose of construction safety. However, there are still many problems in the management of the security civilization.Therefore, we focus on the construction stage of the construction safety civilization management, the construction of the various aspects of the construction plan, the status quo of the safety and civilization management. Through the safety awareness of the management, the system of planning, to the project safety detailed analysis of the content. There are some unpredictable problems during the process of preparation, which is the main problem in the management of safety civilization.. Lay a good foundation for further implementation.. According to the occurrence of the settlement of the accident, there is no accident occurred, record the safety civilization management improvement measures, improve the safety and civilization management. As generally work arrangements properly was period of management is relatively lax, cross process serious and complicated, and safety problems inthis period is often risks and security alert frigidity, may not out of the big problem, but small problems and small risks constantly. So strengthen safety education and training, the unknown engineering safety civilization management summary, learning.Through the research on the safety civilization management of the construction stage, the danger identification, the risk assessment and the risk control of the modern safety civilization management are discussed in three aspects.. The aim is to better and more secure the work done. Do early work after the reduction of risk, and further strengthen the construction project risk management, and thus promote the faster development of China's construction projects.2 Status quo of safety civilization managementIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of the market economy and the common improvement of people's life, construction industry has become one of the fastest developing industries. The competition of the market is increasingly fierce, so that the benefit of the enterprise to compete in the target, so to the management to benefit has become the consensus of entrepreneurs. And safety is the premise of the benefit, because the safety results determine the size of the benefit. End over the years the party and the government attaches great importance to production safety work, determine the safety production policy of "safety first, prevention first", promulgated a series of production safety laws and regulations and standards, the purpose is to protect the safety and health of laborers, control and reduce all kinds of accidents, improve the level of safety management, promote the establishment of harmonious society.The construction industry is the risk of production activities, unsafe factors, is the accident prone industry. In recent years, the death rate of China's construction industry is the highest in all industries, after the mining industry, the loss is huge, distressing. Although the mandatory implementation of the construction enterprise safety production license system, strengthen the construction market access control, and to further strengthen the construction enterprise construction site safety inspections, but accidents still occur from time to time. I believe that the number of casualties mainly determined by the characteristics of the construction industry. The safety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. The safety civilization management of the enterprise is mainly embodied in the following aspects:(1) Safety awareness. Due to the leading enterprises for a long time the importance ofconstruction safety understanding does not reach the designated position, grasping safety formalism serious, disregard for workers in the production of the legitimate interests of labor and social security, is not equipped with the necessary labor protection supplies, arbitrary extension of working time, workers in the long run, the working state of the overload, high strength, will lead to accidents. In addition, the leadership of the security work seriously enough, the staff of the corresponding security awareness, it is easy to cause illegal command, illegal operations, violation of labor discipline and safety accidents caused by.(2) The weak base of security civilization management. The weak security and civilization management is mainly due to the weak safety consciousness of some people, the relationship between the safety and the speed, safety and the relationship between safety and benefit, security and stability.. The weak safety management is mainly reflected in the weak: first, the research work of building safety technology is weak, and the key technology of building safety production is relatively lagging behind. The wide application of safety scientific and technological achievements is lack of market-oriented policy guidance and economic incentive measures. Study on the construction of new technology, new products, new technology application and safety protection measures of synchronization; second, compared with the developed countries, our country security protection technology, protective equipment and machinery and equipment is still relatively backward. Standardization, stereotypes and industrialization degree is very low; three is the construction enterprise safety civilization management and construction team quality is generally low. The safety of the low quality of the cultural quality, safety and civilization management knowledge, safety and technical specifications, safety procedures, safety precautions and so on do not understand. Can't manage the construction team.(3) The construction safety laws and regulations system is not perfect. There are some limitations to implement its security responsibilities; terms of punishment for violations of the law is not specific enough, operability is not strong; laws and regulations are not perfect, there is a problem of duplication and overlapping management; safety rules and regulations of the responsibility is not clear, management objectives is not clear, resulting in production safety responsibility of implementation is not in place etc..