全网最全历年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)

2005年全真试题答案SectionⅠUse of English1.C2.B3.A4.C5.B6.A7.D8.A9.D 10.B11.C 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.BSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.BText 2 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.BText 3 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.D 35.AText 4 36.B 37.D 38.A 39.B 40.CPart B41.E 42.C 43.G 44.F 45.BPart C46.电视是引发并传达这些情绪的方式之一，在加强不同民族和国家间的联系方面，或许它从未像在近来欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。

47.同其他地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团蒸蒸日上，这些集团把相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志及出版社等媒体联合到一起。

48.仅此就足以表明，在电视行业里生存并不容易，统计数字更印证了这个事实：1989年，在80家欧洲电视网中，一半以上出现亏损。

49.不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。

50.要应付如此规模的挑战,可以毫不夸张地说，“团结擎天散如沙”。

Section ⅢWriting51.见分析52.见分析Section ⅠUse of English1.A2.B3.D4.A5.D6.C7.B8.C9.A 10.A11.C 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.DSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.BText 2 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.DText 3 31.C 32.A 33.C 34.D 35.BText 4 36.D 37.B 38.D 39.B 40.APart B41.C 42.A 43.B 44.F 45.DPart C46.我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。

2019年考研已经结束，为方便考生备考，特整理2019年全国硕士研究生考试真题，供各位考生复习使用，以下是2019年英语（一）考研真题及答案解析。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored t he area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.1 / 3218 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings2 / 3220. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2019考研英语一SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familia r sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2023年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2023年全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar frien ds_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to beevolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs canrise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Euro pe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both anexpensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Ari stocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discard ing California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sif t through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st centurywith the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “Thecreation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data ana lysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects th e board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2023, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but aweakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists areknown to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2023 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can beread off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using cluespresented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, no t necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, andoften calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American sh ore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)时代旳聚会参照答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考察旳是语法知识。

考研英语（一）完整真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility(敏感性) to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin(后叶催产素), oftencalled"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite介词辨析。

考研英语卷真题及答案考研英语是众多考生备战考研的重点科目之一，为了帮助考生更好地复习和准备，以下将列举一些历年考研英语卷真题及答案，供考生参考。

Section I Use of English1. A解析：根据句子结构分析，该题考查名词的用法。

选项A中"What"作问句的句头副词，修饰名词". . . . achievement"，表示"什么成就"。

2. D解析：通过句子结构分析，该题考查连接词。

选项D中"fan"是名词，而"while"用作从属连词，意思是在某个时间段或某一活动期间。

故选"D"。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPassage One1. D解析：根据第一段中"most scholarly research . . . . . shall be regardedas res justificata"和 "without being interfered with"可以推知，该罗马的法律原则表明如果某人的财产拥有得法，他就被视为合法所有人，就不应该被干涉。

2. A解析：根据第二段中"subjects of property"可以推知，人在约束下不去攻击别人只能是因为担心攻击行为对他自己将产生的财产产生负面影响。

Passage Two1. C解析：根据第一段中"Researchers have discovered that . . . . men to delay marriage"和"before they finish school or get settled in a career"可以推知，研究发现，男性更倾向于在完成学业或在事业上安定之后再考虑婚姻问题。

