noteoncontributors4.3

文献计量英语**English Content:**In the realm of academic research, bibliometrics English, or the quantitative analysis of literature, has emerged as a crucial tool for understanding the impact and influence of scholarly works. This discipline, which intersects with information science, library science, and linguistics, among others, enables researchers to objectively evaluate the significance of articles, books, and other forms of academic publications.At its core, bibliometrics English involves the measurement and analysis of quantitative data derived from academic literature. This data, which can include citation counts, publication rates, and the frequency of keywords, among others, provides insights into the reach and influence of specific works within a given field. By applying statistical techniques to this data, researchers can identify patterns and trends that might not be apparent from a qualitative analysis alone.The importance of bibliometrics English is further underscored by the growing availability of digitallibraries and online databases. These resources, which contain millions of academic articles and books, can be searched and analyzed using bibliometric tools. This has led to a significant increase in the volume and complexity of bibliometric data, necessitating the development of sophisticated analytical techniques.One of the most significant applications of bibliometrics English is in the evaluation of research impact. By analyzing citation data, researchers can determine which articles or books have been mostinfluential in shaping the field. This information can be used to identify key contributors, assess the quality of research outputs, and even predict future trends.However, it is important to note that bibliometrics English is not a perfect science. There are limitations and biases inherent in any attempt to quantify the value of academic works. For example, citation counts can be influenced by a number of factors, including the popularity of a journal or the prominence of an author. Additionally,bibliometric analysis can overlook qualitative aspects of research, such as its originality, depth, or impact on practice.Despite these limitations, bibliometrics English remains a valuable tool for academic research. By providing a quantitative dimension to the evaluation of scholarly works, it offers a more comprehensive understanding oftheir influence and impact. As the field continues to evolve, it is likely that bibliometric techniques will become increasingly sophisticated, providing even deeper insights into the world of academic research.**Chinese Content:**在学术研究领域，文献计量英语或文献的定量分析已成为理解学术作品影响力和价值的关键工具。

Lightwave FBX Plug-in GuideLightWave FBX plug-inAugust 2005© Copyright 1994-2005 Alias Systems Corp. ("Alias") and its licensors. All rights reserved.Portions relating to JPEG © Copyright 1991-1998 Thomas G. Lane. All rights reserved. This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group.Portions relating to TIFF © Copyright 1997-1998 Sam Leffler. © Copyright 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved.The Tiff portions of this software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright owner or contributors of the TIFF portions be liable for any direct, indirect,incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of the TIFF portions of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.All documentation ("Documentation") contains proprietary and confidential information of Alias. The Documentation is protected by national and international intellectual property laws and treaties. Use of the Documentation is subject to the terms of the license agreement that governs the use of the software product to which the Documentation pertains("Software"). The authorized licensee of the Software is hereby authorized to print no more than one (1) hardcopy of any Documentation provided in digital format per valid license of the Software held by such licensee. Except for the foregoing, the Documentation may not be translated, copied or duplicated in any form (physically or electronically), in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Alias.Alias, the swirl logo, Maya, MotionBuilder, FilmBox, HumanIK, Open Reality, and FBX are registered trademarks of Alias in the United States and/or other countries. 3dsmax and Discreet are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc./Autodesk Canada Inc. in the USA and/or other countries. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, and Distiller are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, Mac, Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Safari is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries. Macromedia and Flash are registered trademarks of Macromedia, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. SGI, Silicon Graphics, and OpenGL are registered trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide. Softimage and XSI are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Avid Technology, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. LightWave and LightWave 3D are registered trademarks of are trademarks of NewTek, Inc. Wacom is a trademark of Wacom Co., Ltd. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.A LIAS S YSTEMS C ORP .| 4428 S T -L AURENTB LVD | S UITE 300 | M ONTRÉAL , Q UÉBEC H2W 1Z5Document:MotionBuilder FBX Plug-in Guide Version:LightWave FBX plug-in 2005 08Date:August 2005Contents1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Windows installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Macintosh installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 2 Importing and exporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Exporting from LightWave to an .fbx file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5FBX Exporter window options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Importing .fbx files into LightWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Merging animation back to LightWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6What’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Lightwave FBX Plug-in GuideiiiTable of ContentsLightwave FBX Plug-in Guide ivLightwave FBX Plug-in Guide11InstallationThe LightWave FBX plug-in is used by LightWave® to import, export, and convert files using the .fbx file format. This document describes how to install the LightWave FBX plug-in for Windows®2000/XP and Mac OS X.Windows installation1Download the .zip file from the Alias web site (/glb/eng/community/downloads.jsp).2Double-click the .zip file and extract the file.3Locate the fbxlw.p file. By default, the LightWave FBX plug-in files are copied to the C:\Alias\FBXPlugins<fbxver>\lw80 folder.4Remove all old versions of the LightWave FBX plug-in before copying the new plug-in.5Copy the fbxlw.p plug-in file into the \lightwave-3d-80\Plug-ins\Input-Output folder.6Launch LightWave 3D Layout.7Click Utilities>Add Plug-ins. The file browser appears, prompting you for a .p plug-in. 8Select the copied fbxlw.p plug-in file in the \Plugins\Input-Outputfolder, and click Ok.Note If you had created any menu items to import,export, or merge fbx scenes in earlier versions ofLightWave, they must be removed and re-created.Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide21 | InstallationMacintosh installationIf the LightWave FBX plug-in is installed correctly, the options“Export to FBX”, “Import from FBX”, and “Merge with FBX” appear in the Edit>Edit Menu Layout menu, in the Plug-ins Command list.9Add the FBX command to your File menu. Select "Edit>Edit MenuLayout...", then drag the commands "Import from FBX" and "Merge with FBX" from Plug-ins to your "File>Import" menu. Drag the command "Export to FBX" to your "File->Export" menu.Macintosh installation1Double-click the package icon to start the installation.The LightWave FBX plug-in is installed to the selected disk drive in the following folder: <Macintosh™ Drive>/Applications/LightWave 3D 80/Plugins/Input-Output.2Enter your login password to continue the installation whenprompted.The Welcome window appears.3Click Continue to start the installation process.4Select a destination disk for your application to be installed and click Continue.5Click Install (or Upgrade). A progress bar indicates the timeremaining of the installation; when the progress reaches 100%, the Finish button is activated. Note If you had created any menu items to import, export, or merge fbx scenes in earlier versions ofLightWave, they must be removed and re-created.NoteYou must obtain administrator privileges tocontinue installation.1 | InstallationMacintosh installation6Click Finish to exit the installation program.7Launch LightWave 3D Layout.8Click Layout>Plug-ins>Add Plugins. The file browser appears, prompting you for a .p plug-in.9Select the copied fbxlw.p plug-in file in the \Plugins\Input-Output folder, and click Ok.If the LightWave FBX plug-in is installed correctly, the options“Export to FBX”, “Import from FBX”, and “Merge with FBX” appear in the Edit>Edit Menu Layout menu, in the Plug-ins Command list. 10Add the FBX command to your File menu.11Select "Edit>Edit Menu Layout...", then drag the commands "Import from FBX" and "Merge with FBX" from Plug-ins to your"File>Import" menu.12Drag the command "Export to FBX" to your "File->Export" menu.Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide31 | Installation Macintosh installationLightwave FBX Plug-in Guide 4Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide52Importing andexportingThis section describes how to export models from LightWave using the .fbx file format, and how to import .fbx files into LightWave.It also includes a list of the LightWave features supported by this version of the LightWave FBX plug-in software.Exporting from LightWave to an .fbx file 1Select File>Export>Export to FBX.By default, the pop-up menu offers to export the FBX file with the same name and directory as your LightWave scene file.2Modify this by clicking the browser button next to the Addressfield.3Select which parameters to export and click OK. Wait for aconfirmation dialog box. For more information of the Export parameters, see"FBX Exporter window options" on page 6.figure 2-1: FBX Exportermenu.Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide62 | Importing and exportingFBX Exporter window optionsFBX Exporter window optionsOnce you select an FBX file to export from LightWave, the FBX Exporter window appears (figure 2-2). The FBX Exporter window contains the following export options.Importing .fbx files into LightWave1Launch LightWave.2Select File>Import>Import from FBX.3Use the file browser to select the FBX file to be imported, and thefolder where your .lwo files are created (figure 2-3).4Select the take you want to import.5Click OK.Merging animation back to LightWave 1Launch LightWave 8.2Load the original LightWave scene.3Save the scene as “working copy” (or any other temporary name).figure 2-2: FBX Exportermenu.figure 2-3: FBX Importerwindow.Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide7What’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-in4Select File>Import>Merge with FBXIn the pop-up menu, click the browser button next to the address field, select the appropriate FBX file, and click OK.What’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-inLightWave FBX plug-in supports the following LightWave functionalities:NoteLightWave envelopes are treated as MotionBuilder FCurves.LightWave LightWave FBX plug-inSubPatch ObjectsSubPatch objects are not visible as a SubPatch surface inside MotionBuilder software. When exporting SubPatch objects, you can activate the Freeze option, which makes the object a Polygon mesh.If you do not activate the Freeze option, the Subpatch cage is saved as a mesh.MaterialsMultiple materials are supported.figure 2-4: FBX Merger windowLightwave FBX Plug-in Guide 8What’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-inTexturesEmbedded textures are supported.Only UV texture maps are supported.Other mapping methods are not yet supported.TRS animation of objects Supported.Bones Only Limbs are supported. Limb Nodes are converted to nulls.EndoMorphsEndoMorphs are supported. Bone and Morph animations are both supported at the same time on the same object. The LightWave MorphMixer must be applied to the object before EndoMorphs can be imported into your MotionBuilder software.Line PolygonsLine polygons (polygons with two vertices) are supported on export.Multiple LightsSupported.Translation and Rotation animation for lightsSupported.Cone Angle, Color, and Intensity animationSupported.LightWave LightWave FBX plug-inWhat’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-inLightWave LightWave FBX plug-inPoint, Linear, and Area lights Point light(All Lights retain their originallight type when you merge backto LightWave.)Spot light Spot light(All Lights retain their originallight type when you merge backto LightWave.)Distant light Infinite light(All Lights retain their originallight type when you merge backto LightWave.)Multiple cameras Supported.Camera Field of View animation Supported.Camera vertical and horizontalfield of view animation isconverted to Zoom Factor inLightWave.Camera translation and rotation Supported.Camera Roll animation Camera Roll is supported whenthe camera has a CameraInterest (target).Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide9What’s supported in LightWave FBX plug-inLightWave LightWave FBX plug-inCamera interest There is limited support forCamera Interest (target).The camera must not beparented.Camera Pixel ratio SupportedCamera Target If you parent the camera, theanimation is plotted to thecamera.Camera Up node Camera up node supported byplotting its effect on the cameraroll animation.Lightwave FBX Plug-in Guide10。

