Rockethybrid 1220

3D 打印的下一代火箭发动机文/松堂▲ 3D 打印可以在发动机内部形成复杂的管路，这是传统制造很难做到的一般来说，如果要把两个用不同材料制成的零件结合在一起，就需要用 上焊接等手段，连接部分总是会存在机 械失效的风险，例如火箭发动机里用的点火器。

ASA 马歇尔飞行中心的科研人员 尝试着用3D 打印来解决这个问题。

他 们用辂银铁合金和铜锌合金材料，打印出了一种高25.4厘米、直径17.8厘米的部件。

用传统方法，这个部件要用4 个不同的部件铜焊在一起；而用3D 打 印，可以一次性解决。

制造完成后，这个点火器经历了33次测试，模拟了从首次点火到高空 二次点火的不同工况。

其中一次工作 了 10秒，其余都工作了 5秒；最低工作温度-1579,最高工作温度达到12049。

实验结束之后，阿拉巴马大学的研究人员把点火器纵向剖开，发现两种合金结合得很好，之间有一个相当大厚度的互扩散层，比传统的焊接工艺效果一点都不差。

马歇尔中心工程部的有一种说法认为，当人们拥有一 种新技术之后，初期往往用来做一些传统的工作。

当充分掌握之后，往往会发 明出全新的理念，对整个学科产生颠覆性的作用。

3D 打印技术就是其中的一个例子。

便宜了一半的发动机火箭发动机的结构复杂，零件外 形不规则，在传统的金属切削工艺下，有些零件的制造非常困难。

3D 打印首先用在了这些方面。

负责人认为，3D 打印技术至少能把未来发动机的制造成本降到今天的三分之—,制造周期减少一半。

事实证明，马歇尔中心的判断是 有道理的。

在美国主要发动机制造商之一的阿罗杰特公司，3D 打印技术的46 I SPACEEXPLORATION▲测试中的3D 打印发动机，火焰看上去很稳定▲ 3D 打印的发动机外观更加简洁引入让复杂零部件的制造工时减少了50%以上。

在联合发射联盟公司正在研制的“瓦尔肯”火箭中，上面级就打算采用 阿罗杰特公司的RL10C-X 发动机。

联合发射联盟公司多年来一直因为发射服务价格太高而为业界所诟病，因此在“瓦尔肯”的研制中，要求大幅度降低成本, 但不能影响到可靠性和性能。

朝鲜版“关岛快递”——“火星”12中远程弹道导弹作者：陈泽慧来源：《坦克装甲车辆》 2017年第23期朝鲜在今年4月15日的“太阳节”阅兵式上首次公开亮相“火星”12中远程弹道导弹。

5月14日、8月29日和9月15日，朝鲜分别进行了“火星”12导弹的高弹道试验、低弹道试验和正常弹道试验。

导弹的实际飞行距离从787千米、2?700千米跨越到3?700千米，这三次试验为外界了解朝鲜导弹技术的发展水平提供了难得的资料。

发展概况“火星”12导弹首次亮相时曾被误认为是“火星”13（KN-08）导弹的改进型。

这是因为从外形上看，“火星”12的弹头设计与“火星”13导弹一模一样，相似的气动外形设计很容易让人感觉这是一枚去掉第三级的“火星”13。

在仔细观察这枚新导弹后，可以发现，“火星”12的电缆槽和加强肋并非像“火星”13那样一直延伸至弹体尾部，而是在离发动机底部喷口约1.7米处终止了，这意味着新导弹采用的不是像R-27潜射导弹或“火星”10/13那样的潜入式发动机设计，而是和“火星”5/6/7一样发动机舱与推进剂贮箱分开。

发动机安装在外形类似苏联SS-5导弹的筒裙体尾段内部，外部没有任何弹翼，尾段壳体上也开有便于使用操作的舱口。

“火星”12导弹的设计如同SS-5导弹的缩小版。

而朝鲜之所以能够研制出射程与SS-5/R-14导弹相当，但是重量却只有其三分之一多一点的“火星”12，原因就在于朝鲜开发出了比冲更高的新型液体火箭发动机。

值得一提的是，在此之前，朝鲜用来发射“光明星”系列卫星的“银河”3火箭的第一级弹体直径与SS-5导弹相当，不过即便是并联了4台“火星”7导弹发动机，由于其比冲较低，整体推力还是不如SS-5导弹。