(4) The mechanism of the construction safety supervision and production is not perfect. At present, the mechanism of the effective construction safety supervision and management inChina has not been formed, and there is a big gap compared with the international advanced security management mode.. The safety supervision mode and management means can't adapt to the growing scale of construction, and it is difficult to carry out the construction safety supervision work further.. Mainly in the following three aspects:Construction unit safety civilization management problemThe exploration, design, construction and supervision of the construction engineering to the entity or individual contractor who is not qualified or qualified or even illegal. Due to the layers of subcontracting, resulting in the construction management is not strict, security training is not in place and security investment or basic no. And it will also make lower profits, and contractors in order to pursue the maximal profit will reduce his all unnecessary amount of spending, leading to safety hazards and accidents continue to occur.Investigation, design, engineering supervision and other units of the major security issuesSurvey, design units not in accordance with the requirements were survey or design, or change the survey and design documents, laws, regulations and mandatory standards, to survey the design defects, can not guarantee the building and construction personnel safety engineering supervision units not to the construction unit safety technical measures or special construction safety program for careful review, in the engineering construction nor of construction units to implement security measures of supervision seriously, find the hidden accident, nor does it take decisive measures to be rectification and elimination; detection unit to produce a false report.Safety problem of construction unitWith the increasing investment in infrastructure, the construction enterprise access policy adjustment, making the number of construction enterprises continues to increase, the construction team continues to expand. Especially in recent years, the rapid development of individual construction industry, the construction enterprise has changed fundamentally. But because the construction unit is the main body and the core position in the construction safety activity, the construction safety problem is mainly in the construction unit body.2.1 Government laws and regulations(1) The lack of building safety and civilization management system for the market economyConstruction of China's investment system changes the original building a safe and civilized production management has not adapt to the current construction methods, so has been dominated by the government of safe and civilized management appeared many loopholes in management, coupled with the construction safety laws and regulations is not perfect, the low efficiency of government supervision, social supervision system is not perfect, resulting in a safe and civilized management is not in place, suited to the laws of market economy, legal and economic means parallel building a safe and civilized management system has not been formed. Therefore, the initiative construction safety civilization management initiative construction safety civilization management work first, early planning, early arrangement, do the whole process supervision and inspection. Before the construction we put the project in the province Shuangyou site as the target management, improving the safety management measures and system in the project, accomplish beforehand to prevent. Employees entering the construction site, the first production safety education and follow the operating rules of education; followed by a safety technical disclosure and each segment and sub engineering safety technical disclosure, so that all staff familiar with the rules and regulations, consciously abide by the safety regulations and operating rules, improve the sense of self-protection. Strengthen the intensity and extent of the supervision of the safety and civilization management objectives for effective control.(2) The law and regulations are more and more incomplete and the execution is not enoughOur country law "environment and health" is too weak. The emphasis on "environment and health" in the activity of architecture has become a common topic of international concern. The target system of engineering construction has been shifted from the traditional "cost - cost - quality - time - to - Project" system to "cost - quality - time - environment and health" system.. The international standard organization has also developed the environmental management system.(3) The functional changes of the management department are lagging behind and the management of the vacuum isWith the deepening of the reform of our political system, the reform of the national institution, the enterprise reform, the enterprise has gradually separated from the industry administrative management, and has become the independent action subject in the market.With this adaptation, Ministry of construction and local construction administrative departments to become the national construction safety special supervision of the performer, state production safety supervision and administration and the local production safety supervision and management institutions become discharger of the state production safety supervision functions.The unsafe state of the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the material are the direct cause of the accident, which are directly related to the management. So the management is the indirect cause of the accident.. The unsafe behavior of human can be reduced or even eliminated through safety education, safety production responsibility system and security mechanism. The unsafe state of the material can be controlled by improving the scientific and technological content of the safety, establishing the perfect equipment maintenance system, promoting the construction and safety of the civilization. To strengthen the safety inspection on the job site, we can find and stop the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the thing, so as to avoid the accident. One of the most common defect management system is not perfect, the responsibility is not clear, abiding by the law, the illegal command, safety education is not enough, punishment is not strict, safety technical measures are not comprehensive, security check enough.