Motorola Accessory Programming SoftwareTable of Contents1.Introduction2.What's New in this Release3.Requirements4.Installation and Removal5.Open Issues Summary6.Legal Notice7.Publicly Available Software Legal Notices1. IntroductionThe Accessory Programming Software provides organizations with the ability to upgrade and manage the accessory devices.The Accessory Programming Software application contains an upgrade tool that can be used to upgrade one or multiple accessory devices at a time and a retrieve log tool to retrieve the device logs.2. What's New in this ReleaseVersion Notes1.0Initial release allows a user to upgrade their Mission critical and Operations critical wirelessaccessory devices.2.0This release allows a user to upgrade their XE RSM accessory devices.2.8This release allows a user to upgrade their GPS RSM as well as wireless devices.APS R2.8must beused for firmware upgrade to Mission Critical Wireless R01.04.00and Operations Critical WirelessR01.03.01or later firmware.3.0This release allows a user to upgrade their WRSM accessory devices4.0This release allows a user to recognize the name for Long Range OCW Wireless RSM as OCWWRSM.4.1This release allows a user to upgrade and manage their XE500Model1and Model1.5accessorydevices4.2This release allows a user to set codeplug to enable channel knob position broadcast duringpower up for their accessory devices.4.3This release allows a user to set Volume Channel codeplug for their XE500accessory devices.4.4This release allows a user to set Kodiak Device Operation Mode for their OCW WRSM accessorydevices.4.5This release allows a user to set Kodiak Device Operation Mode for their OCW WPOD accessorydevices.4.6This release allows a user to set the Radio,Wave and Kodiak Device Operation Mode for theirWRSM accessory devices.4.7This release allows a user to set the Send Channel Control Powerup for XVE500,XVP850andVolume Control Feature codeplug for XVE500,XVE NO KNOB,XVP850/830,XVN500RSMaccessory devices for FDNY support.4.8This release allows a user to upgrade XV RSM(PMMN4123A and PMMN4145A)accessorydevices.4.9This release fixes the XE500Model1volume configuration missing in version4.8and allows auser to disable over temperature reporting status for XVN500RSM accessory devices.4.10This release allows a user to set Volume and Channel codeplug for their XVE DIV1accessorydevices.4.11This release allows a user to set Extra Loud Earpiece Compatible codeplug for their WM800accessory devices.3. RequirementsOperating Systems●Microsoft®Windows®7Home/Professional Edition●Microsoft®Windows®8.1Home/Professional Edition●Microsoft®Windows®10Home/Professional EditionNote●Please see the application help file for information on how to use the Accessory Programming Software4. Installation and RemovalInstallationAdministrative rights on the PC in which the software is to be installed are required.To download the Accessory Programming Software,please visit the Motorola Solutions MOL website.After downloading the software,please refer to the“APS User Guide.pdf”for instructions to install the software.If a previous version of Accessory Programming Software has already been installed,please remove the software first and install the new software.RemovalIn the Control Panel,select the"Programs and Features"option.Select the Accessory ProgrammingSoftware item from the list of programs and click the Uninstall button.5. Open Issues SummaryOn rare occasion,after completion of the firmware upgrade user may get the following WARNING:"The device has been upgraded successfully but fails to reset.Please disconnect and reconnect the USB cable to reset the device."User can IGNORE this warning since the device was upgraded successfully.6. Legal NoticeMotorola Solutions is a registered trademark of Motorola Solutions,IncMicrosoft®and Windows®are registered trademarks of Microsoft Inc.7. Publicly Available Software Legal NoticesThis media,or Motorola Solutions Product,may include Motorola Solutions Software,Commercial Third Party Software,and Publicly Available Software.The Motorola Solutions Software that may be included on this media,or included in the Motorola Solutions Product,is Copyright(c)by Motorola Solutions,Inc.,and its use is subject to the licenses,terms and conditions of the agreement in force between the purchaser of the Motorola Solutions Product and Motorola Solutions,Inc.The Commercial Third Party Software that may be included on this media,or included in the Motorola Solutions Product,is subject to the licenses,terms and conditions of the agreement in force between the purchaser of the Motorola Solutions Product and Motorola Solutions,Inc.,unless a separate Commercial Third Party Software License is included,in which case,your use of the Commercial Third Party Software will then be governed by the separate Commercial Third Party License.The Publicly Available Software that may be included on this media,or in the Motorola Solutions Product,is listed below.The use of the listed Publicly Available Software is subject to the licenses,terms and conditions of the agreement in force between the purchaser of the Motorola Solutions Product and Motorola Solutions,Inc.,as wellas,the terms and conditions of the license of each Publicly Available Software package.Copies of the licenses for the listed Publicly Available Software,as well as,all attributions,acknowledgements,and software information details,are included below.Motorola Solutions is required to reproduce the software licenses,acknowledgments and copyright notices as provided by the Authors and Owners,thus,all such information is provided in its native language form,without modification or translation.For instructions on how to obtain a copy of any source code being made publicly available by Motorola Solutions related to software used in this Motorola Solutions Product you may send your request in writing to:Motorola Solutions,INC.Government&Public Safety BusinessPublicly Available Software Management1301E.Algonquin RoadSchaumburg,IL60196USA.In your request,please include the Motorola Solutions Product Name and Version,along with the Publicly Available Software specifics,such as the Publicly Available Software Name and Version.Note,the source code for the Publicly Available Software may be resident on the Motorola Solutions Product Installation Media,or on supplemental Motorola Solutions Product Media.Please reference and review the entire Motorola Solutions Publicly Available Software Notifications/EULA for the details on location of the source code.Note,dependent on the license terms of the Publicly Available Software,source code may not be provided.Please reference and review the entire Motorola Solutions Publicly Available Software Notifications/EULA for identifying which Publicly Available Software Packages will have source code provided.To view additional information regarding licenses,acknowledgments and required copyright notices for Publicly Available Software used in this Motorola Solutions Product,please select Legal Notices display from the GUI(if applicable),or review the Notifications/EULA File/ReadMe,on the Motorola Solutions Install Media,or resident in the Motorola Solutions Product.Motorola Solutions and the Stylized M logo are registered in the US Patent and Trademark Office.All other trademarks,logos,and service marks("Marks")are the property of the respective third party owners.You are not permitted to use the Marks without the prior written consent of Motorola Solutions or such third party which may own the Marks.===========================================================================PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SOFTWARE LIST===========================================================================Name:Microsoft WPF ToolkitVersion: 3.5.40619.1Description:The WPF Toolkit is a collection of WPF features and components that are being made available outside of the Framework ship cycle.The WPF Toolkit not only allows users to get new functionality more quickly,but allows an efficient means for giving feedback to the product team. Many of the features will be released with full source code as well.SoftwareSite:/wpfSourceNo Source Distribution Obligations.Code:License:Microsoft Public License(Ms-PL)Microsoft Public License(Ms-PL)This license governs use of the accompanying software.If you use the software,you accept this license.If you do not accept the license,do not use the software.1.DefinitionsThe terms"reproduce,""reproduction,""derivative works,"and"distribution"have the same meaning here as under U.S.copyright law.A"contribution"is the original software or any additions or changes to the software.A"contributor"is any person that distributes its contribution under this license."Licensed patents"are a contributor's patent claims that read directly on its contribution.2.Grant of Rights(A)Copyright Grant-Subject to the terms of this license,including the license conditions and limitations in section 3,each contributor grants you a non-exclusive,worldwide,royalty-free copyright license to reproduce its contribution,prepare derivative works of its contribution,and distribute its contribution or any derivative works that you create.(B)Patent Grant-Subject to the terms of this license,including the license conditions and limitations in section3, each contributor grants you a non-exclusive,worldwide,royalty-free license under its licensed patents to make, have made,use,sell,offer for sale,import,and/or otherwise dispose of its contribution in the software or derivative works of the contribution in the software.3.Conditions and Limitations(A)No Trademark License-This license does not grant you rights to use any contributors'name,logo,or trademarks.(B)If you bring a patent claim against any contributor over patents that you claim are infringed by the software, your patent license from such contributor to the software ends automatically.(C)If you distribute any portion of the software,you must retain all copyright,patent,trademark,and attribution notices that are present in the software.(D)If you distribute any portion of the software in source code form,you may do so only under this license by including a complete copy of this license with your distribution.If you distribute any portion of the software in compiled or object code form,you may only do so under a license that complies with this license.(E)The software is licensed"as-is."You bear the risk of using it.The contributors give no express warranties, guarantees or conditions.You may have additional consumer rights under your local laws which this license cannotchange.To the extent permitted under your local laws,the contributors exclude the implied warranties of merchantability,fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.。

Application NoteFor more information, or current prices, contact your nearest Supelco subsidiary listed below. T o obtain further contact information, visit our website (), see the Supelco catalog, or contact Supelco, Bellefonte, PA 16823-0048 USA.ARGENTINA · Sigma-Aldrich de Argentina, S.A. · Buenos Aires 1119 AUSTRALIA · Sigma-Aldrich Pty. Ltd. · Castle Hill NSW 2154 AUSTRIA · Sigma-Aldrich Handels GmbH · A-1110 WienBELGIUM · Sigma-Aldrich N.V ./S.A. · B-2880 Bornem BRAZIL · Sigma-Aldrich Quimica Brasil Ltda. · 01239-010 São Paulo, SP CANADA · Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Ltd. · 2149 Winston Park Dr., Oakville, ON L6H 6J8CZECH REPUBLIC · Sigma-Aldrich s.r.o.· 186 00 Praha 8 DENMARK · Sigma-Aldrich Denmark A/S · DK-2665 Vallensbaek Strand FINLAND · Sigma-Aldrich Finland/YA-Kemia Oy · FIN-00700 Helsinki FRANCE · Sigma-Aldrich Chimie · 38297 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier Cedex GERMANY · Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH · D-82041 Deisenhofen GREECE · Sigma-Aldrich (o.m.) Ltd. · Ilioupoli 16346, Athens HUNGARY · Sigma-Aldrich Kft. · H-1067 Budapest I NDIA · Sigma-Aldrich Co. · Bangalore 560 048 IRELAND · Sigma-Aldrich Ireland Ltd. · Dublin 24 ISRAEL · Sigma Israel Chemicals Ltd. · Rehovot 76100ITALY · Sigma-Aldrich s.r.l. · 20151 Milano JAPAN · Sigma-Aldrich Japan K.K. · Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 KOREA · Sigma-Aldrich Korea · Seoul MALAYSIA · Sigma-Aldrich (M) Sdn. Bhd. · Selangor MEXICO · Sigma-Aldrich Química S.A. de C.V. · 50200 Toluca NETHERLANDS · Sigma-Aldrich Chemie BV · 3330 AA Zwijndrecht NORWAY · Sigma-Aldrich Norway · T orshov · N-0401 OsloPOLAND · Sigma-Aldrich Sp. z o.o. · 61-663 Poznañ PORTUGAL · Sigma-Aldrich Quimica, S.A. · Sintra 2710 RUSSIA · Sigma-Aldrich Russia · Moscow 103062 SINGAPORE · Sigma-Aldrich Pte. Ltd.SOUTH AFRICA · Sigma-Aldrich (pty) Ltd. · Jet Park 1459 SPAIN · Sigma-Aldrich Quimica, S.A. · 28100 Alcobendas, Madrid SWEDEN · Sigma-Aldrich Sweden AB · 135 70 Stockholm SWITZERLAND · Supelco · CH-9471 Buchs UNITED KINGDOM · Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. · Poole, Dorset BH12 4QHUNITED STATES · Supelco · Supelco Park · Bellefonte, PA 16823-0048 · Phone 800-247-6628 or 814-359-3441 · Fax 800-447-3044 or 814-359-3044 ·email:****************H Supelco is a member of the Sigma-Aldrich family. Supelco products are sold through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. Sigma-Aldrich warrants that its products conform to the information contained in this and otherSigma-Aldrich publications. Purchaser must determine the suitability of the product for a particular use. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please see the reverse side of the invoice or packing slip.Note 21Table 1.Retention Times of Organic Acids on a SUPELCOGEL C610H Column(See Figure A for conditions.)Alphabetic Order Elution OrderRetention RetentionAcid Time (min)Acid Time (min)Acetic 19.0Phytic 8.3Adipic 22.5Oxalic 9.0Ascorbic 13.1Maleic 10.4Benzoic 26.7Citric 11.0Citric 11.0Isocitric 11.2Formic 17.5Tartaric 11.7Fumaric 19.8Malic 12.9Isobutyric 25.6Ascorbic 13.1Isocitric 11.2Quinic 13.3Lactic 16.0Malonic 13.4Maleic 10.4Shikimic 15.5Malic 12.9Succinic 15.7Malonic 13.4Lactic 16.0Oxalic 9.0Formic 17.5Phytic 8.3Acetic 19.0Propionic 22.5Fumaric 19.8Quinic 13.3Adipic 22.5Shikimic 15.5Propionic 22.5Succinic 15.7Isobutyric 25.6Tartaric11.7Benzoic26.7Contact our Technical Service Department(phone 800-359-3041 or 814-359-3041, FAX 814-359-5468)for expert answers to your questions.Trademarks:Iso-Disc and SUPELCOGEL are trademarks of Supelco, Inc.Except for tartaric acid, the acids in the mix showed good efficiency at all column temperatures evaluated. Tartaric acid showed a decrease in number of theoretical plates as temperature increased,while theoretical plate values for the other acids increased with temperature. Likewise, all compounds exhibited good peak sym-metry across the range of temperatures evaluated, except for tartaric acid, which exhibited slightly fronting peak shape at column temperatures of 40°C and 50°C.The SUPELCOGEL C-610H column is a versatile column that can be used for a variety of food and beverage applications. Sample preparation is minimal, and the chromatography can be per-formed using simple isocratic mobile phase conditions.Ordering Information:SUPELCOGEL C610H HPLC column30cm x 7.8mm ID59320-U Iso-Disc N-254 Syringe-Tip Filters, pk. of 5025mm diameter, nylon, 0.45µm pores59230-U。