考研英语一真题及答案汇总在考研复习的过程中，英语科目是很多考生头疼的一科。

而其中的英语一又被广大考生认为是最难的一部分。

为了帮助大家更好地备考英语一，本文将对历年考研英语一的真题及答案进行汇总，供考生参考。

第一部分阅读理解阅读理解是英语一考试的重中之重，占据了整个考试的50分。

下面是几年来的英语一真题及答案汇总：2018年真题及答案：Passage 1:题目：What is the passage mainly about?选项：A. The challenge of working in space.B. The difficulties of space exploration.C. The tensions among international space agencies.D. The collaboration between NASA and private companies.Passage 2:题目：What does Werner think of radiant cooling？选项：A. It is still an unproven technology.B. It is limited to small-scale applications.C. It is more effective than traditional cooling methods.D. It requires additional research and development.2019年真题及答案：Passage 1:题目：What does the passage imp ly about Thomas Edison’s character?选项：A. He was innovative and persistent.B. He often gave up easily.C. He had a narrow range of interests.D. He was overly focused on financial success.Passage 2:题目：The author suggests that difficulties in defining intelligence arise in part from the fact that intelligence选项：A. is too complex to be measured accurately.B. varies too widely across different individuals.C. is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.D. encompasses abilities that are both perceptual and cognitive.2020年真题及答案：Passage 1:题目：What is the main purpose of the passage?选项：A. To describe the effects of climate change on bird populations.B. To discuss ways to protect bird habitats from climate change.C. To explain how birds are adapting to climate change.D. To call for action to mitigate the effects of climate change on birds.Passage 2:题目：Which of the following does the passage suggest about early philosophical discussions of free will?选项：A. They involved religious beliefs.B. They focused on logical contradictions.C. They were influenced by political considerations.D. They sought to justify moral responsibility.第二部分翻译翻译是英语一考试的另一个重要组成部分，也是考生需要下功夫准备的内容。

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题及答案详解SectionⅠUse of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China,North Africa and the Middle East.They were typically__1_outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of_2__.This word“Caravanserais”is a__3__of the Persian word“karvan”,which means a group of travellers or a caravan,and seray,a palace or enclosed building.The Perm caravan was used to__4__groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons,__5__merchants,travellers or pilgrims.From the10th century onwards,as merchant and travel routes become more developed,the__6__of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.Travellers on the Silk Road__7__possibility of being attacked by thieves or being__8__to extreme conditions.For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed__9__they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal__10__point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.__11__,those structures became important centers for culture __12__and interaction,with travelers sharing their cultures,ideas and beliefs, __13__talking knowledge with them,greatly__14__the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and__15__inthe trade of goods along the Silk Road.__16__,it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and__17__supplies for their own journeys.It is __18__that around120000to15000caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__only about3000are known to remain today,many of which are in__20__.1.A.displayed B.occupied C.located D.equipped2.A.privately B.regularly C.respectively D.permanently3.A.definition B.transition C.substitution bination4.A.classify B.record C.describe D.connect5.A.apart from B.instead of C.such as D.along with6.A.construction B.restoration C.impression D.evaluation7.A.doubted B.faced C.accepted D.reduced8.A.assigned B.subjected C.accustomed D.opposed9.A.so that B.even if C.now that D.in case10.A.talking B.starting C.breaking D.meeting11.A.by the way B.on occasion C.in comparison D.As a result12.A.heritage B.revival C.exchange D.status13.A.with regard to B.in spite of C.as well as D.in line withpleting B.influencing C.resuming D.pioneering15.A.aided B.invested C.failed peted16.A.Rather B.Indeed C.otherwise D.However17.A.go in for B.standard up for C.lose in on D.stock up on18.A.believed B.predicted C.recalled D.implied19.A.until B.because C.unless D.although20.A.ruins B.debt C.fashion D.series【1】C.located后面outside the walls of a city or village表示位置只有located可以后接地址，表示坐落在……地方【2】A privately此处副词修饰前面的fund,带入只有privately私下资助更为合理【3】 bination空后面接了of the Persian word“karvan”和and seray,a palace or enclosed building表示是这两个词的结合体词为combination，【4】C.describe根据上一句对与词Caravanserais的解释，这一句也是表示同义方向的内容，用来解释The Perm caravan，这里只有描述这个词可以表达词义。