(4) The construction safety production management and professional construction safety production management separateAt present, China's construction safety civilization management is actually decentralized management, did not really do the industry management. This has formed the construction safety civilization management standard, the management pattern is different, the casualty statistics data distortion, the management work responsibility is not clear.Pay attention to safety behavior norms according to the laws of science organization construction, comply with construction safety rules and standards, as a code of conduct to organize the construction of construction site to be constrained, regulate their behavior from two aspects: one is to require managers to strictly implement the construction administrative departments of the state and local issued by the construction safety and civilized management regulations and standards the implementation of the management system of the enterprise, before the construction of the relevant technical requirements for the construction safety to the crew and workers in detail, and signed by both parties confirmed that security staff dailyinspections of implementation; two is to require the operation layer; safety protection for the outstanding construction site could cause accident.2.2 The characteristics of the construction safety civilization managementThe characteristics of construction are mainly determined by the characteristics of architectural products. Compared with other industrial products, building products is huge in size, complexity and diversity, overall hard, not easy to mobile, so that construction in addition to the basic characteristics of industrial production, but also has the following main features:(1) The fluidity of productionOne is the body construction with the buildings or structures located position change and the transfer of production sites; the second is in the process of the construction of a project construction personnel and all kinds of machinery, electrical equipment with the construction site and along the construction of the object up, down, left and right flow, continue to turn shift operation places.(2) The product form is diverseDue to the natural conditions and uses of the building, the structure, modeling and material of the building are also different, and the construction method will be changed, it is difficult to realize the standardization.(3) Construction technology complexConstruction often need according to the structure of the building for many types of work with the operation, multi unit (earthwork, civil engineering, hoisting, installation, transportation, etc.) cross tie construction, the supplies and equipment are different, thus the construction organization and construction technology management has a higher request. Most of the construction industry is still manual operation, easy to make people fatigue, attention dispersion, so improper operation or mistakes more prone to occur, Rong Yi lead to accidents security. This is manual labor and heavy manual labor and more.(4) Open and aloft operationsThe building product is huge, the production cycle is long, the construction is carried on frequently in the open air and the high place, is often influenced by the natural climate condition. According to the national standard "high job classification" provides that there are more than 90% of the construction of higher operations. The open operation of buildingsaccounts for about 70% of the total workload, and the impacts and hazards of natural conditions such as spring, summer, autumn and winter, and sunshine, wind, rain, snow and snow etc.(5) Low mechanizationAt present, the construction mechanization degree of our country is still very low, still depend on a lot of manual operation.. Construction machinery and machinery in the factory compared to the mechanical equipment is very different, its safety is much higher than the factory equipment, the probability of injury is naturally much higher. There are several aspects of the following features:A. Use of different environmental conditions;B. Operating object is different;C. Operating location and operator;Take the crane as an example to discuss the mechanization of safety civilization management.In our country, with the increase of the number of the heavy machinery, the proportion of the injury accidents in the total industrial accidents is also increasing year by year. The common accidents of hoisting machinery are: the hanging falls, the impact of extrusion, the accident, the electric shock accident, the body dump accident.. The total number of crane crashes accounted for about 33%, the impact of extrusion accounted for about 30%, electric shock accounted for about 10%, the accident accounted for about 8%, the body dumping accounts for about 5%. The total number of the total number of injuries from the accident of the highest percentage of falling accident analysis:A. Off the rope accidents: due to the load from a bundle of the hoisting rope shedding collapsibility casualties damage.B.Weight loss accident from heavy lifting rope or special sling from hook caused by prolapse.C. Broken rope accident: hoisting rope and hoisting rope broken down due to the weight loss accident.D. Hook broken accident: weight loss accident fracture caused by hook.E. Hoisting wire rope problem.2.3 The work content of the construction safety civilization managementConstruction enterprises to do a good job security construction should pay attention to do the following several work:(1)Thinking;(2) Establishment of a safety production management system;(3) Establishing the safety and professional bodies and with full-time safety technicians;(4) Ensure that the workers are safe and secure;(5) Take the targeted safety measures;Safety technical measures should be aimed at the engineering features, in depth investigation and study. Also do a good job of work safety technical disclosure.3 Security checkThe security check is found in time, eliminate hidden dangers of accidents, an effective way to