The Global GazetteA Newsletter for World ExplorersDate: April 23, 2024Volume 1, Issue 1Editor: [Your Name]Contributors: [List of Contributors]Section 1: News Around the World- Title: "Discovering the Wonders of the Great Barrier Reef"Article:The Great Barrier Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is the largest coral reef system in the world. Located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia, it is home to thousands of species of marine life. Recent efforts by scientists and environmentalists aim to protect this natural treasure from climate change and pollution.- Title: "New Species Found in the Amazon Rainforest"Article:Deep in the Amazon Rainforest, researchers have discovered a new species of monkey. This small primate, with its distinctive blue face andlong tail, adds to the incredible biodiversity of the region. Conservationists hope this discovery will bring attention to the need for preserving the Amazon's habitats.Section 2: Cultural Corner- Title: "A Glimpse into Japanese Tea Ceremonies"Article:The Japanese tea ceremony, known as 'chanoyu' or 'sado', is a choreographic ritual of preparing and serving matcha, a powdered green tea. More than just a ceremony, it is a spiritual practice that emphasizes harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility. Participants often feel a sense of inner peace and connection to nature.Section 3: Science Spotlight- Title: "Innovations in Renewable Energy"Article:As the world moves towards sustainable energy sources, innovations in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are leading the way. This month, we focus on a new breakthrough in solar panel technology that increases efficiency by 20%. This advancement could significantly contribute to global energy needs while reducing our carbon footprint.Section 4: Language Lab- Title: "English Idioms: Understanding and Using Them"Article:English idioms can be confusing but are a fun way to enhance your language skills. Learn about common idioms such as 'break the ice', 'bite the bullet', and 'let the cat out of the bag'. We'll explore their meanings, origins, and how to use them in everyday conversation.Section 5: Book Reviews- Title: "A Review of 'Around the World in Eighty Days'"Article:Jules Verne's classic adventure novel, 'Around the World in Eighty Days', tells the story of Phileas Fogg and his journey around the globe. This book is not only an exciting tale but also a window into the world of the late 19th century. Join us as we explore the themes, characters, and historical context of this literary classic.Section 6: Fun & Games- Title: "World Trivia Quiz"Game:Test your knowledge about the world with our monthly trivia quiz. Questions cover geography, history, culture, and more. See if you canbeat your classmates to the top score!Section 7: Student Voices- Title: "My Experience as an Exchange Student"Article:[Student Name] shares their experiences studying abroad. From adapting to a new culture to making lifelong friends, this personal account highlights the joys and challenges of being an exchange student.Editor's Note:Thank you for reading our inaugural issue of The Global Gazette. We hope you enjoyed our selection of articles. Feedback and suggestions are welcome as we continue to bring you engaging and informative content.。

In the vast expanse of our planet,the ocean is a treasure trove of life and resources. However,with the rapid development of human society,marine pollution has become a serious issue that cannot be ignored.To raise public awareness about the protection of the ocean,a promotional short film is an effective way to convey this message.Title:The Oceans CryIntroduction:The film opens with a serene view of the ocean,its waves gently lapping against the shore.The soothing sound of the sea is soon juxtaposed with the reality of marine pollution,as the scene shifts to show plastic waste floating on the surface and entangled in the coral reefs.Body:1.The Plight of Marine Life:The film highlights the impact of pollution on marine life,showing sea turtles entangled in plastic debris,and seabirds with stomachs full of plastic particles.It emphasizes the importance of marine life to the ecosystem and the ripple effects of their decline.2.Sources of Pollution:It identifies the main sources of marine pollution,including industrial waste, agricultural runoff,and improper waste disposal by humans.Visuals of factories discharging waste into rivers that flow into the sea,and of plastic bags and bottles discarded on beaches,drive home the point.3.The Role of Individuals:The film encourages individual responsibility,showing simple actions such as refusing singleuse plastics,participating in beach cleanups,and supporting sustainable seafood choices.It demonstrates that every small action counts towards the larger goal of ocean conservation.4.Technological Solutions:It introduces innovative technologies and methods being developed to combat marine pollution,such as biodegradable materials,advanced waste management systems,and even robots designed to collect waste from the ocean.5.Success Stories:The film shares success stories from around the world where communities have cometogether to reduce marine pollution,showcasing the positive impact of collective efforts.Conclusion:The film concludes with a call to action,urging viewers to join the movement to protect the ocean.It ends on a hopeful note,with images of a cleaner ocean and thriving marine life,symbolizing the potential for a healthier future if we act now.Call to Action:A strong message is delivered,encouraging viewers to take the pledge to protect the ocean by visiting a dedicated website or social media campaign,where they can learn more about the issues and how they can contribute.Credits:The film ends with credits acknowledging the contributors,scientists,activists,and organizations that have partnered to create the film and support the cause.This promotional short film,The Oceans Cry,aims to inspire,educate,and motivate viewers to take action in protecting our oceans.By presenting the problem,offering solutions,and highlighting the power of individual and collective efforts,it serves as a powerful tool in the fight against marine pollution.。

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Calc GuideAppendix B Description of FunctionsCopyrightThis document is Copyright © 2005–2011 by its contributors as listed below. You may distribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU General Public License (/licenses/gpl.html), version 3 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/3.0/), version 3.0 or later.All trademarks within this guide belong to their legitimate owners.ContributorsMagnus Adielsson Richard BarnesPeter Kupfer Iain RobertsJean Hollis WeberFeedbackPlease direct any comments or suggestions about this document to:********************************.orgAcknowledgmentsMuch credit for this work is due to the unselfish efforts of Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith.Publication date and software versionPublished 26 January 2011. Based on 3.3.Note for Mac usersSome keystrokes and menu items are different on a Mac from those used in Windows and Linux. The table below gives some common substitutions for the instructions in this chapter. For a more detailed list, see the application Help.You can downloadContentsCopyright (2)Note for Mac users (2)Functions available in Calc (4)Terminology: numbers and arguments (4)Mathematical functions (4)Financial analysis functions (9)A note about dates (9)A note about interest rates (9)Statistical analysis functions (19)Date and time functions (27)Logical functions (30)Informational functions (31)Database functions (33)Array functions (34)Spreadsheet functions (36)Text functions (40)Add-in functions (43)Functions available in CalcCalc provides all of the commonly used functions found in modern spreadsheet applications. Since many of Calc’s functions require very specific and carefully calculated input arguments, the descriptions in this appendix should not be considered complete references for each function. Refer to the application Help or the OOo wiki for details and examples of all functions. On the wiki, start with/wiki/Documentation/How_Tos/Calc:_Functions_liste d_by_categoryOver 300 standard functions are available in Calc. More can be added through extensions to Calc (see Chapter 14). The following tables list Calc’s functions organized into eleven categories.Note Functions whose names end with _ADD are provided for compatibility with Microsoft Excel functions.They return the same results as the corresponding functions in Excel (without the suffix), which though they may be correct, are not based on international standards.T erminology: numbers and argumentsSome of the descriptions in this appendix define limitations on the number of values or arguments that can be passed to the function. Specifically, functions that refer to the following arguments may lead to confusion.•Number_1; number_2;... number_30•Number 1 to 30• a list of up to 30 numbersThere is a significant difference between a list of number s (or integers) and the number of arguments a function will accept. For, example the SUM function will only accept a maximum of 30 arguments. This limit does NOT mean that you can only sum 30 numbers, but that you can only pass 30 separate arguments to the function. Arguments are values separated by semi-colons, and can include ranges which often refer to multiple values. Therefore one argument can refer to several values, and a function that limits input to 30 arguments may in fact accept more then 30 separate numerical values.This appendix attempts to clarify this situation by using the term arguments, rather than any of the other phrases.Mathematical functionsTable 1: Mathematical functionsFinancial analysis functionsA note about datesDate values used as parameters for Calc’s financial functions must be entered in a specific manner. For example, a date (entered in the US form) must be surrounded by quotes and with periods separating each value. To represent August 6, 2004, or8/6/04, you would enter “08.06.2004”. If you do not enter the date values as required by the function, you will not get the correct results. Date formats are locale specific; check the Help for the acceptable formatting.A note about interest ratesYou can enter interest rates in either of two ways:•As a decimal. To enter an interest rate as a decimal, divide it by 100 before entering it into a function. For example, to compute a loan with a 3.25%interest rate, enter .0325 into the function.•As a percentage. To enter an interest rate as a percentage, type in the interest rate followed by the % key. For example, to compute a loan with a 3.25%interest rate, enter 3.25% into the function.If you enter it as 3.25, the function will treat it as a 325% interest rate.Accounting systems vary in the number of days in a month or a year used in calculations. The following table gives the integers used for the basis parameter used in some of the financial analysis functions.Table 2: Basis calculation typesTable 3: Financial analysis functionsStatistical analysis functionsCalc includes over 70 statistical functions which enable the evaluation of data from simple arithmetic calculations, such as averaging, to advanced distribution and probability computations.Several other statistics-based functions are available through the Add-ins which are noted at the end of this appendix.Table 4: Statistical analysis functionsDate and time functionsUse these functions for inserting, editing, and manipulating dates and times. handles and computes a date/time value as a number. When you assign the number format “Number” to a date or time value, it is displayed as a number. For example, 01/01/2000 12:00 PM, converts to 36526.5. This is just amatter of formatting; the actual value is always stored and manipulated as a number. To see the date or time displayed in a standard format, change the number format (date or time) accordingly .To set the default date format used by Calc. go to Tools > Options > Calc > Calculate.When entering dates, slashes or dashes used as date separators may be interpreted as arithmetic operators. To keep dates from being interpreted as parts of formulas, and thus returning erroneous results, always place them in quotation marks, for example, "12/08/52".Table 5: Data and time functionsLogical functionsUse the logical functions to test values and produce results based on the result of the test.These functions are conditional and provide the ability to write longer formulas based on input or output.Table 6: Logical functionsInformational functionsThese functions provide information (or feedback) regarding the results of a test for a specific condition, or a test for the type of data or content a cell contains.Table 7: Informational functionsDatabase functionsThis section deals with functions used with data organized as one row of data for one record.The Database category should not be confused with the Base database component in . A Calc database is simple a range of cells that comprises a block of related data where each row contains a separate record. There is no connection between a database in and the Database category in OOo Calc.The database functions use the following common arguments:•Database is a range of cells which define the database.•Database_field specifies the column where the function operates on after the search criteria of the first parameter is applied and the data rows are selected.It is not related to the search criteria itself. The number 0 specifies the whole data range. To reference a column by using the column header name, placequotation marks around the header name.•Search_criteria is a cell range containing the search criteria.. Empty cells in the search criteria range will be ignored.Note All of the search-criteria arguments for the database functions support regular expressions.For example, “all.*” can be entered to find the first location of “all” followed by any characters.To search for text that is also a regular expression, precede every character with a \ character.You can switch the automatic evaluation of regular expressions on and off in T ools > Options > Calc > Calculate.Table 8: Database averageArray functions Table 9: Array functionsSpreadsheet functionsUse spreadsheet functions to search and address cell ranges and provide feedback regarding the contents of a cell or range of cells.You can use functions such as HYPERLINK() and DDE() to connect to other documents or data sources.Table 10: Spreadsheet functionsT ext functionsUse Calc’s text functions to search and manipulate text strings or character codes. Table 11: Text functionsAdd-in functions Table 12: Add-in functions。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版学术论文写作考试题1.What is term paper?In the university grade stage. It is usually accomplished under the guidance of experience teachers to gain the final credit.2.Define the readability of thesis.The text is smoothly, simple, clear chart, well-organized order and brief conclusion. 3.What are the principles and methods of selecting a subject of study?Focused up-to-date under control4.How is the first-hand source distinguished from the second-hand source?F is original opinions S is the original view reviews and comments5.What are the 4 kinds of note in the subject selection?Summary Paraphrase Direct Quotation Comment6.What are the two main kinds of outline? In what subjects do they cater to respectively?Mixed outline: used in humanities and social sciencesNumerical outline: used in science7.Give reasons of submitting a research proposalFirst, you have a good topic.Second, you have the ability to complete the paper.Third, you have a feasible research plan.8.How many components are there in the research proposal? What are they? Title Introduction Literature review Method Result Discussion Preliminary bibliography9.What is the use of literature review?Understand the background.Familiar the problemsHave a ability of preminary assessment and comprehensive the literature.10.What is abstract?Abstract is a concise and comprehensive summary or conclusion.11.What are the main components of abstract?Objective or purpose Process and methods Results Conclusion12.What is the use of conclusion in the thesis?It emphasized the most important ideas or conclusion clearly in this paper.13.What parties is the acknowledgment usually addressed to?For the tutor and teachers who give suggestion, help and support.For the sponsorFor the company or person which provide the dataFor other friends14.Specify MLA formatIt is widely used in the field of literature, history and so on.Pay attention in the original of the Reference.15.Specify Chicago formatThe subject of general format, used for books, magazines and so on.Divided into the humanities style and the author data system.16.Define footnotes.Also called the note at the end of the page. Appeared in the bottom of every page. 17.Define end-notes.Also called Concentrated note or end-notes appear in thetext.18.M：monographA: choose an article from the proceedings.J: academic journalD: academic dissertationR: research reportC: collected papersN: newspaper article19.Tell briefly about the distinctions between thesis and dissertation.Dissertation defined as a long essay that you do as part of a degree or other qualification. It refers to B.AThesis defined as a long piece of writing, based on your own ideas and research, that you do as part of a university degree. It refers to Ph.D.20.What are the general features of the thesis title?As much as possible use nouns, prep, general phrase and so on.The title can be used to express an Non-statement sentence.The first letter of the notional word in the title should be capital.Be cautious using abbreviations and try not to use punctuation marks.Remove unnecessary articles and extra descriptive words.21.What is the introduction of the research proposal concerned with?Research question Rationale Method FindingsDesign sample instruments22.How is abstract defined to American national standards institute?It is a concise summary of your work.Abstract should state the objectives of the project describe the methods used, summarize the significant findings and state the implications of the findings.23.How is thesis statement understood?It usually at the final part of the introduction in order that the readers could understood the central idea as quickly as possible. It is the point of view and attitude of the statement.1. Have a brief comment upon the study of ESPSpecial use English also called English for specific purpose. It includes tourism English, finance English, medical English, business English, engineering English, etc. In the 1960s, ESP is divided into scientific English, business English and social sciences, each branch can be divided into professional English and academic English.2. What is the research methods of literature?The external research : from society, history, age, environment and so on relationship to study.The internal research: from the works of rhyme, text, images, symbols and specific level to composed the text.3.Have a brief comment upon the study of interpretation.At present, people in the academia mainly focus on these topics, such as interpreting training, interpreting practices and so on. According to its mean of transfer, interpretation can be divided for simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation, whispering interpretation; According to different occasions and interpretation, it can be divided into the meeting interpretation, contact interpretation, media interpretation,etc.4.What is the analytic method in the study of linguistics?In linguistics, analytic method means to make some analysisand decomposition on the various elements of a language according to different research purposes and requirements, and to separate them from the interconnected entirety respectively and extract general and special method.5.In what respects is phonetics studies in the current research?Study on the phonology remains to be further studied, such as Chinese language learning and English phonology, phonological number is still worth discussing. Comparative study of phonology is worth advocating. The combination of researching and teaching for phonetics is also a major focus of current research.6. What is the deductive in linguistics?Deduction is the method to deduce from the general to the special, namely from the general principles of known to conclusions about the individual objects. he deductive method is also known as the study of testing hypothesis.1.What is term paper?2.Define the readability of thesis.3.What are the principles and methods of selecting a subject of study?4.How is the first-hand source distinguished from the second-hand source?5.What are the 4 kinds of note in the subject selection?6.What are the two main kinds of outline? In what subjects do they cater to respectively?7.Give reasons of submitting a research proposal8.How many components are there in the research proposal? What are they?9.What is the use of literature review?10.What is abstract?11.What are the main components of abstract?12.What is the use of conclusion in the thesis?13.What parties is the acknowledgment usually addressed to?14.Specify MLA format15.Specify Chicago format16.Define footnotes.17.Define end-notes.18.Tell briefly about the distinctions between thesis and dissertation.19.What are the general features of the thesis title?20.What is the introduction of the research proposal concerned with?21.How is abstract defined to American national standards institute?22.How is thesis statement understood?。