2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman,but alsoa matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice ofa spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto thespouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted threedays,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offera short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to blessthe11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before hecan remarry20the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of[C]as well as[D]with regard to2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 . [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying0. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving1. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union2. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live3. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for4. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid5. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed6. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever7. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed8. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided9. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears0. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided itsfashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crimeto employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start.And theban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it musttake responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,aboutthe social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hintthat people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect ratherthan dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing.Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion imagesthat rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last monthon rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware ofand take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to denyaccess for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?A] Physical beauty would be redefined.B] New runways would be constructed.C] Websites about dieting would thrive.D] The fashion industry would decline.2.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning toA] heightening the value of.B] indicating the state of.C] losing faith in.D] doing harm to.3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A] The French measures have already failed.B] New standards are being set in Denmark.C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.4. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ A] setting a high age threshold for models.B] caring too much about models’ character.C] showing little concern for health factors.D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “thecountryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylishhouses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of nationalparks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off -plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with thosepleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain isEurope’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-densityurban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ 6.Britain’s public sentiment about the countrysideA] didn ’t start till the Shakespearean age.B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.C] is fully backed by the royal family.D] is not well reflected in politics.7.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beA] gradually destroyed.B] effectively reinforced.[ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ C] largely overshadowed.D] properly protected.8.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.B] The Conservatives may abandon “off -plan” building.C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.9.The author holds that George Osborne’s preferenceA] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.0.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\A] the size of population in Britain.B] the political life in today’s Britain.C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“ There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote MiltonFriedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggestthe CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billiona year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add valueto their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers maybe willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its gooddeeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate themby looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such aschild labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide theirdo-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies getinto trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ A] toleranceB] skepticismC] uncertaintyD] approval2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byA] winning trust from consumers.B] guarding it against malpractices.C] protecting it from being defamed.D] raising the quality of its products.3. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning toA] more effectiveB] less controversialC] less severeD] more lasting4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR recordA] has an impact on their decision.B] comes across as reliable evidence.C] increases the chance of being penalized.D] constitutes part of the investigation.5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[ [ [B]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.C]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime inthe future，”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physicalnewspaper-printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessiveat a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to acceleratethat transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seenas a blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti werein charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end pr int,”he said.“I wouldraise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believein.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“ It’s a really hard thing to do and it ’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeeddoesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to havequestions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 6.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly dueA] the high cost of operation.B] the pressure from its investors.C] the complaints from its readers.D] the increasing online ad sales.7. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times shouldA] seek new sources of readership.B] end the print edition for good.C] aim for efficient management.D] make strategic adjustments.8.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”A] helps restore the glory of former times.B] is meant for the most loyal customers.C] will have the cost of printing reduced.D] expands the popularity of the paper.9.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[ [ [ [ 4 [ [ [ [ A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.0.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at OnceB] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandC] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodD] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[ [ [ [ [ [ [ A] Create a new image of yourselfB] Have confidence in yourselfC] Decide if the time is rightD] Understood the contextE] Work with professionalsF] Make it efficientG] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According toresearch from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and like ability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era isthat the range of options is so much broader,Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others notso much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions--when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuckand in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedbackfrom trusted friends,colleagues,and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refreshyour image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriouslyand enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizationslike that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What convey status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer insteadof your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothesat once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cutor mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is likethe immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us,(47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;likethe sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capableof being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a from ofinnate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness of they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativityfor solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as wellas patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectlyordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.SectionШWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevantinformation about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)52.Directions:Write an essay of160~200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3 ) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)I cloze1 . As well as2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 . Decide on. Arrange. Above all. After. Into. But. Recite. Tying0. Lighting1. Union1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2. Live3. Until4. Obtain5. Persuaded6. Whatever7. Brought8. Divided9. Shows0. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText12 2 2 2 2 1. Physical beauty would be redefined.2. Doing harm to.3. New standards are being set in Denmark.4. Showing little concern for health factors.5. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 22 2 2 6.is not well reflected in politics7. gradually destroyed8. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence2 3 9. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure0. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 33 3 3 3 3 1. uncertainty2. winning3. less severe4. has an impact on their decision5. the necessaryText 43 3 3 34 6. the high cost of operation7. make strategic adjustments8. is meant for the most loyal customers9. Aggressiveness better meets challenges0. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B4 4 4 4 4 1. Decide if the time is right2. Know your goals3. Understand the context4. Work with professionals5. Make it efficientPart C46.我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。

