非谓语动词
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非谓语动词讲解(超全)非谓语动词是指动词的非限定形式,不可以独立作谓语。
它可以由动词原形、现在分词和过去分词构成,常见的形式有不定式、动名词和分词。
一、不定式:不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,常常在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
它的构成方式为"to + 动词原形"。
例句:1. To learn a foreign language is not easy.(作主语)2. She wants to go shopping.(作宾语)3. The best way to learn English well is to practice every day.(作表语)4. He has a lot of work to finish.(作定语)不定式也具有进行时态、完成时态和被动语态的形式:进行时态:to be + 动词的现在分词完成时态:to have + 动词的过去分词被动语态:to be + 动词过去分词例句:1. He seems to be sleeping.(不定式进行时态)2. You should have told me earlier.(不定式完成时态)3. The car needs to be repaired.(不定式被动语态)二、动名词:动名词是指动词的-ing形式,它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。
在句中的位置和用法与名词相似。
例句:1. Reading is my favorite hobby.(作主语)2. I enjoy swimming in the summer.(作宾语)3. Her dream is becoming a famous singer.(作表语)4. The girl standing over there is my sister.(作定语)5. He went to the party without saying goodbye.(作状语)动名词与不定式的区别在于动名词具有进行时态和被动语态,而不定式没有。
非谓语动词(Non-finiteverbs)非谓语动词概述:不定式(todo):目的、将来形式现在分词(doing):主动、进行过去分词(done):被动、完成todo:某一次具体的动作作主语doing:抽象的、概念性的、多次的、经常性的行为todo:某一次具体的动作作表语doing:抽象的、概念性的、多次的、经常性的行为done:todo作宾语doing句法功能todo:目的、将来作定语doing:主动、进行done:被动、完成todo:目的、将来作宾补doing:主动、进行done:被动、完成todo:目的、将来作状语doing:主动、进行done:被动、完成独立成分作状语n./pron.+todo/doing/done独立主格结构with的复合结构GrammarI:非谓语动词的形式(一)过去分词:过去分词只有一种形式,就是一般式done。
①单独表示一个被动的动作;②也可以单独表示动作已经完成;③还可以同时表示被动和完成。
(二)现在分词的各种形式:(三)主动被动用法一般doing beingdone doing的动作与谓语动作几e.g.1._______________(hear)thenews,theycouldn’thelpla ughing.e.g.2.Not________________(finish)thetask,theyhavetostayt hereforanothertwoweeks.e.g.3.________________(turn)offtheTVset,hebegantogoover (复习)hislessons.e.g.4.______________(heat加热),thewatergetshot.e.g.5._______________(build)forhalfayear,thebuildingbeca meourlibrary.e.g.6._______________(tell)manytimes,hestillrepeated(重复)thesamemistake.e.g.7.Isawtherewasaboy________________(blame)byhisfat her.(四)不定式的各种形式(五)e.g.1.Therearemanydishes_________________(wash)inthek itchen.SoIdon’thavetimetoseeafilmwithyoutonight.注意:非谓语动词的否定形式是在其前加notGrammarII:todo、doing作主语或表语一、todo、doing作主语的一般用法:e.g.1.Toswimtodayisagoodideae.g.2.Eatingtoomuchisbad foryourhealth.思考:todo作主语,表__________________________________________________的动作;doing作主语,表_________________________________________________的动作。
什么叫非谓语动词以下供你参考 1 在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。
非谓语动词有三种:不定式(the Infinites)、动名词(the Gerunds)和分词(the Participles)。
动词不定式的时态、语态动词不定式的时态、语态动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:主动形式被动形式一般式(not)to make (not)to be made完成式(not)to have made (not)to have been made进行式(not)to be making完成进行式(not)to have been making(1)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。
如:It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语)It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。
如:There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)(2)时态1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
非谓语动词9种形式
1.不定式:to+动词原形,表示目的、原因、结果等。
2. 现在分词:动词+ing,表示主动、进行或描述。
3. 过去分词:动词+ed,表示被动、完成或描述。
4. 动名词:动词+ing,作主语、宾语或介词后的宾语。
5. 分词短语:现在分词或过去分词+其他成分,作状语或定语。
6. 带to的分词短语:to+过去分词,表示被动或完成,作状语或定语。
7. 带having的分词短语:having+过去分词,表示完成,作状语或定语。
8. 带不定式的分词短语:动词+不定式,表示目的、结果、方式,作状语或定语。
9. 带介词的分词短语:动词+介词+现在分词或过去分词,作状语或定语。
- 1 -。
非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
二、非谓语形式的三种形式及基本用法:1、动词不定式:to do 表示目的和将来2、动词的ing : doing 表示主动和进行3、动词的过去分词:done 表示被动和完成非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式一、不定式(to do)不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。
不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。
不定式运用口诀:本领最多不定式,主,表,宾,补,定和状,样样成分都能干,只有谓语它不敢,大家千万要当心,有时它把句型改,做主宾时用“it”,自己在后把身藏,七个感官三使役,宾补要把to甩开,疑问词后接上它,宾语从句可充当,逻辑主语不定式,不定式前for sb,to前not 是否定,各种用法区别开。
1. I am sorry to ________ you so much trouble. (2008 江苏)A. have givenB. have been givenC. giveD. giving答案:A简析:be sorry to have done sth 意为“已经干了某事而遗憾”,to have done是不定式的完成形式,表示先于谓语动词的动作。
B,被动形式,不合题意。
变式训练:2.The promising young man is said to ______ two novels.A. have writtenB. have been writtenC. writeD. writing (A)2.不定式的句法功能1)作主语:(谓语动词一般用单数)To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。