Table of ContentsAbout1 Chapter 1: Getting started with twig2 Remarks2 Examples2 Basic API Usage2 What is Twig?3 Introduction4 Chapter 2: Advanced usage6 Remarks6 Examples6 Building the C Extension6 Chapter 3: Basic template syntax7 Introduction7 Examples7 Accessing variables7 Accessing array elements7 Accessing object properties7 Filters8 Conditional blocks8 For Loop9 Ternary Operator (Shorthand If-Then-Else) & Null-Coalescing Operator9 The ternary operator (?:)9 The null-coalescing operator (??:)10 Whitespace handling10 Chapter 4: Extending twig12 Remarks12 Examples12 Adding custom filters/functions12 Creating a Twig_Extension12 Simple Date of Birth to age filter13Chapter 5: Template inheritance15 Examples15 Using a base template15 base.twig.html15 Change the content of an included template15 article.twig.html16 articles.twig.html16 Variable inheritance16 parent.html.twig16 child.html.twig16 Comparison of Include, Extends, Use, Macro, Embed16 Include17 Extends17 Use17 Macro18 Embed18 Credits21AboutYou can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest version from: twigIt is an unofficial and free twig ebook created for educational purposes. All the content is extracted from Stack Overflow Documentation, which is written by many hardworking individuals at Stack Overflow. It is neither affiliated with Stack Overflow nor official twig.The content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, and the list of contributors to each chapter are provided in the credits section at the end of this book. Images may be copyright of their respective owners unless otherwise specified. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective company owners.Use the content presented in this book at your own risk; it is not guaranteed to be correct nor accurate, please send your feedback and corrections to ********************Chapter 1: Getting started with twigRemarksThis section provides an overview of what twig is, and why a developer might want to use it.It should also mention any large subjects within twig, and link out to the related topics. Since the Documentation for twig is new, you may need to create initial versions of those related topics. ExamplesBasic API UsageIt can also be installed by downloading the source code and placing it in a directory of your project. However there are many benefits to using composer.require '/path/to/lib/Twig/Autoloader.php';Twig_Autoloader::register();$loader = new Twig_Loader_Filesystem('/path/to/templates');$options = array('strict_variables' => false,'debug' => false,'cache'=> false);$twig = new Twig_Environment($loader, $options);When creating a new Twig_Environment instance, you can pass an array of options as the constructor's second argument. Here is a list of the available options:•debug (boolean, default false)When set to true, the generated templates have a __toString() method that you canuse to display the generated nodes.•charset (string, default utf-8)The charset used by the templates.•base_template_class (string, default Twig_Template)The base template class to use for generated templates.cache (string or false, default false)•An absolute path where to store the compiled templates, or false to disable caching(which is the default).auto_reload (boolean, default inherited from debug)•When developing with Twig, it's useful to recompile the template whenever the sourcecode changes. If you don't provide a value for the auto_reload option, it will bedetermined automatically based on the debug value.strict_variables (boolean, default false)•If set to false, Twig will silently ignore invalid variables (variables and orattributes/methods that do not exist) and replace them with a null value. When set totrue, Twig throws an exception instead.autoescape (string or boolean, default true)•If set to true, HTML auto-escaping will be enabled by default for all templates.As of Twig 1.8, you can set the escaping strategy to use (html, js, false to disable).As of Twig 1.9, you can set the escaping strategy to use (css, url, html_attr, or a PHPcallback that takes the template "filename" and must return the escaping strategy touse -- the callback cannot be a function name to avoid collision with built-in escapingstrategies).As of Twig 1.17, the filename escaping strategy determines the escaping strategy touse for a template based on the template filename extension (this strategy does notincur any overhead at runtime as auto-escaping is done at compilation time.)optimizations (integer, default -1)•A flag that indicates which optimizations to apply:set to -1 to enabled all optimalizationsset o 0 to disable all optimalitazationsOfficial Twig Installation GuideA Twig PHP extension (written in C) can also be compiled and installed, and the PHP package will automatically take advantage of that for optimizing some common routines.What is Twig?Twig is a templating language that compiles to optimized PHP code. It is primarily used for outputting HTML, but can also be used to output any other text-based format. It is a standalone component that can be easily integrated into any PHP project.It provides many excellent features:•Autoescaping for HTML (helps to prevent XSS)•Syntax designed with templating in mind (based on Django templates)Template inheritance••MacrosOfficial Twig Templating DocumentationExample of Twig's syntax:{% extends "base.html" %}{% block sidebar %}{{ parent() }}<span>Sidebar content specific to this page</span>{% endblock sidebar %}{% block body %}<p>Select an item:</p><ul>{% for item in list %}<li><a href="/items/{{ item.id }}">{{ }}</a>{% else %}<li>No items yet.{% endfor %}</ul>{% endblock body %}IntroductionIf you have any exposure to other text-based template languages, such as Smarty, Django, or Jinja, you should feel right at home with Twig. It's both designer and developer friendly by sticking to PHP's principles and adding functionality useful for templating environments.The key-features are...•Fast: Twig compiles templates down to plain optimized PHP code. The overhead compared to regular PHP code was reduced to the very minimum.Secure: Twig has a sandbox mode to evaluate untrusted template code. This allows Twig to •be used as a template language for applications where users may modify the templatedesign.•Flexible: Twig is powered by a flexible lexer and parser. This allows the developer to define their own custom tags and filters, and to create their own DSL.Twig is used by many Open-Source projects like Symfony, Drupal, eZPublish and many frameworks have support for it as well like Slim, Yii, Laravel, Codeigniter,silex and Kohana — just to name a few.InstallationThe recommended way to install Twig is via Composer:For php 5.x userscomposer require "twig/twig:~1.0"For php 7.x userscomposer require "twig/twig:~2.0"Read Getting started with twig online: https:///twig/topic/1100/getting-started-with-twigChapter 2: Advanced usageRemarksPlease note that the Twig extension is not compatible with PHP7 and although there is a pull request to resolve this situation it was not yet made part of version 1.x. With the most recent Twig 2.x release the C extension was removed but might be part of 2.1. Some benchmarks reveal minimal improvements with the C extension under PHP7.ExamplesBuilding the C ExtensionThe C extension is an optional feature of Twig that offers some performance improvements of template rendering. The source code for the extension is located in the Twig source code directory at ext/twig. It compiles like any other PHP extentension:cd ext/twigphpize./configuremakemake installEnable the extension in the php.ini file. Once the extension is installed, Twig will automatically detect and use it at runtime.Read Advanced usage online: https:///twig/topic/8696/advanced-usageChapter 3: Basic template syntaxIntroductionExplanation of basic template syntax constructsExamplesAccessing variablesIn Twig templates variables can be accessed using double curly braces notation {{ variableName }}.Basic example of greeting user<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><span>Hello {{ name }}</span></body></html>Accessing array elementsTwig as a parameter can receive array. To access a specific element of array you can use regular php array access bracket notation {{ array[key] }}.Previous example modified to use array as a parameter<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><span>Hello {{ user['name'] }}</span></body></html>Accessing object propertiesObjects also can be passed as a parameter to template. 'Dot' (.) notation is used to access specific object properties {{ object.propertyName }}.Same example with object as a parameter<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><span>Hello {{ }}</span></body></html>FiltersVariables can be modified using filters. To apply filter to variable follow variable name with pipe | and filter name:{{ variable|filterName }}For example to display variable value in uppercase use construct.{{ variable|upper }}Filters can be parametrized. Filter parameters are passed inside parentheses as a comma(,) separated list :{{ variable|filterName(param1, param2, ...) }}To round number to given precision we can use filter round, it accepts up to 2 parameters. First one specifies precision (default: 0), second one rounding method (default: common).To round number to 1 decimal place using common method you can use {{ number|round(1,'common') }} or {{ number|round(1) }} as common is default method.Filters can also be used on embedded objects & array variables:{{ array['key'] | upper }} {{ object.text | upper }}Filters can also be concatenated:{% set array = "3,1,2"|split(',') %}{{ array | sort | first }}List of basic filters is available hereConditional blocksParts of template can be displayed conditionally. If statement is used for this purpose. It's similar to if statement in programing languages. Contents of block are executed/displayed if an expression evaluates to true.{% if enabled == false %}Disabled{% endif %}Disabled will be displayed only when enabled will be equal false.Multiple branches can be created using elseif and else.