nip in the bud. The construction product volume is huge, the height operation is high, and then combined with the construction period, the technology complex and other factors, to the construction production brings a lot of unsafe factors. Through the combination of leadership and mass security checks, can effectively find the problem, take measures to eliminate the accident before the occurrence of the accident. Safety inspection can also summarize the good experience of the exchange of safety production, establish a typical, to promote the level of safety and civilization management. Mobilize the masses for security checks, both to encourage the masses to participate in the enthusiasm of safety and civilization management, and can educate the masses to enhance awareness of the safety awareness of production, and consciously improve the safety of production. In addition, the safety inspection can often give the neglect of the safety of the idea of knocking the alarm, and promptly correct illegal command, illegal operations behavior.4 SummarySafety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. With the continuous development of the economy, the continuous improvement of people's living standards, employees in the construction industry and the whole society are on the construction process of safe and civilized management level proposed requirements more and more high, the traditional management mode has not adapted to the requirements of the times. It is now in need of scientific and modern enterprise security and civilization management mode, and continuously improve the level of safety civilization management, thereal safety civilization management work well. The scientific use of PDCA circulation method, the pair of leaders of all levels of safety education and construction plan possible accident, the implementation of safe and civilized management plan, make safe and civilized management is better in the construction of perfect embodiment. To inspect the construction process of the construction management plan, and find the problem that hidden and haven't met to solve, analyze and record, and put the security plan into the program. To reach a circular process. Therefore, as the construction enterprise, we should study the status quo of the construction industry safety civilization, establish the new idea of safety civilization management, and establish new accord with the.Construction safety management civilization is the first human management, to strengthen the safety education and training, continuously improve the quality of security business, enhance security awareness, and to take effective measures to regulate people's behavior, to implement standardized operation, in construction process due to the complexity of the construction site personnel, dynamic and frequent, in project management, to take admission to tertiary education and the change of production and construction, timely safety education; combination of production safety skills training, in order to enhance staff safety consciousness of responsibility and security capabilities.Through the safety civilization management education and training, strengthen the construction safety and the implementation of the guarantee. Safety education is the most effective method in the safety civilization management. Both time and greatly reduce the cost. On the construction enterprise personnel, from the leadership to the construction workers are admitted to the education and training, the whole aspect to strengthen safety awareness. A clear division of labor and management, the construction project without mistake, reduce the mistake. Building a safe and civilized management is a very complex system engineering, we must use of scientific management methods, management methods, the establishment of new safe and civilized management mode to improve worker safety execution. Only in this way, we can really make a safe and civilized management level to a new level.施工阶段的安全文明管理1.研究内容与目的目前我国的安全生产形势依然严峻，特别是建筑领域伤亡事故多发的状况尚未根本扭转，建筑施工安全极其严竣；安全生产基础比较薄弱，保障体系和机制不健全；安全生产监督管理机构、队伍建设以及监管工作还待加强。

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国防部Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission中华人民共和国教育部Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国工业和信息化部Ministry of Industry and Information of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家民族事务委员会National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国公安部Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家安全部Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国司法部Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国财政部Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国自然资源部Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国生态环境部Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国交通运输部Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会Ministry of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国退役军人事务部Ministry of Veterans Affairs of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国应急管理部Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国水利部Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国农业农村部Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of ChinaMinistry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国文化和旅游部Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People's Republic of China中国人民银行The People's Bank of China中华人民共和国审计署National Audit Office of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家外国专家局State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of the People's Republic of China国家航天局China National Space Administration国家原子能机构China Atomic Energy Authority国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局National Nuclear Safely Administration国务院国有资产监督管理委员会State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council 中华人民共和国海关总署General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家市场监督管理总局State Administration for Market Regulation国家广播电视总局National Radio and Television Administration国家体育总局General Administration of Sport of China国家统计局National Bureau of Statistics国家国际发展合作署China International Development Cooperation Agency国家医疗保障局National Health-care Security Administration国家机关事务管理局National Government Offices