英语非谓语三种形式
英语非谓语动词有三种形式:动词不定式(to+动词原形)、动名词(动词+ing) 和分词(过去分词、现在分词)。
1、动词不定式:
例句:I want to go to the store. (我想去商店。
)
He asked me to help him with his homework. (他要求我帮他做功课。
)
2、动名词:
例句:Swimming is my favorite sport. (游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
)
I enjoy reading books. (我喜欢读书。
)
3. 分词:
过去分词:
例句:The broken window needs to be fixed. (需要修理这个破窗户。
)
I have finished my homework. (我完成了我的作业。
)
现在分词:
例句:I saw her singing in the choir. (我看到她在合唱团唱歌。
)
The running dog caught the ball. (跑着的狗接住了球。
)。
什么是非谓语动词在英语语法中,非谓语动词是一类特殊的动词形式,它不具备谓语动词的一些特征,如时态和人称的变化。
非谓语动词包括动词的不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)。
非谓语动词在句子中可以作为名词、形容词或副词的成分。
1. 不定式(infinitive)不定式是非谓语动词中最常见的形式之一。
它通常由动词的词根形式加上to构成,例如to go、to eat、to learn等。
不定式可以用作名词、形容词或副词。
作为名词时,不定式可以做主语、宾语、表语等。
例如:- To travel is my dream.(去旅行是我的梦想。
)- He wants to buy a new car.(他想买一辆新车。
)作为形容词时,不定式可以修饰名词,并用来表达目的、原因、结果等。
例如:- He needs a book to study.(他需要一本书来学习。
)- I am happy to see you.(我很高兴见到你。
)作为副词时,不定式用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,表示目的、结果、方式等。
例如:- She works hard to succeed.(她努力工作以获得成功。
)- He walked slowly to avoid falling.(他慢慢地走以避免摔倒。
)2. 动名词(gerund)动名词是动词的-ing形式,它可以作为一个名词在句子中使用。
与不定式不同,动名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语等。
例如:- Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是一项好的锻炼。
)- I enjoy singing.(我喜欢唱歌。
)动名词也可以与一些特定的动词或动词短语搭配使用,这些短语通常以动名词作为宾语。
例如:- He admitted stealing the money.(他承认偷了钱。
)- She can't help laughing.(她禁不住笑。
非谓语动词讲解(超全非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
与主谓结构不同,非谓语动词可在句子中作状语、定语或表语。
在英语中,非谓语动词的形式是相对固定的,但在不同的语法环境中所表示的意义和用法有所差异。
1. 动词不定式(to-infinitive)动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I want to go to the zoo.(我想去动物园。
)- 主语:To speak English fluently is important for your career.(流利地说英语对你的事业很重要。
)- 状语:He went to the store to buy some groceries.(他去商店买了些杂货。
)- 定语:She needs a pen to write her essay.(她需要一支笔来写作文。
)2. 动名词(gerund)动名词是将动词加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.(我闲暇时喜欢读书。
)- 主语:Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是很好的锻炼。
)- 状语:She left the party early, feeling tired.(她因为感觉累了,所以提前离开了聚会。
)- 定语:The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.(哭闹的婴儿把整个邻居都吵醒了。
)3. 现在分词(present participle)现在分词由动词原形加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:He enjoys playing soccer on weekends.(他喜欢周末踢足球。
)- 主语:Listening to music helps me relax.(听音乐帮助我放松。
在英语中,不做句子谓语,而具有谓语外其他语法功能的动词中,叫“非谓语动词”非谓语动词包括:动词不定式(the Infinitive)动名词(the Gerund)现在分词(the Present Participle)过去分词(the Past Participle)Ⅰ。
动词不定式:动词不定式有两种,带“to”和不带“to(动词原型)”,有人称之为“光秃不定式”,在大多数情况下不定式都带to,动词不定式由“to+动词原型”,这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义,不定式具有名词,形容词,或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态。
一:1。
不定式做主语:eg : To over come the problem is very difficult不定式做主语,往往用it做形式主语,真正的主语不定式放置句子后面:eg : It‟s so nice to hear your voice.但是,用不定式做主语的句子中还有一个不定式做表语时,不能用it‟s…to…的句型eg : To teach is to learn.比较“it‟s for sb和it‟s of sb1)for sb句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如”easy, hard, difficult, impossible”等2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如”good, kind, nice, clever, foolish”等3)用介词for或者of后面的逻辑主语做句子的主格,用介词前边的形容词做表语,造这个句子,如果通顺用of,不通则用for2.不定式做表语:不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语eg : My dream is to be a teacher.3.不定式做宾语1)有些及物动词用不定式做宾语,结构为“动词+不定式”P2892)有些动词除了可以用不定式做宾语,还用些不定式做补语,即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构eg : I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.3)有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词+疑问词+不定式”的结构:eg : I want to know how to solve the problem.4)如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用“ it ”做形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语4.不定式做补语1)有些动词+宾语+不定式P291eg : Father will not allow us to play on the street.2)有些动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去eg : We believe him (to be) quilty (adj.)我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be fool. (n.) (to be不能省)3)有些动词可以跟”there + to be的结构eg : We didn‟t expect there to be so many people.You wouldn‟t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧?5.不定式做定语不定式做宾语,通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