而且即使在“银河”3火箭一级基础上开发射程覆盖关岛的新导弹，80吨左右的弹体重量也不利于在朝鲜多山地形条件下机动作战，庞大的弹体也更容易被敌方发现，生存力低下。

这也是朝鲜以高比冲的“火星”10发动机为基础开发弹体重量只有40吨左右的“火星”13洲际导弹的原因之一。

MPC-2121Series12-inch industrial fanless panel computers with EN50155compliance for the railway marketFeatures and Benefits•12-inch panel computer•Intel Atom®processor E38451.91GHz•1000-nit sunlight-readable LCD•-40to70°C wide-temperature design,no fan or heater•EN50155:2017CompliantCertificationsIntroductionThe MPC-212112-inch panel computers with E3800Series Intel Atom®processor deliver a reliable,durable,and versatile platform for use in industrial environments.All interfaces come with IP66-rated M12connectors to provide anti-vibration and waterproof connections.With two software-selectable RS-232/422/485serial ports and two Ethernet ports,the MPC-2121panel computers support a wide variety of serial interfaces as well as high-speed IT communications,all with native network redundancy.The MPC-2121Series panel computers are designed with a wide,-40to70°C temperature range,and come with a fanless,streamlined enclosure designed for highly efficient heat dissipation,making this one of the most reliable industrial platforms available for vibration prone,harsh,hot, outdoor environments.The MPC-2121also features a1000-nit LCD panel offering a sunlight readable,projected-capacitive,multi-touch screen, providing an excellent user experience.AppearanceSpecificationsComputerCPU Intel Atom®Processor E3845(2M Cache,1.91GHz)Graphics Controller Intel®HD GraphicsSystem Memory Pre-installed4(8GB Max.)GB DDR3LSystem Memory Slot SODIMM DDR3/DDR3L slot x1Pre-installed OS MPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-W7E/MPC-2101-E4-CT-T-W7E:Windows Embedded Standard7(WS7P)64-bit pre-installedMPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-LX/MPC-2121-E4-CT-T-LX:Linux9pre-installedSupported OS Windows10Pro64-bitWindows10Embedded IoT Ent2019LTSC64-bitWindows10Embedded IoT Ent2016LTSBWindows7Pro for Embedded SystemsWindows Embedded Standard7(WS7P)64-bitLinux Debian9Expansion Slots Mini PCIeStorage Slot CFast slot x1SD slots x1,SD3.0(SDHC/SDXC)socketStorage Pre-installed MPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-W7E/MPC-2121-E4-CT-T-W7E:32GB CFast CardMPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-LX/MPC-2121-E4-CT-T-LX:32GB CFast CardComputer InterfaceEthernet Ports Auto-sensing10/100Mbps ports(M12D-coded4P)x2Serial Ports RS-232/422/485ports x1(M12A-code12P)USB2.0USB2.0hosts x1(M12A-coded5P)Digital Input DIs x4(M12A-code)Digital Output DOs x2(M12A-code)LED IndicatorsSystem Power x1DisplayActive Display Area245.76(H)x184.32(V)mmAspect Ratio4:3Contrast Ratio1000:1Light Intensity(Brightness)500/1000cd/m2Max.No.of Colors16.2M(8-bit/color)Panel Size12-inch viewable imagePixel Pitch(RGB)0.240(H)x0.240(V)mmPixels1024x768Response Time5ms(gray to gray)Viewing Angles176°/176°Touch FunctionTouch Type Capacitive Touch(PCAP)Touch Support Points4pointsGlove Support YesSerial InterfaceBaudrate50bps to115.2kbpsData Bits5,6,7,8Flow Control RTS/CTS,XON/XOFFParity None,Even,Odd,Space,MarkStop Bits1,1.5,2Serial SignalsRS-232TxD,RxD,RTS,CTS,DTR,DSR,DCD,GND RS-422Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDRS-485-2w Data+,Data-,GNDRS-485-4w Tx+,Tx-,Rx+,Rx-,GNDPower ParametersInput Voltage24to110VDCPhysical CharacteristicsHousing MetalIP Rating IP66Dimensions297x238x59mm(11.69x9.37x2.32in) Weight2850g(6.28lb)Environmental LimitsOperating Temperature-40to70°C(-40to158°F)Storage Temperature(package included)-40to70°C(-40to158°F)Ambient Relative Humidity5to95%(non-condensing)Standards and CertificationsEMI CISPR32,FCC Part15B Class AEMS IEC61000-4-2ESD:Contact:6kV;Air:8kVIEC61000-4-3RS:80MHz to1GHz:20V/mIEC61000-4-4EFT:Power:2kV;Signal:2kVIEC61000-4-5Surge:Power:2kV;Signal:1kVIEC61000-4-6CS:10VIEC61000-4-8PFMFMechanical Protection Rating IEC60529,IP codeShock EN50155standardVibration EN50155standardEMC EN55032/35Safety IEC60950-1,IEC62368-1,UL62368-1 DeclarationGreen Product RoHS,CRoHS,WEEEWarrantyWarranty Period LCD:1yearSystem:3yearsDetails See /warrantyPackage ContentsDevice1x MPC-2121Series computerInstallation Kit6x screw,for panel-mounting1x M12-Phone jack power cable1x M12-Type A USB cable1x terminal block,2-pin(for remote power input) Documentation1x quick installation guide1x warranty cardDimensionsOrdering Information2.0MPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-W7E 12"(4:3)500nitsE3845Quadcore4GBW7E(64-bit)2(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°CMPC-2121-E4-CT-T-W7E12"(4:3)1,000nitsE3845Quadcore4GBW7E(64-bit)2(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°CMPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T-LX 12"(4:3)500nitsE3845Quadcore4GB Debian92(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°CMPC-2121-E4-CT-T-LX12"(4:3)1,000nitsE3845Quadcore4GB Debian92(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°CMPC-2121-E4-LB-CT-T 12"(4:3)500nitsE3845Quadcore4GB–2(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°CMPC-2121-E4-CT-T12"(4:3)1,000nitsE3845Quadcore4GB–2(M12)1(M12)1(M12)4/2(M12)24to110VDCIP66-40to70°C©Moxa Inc.All rights reserved.Updated Jun28,2021.This document and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of Moxa Inc.Product specifications subject to change without notice.Visit our website for the most up-to-date product information.。