考研历年英语真题及答案【篇一：2010-2016年历年考研英语真题+答案】tion i use of english section 1 use of englishdirections: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)in cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. a young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man‘s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving thechild little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has beenselected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married andrespected couples to bless the __11__. newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she__17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is__18__ equally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. the divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.a. by way of b. with regard to c. on behalf of d. as well as2.a. decide onb. provide forc. compete withd. adapt to3.a. closeb. arrange c. renew d. postpone4.a. in theory b. above all c. in timed. for example5.a. unlessb. less c. after d. although6.a. into b. within c. fromd. through7.a. or b. sincec. butd. so8.a. test b. copyc. recite d. create9.a. folding b. piling c. wrappingd. tying10. a. passing b. lighting c. hiding d. serving11. a. associationb. meeting c. collection d. union12. a. deal b. partc. grow d. live13. a. whereas b. untilc. ford. if14. a. avoidb. follow c. challenge d. obtain15. a. isolated b. persuadedc. viewed d. exposed16. a. wherever b. whatever c. whenever d. however17. a. changedb. brought c. shapedd. pushed18. a. invested b. dividedc. donated d. withdrawn19. a. warmsb. clearsc. shows d. breaks20. a. whileb. so that c. onced. in that section Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections：read the following four texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points) text 1france，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. the parliament also agreed to ban websites that ―incite excessive thinness‖ by promoting extreme dieting.such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. that‘s a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.the bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should lookto intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change aculture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.in contrast to france‘s actions, denmark‘s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states:‖we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people‖. the charter‘s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen fashion week (cfw), which is run by the danish fashion institute. but in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. according to the first paragraph，what would happen in france?【a】physical beauty would be redefined.【b】new runways would be constructed.【c】websites about dieting would thrive.【d】the fashion industry would decline.22. the phrase ―impinging on‖(line 2，para.2) is closest in meaning to【a】heightening the value of【b】indicating the state of【c】losing faith in【d】doing harm to23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry？【a】the french measures have already failed.【b】new standards are being set in denmark.【c】models are no longer under peer pressure.【d】its inherent problems are getting worse.24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for【a】pursuing perfect physical conditions【b】caring too much about model‘s character.【c】showing little concern for health factors【d】setting a high age threshold for models.25. which of the following may be the best title of the text?【a】a challenge to the fashion industry‘s body ideals【b】a dilemma for the starving models in france【c】just another round of struggle for beauty【d】the great threats to the fashion industrytext 2for the first time in history more people live in towns than inthe country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate‖the【篇二：2000-2015年考研英语历年真题答案(英语一)】p class=txt>i cloze1、what2、concluded3、on4、compared5、samples6、insignificant7、know8、resemble 9、also10、perhaps 11、to12、drive13、rather than14、benefits 15、faster16、understand 17、contributory 18、tendency19、ethnic 20、seeii reading comprehensionpart a21.d ended his reign in embarrassment.22. c owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. a the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. b fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. d carlos, a lesson for all monarchies26. c check suspects phone contents without being authorized.27.a disapproval28.a getting into ones residence29. c citizens privacy is not effectively protected30.b new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution31.b journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.b marked33. d set an example for other journals34. c has room for further improvement35.a science joins push to screen statistics in papers36. d the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. a more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. c was hardly convincing39. b generally distorted values40. d moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperpart b41.c if you are unfamiliar...42.e you make further inferences...43.d rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.b factors such as...45.a are we studying that ...part c46）在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2024年考研英语一试题及答案：英语一Text 1（21-25题）业务课名称：英语考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。

2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。

英语一Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of them. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-meter-deep pit covered by two meters of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith's labor in a nail even more thanthe raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book "Nuts and Bolts," early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sidel points out in a research paper. According to Sidel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sidel studied them because they haven't changed much.21、Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA) saving them for future useB) keeping them from rustingC) letting them grow in valueD) hiding them from locals22、The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used toA) highlight the thriftiness of early American colonistsB) illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that periodC) contrast the attitudes of different civilizations toward nailsD) show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23、What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?A) Increased productivityB) Wider use of new energiesC) Fierce market competitionD) Reduced cost of raw material24、It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nailsA) have undergone many technological improvementsB) have remained basically the same since Roman timesC) are less studied than other everyday productsD) are one of the world's most significant inventions25、Which of the following best summarizes the last two paragraphs?A) Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B) Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C) Technology defines people's understanding of the world.D) Sophisticated technology developed from small inventions.21-25题目答案DDABA。