四种非谓语动词形式非谓语动词是指在句子中不担任谓语的动词形式,包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。
本文将详细介绍这四种非谓语动词形式及其用法。
一、动词不定式(infinitive)1. 形式:动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成。
a. 作主语:To travel is my dream.b. 作宾语:- 动词不定式做及物动词的宾语:I want to learn English.- 动词不定式做介词的宾语:She is good at playing the piano.c. 作表语:His dream is to become a doctor.d. 作定语:I have a book to read.e. 作状语:He went to the supermarket to buy some vegetables.二、动名词(gerund)1. 形式:动名词由动词的-ing形式构成。
a. 作主语:Swimming is good exercise.b. 作宾语:I enjoy reading books.c. 作宾语补足语:I heard her singing in the room.d. 作定语:We have a walking tour tomorrow.e. 作状语:He improved his English by practicing speaking.三、现在分词(present participle)1. 形式:现在分词由动词的-ing形式构成。
a. 作定语:The running girl is my sister.b. 作状语:She left the house, smiling happily.四、过去分词(past participle)1. 形式:过去分词有规律变化(如:-ed,-en)和不规律变化(如:broken,spoken)。
a. 作定语:The broken chair should be repaired.b. 作宾语补足语:I have finished my homework.c. 用于被动语态:The letter was written by him.总结起来,动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词是四种常见的非谓语动词形式。
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。
以下是三种非谓语动词的形式及示例:1,不定式(Infinitives):不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。
作主语:To learn English is important.(学英语很重要。
)作宾语:I want to go to the park.(我想去公园。
)作表语:My dream is to become a doctor.(我的梦想是成为一名医生。
)作定语:She has a lot of work to do.(她有很多工作要做。
)作状语:He ran to the station to catch the train.(他跑到车站去赶火车。
)2,动名词(Gerunds):动名词由“动词+ing”构成,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
作主语:Eating healthy food is important.(吃健康的食物很重要。
)作宾语:I enjoy playing football.(我喜欢踢足球。
)作表语:My hobby is reading.(我的爱好是阅读。
)作定语:She has a swimming pool in her backyard.(她的后院有一个游泳池。
)3,分词(Participles):分词分为现在分词和过去分词,现在分词由“动词+ing”构成,过去分词由“动词+ed”或“不规则变化”构成,在句子中可以作定语、状语、补语等成分。
作定语:The running man is my brother.(正在跑步的男人是我的哥哥。
)作状语:Walking in the park, she met her friend.(她在公园里散步时遇到了她的朋友。
)作补语:I saw him playing football on the playground.(我看到他在操场上踢足球。
非谓语动词有哪些什么是非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子的各种成分的动词形式,叫做非谓语动词。
那么非谓语动词有哪些情况呢?
非谓语动词有哪些
1非谓语动词
非谓语动词有5种情况,分别是动词做主语、动词作宾语、动词作定语、动词作状语、动词作补语,动词作宾语示例:I like watching TV,这就把它变成了ing形式,把它名词化这就叫动词做宾语。
再看动词作定语he is a boy lying under the tree。
lying就是定语修饰boy。
躺在树下的男孩。
再看做状语的。
hearing the news she went crazy。
听到消息她疯了。
听到消息就是一个状态。
hearing the news she went crazy。
这里需要注意的是,从句部分根本不是一个句子,它只是一个动词,所以这个部分呢,我们就要把它叫动词做状语,而不能叫状语从句。
所以非谓语动词一共是5种情况,动词分别做主语、宾语,定语、状语、补语。
2非谓语动词与谓语动词不同点
非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
非谓语动词非谓语形式(详细)动词非谓语形式一.基本概念:顾名思义,不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词,有to do(动词不定式)/ -ing(现在分词/动名词)/ -ed(过去分词)三个形式。
由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制,故也称为"非限定动词"。
(研究中不要刻意去区分现在分词和动名词)二.非谓语动词的时态和语态意义:英语中动词有两大基本特征:时态和语态的变化。
非谓语动词也是动词,当然也具备动词的这两大特征。
1.时态概念:非谓语动词只有"过去、现在和将来"三个时间概念,他与谓语动词时态的区别是:谓语动词表示的是实际时间概念,如I am learning English.是指讲话的时候或那段时间里"我正在学英语"。
而非谓语动词的"过去、现在和将来"是指相对于谓语动词而言的"过去、现在和将来",即先于谓语动词的行为或状态称为"过去时",与谓语动词的行为或状态发生在同一时间(段)的称为"现在时",而发生在谓语动词的行为或状态之后的称为"将来时"。
这个时间概念对于后面要讲的非谓语动词的句法功能是非常重要的。
2.语态概念:与谓语动词一样,非谓语动词也有主动语态和被动语态之分。
也就是要记住四句话:(1)表示将来时;(2)表示现在时;(3)表示曩昔时(一定是被动的)(4)动词不定式的完成时表示过去时非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念是理解非谓语动词句法功能、应试判题和翻译的基础。
请你判断一下,下面句子中的非谓语动词是什么时态和语态:Your duty is to look after the sick child。
(你的责任是照料这个病孩。
将来/主动)The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person。