Frontier Research•前沿探索各国新型火箭世界航天新科技档案（一）（中）+刘进军“阿丽亚娜-6”火箭分为2种型号按照助推器的数量分为：“阿丽亚娜－６　２”、“阿丽亚娜－６　４”。

“阿丽亚娜-6 4”为重型火箭，设计有4个“P120”固体助推器，发射重量大约860吨。

“阿丽亚娜-6 4”“阿丽亚娜-6 2”为中型火箭，设计有2个“P120”固体助推器，发射重量530吨。

“阿丽亚娜-6 2”“阿丽亚娜-6”火箭主要参数高度 63米直径 5.4米质量 530吨～860吨级数2运载能力地球转移轨道阿丽亚娜-6 4:11.5吨阿丽亚娜-6 2:5吨地球静止轨道阿丽亚娜-6 4:5吨太阳同步轨道阿丽亚娜-6 4:14.9吨阿丽亚娜-6 2:6.45吨低轨道阿丽亚娜-6 4:21.65吨阿丽亚娜-6 2:10.35吨发射场圭亚那太空中心第一次飞行 2020 (计划)固体火箭助推器-推进器数量 2或4直径 3米推进剂质量 142吨发动机 P120推力 4500千牛芯级火箭–低温液体推进模块直径 5.4米推进剂质量 140吨发动机 火神-2推力 1370千牛燃料 液氢/液氧第2级–上部液体推进模块直径 5.4米推进剂质量31吨发动机 达芬奇推力 180千牛燃料液氢/液氧“阿丽亚娜-6”（Ariane-6）火箭是欧空局正在开发的运载火箭，由阿丽亚娜集团研制，研制费用36亿欧元。