考研英语历年阅读真题及答案考研英语阅读部分是考研考试中的重要组成部分，它旨在考查考生的英语阅读能力和理解能力。

在备考阶段，了解历年真题及其答案是非常重要的，它不仅可以帮助考生熟悉考试内容和出题方式，还可以帮助考生提高答题技巧和解题速度。

下面将为大家整理一些历年考研英语阅读真题及答案，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

【真题一】文本：（节选自2019年考研英语一真题）Protein is just one of many toxic substances that animals evolved to eat. In fact, some of the hardest foods to eat are some of the most nourishing and could be the most important ones in our diet. More than one billion people, mostly in the tropics, rely on cassava, a starchy root that has to be processed correctly to remove cyanide, which is present in its flesh. A root with the wrong texture or taste contains enough poison to cause a debilitating condition called konzo. To their cost, thousands of the very people most dependent on cassava can afford neither pots to cook it in nor firewood.1. According to the passage, konzo is caused byA) overconsumption of cassavaB) insufficient nutrients in the dietC) improper processing of cassavaD) lack of firewood for cooking答案：C) improper processing of cassava【真题二】文本：（节选自2018年考研英语一真题）Certainly, there is no shortage of individual exceptions to the rule, but on the whole, a rising tide of academic research over the last 30 years reports an significant increase in the diversity and complexity of the tasks that people now accomplish in the workplace. Routine analytic tasks requiring repetitive, rule-based work have declined substantially in employment overall.2. According to the passage, what has happened to the number of routine analytic tasks in the workplace?A) They have stayed the same.B) They have increased significantly.C) They have decreased substantially.D) They have become more complex.答案：C) They have decreased substantially.【真题三】文本：（节选自2017年考研英语二真题）Some people’s biometrics change with age, and these systems may ha ve difficulty identifying them over time. For example, studies have shown that facial recognition algorithms are not as accurate at identifying older adults.A study in 2010 found that error rates escalated between the ages of 45 and64.3. According to the passage, what is one limitation of facial recognition algorithms?A) They are inaccurate for older adults.B) They cannot distinguish biometric changes.C) They do not work on people under 45.D) They are not commonly used in studies.答案：A) They are inaccurate for older adults.【真题四】文本：（节选自2016年考研英语二真题）A new study suggests that humans are more prone to overeat in the evening due to the higher calorie content and larger portion sizes typically consumed. The study also found that perceived hunger levels, following a standardized meal, were lower in the morning than in the evening prior to eating the same meal.4. According to the passage, why are humans more likely to overeat in the evening?A) The portion sizes are larger.B) The hunger levels are higher.C) The calorie content is higher.D) The study did not explain the reason.答案：C) The calorie content is higher.以上是几道历年考研英语阅读真题及答案的节选，希望能够帮助考生们更好地备考考研英语阅读部分。