Administration中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China国家标准化管理委员会Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国家版权局National Copyright Administration of the People's Republic of China国务院港澳事务办公室Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council中华人民共和国国家互联网信息办公室Cyberspace Administration of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Center of the State Council中央广播电视总台China Media Group中国气象局China Meteorological Administration中国银行保险监督管理委员会China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission国家行政学院National Academy of Governance国家信访局National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration国家粮食和物资储备局National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration国家能源局National Energy Administration国家国防科技工业局State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 国家移民管理局National Immigration Administration国家铁路局National Railway Administration of the People's Republic of China中国民用航空局Civil Aviation Administration of China中华人民共和国国家邮政局State Post Bureau of of the People's Republic of China国家文物局National Cultural Heritage Administration国家中医药管理局National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine国家煤矿安全监察局National Coal Mine Safety Administration国家外汇管理局State Administration of Foreign Exchange国家药品监督管理局National Medical Products Administration国家知识产权局National Intellectual Property Administration国家公务员局State Administration of Civil Service国家档案局National Archives Administration of China国家保密局National Administration of State Secrets Protection中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区联络办公室Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong S.A.R中央人民政府驻澳门特别行政区联络办公室Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao S.A.R全国人民代表大会The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中华人民共和国最高人民法院The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国最高人民检察院The Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China国家监察委员会National Supervisory Committee。

建设工程文献归档整顿规范Code for Construction Project Document Filing and Arrangement粮食平房仓设计规范Code of Design of Grain Storehouses建筑工程施工质量验收统一原则Unified Standard for Constructional Quality组合钢模板技术规范Technical Code of Composite Steel-Form建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of Building Decoration钢构造工程施工质量验收规范Code for acceptance of construction quality of steel structures工业锅炉安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering电气装置安装工程电力变流设备施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of power convertor equipment电气装置安装工程电气设备交接试验原则Erection works of electrical installations Standard for hand-over test of electric equipment电气装置安装工程母线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of bus-bar device电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of high voltage appliance工业用水软化除盐设计规范Code for design of industrial water softening anddemineralization室外煤气热力工程设施抗震鉴定原则Code for seismic assessment of outdoor gas and heating engineering facilities工业金属管道设计规范Code for design of industrial metallic pipeline engineering预制混凝土构件质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of precast concrete members建设工程监理规范Code for construction project management都市排水工程规划规范_ Code for planning of urban sewerage engineering猪屠宰与分割车间设计规范Code for design of workshop for pig slaughter and segmentation砌体工程检测技术原则Code for design of industrial metallic pipeline engineering智能建筑设计原则Standard for design of intelligent buildings消防通信指挥系统设计规范Code for design of fire communication and command system 建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程验收规范Code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and campus建筑与建筑群综合布线系统工程设计规范Code for engineering design of generic cabling system for building and campus电梯安装工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of erection works of elevators工业炉砌工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of brickworks for industrial furnaces地下铁道、轻轨交通工程测量规范Code for engineering surveying of subway and light rail transit engineering地下铁道、轻轨交通岩土工程勘察规范Code for geotechnical engineering investigation of subway and light rail transit建筑安装工程质量检查评估原则(容器工程) Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction erection works(container)建筑安装工程质量检查说不定原则(通用机械设备安装工程) Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction erection works (general machinery equipment)通风与空调工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of Ventilation and air-conditioning works建筑电气安装工程质量评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of ventilation and air-conditioning works建筑采暖卫生与煤气工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building heating, sanitary and gas engineering建筑工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of building construction建筑安装工程质量检查评估统一原则Unified standard for quality inspection and assessment of building constructional erection works地下铁道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of subway engineering风景名胜区规划规范Code for planning of scenic area电力工程基本术语原则Standard for basic terms of electric power engineering供水管井技术规范Technical standard for water supply well水泥工厂设计规范Code for design of cement plants核电厂总平面及运送设计规范Code for design of general plan and transportation of nuclear power plants都市电力规划规范Code for planning of urban electric power民用建筑可靠性鉴定原则Standard for reliability evaluation of civil buildings房地产估价规范Code for appraisal of real estate土工合成材料应用技术规范Technical code for application of geosynthetics都市工程管线综合规划规范Code for comprehensive planning of urban engineering pipeline浇灌与排水工程设计规范Code for design of irrigation and drainage水利水电工程地质勘察规范Code for geological investigation of water resources and hydropower engineering堤防工程设计规范Code for design of levee projects调幅收音台和调频电视转播台与公路防护商距原则Standard for protection distance from highway to AM, FM and TV rebroadcast stations飞机库设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of aircraft hangar公路工程构造可靠度设计统一原则Unified standard of reliability design of highway engineering structures都市给水工程规化规范Code for planning of urban water supply engineering泡沫灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of foam fire extinguishing systems都市规划基本术语原则Standard for basic terminology of urban planning岩土工程基本术语原则Standard for fundamental terms of geotechnical engineering起重设备安装工程施工验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of crane installation engineering铸造设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of casting equipment