非谓语动词t h e N o n-F i n i t e V e r b s 定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式:不定式、动名词和分词现在分词和过去分词作用:在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等.特点:1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用如动词不定式和动名词,在句中做主语、宾语、表语.2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语.3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中作状语.4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制.5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语.与谓语动词的关系相同点(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.(2)都可以被状语修饰: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式一般式;进行式;完成式的变化.例如:He was punished by his parents.谓语动词被动语态 He avoided being punished by his parents.动名词的被动式We have written the composition.谓语动词的完成时 Having written the composition, we handed it in.现在分词的完成式(4)都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.谓语动词的逻辑主语 The boss ordered them to start the work.动词不定式的逻辑主语We are League members.谓语动词的主语 We being League member, the work was well done. 现在分词的逻辑主语不定式一、形式功能:动词不定式:to+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式:not + to do 以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如: I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你.He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多.We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观.He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家.The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术.The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作.(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力.He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书.3完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了.I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影.He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友.二、不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败.常用句式有:1作主语:1、It+be+名词+to do.2、It takes sb.+some time+to do.3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do.①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wis e,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语.②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessaryIt’s necessary for you to study hard .necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的It’s foolish of him to do it .foolish 修饰逻辑主语him2作表语:放be动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅.He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了.注意:(3)作宾语:①动词+不定式.如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.it 作形式宾语下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等②动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语.如:I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语.如:I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的.(4)作宾语补足语:①动词+宾语+不定式to doHe warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so不带to的不定式注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院.②表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构:We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.被动语态③ There +不定式We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里.注意:1有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider.如:We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲.2在动词feel 一感,hear, listen to二听,have, let, make三让,notice, see, watch, observe, look at五看即:吾看三室两厅一感觉等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to.如:They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him toclean the room.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系:1)He is looking for a room to live in.动状关系He has got a chance to go abroad.同位关系3主谓关系:She is always the last person to speak at the meeting . ----I’mgoing to the post office , for I have a letter to post .逻辑主语是I -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 逻辑主语不是I4动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席.注意:如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词.如:I need a pen to write with . I will wirte with the pen 我需要一直钢笔写字I have a little baby to look after .I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with 你用什么打开它如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:He has no place to live. 他无处安身.This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法.He has no money and no place to live in .I think the best way to travel by is on foot .There is no time to think about .注意:①不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式:Have you got anything to send 你要送什么东西吗 Have you got anything to be sent 你有什么东西需要送吗②说明所修饰名词的内容: We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划.