考研英语一真题(附答案)考研英语一真题(附答案)The Importance of Vocabulary in English Language LearningAbstract：Vocabulary plays a crucial role in English language learning. A solid grasp of vocabulary is essential for both effective communication and comprehension. This article examines the significance of vocabulary acquisition and the strategies that can be employed to enhance vocabulary skills.1. IntroductionEnglish has become the most widely spoken and studied language in the world. As a result, mastering English vocabulary has become indispensable for individuals aiming to excel in academia, professional settings, or international communication. This article delves into the importance of vocabulary acquisition and the obstacles learners often encounter.2. The Significance of Vocabulary2.1 Vocabulary and CommunicationVocabulary forms the basis of effective communication. Without an adequate vocabulary bank, expressing thoughts and ideas becomes challenging. A wide range of vocabulary allows learners to convey their opinions clearly and accurately, facilitating meaningful discussions and interactions with others.2.2 Vocabulary and ComprehensionAnother crucial aspect of vocabulary is its role in comprehension. When reading or listening to English content, learners rely on their vocabulary knowledge to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. A limited vocabulary can hinder comprehension, making it difficult to grasp the main ideas or nuances of the text.3. Obstacles in Vocabulary Acquisition3.1 Limited ExposureMany learners face the obstacle of limited exposure to English-language materials. Lack of access to authentic materials, such as books, movies, or conversations with native speakers, can impede vocabulary growth. Without exposure to diverse vocabulary in various contexts, learners may struggle to expand their word repertoire.3.2 Memorization ChallengesMemorizing vocabulary lists can be daunting and ineffective. Passive memorization without active usage often leads to forgetting words quickly. Learners need to engage actively with vocabulary through practice, application, and repetition to enhance retention and integration into their speaking and writing skills.4. Strategies for Vocabulary Enhancement4.1 Contextual LearningLearning vocabulary in context proves more effective than isolated memorization. By encountering words in authentic texts or conversations,learners can grasp their meanings, usages, and collocations organically. This process helps solidify vocabulary knowledge and aids in memorization and retention.4.2 Word Families and Word FormationUnderstanding word families and word formation patterns can exponentially expand vocabulary. Learners can deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words by recognizing affixes and roots. This strategy also assists in acquiring synonyms, antonyms, and related terms, enabling learners to express themselves with a richer linguistic repertoire.4.3 Technology and Online ResourcesTechnology provides invaluable resources for vocabulary acquisition. Language learning apps, online dictionaries, and flashcards offer interactive and engaging platforms for learners to practice and master vocabulary. These digital resources often include pronunciation guides, example sentences, and quizzes, facilitating an immersive and dynamic learning experience.5. ConclusionVocabulary acquisition is vital for successful English language learning.A solid vocabulary foundation enhances communication abilities, comprehension skills, and overall language proficiency. By employing effective strategies, such as contextual learning, word families, and online resources, learners can expand their vocabulary and achieve proficiency in English.In conclusion, the significance of vocabulary cannot be overstated in English language learning. Mastering vocabulary is essential for effective communication and comprehension. Overcoming obstacles and employing strategies to enhance vocabulary skills will pave the way for success in academic, professional, and personal endeavors.。

2024年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试英语（⼀）（科⽬代码：201）☆考⽣注意事项☆1.答题前，考上须在试题册指定位置上填写考⽣编号和考⽣姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考⽣姓名和考⽣编号，并涂写考⽣编号信息点。

2.考⽣须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。

不按规定粘贴条码⽽影响评卷结果的，责任由考⽣负责。

3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，⾮选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