installation engineering破碎粉磨设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of crusher and mill equipment installation engineering压缩机、风机、泵安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of compressor, fan and pump installation engineering制冷设备空气分离设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial boiler installation engineering锻压设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of forging - press equipment installation engineering金属切削机床安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of metal - cutting machine installation engineering持续输送设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of continuous conveyer equipment installation engineering地基动力特性测试规范Code for measurement method of dynamic properties of subsoil 给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of water supply and sewerage pipeline engineering核电厂抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of unclear power plants工程岩体试验措施原则Standard for test methods of engineering rock masses泵站设计规范Code for design of pumping stations工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范Code for design of heat insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe lines气体灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of gas fire extinguishing systems铁路工程基本术语原则Standard for fundamental terms of railway engineering自动喷水灭火系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems电力设施抗震设计规范Code for design of seismic of electrical installations电气装置安装工程电气照明装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric lighting devices电气装置安装工程1KV及如下配线工程施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of 1kV and under feeder cable engineering电气装置安装工程爆炸和火灾危险环境电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of electric device within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres电气装置安装工程起重机电气装置施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of power convertor equipment电气装置安装工程低压电器施工及验收规范Electric equipment installation engineering Code for construction and acceptance of low-voltage apparatus输油管道理工程设计规范Code for design of oil transmission pipeline engineering工业安装工程质量检查说不定统一原则Unified standard for quality inspection and assessment of industrial erection engineering输气管道工程设计规范Code for design of gas transmission pipeline engineering通风与空调工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of ventilation and air -conditioning works采暖与卫生工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of heating and sanitary works现场设备、工业管道焊接工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of welding works of on -site equipment and industrial pipeline工业金属管道工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial metallic pipeline engineering110～500kV架空电力线路施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of 110～kV over -head electrical power transmission机械设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of mechanical equipment installation engineering火力发电厂与变电所设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of power plant and substation工程测量基本术语原则Standard for foundational terminology of engineering survey并联电容器装置设计规范Code for design of installation of shunt capacitors铁路旅客车站建筑设计规范Code for design of railway passenger station buildings人民防空工程设计规范Code for design of civil air defense works建筑防腐蚀工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of anticorrosion engineering of buildings建筑抗震设防分类原则Standard for classification of seismic protection of buildings建筑内部装修设计防火规范Code for fire prevention design of interior decoration of buildings钢构造工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of structural steel engineering都市道路交通规划设计规范Code for planning design of transport on urban road水喷雾灭火系统设计规范Code for design on water spray fore extinguishing systems工程岩体分级原则Standard for classification of engineering rock masses电力工程电缆设计规范Code for design of cables of electric works铁路工程构造可靠度设计统一原则Unified standard for reliability design of railway煤炭工业矿井设计规范Code for the colliery design of coal mining industry矿山井巷工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of mining pit engineering建筑防腐蚀工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of building corrosion prevention works工业炉砌筑工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of brick works for industrial furnaces建筑地面工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of ground and floor engineering地下防水工程施工验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of underground water proof engineering屋面工程技术规范Technical code for roof engineering木构造工程施工质量验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of timber structure engineering砌体工程施工质量验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of masonry structure engineering地基与基础工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of foundation engineering土方与爆破工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of earthwork and blasting engineering防洪原则Standard for flood control有线电视系统工程技术规范Technical code for CATV system水利水电工程构造可靠度设计统一原则Unified standard for reliability design of hydraulic engineering structures民用闭路监视电视系统工程技术规范Technical code for civil closed circuit monitoring TV system engineering露天煤矿工程设计规范Code for design of open pit coal mine engineering高倍数、中倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范(2023年版）Code for design of high and medium expansion foam fore extinguishing systems发生炉煤气站设计规范Code for design of producer gas stations建设工程施工现场面供用电安全规范Code for safety of power supply and consumption in engineering construction site二氧化碳灭火系统设计规范Code for design of carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems 河港工程设计规范Code for design of river port engineering构筑物抗震设计规范Code for design of earthquake-resistant of structural constructions 多层厂房楼盖抗微振设计规范Code for design of anti-micro-vibration of multistory factoryfloor旅游旅馆建筑热工与空气调整节能设计原则Standard for design of air conditioning and energy conservation in tourism hotel buildings村镇规划原则Standard for planning of rural village and town工业企业总平面设计规范Code for design of general plan for industrial enterprises港口工程基本术语原则Standard for basic terms of port engineering工业设备及管道绝热工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of heat insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipelines工业金属管道工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of industrial metal pipeline engineering原油和天然气工程设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of