它将成为“阿丽亚娜”运载火箭家庭新的成员，计划在2020年进行第一次试飞。

“阿丽亚娜-6”的运载能力可比肩美国“大力神-4”、“火神”，及日本“H-3”火箭。

“阿丽亚娜-6”重型火箭5图鉴世界航天新科技应用新技术：对比“阿丽亚娜-5”运输到发射台上之前采用的垂直组装、垂直运输和垂直点火的方法，“阿丽亚娜－６”火箭采用了水平组装、水平运输和垂直点火。

“阿丽亚娜-6”的主要箭体在新的综合组装厂水平组装，然后运往法属圭亚那太空中心。

在那里，它们将竖立起来，并与助推器和有效载荷结合。

EM-1220 Hardware User’s ManualEdition 6.0, February 2017/product© 2017 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.EM-1220 Hardware User’s ManualThe software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance withthe terms of that agreement.Copyright Notice© 2017 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.TrademarksThe MOXA logo is a registered trademark of Moxa Inc.All other trademarks or registered marks in this manual belong to their respective manufacturers.DisclaimerInformation in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Moxa.Moxa provides this document as is, without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, its particular purpose. Moxa reserves the right to make improvements and/or changes to this manual, or to the products and/or the programs described in this manual, at any time.Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable. However, Moxa assumes no responsibility for its use, or for any infringements on the rights of third parties that may result from its use.This product might include unintentional technical or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein to correct such errors, and these changes are incorporated into new editions of the publication.Technical Support Contact Information/supportMoxa AmericasToll-free: 1-888-669-2872 Tel: +1-714-528-6777 Fax: +1-714-528-6778Moxa China (Shanghai office) Toll-free: 800-820-5036Tel: +86-21-5258-9955 Fax: +86-21-5258-5505Moxa EuropeTel: +49-89-3 70 03 99-0 Fax: +49-89-3 70 03 99-99Moxa Asia-PacificTel: +886-2-8919-1230 Fax: +886-2-8919-1231Moxa IndiaTel: +91-80-4172-9088 Fax: +91-80-4132-1045Table of Contents1.Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 1-2 Package Checklist ............................................................................................................................... 1-2 Product Features ................................................................................................................................ 1-2 EM-1220 Hardware Specifications ......................................................................................................... 1-3 EM-1220 Hardware Block Diagram ........................................................................................................ 1-4 Appearance ........................................................................................................................................ 1-5 Dimensions ........................................................................................................................................ 1-6 2.EM-1220 Functionality ...................................................................................................................... 2-1EM-1220 Embedded Module Functions ................................................................................................... 2-2 RS-232/422/485 Serial Ports ............................................................................................................... 2-2 Console Port ...................................................................................................................................... 2-2 LAN Ports .......................................................................................................................................... 2-2 SD Signals ......................................................................................................................................... 2-2 GPIO ................................................................................................................................................. 2-2 Pin Assignments ................................................................................................................................. 2-2 Definition of SD Signals ....................................................................................................................... 2-4 Mechanical Specifications of the Pin Headers .......................................................................................... 2-4 3.EM-1220-DK Functionality ................................................................................................................. 3-1EM-1220-DK Development Board .......................................................................................................... 3-2 Combining the EM-1220-DK with the Embedded Module .......................................................................... 