③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿.6作状语:①表目的:He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致: wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数. wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典.作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式.②表结果往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外:常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了.I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了.③表原因:常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心.④表程度:It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见.The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的.三、不定式的省略:①情态动词除ought外, ought to do②would rather, had better③感官动词和使役动词④由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去.如:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.⑤help⑥Why…/Why not…⑦But 和 except 前是动词 do 时,后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式.试比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.⑧通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如:⑨保留to省略do动词. If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做.⑩不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to.下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to:want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able toHe wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生.五、注意:1.to 作介词:agree to, object to,close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to动名词一、定义:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.二、形式:一般式 doing 谓语动词同时发生 being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.完成式 having done having been done 谓语动词发生之前We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.否定式:not + 动名词动名词的形式: I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.被动式: He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会.完成被动式: He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.复合结构:物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.三、动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:谓语用单数Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting.Playing with fire is dangerous.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语.结构:It’s no good/use doing.... It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的.(2)作表语:动名词可以和主语调换位置.如:My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.3作宾语:They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝.We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染.注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句.此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如: We found it no good making funof others. 我们发现取笑他人不好.只接V-ing做宾语的动词和动词短语:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit,deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…from,keep …from, stop…from,protect…from, set about, be engag ed in, spend…in, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like接动名词、不定式均可,且意义相同的动词:like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can’t bear/endure/stand接动名词、不定式均可,但意义不同的词:forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做,尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做注意:Need, require, want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth也有类似用法.如:The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.(4)作定语:动名词作定语,一般表示用途.如:a waiting room,a diving board,a reading room,a dining hall动名词与现在分词作定语的区别:1现在分词作定语表动作,它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句.如果为单词,放在被修饰n之前,为短语,放在被修饰n之后.如:a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing2动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for的短语,两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系.如:a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingHe can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗(5)作同位语: The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密.His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别:1在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义;过去分词表示被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生.像:gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词.如:a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球2在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性.如:falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶注意:分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done.如:Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意:1分词作状语,其逻辑主语要与主句主语保持一致2分词前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词3如果过去分词的动作发生在主句谓语之前,用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.4分词做状语,主语之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词如有,则此句子为祈使句Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5)否定式,在分词之前+ not6)固定搭配: be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.7)分词的逻辑主语与主句不同,分词要有自己的逻辑主语,称为“独立主语” The money used up, I had no food to eat现在分词二、定义:既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.二、形式:肯定式:V-ing;否定式:not + 现在分词(1)主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如:They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.(2)被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作.The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.三、现在分词的句法功能:(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.(2)现在分词作表语: The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒.The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心.be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构.3作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如:Can you hear her singing the song in the next room 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着. (4)现在分词作状语:①作时间状语: While Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人.②作原因状语: Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人.③作方式状语,表示伴随: He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.④作条件状语: If Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.⑤作结果状语: He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎.⑥作目的状语: He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了.⑦作让步状语: Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了.Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习.有时也可用with without +名词代词宾格+分词形式 With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了.⑨作独立成分: udging fromby his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心.过去分词一、形式:只有V-ed一种形式.①规则,V-ed, ②不规则二、句法功能1.过去分词作定语:①单个过去分词做定语时用于被修饰的名词前,做前置定语 frozen food、polluted river、a terrified boyVt.过去分词作定语,表被动及完成Vi 过去分词作定语,表示完成 a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.②凡是用作定语修饰人或表示与个人相关的心理状态,用过去分词,而修饰物时,则用现在分词做定语a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.③过去分词短语做定语时,用于被修饰的名词之后,相当于省略了which/who is/are:A book written by luxun a student called MaryThe meeting being held now is important.The meeting held yesterday was importantThe meeting to be held tomorrow is important.2.过去分词作表语: The window is broken. 窗户破了.They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别: The window is broken.系表 The window was broken by the boy.被动有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如:boiled water开水 fallen leaves落叶newly arrived goods新到的货 the risen sun升起的太阳 the changed world 变了的世界这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.3.过去分词作宾语补足语:①做宾语补足语的动词一般是Vt,表示被动或完成With+sth./sb. DoneWith the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.With trees planted around the school, it looks nicer.②Have /get + sb/sth. Done 叫人做....Make oneself kmow/ understood/ hearted 让自己被....③see /hear/ watch / notice/ observe / listen to等构成的感官动词及 think/ find 等表示心理状态的动词 ~ sth/ sb. done1)I hear this song sung2)I found the dooe unlocked when I got home.④ want / wish / like / expect / order sth /sb. Done 希望、命令......被做I want the problem discussed at the meeting.4.过去分词作状语:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.原因Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.时间Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.条件Though told of the danger, he s till risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.让步Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞. 方式/伴随。
非谓语动词讲解超全非谓语动词是指不具有人称和数的动词形式,不需要依附主语就可以使用的动词形式。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词等形式。
非谓语动词的使用可以丰富句子结构,增强表达效果,表达出动作的进行、完成、目的、原因等不同的语义关系。
一、动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由“to” + 原形动词构成,具有名词、形容词或副词的特性。