{% if temperature < 10 %}It's cold{% elseif temperature < 18 %}It's chilly{% elseif temperature < 24 %}It's warm{% elseif temperature < 32 %}It's hot{% else %}It's very hot{% endif %}For LoopFor loops can be really useful in TWIG, allowing the creation of data-dynamic web pages.Say we create a simple array of numbers:{% set array = "3,1,2" %}We can then iterate over the array and print out whatever we want. Any data within the array block will be outputted in relation to the amount of data within the array. This example would print out three h1 elements with the array data concatenated.{% for current in array %}<h1>This is number {{ current }} in the array </h1>{% endear %}Note that {{ current }} was used to access the data and not a version of arraySee this working: https:///mxwkea/2A further example of this could be using objects. For example, say we have an Entity object with the field 'name' along with its relevant getters and setters. If a number of these entities are also stored within the Array, they can be accessed like any other Objects within TWIG:{% for currentObject in ArrayOfObjects %}{{ }}{% endfor %}See this working with JSON data: https:///mxwkeaTernary Operator (Shorthand If-Then-Else) & Null-Coalescing OperatorThe ternary operator (:)Support for the extended ternary operator was added in Twig 1.12.0.{{ foo ? 'yes' : 'no' }}Evaluates:if foo echo yes else echo no{{ foo ?: 'no' }}or{{ foo ? foo : 'no' }}Evaluates:if foo echo it, else echo no{{ foo ? 'yes' }}or{{ foo ? 'yes' : '' }}Evaluates:if foo echo yes else echo nothingThe null-coalescing operator (:){{ foo ?? 'no' }}Evaluates:Returns the value of foo if it is defined and not null, no otherwiseWhitespace handlingTo remove whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines…) between HTML tags use spaceless tag: {% spaceless %}<div><span>foo bar </span></div>{% endspaceless %}{# produces output <div><strong>foo bar </strong></div> #}If you need to remove whitespace on a per tag level, use whitespace control modifier i.e. hyphen (-). Using it, you can trim leading and or trailing whitespace:{% set value = 'foo bar' %}<span> {{- value }} </span>{# produces '<span>foo bar </span>' #}<span> {{ value -}} </span>{# produces '<span> foo bar</span>' #}<span> {{- value -}} </span>{# produces '<span>foo bar</span>' #}<span {%- if true %} class="foo"{% endif %}>{# produces '<span class="foo">' #}<span {%- if false %} class="foo"{% endif %}>{# produces '<span>' #}Read Basic template syntax online: https:///twig/topic/8697/basic-template-syntaxChapter 4: Extending twigRemarksTwig already has some built-in filters and functions, but what if the built-in features are lacking or you have to access some default PHP functions in a templateExamplesAdding custom filters/functionsHere are some example on how to add new filters/functions to twig,the synax for adding Twig_Function s are the same as the Twig_Filter ones, just change the keywords accordingly<?php$twig = new Twig_Environment($loader);/* You can chain a global function */$twig->addFilter(new Twig_SimpleFilter('floor', 'floor'));/* You can specify a custom function */$twig->addFilter(new Twig_SimpleFilter('money', function($value, $currency, $prefix = false, $decimals = 2, $dec_point = "." , $thousands_sep = ",") {$value = number_format($value, $decimals, $dec_point, $thousands_sep);if ($prefix) return $currency.' '.$value;return $value.' '.$prefix;});/* You can chain an object's method */$twig->addFilter(new Twig_SimpleFilter('foo_bar', array($foo, 'bar')));Creating a Twig_ExtensionYou can group all your custom functions/filters/tests/... inside a custom Twig_Extension class: ProjectTwigExtensionclass ProjectTwigExtension extends Twig_Extension {public function getFunctions() {return array(new Twig_SimpleFunction('twig_function_name', array($this,'getTwigFunctionName')),new Twig_SimpleFunction('twig_function_foo', array($this, 'getTwigFunctionFoo')), );}public function getFilters() {return array(new Twig_SimpleFilter('twig_filter_name' , array($this, 'getTwigFilterName')), new Twig_SimpleFilter('twig_filter_foo' , array($this, 'getTwigFilterFoo')),);}public function getName() {return 'ProjectTwigExtension';}}Register extension in twig$twig = new Twig_Environment($loader);$twig->addExtension(new ProjectTwigExtension());More options can be found on the official docsSimple Date of Birth to age filterHow to ...1 - use twig extension class that extendsuse \Twig_Extensionclass dobToAge extends \Twig_Extension {2 - Add the appropriate filter by overriding getFilters() methodpublic function getFilters() {return array('age' => new \Twig_Filter_Method($this, 'getAge'),);}3 - Add some logic to get the age of a given Date of Birthpublic function getAge($date){if (!$date instanceof \DateTime) {// turn $date into a valid \DateTime object or let returnreturn null;}$referenceDate = date('01-01-Y');$referenceDateTimeObject = new \DateTime($referenceDate);$diff = $referenceDateTimeObject->diff($date);return $diff->y;}}Then, call your filter as follow,{{ yourDateOfBirthInstance | age }}Read Extending twig online: https:///twig/topic/4923/extending-twigChapter 5: Template inheritance ExamplesUsing a base templatebase.twig.html<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>{{ title | default('Hello World') }}</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="theme.css"> {% block css %}{% endblock %}</head><body>{% block body %}<nav>{% block navigation %}<a href="#">Link</a><a href="#">Link</a><a href="#">Link</a>{% endblock navigation %}</nav><section id="container"><section id="content">{% block content %}<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</p></section>{% endblock content %}</section>{% endblock body %}</body></html>page.twig.html{% extends base.twig.html %}{% block navigation %}<a href="page2.html">Page 2</a><a href="page3.html">Page 3</a><a href="page4.html">Page 4</a>{% endblock %}{% block content %}This is my first page{% endblock content %}Change the content of an included templatearticle.twig.html<article><h1>{{ article.title }}</h1>{% block content %}<p>{{ article.content }}</p>{% endblock %}</article>articles.twig.html{# use default template for article #}{% for article in articles %}{% include "article.twig.html" %}{% endfor %}{# use custom template for article #}{% for article in articles %}{% embed "article.twig.html" %}{% block content %}<img src="{{ article.image }}" alt="{{ article.title }}" /> {{ parent() }}{% endblock %}{% endembed %}{% endfor %}Variable inheritanceparent.html.twig<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>{{ title_variable | default('Normal Page') }}</title></head><body><h1>This is the {{ title_variable }} Page</h1></body></html>child.html.twig{% extends "parent.html.twig" %}{% set title_variable = "Child" %}Comparison of Include, Extends, Use, Macro, EmbedThere are various types of inheritance and code reuse in Twig:IncludeThe main goal is code reuse. Consider using header.html.twig & footer.html.twig inside base.html.twig as an example.header.html.twig<nav><div>Homepage</div><div>About</div></nav>base.html.twig{% include 'header.html.twig' %}<main>{% block main %}{% endblock %}</main>ExtendsThe main goal is vertical inheritance. Consider extending base.html.twig inside homepage.html.twig and about.html.twig as an example.base.html.twig{% include 'header.html.twig' %}<main>{% block main %}{% endblock %}</main>homepage.html.twig{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}{% block main %}<p>You are at the homepage</p>{% endblock %}about.html.twig{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}{% block main %}<p>You are at the about page</p>{% endblock %}UseThe main goal is horizontal reuse. Consider using sidebar.product.html.twig insidesingle.product.html.twig (extends yout.html.twig) and single.service.html.twig (extends 'yout.html.page') pages. (it's like macros, but for blocks)sidebar.html.twig<aside>{% block sidebar %}{% endblock %}</aside>single.product.html.twig{% extends 'yout.html.twig' %}{% use 'sidebar.html.twig' %}{% block main %}<p>You are at the product page for product number 123</p>{% endblock %}single.service.html.twig{% extends 'yout.html.twig' %}{% use 'sidebar.html.twig' %}{% block main %}<p>You are at the service page for service number 456</p>{% endblock %}MacroThe main goal is having reusable markup across many templates with variables. Consider a function which gets some variables and outputs some markup.form.html.twig{% macro input(name, value, type) %} <input type="{{ type|default('text') }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value|e }}" }}" /> {% endmacro %}profile.service.html.twig{% import "forms.html.twig" as forms %}<div>{{ forms.input('username') }}</div>EmbedThe main goal is block overriding. It has functionality of both Use & Include together. Consider embedding pagination.html.twig in product.table.html.twig & service.table.html.twig. pagination.html.twig<div><div>{% block first %}{% endblock %}</div>{% for i in (min + 1)..(max - 1) %}<div>{{ i }}</div>{% endfor %}<div>{% block last %}{% endblock %}</div></div>product.table.html.twig{% set min, max = 1, products.itemPerPage %}{% embed 'pagination.html.twig' %}{% block first %}First Product Page{% endblock %}{% block last %}Last Product Page{% endblock %}{% endembed %}service.table.html.twig{% set min, max = 1, services.itemPerPage %}{% embed 'pagination.html.twig' %}{% block first %}First Service Page{% endblock %}{% block last %}Last Service Page{% endblock %}{% endembed %}Please note that embedded file (pagination.html.twig here) has access to the current context (min, max variables here). Also you may pass extra variables to the embedded file:pagination.html.twig<p>{{ count }} items</p><div><div>{% block first %}{% endblock %}</div>{% for i in (min + 1)..(max - 1) %}<div>{{ i }}</div>{% endfor %}<div>{% block last %}{% endblock %}</div></div>product.table.html.twig{% set min, max = 1, products|length %}{% embed 'pagination.html.twig' with {'count': products|length } %}{% block first %}First Product Page{% endblock %}{% block last %}Last Product Page{% endblock %}{% endembed %}Read Template inheritance online: https:///twig/topic/2922/template-inheritanceCredits。