3-2 LED Indicators .................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Wiring Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 3-2 Connecting the Power ......................................................................................................................... 3-3 Grounding the EM-1220 Development Kit .............................................................................................. 3-3 Serial Ports and Pin Assignments .......................................................................................................... 3-4 Console Ports and Pin Assignments ....................................................................................................... 3-4 LAN Ports and Pin Assignments ............................................................................................................ 3-4 SD Socket .......................................................................................................................................... 3-5 Reset Button ...................................................................................................................................... 3-51Introduction Thank you for purchasing the Moxa EM-1220 Embedded Module. The product’s features include two software-selectable RS-232/422/485 serial ports, two 10/100 Mbps Ethernet ports, and SD signals for external SD socket connection based on the Moxa ARM9 32-bit 192 MHz communication processor. These features make the EM-1220 ideal for the core module of an industrial embedded system design.The EM-1220 Development Kit, which is designed for system and software program development at the system evaluation stage, is also available. The kit includes the EM-1220 and EM-1220-DK, which is the carrier board used to evaluate the EM-1220. The EM-1220’s pre-installed ready-to-run μClinux Kernel 2.6 makes it easy to develop programs for any application.In this manual, we introduce the hardware features and functions of the EM-1220 Embedded Module and the EM-1220 Development Kit. After a brief introduction to the hardware features, the manual focuses on installation and hardware configuration with device interfaces.tent here.The following topics are covered in this chapter:❒Overview❒Package Checklist❒Product Features❒EM-1220 Hardware Specifications❒EM-1220 Hardware Block Diagram❒Appearance❒DimensionsOverviewThe EM-1220 Embedded Module is designed for system integration and software development in industrial data applications. The module features 2 software-selectable RS-232/422/485 serial ports, two 10/100 MbpsEthernet ports, and an SD function based on the MOXA ART ARM9 32-bit 192 MHz communication processor.In addition, you may order the EM-1220 Development Kit. The kit includes an EM-1220 embedded module, an EM-1220-DK carrier board, and the items needed for setting up a basic layout. The kit is makes it easy for users to evaluate the functionality of the EM-1220. You can develop and integrate specific systems on the module in advance to make the EM-1220 Embedded Module completely compatible with industrial systems andapplications.The pre-installed open Linux operating system makes the EM-1220 suitable for developing the controlprograms used on a standard PC. The software you develop for your own applications can be stored in theonboard Flash memory. The EM-1220 lets you build an application that has a powerful serial communication capability, but which is still small in size. The EM-1220 is suited for control systems that use a distributed,embedded architecture, such as those systems used for manufacturing automation, intelligent transportation systems, medical management, and data acquisition and control.Package ChecklistThe EM-1220 package includes the EM-1220 embedded module only. The EM-1220 Development Kit isavailable for evaluation purposes. The EM-1220 Development Kit package contains the following items:• 1 EM-1220 Embedded Module• 1 EM-1220-DK, the carrier board of the EM-1220 Development Kit•Quick installation guide (printed)•Document & software CD•Cross-over Ethernet cable•Console port cableCBL-4PINDB9F-100: 4-pin header to DB9 (female) cable, 100 cm•Universal power adaptor•Warranty cardNOTE: Please notify your sales representative if any of the above items are missing or damaged.Product FeaturesThe EM-1220 Embedded Module has the following features:•MOXA ART ARM9 32-bit 192 MHz processor•On-board 16 MB RAM, 8 MB flash disk•software-selectable RS-232/422/485 serial ports•Dual 10/100 Mbps Ethernet for network redundancy•Ready-to-run μClinux Kernel 2.6 platform•SD signals supported for external SD socket connection•Built-in RTC, buzzer, Watchdog Timer•10 GPIOs reserved for system integration•Credit