1. 作主语:To learn English well is my goal.(学好英语是我的目标。
)2. 作宾语:I want to take a nap.(我想睡个觉。
)3. 作宾补:She found it difficult to solve the math problem.(她发现解决这个数学问题很困难。
)4. 作表语:My dream is to become a teacher.(我的梦想是成为一名教师。
)5. 作状语:He left the room to make a phone call.(他离开房间去打电话。
)二、动名词动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,多用于表示动作的稳定状态或被动的形式,常常作主语、宾语或介词的宾语。
1. 作主语:Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
)2. 作宾语:I enjoy reading books.(我喜欢阅读书籍。
)3. 作宾补:He kept silent, not wanting to reveal the secret.(他保持沉默,不想泄露秘密。
)4. 作介词的宾语:She is good at playing the piano.(她擅长弹钢琴。
)三、现在分词现在分词是动词的一种非谓语形式,通常以-ing结尾,可以表示主动、进行、伴随等含义。
1. 作定语:The running dog scared the child.(奔跑的狗吓唬了孩子。
非谓语动词是什么非谓语动词是动词的特殊形式,在句子中可以作谓语以外的所有成分。
非谓语动词包括动词ing形式,动词ed形式和不定式to do形式。
非谓语的基本形式一、动词ing形式动词ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
动名词由动词原形加ing构成,有一般式、完成式。
1.动名词(一)作主语Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
Learning new words is very important.学习生词非常重要。
常见句型:It's + no use/ no good/ a waste of time + ing形式It's no use arguing about it.争论那件事毫无用处。
It's a waste of time your talking to him.你跟他说话,真是浪费时间。
(二)作宾语①以下动词后常跟动名词作宾语:love, like, hate, prefer, begin, enjoy,dislike, start, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, neglect, try, deserve, involve, keep, mind, miss, postpone, resist, suggest.例如:I enjoy working with you.我喜欢和你共事。
Would you mind filling out this form?请你填这张表格好吗?②下列短语中的to均为介词,短语后使用动名词作宾语:attach importance to, be used to, devote…to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, approach to…例如:I was used to staying up late when I was in the college. 读大学我习惯熬夜。
非谓语动词的定义及用法在英语语法的广阔天地中,非谓语动词宛如一颗璀璨的明珠,闪耀着独特的光芒。
它既是语法学习的重点,也是不少学习者面临的难点。
那么,究竟什么是非谓语动词?它又有着怎样的用法呢?非谓语动词,简单来说,就是在句子中不能充当谓语的动词形式。
英语中的动词,除了在句子中作谓语之外,还可以有其他的形式和功能,这些形式就被称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词主要包括三种形式:动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done)。
先来说说动词不定式。
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。
比如,“To learn English well is not easy”(学好英语不容易。
)在这个句子中,“To learn English well”作的就是主语。
再比如,“I want to go shopping”(我想去购物。
)这里的“to go shopping”作的是宾语。
动名词呢,它具有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
“Swimming is my favorite sport”(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
)在这个句子中,“Swimming”就是作主语。
“I enjoy reading books”(我喜欢读书。
)这里的“reading books”作的是宾语。
接下来是分词。
现在分词具有形容词和副词的特征,过去分词也具有形容词和副词的特征,但它们的意义和用法有所不同。
现在分词通常表示主动和进行的意义,过去分词通常表示被动和完成的意义。
现在分词在句子中可以作定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。
例如,“The smiling girl is my sister”(那个微笑的女孩是我妹妹。
)“Smiling”作定语,修饰“girl”。
“He sat there, reading a book”(他坐在那里,读着一本书。
1.There is still a long way to go to work out all the problems______conservation of naturalresources.A.concerning B.concerned C.to concern D.concern2.The missionary,______as a Chinese,pretended to be a local,but his blue eyes and Greeknose______him______.A.dressing,gave,out B.dressed,gave,awayC.being dressed,gave,outD.dressing,gave,away3.Professor Black has been working in the forest for years,_____to the research of wild plantsand animals. A.devoted B.devoting C.to devote D.and devote4.He ______on the bench,with his head down and his eyes ______on the ground.A.was seated,fixingB.was seated,fixedC.seated,fixingD.seating,fixed5. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps______from the library.A.to borrowB.to be borrowedC.borrowedD.borrowing6.I had great difficulty _________the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.A.findB.foundC.to findD.finding7.I’m calling to enquire about the position_____in yesterday’s China Daily.A.advertisedB.to be advertisedC.advertisingD.having advertised8.The silence of the library is sometimes broken by a sudden cough or the sound of pages_____.A.turningB.turnedC.being turnedD.having turned9._______in the sports world,a sportsman needs to train constantly to keep himself in best condition.A.SurviveB.SurvivingC.To surviveD.Survived10.As a Senior Three student,we are supposed to know how we should adjust ourselves to ______ Sure we are in the proper mental state.A.makeB.makingC.madeD.be made11.