crude电气装置安装工程电梯电气装置施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of electrical appa蓄滞洪区建筑工程技术规范Technical code for constructional engineering in flood detention basin都市居住区规划设计规范Code of urban Residential areas planning m Design河流流量测验规范Code for measurement of fluid flow in open channels建筑气候区划原则Standard for climatic region-alization for building and civil engineering 氢氧站设计规范Code for design of hydrogen and oxygen stations民用建筑热工设计规范Code for thermal design of civil buildings露天煤矿工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of open pit coal-mine engineering电子计算机机房设计规范Code for design of electronic computer room电气装置安装工程35kV及如下架空电力线路施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of 35kV and under over-head power levels电气装置安装工程蓄电池施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of battery电气装置安装工程盘、柜及二次回路结线施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installation and acceptance of switchboard outfit, complete cubicle and secondary circuit 电气装置安装工程旋转电机施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code of construction and acceptance of rotating electrical machines电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of earthed devices电气装置安装工程电缆线路施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of cable levels工程摄影测量原则Code for engineering photogrammetry火灾自动报警系统施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of automatic fore alarm systems古建筑木构造维护与加固技术规范Technical code for maintenance and reinforcement ofancient timber buildings混凝土质量控制原则Standard for quality control of concrete卤代烷1301灭火设计规范Code for design of halon 1301 for extinguishing systems道路工程制图原则Standard for road engineering drawing烟花爆竹工厂设计安全规范Code for safety design of fire-works and firecrackers plants 石油化工企业设计防火规范code for fire protection design of petrochemical enterprises 河流悬移质泥沙测验规范Code for measurement of suspended sediment in open channels港口工程构造可靠度设计统一原则Unified standard for reliability design of port engineering地下铁道设计规范code for design of under-ground railway小型石油库及汽车加油站设计规范Code for design of small petrochemical storage depots and service stations采暖通风与空气调整术语原则Standard for terminology of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning地下及覆土火药炸药仓库设计安全生产规范Code for safety design of underground and earth powder and explosive warehouse工程构造可靠度设计统一原则Unified standard for reliability design of engineering structures混凝土构造试验措施原则Standard for test methods of concrete structures低倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范Code for design of low expansion foam extinguishing systems电气装置安装工程高压电器施工及验收规范Erection works of electrical installations Code for construction and acceptance of high voltage appliance粉煤灰混凝土应用技术规程Technical code for application of fly ash concrete土旳分类原则Standard for classification of soils工业厂房可靠性鉴定原则Standard for reliability evaluation of industrial factory buildings 架空电力线路、变电所对电视差转台、转播台无线电干扰防护间距原则Standard for protective spacing of radio interference from over-head electric lines, substations to t中、短波广播发射台与电缆载波通信系统旳防护间距原则Standard for protective spacing between medium, short wave broadcast transmitting station and electric cable carrier telecommunication systems给水排水构筑物施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of constructional structures of water supply and sewerage建筑灭火器配置设计规范Code for design of extinguisher disposition in buildings内河通航原则Standard for navigation of inland river水位观测原则Standard for observation of water level都市用地分类与规划建设用地原则Standard for classification of urban land and for planning of constructional land电镀废水治理设计规范Code for design of disposal of electroplating waste water高耸构造设计规范Code for design of high-rise structures人防工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of civil air defense works 民用建筑照明设计原则Standard for design of artificial lighting in civil buildings工程构造设计基本术语和通用符号Standard for basic terms and general symbols used in structural design of engineering自动化仪表安装工程质量检查评估原则Standard for quality inspection and assessment of installation works for automatic instruments钢筋混凝土升板构造技术规范Technical code for reinforced concrete lift-slab structure砌体基本力学性能试验措施原则Standard for test methods of basic mechanical properties of masonry立式圆筒开形钢制焊接油罐施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of stand cylindrical steel welded oil storage tank架空索道工程技术规范Technical code for aerial ropeway engineering工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of heat insulation in industrial equipment and pipe work给水排水设计基本术语原则Standard for basic terms used in design of water supply and sewerage engineering道路工程术语原则Standard for terms used in road engineering土工试验措施原则Standard for test methods of earthworks工业企业噪声测量规范Code for measurement of noise in industrial enterprises建筑隔声评价原则Standard for assessment of building sound insulation工业企业共用天线电视系统设计规范Code for design of community television system in industrial enterprises混凝土外加剂应用技术规范Technical code for application of admixture in concrete民用建筑隔声设计规范Code for sound insulation design of civil buildings工业构筑物抗震鉴定原则Standard for earthquake-resistant evaluation of industrial constructional structures火灾自动报警系统设计规范Code for design of automatic fire alarm systems工业电视系统工程设计规范Code for design of close circuit television system采暖通风与空气调整制图原则Standard for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning drawings液压滑动模板施工技术规范Technical code for construction using hydraulic slip formworks膨胀土地区建筑技术规范Technical code for buildings in swelling soil zone铁路工程抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of railway engineering卤代烷1211灭火系统设计规范Code for design of haton1211fire extinguishing systems 地下工程防水技术规范Technical code for water proof in underground engineering混凝土强度检查评估原则Standard for inspection and assessment of strength of concrete给水排水制图原则Standard for water supply and sewerage drawing建筑构造制图原则Standard for structural drawing建筑制图原则Standard for architectural drawing总图制图原则Standard for general layout drawing工业循环冷却水设计规范Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water建筑楼梯模数协调原则Standard for modular coordination of building staircases住宅建筑模数协调原则Standard for modular coordination of dwelling houses中小学校建筑设计规范Code for design of secondary and primary school buildings人民防空工程设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of civil air defense works水泥混凝土路面施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of