NoteFirst和NoteExpress的比较NoteExpress是第一代国产参考文献管理软件，脱胎于EndNote，其最大贡献是解决了国外参考文献管理软件无法支持中文参考文献的问题。

NotFirst作为后起之秀，正式发布于2009年底，吸取了国内外参考文献的优点，并根据用户的需求和当前网络技术的进步进行了完善和发展，增加了对国内期刊常见的双语参考文献的支持，错误警示可以在形成的参考文献存在错误时给予提醒，以保证形成参考文献的准确度；增加了网页一键保存、屏幕照相功能，从文献管理扩展到知识管理。

NoteFirst 是国内唯一的网络版文献管理软件，也是第三代知识管理软件的领航者，利用网络优势，实现了知识资源在团队中的分享，从而进化为团队科研协作系统。

NoteFirst虽然具有更专业的参考文献管理功能，但称为具有参考文献管理功能的知识管理软件和团队科研协作系统，更贴切。

1NoteExpress是第一代单机版产品，而NoteFirst则是第三代互联网产品参考文献管理软件发展到现在，已经历了三代：第一代：单机版。

国外代表产品是EndNote，ReferenceManager，国内代表产品NoteExpress和医学文献王。

其主要功能就是个人收集的文献进行高校管理，同时在论文写作时可以自动形成参考文献。

单机版的局限性是用户移动办公的支持不到位，同一用户不同计算机上文献数据要通过人工导出、导入的方式来实现，不便利，同时不便于交流和分享。

第二代：局域网版。

国外代表产品是EndNote Web。

国内目前没有发现类似的产品。

这类软件的特点是成员在机构内网使用时，同一用户在不同计算机上的文献数据可自动同步，实现了成员文献数据的自动备份，也在一定程度上实现了机构内部科研人员之间的交流。

其缺点就是局限于机构内部使用，交流也只能在机构内部进行。

第三代：互联网版。

国外代表产品是RefWorks，Mendeley，国内的代表产品是NoteFirst。

2022-2023学年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语模拟试卷I.Listening comprehension略II.Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Cats are actually surprisingly bad at catching ratsIf you are annoyed by rats,think twice about getting a cat.A cat might lead to the appearance of a rat-free home,but it turns out that the rats are still there.They are just keeping a low profile.“Cats are not the natural enemy of rats,”says Michael Parsons of Fordham University,New York.“They prefer smaller prey.”His team___1___(study)a rat colony at a recycling plant in New York in the past few years. When cats moved into the plant last year,the researchers were disappointed,but decided to set up cameras___2___(monitor)the area.Over five months,they saw just three attempts by cats to catch rats,only two of___3___succeeded.Cats have good reasons to be cautious.The common rat has large teeth that can give a painful bite and carry lots of diseases.They also___4___(weigh)340grams on average—compared with 25grams for a mouse.Parsons thinks that only starving cats will attempt to catch rats,___5___the rats are sick or injured.The two rats___6___(kill)during the team’s study may have been weakened by eating poisoned food,he says.However,cats do have a big influence on rat behaviour.“Rats overestimate the risk caused by cats,”says Parsons.His team found that when cats are in the area,rats spend much more time in___7___(hide)and move around cautiously.That means they are much less likely to be seen by people,which could explain___8___most people wrongly think cats are good at killing rats.Some cat owners may___9___(convince)their pets are excellent ratters.But Parsons has found that many people mistake mice____10____rats.That said,it is possible there are a few exceptional cats that do take on healthy,adult rats,he says.Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A．contributors B．describing C．distinct D．favorites E.invitations F. limits H.pleasurable L recall J.unexplored efulThe unique joy of learning new words With all that’s happening in the news,life can feel like an exercise in determining the particular kind of bad we are experiencing.Are we anxious or depressed?Lonely or stressed?Tim Lomas,a senior lecturer in positive psychology at the University of East London,is engaged in the opposite effort:analyzing all the types of well-being that he can find.Specifically, Lomas is seeking to uncover psychological insights by collecting untranslatable words that describe____11____feelings we don’t have terms for in English.“It’s almost like each one is a window onto a new landscape,”Lomas says.So far,with the help of many____12____he has collected nearly1,000in what he calls a“positive lexicography(词典学)”.People are fascinated with untranslatable words in part because they are____13____:How else could we talk to each other about the guilty pleasure of schadenfreude?But Lomas also sees them as a means of showing us“new possibilities fbr ways of living,”describing them as____14____for people to experience happy phenomena that may previously have been“hidden from them”or to take delight in feelings they couldn’t previously____15____.Consider the Japanese ohanami,a word for gathering with others to appreciate lowers.Linguists(语言学家)have long argued about how much the language we speak-partly determined by factors like geography and climate—____16____the thoughts we are capable of having or the actions we can take.“The worlds in which different societies live are____17____ worlds,not merely the same world with different labels attached,”wrote the theorist EdwardSapir.Studying the words in Lomas’collection,at the least,is a means of reflecting on ways that we can feel good.When asked for one of his____18____,the psychologist lists the German Femweh,which describes a longing to travel to distant lands,a kind of homesickness for the____19____.Also delightful is the Danish morgenfrisk,_____20_____the satisfaction one gets from a good night’s sleep,and the Latin otium,highlighting the joy of being in control of one’s own time.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Most forms of conventional advertising—print,radio and broadcast television—have been losing ground to online ads for years;only billboards,dating back to the1800s,and TV ads are holding their own.Such out-of-home advertising,as it is known,is expected to____21____by 3.4%in2022,and digital out-of-home(DOOH)advertising,which includes the LCD screens found in airports and shopping malls,by16%.Such ads draw viewers5attention from phones and cannot be skipped or____22____,unlike ads online.Billboard owners are also____23____the location data that are pouring off people’s rmation about their owners’locations and online browsing gets collected and sold to media owners.They then use these data to work out when different groups—“business travellers”,say—walk by their ads.That____24____is added to insights into traffic,weather and other external data to produce highly relevant ads.DOOH____25____can deliver ads for coffee when it is cold and iced drinks when it is warm.Such____26____works particularly well when it is accompanied by“programmatic”advertising methods,a term that describes the use of data to automate and improve ads.In the past year billboard owners such as Clear Channel and jcDecaux have____27____programmatic platforms which allow brands and media buyers to select,purchase and place ads in minutes, rather than days or weeks.It is said that outdoor ads will increasingly be bought like online ones,based on audience and views as well as____28____.That is possible because billboard owners claim to be able to____29____how well their ads are working,even though no“click-through”rates are involved.Data firms can tell advertisers how many people walk past individual advertisements at particular times of the day.Advertisers can estimate how many individuals____30____to an ad for a handbag then go on to visit a nearby shop(or website)and buy the product.Such metrics make outdoor ads more____31____ -driven,automated and measurable,argues Michael Provenzano,co-founder of Vistar Media,an ad-tech firm in New York.However,the outdoor-ad revolution is not____32____-free.The collection of mobile-phone data raises privacy concerns.And____33____of the online-ad business for being vague,and occasionally dishonest,may also be targeted at the OOH business as it becomes bigger and more complex.The industry is ready to____34____such concerns,says Jean-Christophe Conti,chief executive of VIOOH,a media-buying platform.One of the____35____of following the online-ad pioneers,he notes,is learning from their mistakes.21．A．shrink B．grow C．disappear D．emerge 22．A．obtained B．blocked C．separated D．arranged 23．A．making progress in B．getting engaged in C．becoming part ofD．taking advantage of24．A．value B．record C．knowledge D．feeling 25．A．opponents B．providers C．learners D．instructors 26．A．adding B．collecting C．targeting D．producing 27．A．changed B．forbidden C．cleared D．launched 28．A．marketing B．evolution C．location D．branding 29．A．measure B．wonder C．notice D．forget 30．A．devoted B．opposed C．related D．exposed 31．A．concept B．data C．customer D．research 32．A．stress B．conflict C．injury D．problem 33．A．aspects B．demands C．criticisms D．details 34．A．address B．share C．reflect D．emphasize 35．A．benefits B．difficulties C．challenges D．conditionsSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Kim Hyo Jin,a shy junior high school student,stood before her American teacher.The smiling teacher held up a green pepper and asked in clear English:“What is this?”“Peemang!”answered the South Korean teenager,who then covered her mouth with a hand as if to stop—too late—the Korean word that had left her mouth.Embarrassed,she tried again.Without looking the teacher in the eye,she held both her hands out and asked,this time in English:“May I have green pepper?”Kim took the vegetable with a bow,and ran back to her classmates,feeling relieved that she had successfully taken a small first step toward overcoming what South Koreans consider one of their biggest weaknesses in global competitiveness:the fear of speaking in English to westerners.Kim was among300junior high school students going through a weeklong training in this new“English Village.”The complex looks like a mini-town transplanted from a European country to this South Korean countryside.It has its own immigration office,city hall,bookstore,cafeteria, gym,a main street with Western storefronts,police officers and a live-in population of160native English speakers.All signs are in English,the only language allowed.Here,on a six-day course that charges each student80,000won,or$82,pupils check in to a hotel,shop,take cooking lessons and make music videos—all in English.There are language policemen around,punishing students speaking Korean with a fine in the village currency or red dots on their village passports.South Korea has become one of the most aggressive countries in Asia at teaching English to its citizens.Outside the school system,parents are paying an estimated10trillion won a year to help their children learn English at home or abroad.Nevertheless,many college graduates are afraid of chatting with native speakers.That,linguists say,is a result of a national school system that traditionally stresses reading and memorization of English grammar and vocabulary at theexpense of conversation.In Korea University of Seoul,30percent of all classes are now in English.Speaking English with a native accent has become a status symbol.36．What was Kim Hyo Jin’s problem?A．She spoke English with a Korean accent.B．She dared not talk with westerners in English.C．She was afraid of looking at her English teacher.D．She kept staying with her Korean classmates.37．Which of the following is true of the“English Village”?A．It is located in a European country.B．It houses460Korean students in a week.C．Students will be punished for not speaking English.D．Students take turns to serve as language policemen.38．What can be learned about the way that Korean students learn English at school? A．There aren’t enough English classes given to students.B．Students don’t have enough chances to practise speaking.C．Emphasis is placed on students’ability to communicate.D．Grammar and vocabulary is taught by old-fashioned methods.39．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A．Let’s Read in English B．English as a Global LanguageC．A Hunger for English Lessons D．Change in Koreans’Attitude to English(B)The livelihood of each species depends on the existences of other organisms.This interdependence is sometimes vague,sometimes obvious.Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites,organisms that live on or in other living things and get nutrients directly from them.The parasitic way of life is widespread,A number of micro-organisms(including viruses and bacteria)and an army of invertebrates(无脊椎动物)make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.In the face of this attack,living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion byother organisms.Certain fungi(真菌)and even some kinds of bacteria release substances known as antibiotics into their external environment.These substances are capable of killing or preventing the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area,thus eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients.The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example,when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria,many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to fight off the invaders.Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites.Although these mechanisms vary considerably,all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of“foreign”cells.In fact,throughout the animal kingdom,there is evidence that transplants of cells or parts of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from closely related individuals.The ability to distinguish between“self”and“nonself”while present in all animals,is most efficient among vertebrates,which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.40．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．How organisms react to invaders.B．How parasites reproduce themselves.C．How antibiotics work to cure disease.D．How the immune systems of vertebrates developed.41．According to the passage,some organisms produce antibiotics in order to________. A．aid digestionB．fight off other organismsC．prevent disease in humansD．create new types of nutrients42．According to the passage,the ability to distinguish between”self and“nonself’enables vertebrates to________.A．get rid of antibioticsB．accept transplanted cellsC．detect and react to invasionD．weaken their immune system(C)As Frans de Waal,a primatologist(灵长动物学家),recognizes,a better way to think about other creatures would be to ask ourselves how different species have developed different kinds of minds to solve different adaptive problems.Surely the important question is not whether animals can do the same things humans can,but how those animals solve the cognitive(认知的)problems they face,like how to imitate the sea floor.Children and some animals are so interesting not because they are smart like us,but because they are smart in ways we haven’t even considered.Sometimes studying children’s ways of knowing can cast light on adult-human cognition. Children’s pretend play may help us understand our adult taste for fiction.De Waal’s research provides another interesting example.We human beings tend to think that our social relationships are rooted in our perceptions,beliefs,and desires,and our understanding of the perceptions, beliefs,and desires of others—what psychologists call our“theory of mind.”In the80s and90s, developmental psychologists showed that pre-schoolers and even infants understand minds apart from their own.But it was hard to show that other animals did the same.“Theory of mind”became a candidate for the special,uniquely human trick.Yet de Waal’s studies show that chimps(黑猩猩)possess a remarkably developed political intelligence—they are much interested in figuring out social relationships.It turns out,as de Waal describes,that chimps do infer something about what other chimps see.But experimental studies also suggest that this happens only in a competitive political context.The evolutionary anthropologist(人类学家)Brain Hare and his colleagues gave a junior chimp a choice between pieces of food that a dominant chimp had seen hidden and other pieces it had not seen hidden.The junior chimp,who watched all the hiding,stayed away from the food the dominant chimp had seen,but took the food it hadn’t seen.Anyone who has gone to an academic conference will recognize that we may be in the same situation.We may say that we sign up because we’re eager to find out what other human beings think,but we’re just as interested in who’s on top.Many of the political judgments we make there don’t have much to do with our theory of mind.We may show our respect to a famous professoreven if we have no respect for his ideas.Until recently,however,there wasn’t much research into how humans develop and employ this kind of political knowledge.It may be that we understand the social world in terms of dominance,like chimps,but we’re just not usually as politically motivated as they are.Instead of asking whether we have a better everyday theory of mind,we might wonder whether they have a better everyday theory of politics.43．According to the first paragraph,which of the following shows that an animal is smart? A．It can behave like a human kid.B．It can imitate what human beings do.C．It can find a solution to its own problem.D．It can figure out those adaptive problems.44．Which of the following statements best illustrates our“theory of mind”?A．We talk with infants in a way that they can fully understand.B．We make guesses at what others think while interacting with them.C．We hide our emotions when we try establishing contact with a stranger.D．We try to understand how kids’pretend play affects our taste for fiction.45．What can be inferred from the passage?A．Neither human nor animals display their preference for dominance.B．Animals living in a competitive political context are smarter.C．Both humans and some animals have political intelligence.D．Humans are more interested in who’s on top than animals.46．By the underlined sentence in the last paragraph,the writer means that________. A．we know little about how chimps are politically motivatedB．our political knowledge doesn’t always determine how we behaveC．our theory of mind might enable us to understand our theory of politicsD．more research should be conducted to understand animals’social worldSection CDirections:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentencesthan you need.Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner TableFamily gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid.With the festive season in full swing,it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives.At some point,you know they will say something like:”Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat“or”Climate change is a conspiracy”.(Surely,all these statements are untrue.)____47____“Is it worth making an effort to correct people?”says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter,UK,who studies ways of challenging misperceptions.I think so.____48____Obviously,it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.Take a classic:“The climate has always changed,it’s nothing to do with humans.”To fight this,you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate,when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.____49____“Parallel”arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively,says John Cook of George Mason University,Virginia.For instance,the“climate is always changing”myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other,leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary(入室抢劫).But you need to be aware of the backfire(适得其反的)effect.____50____This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.“The last thing you want to do when debunking(驳斥)misinformation is make matters worse,”wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol,UK,in The Debunking Handbook,a short guide published in2011.However,more recent studies are far more encouraging.It’s not as common as we initially thought,“says Lewandowsky.A．This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.B．However,more recent studies are far more encouraging.C．Anyone can spread a lie,but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.D．But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.E．If you are not sure of the facts,do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.F．If this happens,you don’t have to just sit there quiet.IV.Summary Writing51．Summary WritingWorking AroundAccording to the latest statistics,young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad.Is the idea of working abroad fact or fiction and what is it like to work in another country?In order to find answers to these questions,the Guardian newspaper recently interviewed British workers in France,Germany,Spain and Holland.What they discovered was that if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in,then you will have no problem finding work.Let’s take the following examples.Peter Tate moved to France in1991. He had studied lighting design in England and had worked for eleven years in theatres around the country.He wanted a different lifestyle and certainly didn’t expect to get a job in his field immediately.He did a number of different jobs until he was finally hired by Disneyland Paris in1992. First he worked there as a lighting technician,then he eventually got a job in design.After all his experience,he says that you have to be realistic about finding exactly the kind of job you want abroad.“The theatre is a small world,”he explains.“Jobs are usually found through contracts.I had to get to know people first and I didn’t speak very good French when I first arrived.”He admits that his poor level of French was a big problem.He did a three-month language course before he moved to France permanently,but this still was not enough.He says that if you want to get a good job in another country,you have to be able to speak the language well.A lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____V.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.52．这场失利暴露出这支全新队伍的不足之处。