---What made Susan so angry?---_______in the rain for a long time.A.Being kept waitingB.Being kept to waitC.Because of waitingD.She was kept waiting12.Jack offered us a big meal when he was leaving the office,but our work _____,we refused the offer.A.not finished B.had not been finished c.not having finished D.wasn’t finished 13.---Can you hand in your composition tomorrow?---Sure._____it handed in on time,I’ll stay up tonight. A.To have got B.Having got C.Getting D.To get14._____in the countryside,though living in town,he _____his home village all the time.A.Brought up,has still thought ofB.Being brought up,is still thinking ofC.Having been brought up.still thinks ofD.Brough up,is still thinking of15.Something must be wrong with this machine,and it needs ______without delay.A.repairedB.to repairC.repairingD.being repaired16.The local government is trying all out to find out who is ____the forest fire.A.to blame for startingB.to blame to start c.to be blamed for starting D.to be blamed to start17.---Is Bob still working in your school?---I’m afraid not.He is said_____and ____in a private school recently. A.to resign,to teach B.to have resigned,teachingC.having resigned,to be teachingD.to have resigned,to be teaching18.The young man,___several attempts to beat the world record in high jumping,decided to have another try.A.to make B.making C.made D.having made19.It is tim,my best friend in my childhood,who tells me he always dreams of_____for him to go to Shanghai and study and live there.A.there to be a chanceB.there is a chanceC.there being a chanceD.being a chance20.We are invited to a party ____in our club next Friday.A.to be heldB.heldC.being held Dholding21.______,you need to give all you have and try your best.A.Being a winnerB.To be a winnerC.Be a winnerD.Having been a winner22.He told us whether_____a picnic was still under discussion.A.to haveB.havingC.haveD.had23Tom is waiting __________ the doctor.A. to seeB. for to seeC. for seeingD. for see24. I went to see him __________ him out.A. findingB. findC. only to findD. only found25. _________, one needs much practice.A. To learn swimming wellB. To learn to swim wellC. Swimming to be learned wellD. Learning swim well26. __________, I don’t like her sister.A. Telling the truthB. Been told the truthC. To tell the truthD. To tell the true27. __________ for several weeks, the city was short of food and clothing.A. As having floodedB. As floodingC. Having been floodedD. to flood28. __________ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go out with you.A. Not preparingB. Not prepareC. Not being preparedD. Not having prepared29. _________ from the tallest building, the whole city looks very beautiful..A. SeeB. SawC. SeeingD. Seen30. Look around when ___________ the street.A. acrossB. crossingC. crossedD. to be crossing31. We walked as fast as we could, __________ to catch the 9:30 train.A. hopingB. to hopeC. we hopedD. being hoped32. ___________ the past, our life is much better.A. Comparing withB. Be compared withC. To compare withD. Compared with33. __________ the cry for help, people immediately rushed out of the rooms.A. To hearB. HearingC. Having heardD. They hearing34. It __________ heavily, the outing had to be put off.A. being rainedB. being rainingC. rainingD. rains35. The sun __________, they went home.A. set downB. settedC. settingD. sets36. __________ the concert began.A. The listeners having taken their seatsB. Having taken their seatsC. Have taken their placesD. The listeners to have taken their places37. __________ Hello, he reached out his hand.A. SaidB. SayingC. Talked aboutD. Talking to38. He rushed into the room, __________.A. with sweat drippingB. sweat drippedC. dripped sweatD. sweated39. __________, I went out for a walk.A. There was nothing to doB. There being nothing to doC. There had nothing to doD. There were nothing to do40.speak to him kindly _________ him.A. to not frightenB. so as not to frightenC. in order to not frightenD. for not frighteningABABC DACCA AADDC ADDCA BA ACB CCDDB ADBCC ABABB。