cement concrete pavement住宅设计规范Code for design of dwelling houses水文基本术语和符号原则Standard for terms and symbols used in hygrometry球形储罐施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of spherical tank工业自动化仪表工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of industrial automatic instrument works沥青路面施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of asphalt pavement铁路车站及枢纽设计规范Code for design of railway stations and railway terminals铁路线路设计规范Code for design of railway line民用爆破器材工厂设计安全规范Code for safety design of civil explosive materials manufacturing plants驻波管法吸声系数与声阻抗率测量规范Code for measurement of sound-absorbing coefficient and specific acoustic impedance of standing-wave工业企业噪声控制设计规范Code for design of noise control in industrial enterprises锚杆喷射混凝土支护技术规范Technical code for shot concrete rock bolts shore喷灌工程技术规范Technical code for sprinkling irrigation engineering自动喷水灭火系统设计规范Code for design of automatic fire sprinkler systems建筑构造设计术语和符号原则Standard for terminology and symbols used in design of building structures一般混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验措施Standard for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete一般混凝土力学性能试验措施原则Standard for test methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete一般混凝土拌合物性能试验措施Standard for test methods of properties of ordinary concrete mixture工业企业通信接地设计规范Code for design of telecommunications earthing in industrial enterprises烟囱工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of chimney works钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范Code for design of reinforced concrete silos厅堂混响时间测量规范Code for measurement of reverberation time in hall建筑隔声测量规范Code for measurement of building sound insulation石油库设计规范Code for design of petroleum depots洁净厂房设计规范Code for design of industrial clean rooms冷库设计规范Code for design of cold-storages小型水力发电站设计规范Code for design of small-sized hydropower stations矿山电力装置设计规范Code for design of mine electrical power equipment给水排水工程构造设计规范Code for structural design of water supply and sewerage engineering建筑构造设计统一原则Unified standard for design of building structures汽车库、修车库、停车场设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of garage, motor repair shop and parking area制冷设备安装工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of installation works of refrigeration equipment工业与民用电力装置旳接地设计规范Code for design of earthing of industrial and civil electrical installation工业与民用电力装置旳过电压保护设计规范Code for design of over-voltage protection of industrial and civil electrical installation电力装置旳电气测量仪表装置设计规范Code for design of electrical measuring instrumentation of electrical installation电力装置旳继电保护和自动装置设计规范Code for design of relaying protection and automatic device of electric power installation66KV及如下架空电力线路设计规范Code for design of 66KV or under over-head electrical power transmission line3～110KV高压配电装置设计规范Code for design of 3～110KV high voltage electrical installations35～110KV变电所设计规范Code for design of 35～110KV爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范Code for design of electric installations within explosion and fire hazard atmospheres建筑物防雷设计规范Code for design of lightning protection of buildings电热设备电力装置设计规范Code for design of electrical equipment of electroheat installations通用用电设备配电设计规范Code for design of power distribution of general electrical installations低压配电装置及线路设计规范Code for design of low voltage power distribution installations and wiring systems10KV及如下变电所设计规范Code for design of 10KV or under substations供配电系统设计规范Code for design of electric power supply systems烟囱设计规范Code for design of chimneys工业循环冷却水处理设计规范Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water treatment小型火力发电厂设计规范Code for design of small -sized power plant混响室法吸声系数测量规范Code for measurement of sound -absorbing coefficient in reverberation room工业建筑防腐蚀设计规范Code for design of corrosion prevention of industrial buildings 高层民用建筑设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of high-rise buildings室外给水排水工程设施抗震鉴定原则Standard for seismic assessment of outdoor water supply and sewerage engineering facilities工业企业通信设计规范Code for design of telecommunication in industrial enterprises锅炉房设计规范Code for design of boiler house动力机器基础设计规范Code for design of dynamic machine foundation村镇建筑设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of rural buildings人民防空地下室设计规范Code for design of basement for civil air defense建筑地面设计规范Code of design for ground surface and floor of buildings工业企业照明设计原则Standard for artificial lighting design of industrial enterprises医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范Standard for daylighting design of industrial enterprises室外给水排水和煤气热力工程抗震设计规范Code for earthquake-resistant design of outdoor water supply, sewerage, gas and heating engineering乙炔站设计规范Code for design of acetylene stations氧气站设计规范Code for design of oxygen station压缩空气站设计规范Code for design of compressed air stations城镇燃气设计规范Code for design of city gas engineering供水水文地质勘察规范Code for hydro-geological investigation of water supply工程测量规范Code for engineering surveying湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范Code for building construction in collapsible loess zone建筑抗震鉴定原则Standard for earthquake-resistant evaluation of buildings厂矿道路设计规范Code for design of road in factories and mining areas岩土工程勘察规范Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering采暖通风与空气调整设计规范Code for design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning 冷弯薄壁型钢构造技术规范Technical code for design of cold-formed thin -wall steel structures钢构造设计规范Code for design of steel structures建筑设计防火规范Code for fire protection design of buildings建筑给水排水设计规范Code for design of building water supply and sewerage室外排水设计规范Code for design of outdoor sewerage engineering室外给水设计规范Code for design of outdoor water supply engineering工业企业原则轨距铁路设计规范Code for design of standard track gauge railway in industrial enterprises建筑抗震设计规范Code for seismic design of buildings混凝土构造设计规范Code for design of concrete structures建筑构造荷载规范Loading code for design of building structures建筑地基基础设计规范Code for design of building厂房建筑模数协调原则Standard for modular coordination of factory buildings 木构造设计规范Code for design of timber structures砌体构造设计规范Code for design of masonry structures建筑模数协调统一原则Unified standard for modular coordination of buildings 房屋建筑制图统一原则Unified standard for building drawing。