（跟踪号码）（客户/机器）（反馈截止日期）Status（状态）（8D 问题解决工作表——详细列表）（步骤）0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8行动准备解决问题组建团队描述问题补救措施诊断原因解决方案验证方案防止再次发生Wrap已登记问题，已实行临时补救措施。

已制定长效纠正措施但还未实行。

已实行长效纠正措施，正检查和评估效果。

长效纠正措施效果已确认。

问题解决。

准备解决问题——问题是否需要实施8D？(If needed document actions in Action Item Table)是否需要采取紧急措施？紧急反应措施（ERA）如果需要的话，提供应急反应措施，保护客户，并且启动8D过程。

1组建团队——确定一组人员来解决问题和执行修正行动，成员应具有过程、产品知识、分配时间、权力和需要的技能，必须指定一名领导和一名团队的负责人。

团队目标——团队宗旨——成员（团队带头人第一位）姓名职务简介2A描述问题———通过“什么现象出现什么问题”来描述内部/外部的问题，用量化的术语细化问题。

（问题梗概）部件编号/流程Action Item Table 行动项目表格Actions 行动Implement and Verify Actions实施和检查措施Action#行动Fault / Item错误/项目Containment/ CorrectiveAction补救/改正措施Verify检查HowVerified如何检查的Action行动Assignee监管人Planned原计划Actual实际Status状态已登记问题，已实行临时补救措施。

已制定长效纠正措施但还未实行。

已实行长效纠正措施，正检查和评估效果。

长效纠正措施效果已确认。

问题解决。

PRODUCT USER MANUALOMI_HEALTH_carbonOcean carbonGLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integratedGLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_ph_area_averagedIssue: 3.0 Contributors: Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, Frederic ChevallierApproval Date:CHANGE RECORDIssue Date§Description ofChangeAuthor Checked by Validated by1.0January2019 all Creation of thedocumentMarion Gehlen, TrangChauStéphanie Guinehut1.1 October2019 §II.2 Uncertainty variablesadded in the descriptionof the datasets contentMarion Gehlen, TrangChauStéphanie Guinehut2.0 December2019 §II.1§II.2Temporal extension Thi Tuyet Trang Chau,Marion Gehlen,Frédéric ChevallierStéphanie Guinehut C. Derval3.0 September2020 §II.1 Temporal extension Thi Tuyet Trang Chau,Marion Gehlen,Frédéric ChevallierStéphanie Guinehut4.0 September2021 §II.1 Temporal extension Thi Tuyet Trang Chau,Marion Gehlen,Frédéric ChevallierTABLE OF CONTENTSGLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS (4)I INTRODUCTION (5)I.1 Summary (5)I.2 History of change (5)II DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION (7)II.1 General Information about products (7)II.2 Details of the datasets (8)II.3 Product System Description (8)II.4 Download a product through the CMEMS Web Portal Ftp Service (9)III FILES NOMENCLATURE and FORMAT (10)III.1 Nomenclature of files when downloaded through the CMEMS FTP Services (10)III.2 File Format: format name (10)III.3 Reading Softwares (11)IV References (12)GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONSCMEMS Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service MOI Mercator Océan InternationalNetCDF Network Common Data FormOMI Ocean Monitoring IndicatorPUM Product User ManualQUID Quality Information DocumentI INTRODUCTIONI.1 SummaryThis document is the user manual for the CMEMS Ocean Monitoring Indicator (OMI) GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon. It contains 2 OMIs:•GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integrated•GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_ph_area_averagedThe OMIs provide estimates of global yearly ocean CO2 uptake and area averaged yearly mean surface sea water pH reported on total scale.These estimates are derived from the global reconstruction of monthly surface ocean downward flux of carbon dioxide, respectively surface water pH reported on total scale distributed as part of MULTIOBS_GLO_BIO_CARBON_SURFACE_REP_015_008 (http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-MOB-PUM-015-008.pdf ). Units are in PgC/yr for CO2 flux and pH units for pH.The product is published on the CMEMS dissemination server after automatic and delayed-mode quality controls. The product is available online and disseminated through the CMEMS Information System. Files downloaded are in NetCDF format and follow CF-1.7 convention.Disclaimer: The quality of the product may vary during the proposed time series depending on the possible update of the system.The two OMIs are described in the Quality Information Document (QUID) CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-co2-flux-integrated.pdf (http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-co2-flux-integrated.pdf) and CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-ph-area-averaged.pdf (http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-ph-area-averaged.pdf ). See also News flash. More detailed information can be obtained from http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/contact-us/.I.2 History of changeFebruary 2019 1st publication of OMI_HEALTH_carbon products(GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integrated;GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_ph_area_averaged)October 2019 Uncertainty variables added in the description of the datasetscontentDecember 2019 Temporal extension. The 1985-2018 period is now available September 2020 Temporal extension (+1 year)September 2021 Temporal extension (+1 year)II DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONII.1 General Information about productsProduct(s) name GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integratedGLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_ph_area_averaged Geographical coverage globalVariables g lobal_integrated_co2_flux_expressed_as_carbonsea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scaleUpdate frequency yearlyAvailable time series From 1985-Delivery mechanism FTPyearly value, global mean valueTemporal/SpatialresolutionsurfaceIntegration depth (forexample..)Format NetCDF CF1.7Detailed information on the systems and products are on CMEMS web site:http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-co2-flux-integrated.pdfhttp://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-ph-area-averaged.pdfII.2 Details of the datasetsOMI_HEALTH_carbonGLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integratedcontains the global yearly integrated CO2 fluxfgco2 [Pg yr-1]Global integrated surface downward flux of total CO2global_integrated_co2_flux_expressed_as_carbonfgco2_uncertainty [Pg yr-1]Uncertainty (standard deviation) of global integrated surfacedownward flux of total CO2global_integrated_co2_flux_expressed_as_carbonGLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_ph_area_averaged contains the area averaged yearly mean surface sea water pH reported on total scaleph [1]Global mean seawater pH reported on total scalesea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scaleph_uncertainty [1]Uncertainty (standard deviation) of global mean seawater pH reported on total scale:sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scaleNote that the standard name and units of global integrated surface downward flux of total CO2 (fgco2) in GLOBAL_OMI_HEALTH_carbon_co2_flux_integrated product are not yet included in CF conventions since they were created for this first contribution.II.3 Product System DescriptionThe estimates are derived from the global reconstruction of monthly surface ocean downward flux of carbon dioxide, respectively surface water pH reported on total scale distributed as part of MULTIOBS_GLO_BIO_CARBON_SURFACE_REP_015_008(http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-MOB-PUM-015-008.pdf, http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-MOB-QUID-015-008.pdf).II.4 Download a product through the CMEMS Web Portal Ftp ServiceYou first need to register. Please find below the registration steps: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/34-products-and-services-faq.php#1Once registered, the CMEMS FAQ http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/34-products-and-services-faq.php will guide you on how to download a product through the CMEMS Web Portal FTP Service.III FILES NOMENCLATURE AND FORMATIII.1 Nomenclature of files when downloaded through the CMEMS FTP Services OMI_HEALTH_carbon files nomenclature when downloaded through the CMEMS FTP Services is based on the following nomenclature:<datasetname>_<timestep>_P<productiontime>.ncWhere :•<datasetname> is the dataset reference (global_omi_health_carbon_co2_flux_integrated or global_omi_health_carbon_ph_area_averaged).•<timestep> is the first time step contained in the file.•<productiontime> is the production time when the file was generated.•.nc is the standard NetCDF filename extension.Example: global_omi_health_carbon_co2_flux_integrated_1985_P2*******.ncIII.2 File Format: format nameThe products are stored using the NetCDF format.NetCDF (network Common Data Form) is an interface for array-oriented data access and a library that provides an implementation of the interface. The NetCDF library also defines a machine-independent format for representing scientific data. Together, the interface, library, and format support the creation, access, and sharing of scientific data. The NetCDF software was developed at the Unidata Program Center in Boulder, Colorado. The NetCDF libraries define a machine-independent format for representing scientific data.Please see Unidata NetCDF pages for more information, and to retrieve NetCDF software package. NetCDF data is:* Self-Describing. A netCDF file includes information about the data it contains.* Architecture-independent. A NetCDF file is represented in a form that can be accessed by computers with different ways of storing integers, characters, and floating-point numbers.* Direct-access. A small subset of a large dataset may be accessed efficiently, without first reading through all the preceding data.* Appendable. Data can be appended to a NetCDF dataset along one dimension without copying the dataset or redefining its structure. The structure of a NetCDF dataset can be changed, though this sometimes causes the dataset to be copied.* Sharable. One writer and multiple readers may simultaneously access the same NetCDF file.III.3 Reading SoftwaresThe products are stored using the NetCDF-CF format. Note that these data can be browsed and used through several softwares, like:✓Basic Radar Altimetry Toolbox: ✓ncBrowse: /java/ncBrowse/✓NetCDF Operator (NCO): /✓/software/netcdf/IV REFERENCESSee the Quality Information Document (QUID):http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-co2-flux-integrated.pdfhttp://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OMI-QUID-GLO-HEALTH-carbon-ph-area-averaged.pdf。