超出答题区域书写的答案⽆效；在草稿纸、试卷册上答题⽆效。

4.填（书）写部分必须使⽤⿊⾊字迹签字笔书写，字迹⼯整、笔迹清晰；涂写部分必须使⽤2B铅笔填涂。

5.考试结束。

将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

（以下信息考⽣必须认真填写）考⽣编号考⽣姓名2024年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试考研英语⼀试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A.B.C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)There's nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you.1the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in 2.disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown.their6have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations and during times of emergency,the doors8crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9making access both in and out buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area10by them. Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12the way for a large,sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same.Each automatic door system16the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal.Sensor-types are chosen to17the different environments they are needed in.18a busy road might not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Though[B]Despite[C]Besides[D]Without2.[A]revealing[B]demanding[C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience[B]convenience[C]guidance[D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily[C]successively[D]eventually5.[A]held on[B]started out[C]settled down[D]went by6.[A]relations[B]volumes[C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple[C]flexible[D]stable8.[A]call for[B]yield to[C]insist on[D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of[C]Thanks to[D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared[C]represented[D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect[C]require[D]direct12.[A]adopt[B]lead[C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting to[B]deriving from[C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once[B]Since[C]Unless[D]Although15.[A]records[B]positions[C]principles[D]resources16.[A]controls[B]analyses[C]produces[D]mixes17.[A]decorate[B]compare[C]protect[D]complement18.[A]In conclusion[B]By contrast[C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify[B]suit[C]secure[D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious[C]impressive[D]delicate答案：1-10：DCBAB CADAD11-20：ACCDC BDCBASectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A.B.C.or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in1960in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on10tons of weapons grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that theywould not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by90%between the late1700s and mid-1900s.as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years.but Sichel studied them because they haven't clanged much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype.it's the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing is cost-and it would have achieved limit without a parallel collapse in the paper of surfaces to write on,thanks to an with oven looked technology called apor Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of.[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grew in value[D]hiding them from locals22.The example of early17th-century Virginians is used to.[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilizations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nail after the late1700?[A]Increased productivity[B]wider use of new energies[C]Fierce market competition[D]reduced cost of raw material24.It can be learned from Paragraph5that nails.[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday product[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following one best summaries the last2paragraphs?[A]cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change[B]technological innovation is integral to economic success[C]technology defines people's understanding of the world[D]Sophisticated technology developed small inventions答案21-25：DDABAText2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana.where each child is cored of by many adults Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and"baby-wearing",in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University.these practices,knows as alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people'shome with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the super vised mixed-age play groups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an"intensive mothering narrative" which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone,was likely to have been harmful."Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences."they wrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of14all parents a day by the time they were18weeks old and were passed between care givers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of humans evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a"knock-on"benefit to child's wellbeing.And infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery setting in the UK where regulation can for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still.many contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.26.According to the first two paragraphs,alloparenting refers to the practice of.[A]sharing childcare among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult categories[C]teaching parenting skills to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parents27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate.[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating into western society[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western and African ways of living28.According to paragraph4,the“intensive mothering narrative.[A]alleviates parenting pressures[B]consolidates family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.what can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their career-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family learn from the hunter gatherers[C]Mixed-aged playgroup.a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to Europe答案26-30：ABDCBText3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month. The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski."and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works inRutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around93,000times.Some of the world's most famous artists.such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around2,000prompts each or less. Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator.Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his."It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art."Rutkowski says. "That's concerning.""There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this.says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.what can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about using AI models.[B]He is popular with user of an AI art generator.[C]He attracts admiration tram other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they.[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found.[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]A new method to identity AI images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to.[A]campaign for new policies or regulation[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationship with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for AI model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to AI art generation[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation[C]Privacy issues in the application of AI[D]Opposing views on AI development答案31-35：BCCDAText4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction.the interaction of fresh and saline waters.and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water.and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storms urges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a"continuous surface connection to bodies of water."This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victor for builders.mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States."as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that providewetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water.and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia.Pennsylvania.New York, West Virginia.the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it's are minder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their field,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stake!involved.We can offer them a visit to Black water National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in paragraph1as.[A]a valuable natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruing in the Idaho case.[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author fell about future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]worried[B]Puzzled[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should.[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered species答案36-40：ABADBPart BDirections:Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)41.HannahSimply there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.These is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place by purchase.42.BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearlyexact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is2000years old or2months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the object on display is a distant second place in importance.43.SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire.and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that.I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museum should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.44.VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country.The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items.I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer.Yes,there is the risk that the original will not have as good security as do the foreign-countries.But look at what happened to Boston's Gardner Museum theft in1990,including the loss of Rembrandt Vermeer,Manet and other masterpiece. Nothing is absolutely safe nowhere,and now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed work in European museum.45.JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin.I would ask you to consider:why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than people of Nigeria?Why are people who live within a days drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles wherever they want.but the people of Athens aren't?What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin?If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about why you're assuming that to be true.[A]It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts'copies after the originals.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly mode,cannot take the place of the authentic object.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.答案41-45：ECFGBPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)"Elephants never forget"-or so they-and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephants,also known as the Africa bush elephants,is distributed across37African counties.They move between a variety of habitats,including forests, grassland,woodlands,wetlands.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and are very good at working out where other elephants are-even when they are out of sight.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources the need.and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eves and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted timeand energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even where they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants-and probably other herbivores-to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to cat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a food station experiment,in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat.And secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants,like rats and people,to construct cognitive maps.答案：46.【译⽂】它们有时会跋涉60多英⾥去寻找⻝物或⽔，并且⾮常善于找出其他⼤象在哪⾥——即使这些⼤象在视线之外。

考研英语一真题及参考答案「完整版」（3）2017年考研英语（一）真题及参考答案「完整版」38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.【答案】[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.【答案】[B] guarantee fair play in official access.40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive【答案】[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D havebeen correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got abetter job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.【答案】41. [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth42. [E] Soon after his father's release from prison43. [A]The first published sketch44. [C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared45. [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker worldPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitiveadvantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。