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IntroductionThe aim of this application note is to provide guidelines for industrial designers on how to improve cover window quality. This document gives ST’s recommendations on cover window selection and details the design requirements for optimizing the system.Figure 1.VL53L1X deviceCover window guidelines for the VL53L1X long-distance ranging Time-of-Flight sensorAN5231Application noteAcronyms and abbreviations 1Acronyms and abbreviationsThe main acronyms and abbreviations used in this document are listed below.Table 1. Acronyms and abbreviations2OverviewThe VL53L1X ranging module is typically used in conjunction with a window covering. This "cover window" serves two main purposes:•It provides physical protection for the module, including dust ingress prevention•It provides additional optical filtering for the moduleThis application note presents information which allows the user to select the performance level of the cover window and the best topology for his use case.There are two options for building the cover window:•Two-glass adapter: This option seperates the emitter and receiver optical paths. It is the best solution as itprovides high-ranging performances and limits calibration requirements.•Plain cover window : When the above solution is not possible (for aesthetic reasons or when the materialused cannot be split) a plain cover window can be selected.Figure 2.Two-glass adapter cover window (left) and plain cover window (right)Overview3Two-glass adapter (ideal solution)The two-glass adapter is the only topology that allows the sensor to:•Eliminate the impact of dust or fingerprints•Improve ranging performance•Suppress some calibration stepsDust typically reduces the maximum working distance depending on its concentration. However, in the first figurebelow, we can see that the maximum ranging distance remains more than 2 m, thanks to the use of a two-glasscover window. In the second figure below, the target can still be seen despite the fact that both the emitter andreceiver are fully covered in dust.Figure 3. Two-glass adapter showing dust immunityFigure 4. Two-glass adapter still working in dusty conditionsA step file of the two-glass adaptor (see following figure) is available on /VL53L1X page.Figure 5. ST's two-glass adapter step file (3D view)Figure 6. Two-glass adapter used on VL53L1X nucleo evaluation kitFigure 7. Two-glass adapter drawing (2D view)A video of the two-glass adapter performance can be downloaded on the /VL53L1X page of the ST website (shortcut name: VL53L1X cover glass solution; title name: VL53L1X cover glass, calibration free).Figure 8. Video of two-glass adapter solutionPlain cover window 4Plain cover windowFor aesthetic reasons, a two-glass adapter may not always be possible for ID products. In other cases, somemanufacturers using specific cover window materials (e.g. Corning Gorilla Glass) are not able to split the coverwindow into two pieces. In both situations above, a plain cover window may be used. ST recommends that thecover window be opaque. IR ink can be used over exclusion areas (see Section 6 Cover window artwork for moredetails).Note that by using a plain cover window, the VL53L1X is subject to crosstalk which is generated by the coverwindow itself. ST recommends that crosstalk be minimized so as to achieve the best ranging performance. Thesection below, Section 5 Crosstalk, describes the main contributors to crosstalk and suggests recommendationsfor reducing their affect. This section also looks at the impact of crosstalk on ranging performance and howcrosstalk can be compensated.5Crosstalk5.1DefinitionIn electronics, crosstalk is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired capacitive, inductive, or conductive coupling from one circuit or channel to another. In imaging,crosstalk is the interference caused by the ranging laser light that is reflected by a cover glass and not the intended target, which therefore distorts ToF data.When using plain glass, there are two direct paths for the photons between the emitter and the receiver (see red curves in figure below).•Path 1: The bottom surface of the cover window which partially reflects the beam. This is a big contributor tocrosstalk. The bigger the airgap, the higher the crosstalk.•Path 2: The top surface of the cover window which also reflects light towards the return receiver, and maybounce multiple times inside the cover window before reaching the receiver. The thicker the cover window,the higher its contribution to crosstalk.These two paths lead the receiver to detect photons with a very short optical path, and so, they slightly degrades the ranging distance measured by the VL53L1X.Figure 9.Crosstalk paths (red lines)Crosstalk5.2Crosstalk contributing factors and recommendations to reduce them5.2.1Cover window optical transmissionThe VL53L1X is based on an optical technology using 940 nm wavelength. It is then mandatory to optimizephoton transmission through the cover window in the 930-950 nm bandwidth.ST transmission recommendations are as follows:•Material transmission should be greater than 85 %.–PMMA (94 % transmission) and acrylic (92 % transmission)–Tempered glass or polycarbonate are acceptable (85 - 88 % transmission)–PET is not recommended (80 % transmission)•Additional coatings are not recommended. The impact of coatings (ARC or AFC) on system performance should be assessed.–Bottom ARC–Top ARC or hard coating–AFC: carbon-fluorine (C-F=O) or silicon based AFC (Si-C-O-H) show better results than fluorosyl (Si-F4)5.2.2Cover window hazeToF is an optical technology and the optical distortion impacts system performance. Haze is the best way tomeasure the different impacting parameters including embedded particles or trapped air, material manufacturingprocedures, scattering, surface roughness, and surface thickness.ST trecommends that haze should be less than 6 %.Figure 10. Example of optical distortion due to rough inkFigure 11. Impact of haze on crosstalk5.2.3Cover window thicknessThe thickness of the cover window contributes to crosstalk by reflecting photons towards the receiver.A thin cover window means that the beam bounces internally many times before reaching the receiver. As thesignal is attenuated at each bounce, the crosstalk is finally low.However, due to its module dimensions, the air gap thickness of the VL53L1X is about 6 mm (see distancebetween orange arrows in the figure below). Consequently, there is a one-bounce path between the emitter andthe receiver and crosstalk is at a maximum.Figure 12. Thick cover window introducing big crosstalk5.2.4Cover window smudgeSmudge is the term used to describe dirt on the cover window. Smudge can be caused by fingerprints, grease,dust or anything that lies on top of the cover window and optically interferes with the sensor.Any protective film/coating with high surface tensile strength on top of the cover window may be consideredsensitive for ToF technology. Such materials can affect optical scattering.Smudge sensitivity depends on the cover window material and manufacturing process. ST recommends thatcover window smudge sensitivity be assessed.Note:Smudge increases system crosstalk. If the system has a clean cover window and high crosstalk, it is likely that the smudge contribution to crosstalk is also high.Consequently, if the product environment is full of dust, the two-glass adapter option is the ONLY workingsolution.5.2.5Cover window angleMinimum crosstalk is achieved when the angle between the VL53L1X and the cover window is less than 10 °.If a higher angle is required, the VL53L1X is still functional but, the ranging performance may be affected.Figure 13. Crosstalk versus tilt of the cover windowFigure 14. Cover window tilt requirement5.2.6Cover window air gapAs shown in the figure below, the distance between the top of the cap of the VL53L1X and the bottom surface ofthe cover window is referred to as the air gap.Figure 15. Standard cover window showing air gapAs the air gap increases, the amount of crosstalk also increases.For optimum ranging performance, the air gap should be kep as small as possible (see figure below which showsan example of crosstalk variation vesrus air gap size.Figure 16. Example of crosstalk variation vs. air gap sizeThe ID rules of thumb listed below can be applied:•For fast and high-accuracy long ranging (>2000 mm):–Total air gap and cover window thickness = 1 mm maximum–Cover window thickness <0.6 mm and air gap <0.4 mm–Gasket and/or light blocker enhances performance (see Section 5.2.7 Use of a gasket)•For sub 1000 mm ranging:–Total air gap and cover window thickness = 2 mm maximum–Cover window thickness <1.5 mm and air gap <0.5 mm–Gasket is required•For sub 600 mm ranging (no specific accuracy requirement) with an air gap and cover window thickness >2.0 mm:– A dedicated ID study is required to optimize ranging and system performanceFor all use cases above, the assembly tolerances have to be accounted for when considering air gap and coverwindow thickness.Note:The variation in the amount of crosstalk compensation required can be important if the air gap is likely to change throughout the lifetime of the system.5.2.7Use of a gasketPlacing a gasket between the VL53L1X and the cover window:•Removes direct crosstalk from the bottom of the cover window•Limits the residual crosstalk due to the thickness of the cover windowFigure 17. Gasket cancelling bottom crosstalk and reducing internal crosstalk5.2.8External contributorsAny external source of 930-950 nm light may impact the performance of the VL53L1X . Such sources of lightincrease the ambient light and so impact the SNR of each measurement. Consequently, the user should ensurethat the design is set up to minimize optical interference from other IR sensors emitting in the same wavelength,or, even better, that the other sensors are not activated at the same time as the VL53L1X.5.2.9Crosstalk contributing factors summaryThe figure below summarizes the main contributers to crosstalk.Figure 18.Some of the major contributors to crosstalk and their consequences5.3Crosstalk impact on ranging performanceThe ranging result is a ToF weighted average of all the photons emitted by the emitter and reflected back to the sensor (the weight of each target being the return rate).The photons reflected by the cover window (i.e. the crosstalk) are then averaged with the photons reflected by the target, which impact the ranging value when distance increases (see figure below).The higher the crosstalk, the bigger the error as distance increases.Figure 19.Crosstalk imapct on ranging measurementCrosstalk impact on ranging performanceCrosstalk compensation5.4Crosstalk compensationThe device is able to compensate for crosstalk as long as crosstalk remains below or in the same range as thetarget signal (see Section 3.3 "Crosstalk calibration” in the UM2356 which can be downloaded from the VL53L1Xweb page on ). Such compensation means that the maximum ranging distance is shorter when crosstalk ishigher.In applications where the ranging distance must be around the maximum capabilities of the device (i.e. around 4m in the dark), it is then necessary to minimize crosstalk.Figure 20.VL53L1X crosstalk compensation capabilities Array Note:The air gap thickness and cover window tilt must be minimized to reduce crosstalk using a standard cover window.6Cover window artworkFor aesthetic reasons, the customer may want to add a coating with different optical properties (color, glass finishing, etc.) to the cover window.Exclusion areas are defined as the areas where there must be NO coating.Exclusion cones provided in the VL53L1X datasheet (see figure below) take into account the ST assembly margins. The customer assembly margins must be considered to define the exclusion area sizes.Figure 21.VL53L1X exclusion conesAn Excel sheet is available on request from ST to calculate the exclusion areas. The following input parameters are taken into account:•Cover window refractive index (index)•Cover window thickness (Y)•Air gap (X)•Cover window tilt (V)•Customer manufacturing assembly tolerance:–X, Y positioning (Xtol, Ytol)–Z-height positioning (Ztol)–Assembly pitch tilt (pitch)–Assembly roll tilt (roll)Two topologies are taken into account:•Oval exclusion area including both emitter and receiver•Two-hole exclusion area, one for the emitter and one for the receiverCover window artworkFigure 22.Inputs (in yellow) for excel sheet6.1Oval exclusion areaThe figure below shows the design of the oval exclusion area. The exclusion zone is a single oval area covering both the emitter and the receiver.Figure 23.Oval exclusion areaOval exclusion area6.2Two-hole exclusion areaThe figure below shows the design of the two-hole exclusion area. The exclusion zone is composed of two holes,one on the emitter and one on the receiver.Figure 24.Two holes exclusion areaTwo-hole exclusion area7Off-the-shelf solution: Hornix cover windowST recommends a Hornix cover window as an example of a very low crosstalk cover window. However, the final cover window selection depends on the individual customer requirements.Hornix offers a standalone cover window, without a light blocker, called IR-T042C0-PM3D-A066. Its parameters include:•Air gap: 0.2 mm (1.71 + 0.05 - 1.56)•Cover window–Thickness: 0.8 mm (2.51 - 1.71)–Transmission: > 90 %–Haze: < 6 %–Angle: 0 °•Typical crosstalk: < 0.2 kcps/SPADNote:Hornix has also developed cover windows with light blockersForfurtherdetails,contact:************************.twFigure 25.IR-T042C0-PM3D-A066 Hornix cover window without light blocker For a cover window with a light blocker, please contact Hornix Optical Technology Inc.Off-the-shelf solution: Hornix cover windowRevision historyTable 2. Document revision historyContentsContents1Acronyms and abbreviations (2)2Overview (3)3Two-glass adapter (ideal solution) (4)4Plain cover window (7)5Crosstalk (8)5.1Definition (8)5.2Crosstalk contributing factors and recommendations to reduce them (9)5.2.1Cover window optical transmission (9)5.2.2Cover window haze (9)5.2.3Cover window thickness (10)5.2.4Cover window smudge (11)5.2.5Cover window angle (11)5.2.6Cover window air gap (12)5.2.7Use of a gasket (13)5.2.8External contributors (13)5.2.9Crosstalk contributing factors summary (14)5.3Crosstalk impact on ranging performance (14)5.4Crosstalk compensation (15)6Cover window artwork (16)6.1Oval exclusion area (17)6.2Two-hole exclusion area (18)7Off-the-shelf solution: Hornix cover window (19)Revision history (20)IMPORTANT NOTICE – PLEASE READ CAREFULLYSTMicroelectronics NV and its subsidiaries (“ST”) reserve the right to make changes, corrections, enhancements, modifications, and improvements to ST products and/or to this document at any time without notice. Purchasers should obtain the latest relevant information on ST products before placing orders. ST products are sold pursuant to ST’s terms and conditions of sale in place at the time of order acknowledgement.Purchasers are solely responsible for the choice, selection, and use of ST products and ST assumes no liability for application assistance or the design of Purchasers’ products.No license, express or implied, to any intellectual property right is granted by ST herein.Resale of ST products with provisions different from the information set forth herein shall void any warranty granted by ST for such product.ST and the ST logo are trademarks of ST. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners.Information in this document supersedes and replaces information previously supplied in any prior versions of this document.© 2018 STMicroelectronics – All rights reserved。

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