card size design for easy integration at any field site•Full-function development kit for quick evaluation and application development•-40 to 75oC wide temperature model availableEM-1220 Hardware SpecificationsComputerCPU: MOXA ART ARM9 32-bit 192 MHz processorOS (pre-installed):Embedded μClinux (kernel 2.6.19)DRAM: 16 MB onboardFlash: 8 MB onboardStorageStorage Expansion: SD signals for external Secure Digital (SD) socket connectionEthernet InterfaceLAN: 2 auto-sensing 10/100 Mbps ports (RJ45)Magnetic Isolation Protection: 1.5 KV built-inSerial InterfaceSerial Standards: RS-232/422/485, software-selectable, 2 portsESD Protection: 15 KV for all signalsConsole Port: TTL signal, 4-pin pin header outputSerial Communication ParametersData Bits: 5, 6, 7, 8Stop Bits: 1, 1.5, 2Parity: None, Even, Odd, Space, MarkFlow Control: RTS/CTS, XON/XOFF, ADDC® (automatic data direction control) for RS-485Baudrate: 50 bps to 921.6 Kbps (supports non-standard baudrates; see user's manual for details)Serial SignalsRS-232: TxD, RxD, DTR, DSR, RTS, CTS, DCD, GNDRS-422: TxD+, TxD-, RxD+, RxD-, GNDRS-485-4w: TxD+, TxD-, RxD+, RxD-, GNDRS-485-2w: Data+, Data-, GNDLEDsSystem: ReadyLAN: 10M/Link x 2, 100M/Link x 2Serial: TxD x 2, RxD x 2Physical CharacteristicsWeight:• EM-1220 Module: 40 g• EM-1220 Development Kit: 120 gDimensions:• EM-1220 Module: 80 x 50 mm (3.15 x 1.97 in)• EM-1220 Development Kit: 117 x 70 mm (4.61 x 2.76 in)Module Interface: Two 2 x 17 pin-headers (2.5 x 2.5 mm pitch)Environmental LimitsOperating Temperature:Standard Models: -10 to 60°C (14 to 140°F)Wide Temp. Models: -40 to 75°C (-40 to 167°F)Storage Temperature:Standard Models: -20 to 80°C (-4 to 176°F)Wide Temp. Models: -40 to 85°C (-40 to 185°F)Ambient Relative Humidity: 5 to 95% (non-condensing)Power RequirementsInput Voltage: 3.3 VDCPower Consumption:2.1W(************)Standards and CertificationsEMC: EN 55032 Class A, EN 61000-3-2 Class A, EN 61000-3-3, EN 55024, FCC Part 15 Subpart B Class AGreen Product: RoHS, CRoHS, WEEEReliabilityAlert Tools: Built-in buzzer and RTC (real-time clock)Automatic Reboot Trigger: Built-in WDT (watchdog timer)MTBF (mean time between failures): 405,735 hrsWarrantyWarranty Period: 5 yearsDetails: See /warrantyNote: The Hardware Specifications apply to the embedded computer unit itself, but not to accessories. Inparticular, the wide temperature specification does not apply to accessories such as the power adaptor and cables.EM-1220 Hardware Block DiagramAppearanceEM-1220 Development Kit (EM-1220 Embedded Module attached to the EM-1220-DK, the carrier board of EM-1220 Development Kit)EM-1220 Embedded ModuleTop View Bottom ViewEM-1220 Development KitDimensionsEM-1220 Embedded ModuleEM-1220-DK, Carrier board of EM-1220 Development Kit2EM-1220 FunctionalityIn this chapter, we explain the basic features of the EM-1220 Embedded Module.The following topics are covered in this chapter:❒EM-1220 Embedded Module Functions❒RS-232/422/485 Serial Ports❒Console Port❒LAN Ports❒SD Signals❒GPIO❒Pin Assignments❒Definition of SD Signals❒Mechanical Specifications of the Pin HeadersEM-1220 Embedded Module FunctionsThe EM-1220 Embedded Module is designed to be integrated directly into the user’s system and application.The module has two software-selectable RS-232/422/485 serial ports, dual 10/100 Mbps LAN ports, 1 RS-232 console port, and GPIO/SD signals. In addition, the EM-1220 uses the Moxa ART ARM9 32-bit 192 MHzcommunication processor, which ensures excellent performance for data transmission.The pre-installed μClinux Kernel 2.6.9 makes it easy for users to develop programs for a variety of applications.The EM-1220 is an ideal solution for manufacturing automation, intelligent transportation monitoring, andremote device control.RS-232/422/485 Serial PortsThe EM-1220 Embedded Module has 2 software-selectable RS-232/422/485 serial ports. Pin assignmentdiagrams are shown in a later section. The ports can be configured by software. Please refer to Software User’s Manual for details.Console PortThe EM-1220 Embedded Module has 1 console port for onsite configuration. The port supports TxD, RxD, GND, and TTL signals.LAN PortsThe EM-1220 Embedded Module has 2 10/100 Mbps LAN ports that can be used to set up a redundant Ethernet network for non-stop operation, and the on-board transformer provides 1.5 KV isolation protection. SD SignalsThe EM-1220 Embedded Module provides SD signals for storage expansion. Designers can use these signals to create an SD socket. Note that you can use a Secure Digital (SD) memory card compliant with the SD 1.0standard to provide up to 1 GB of additional memory space. However, the SD signals share the samemechanical layout with the GPIO. When you enable the SD signals, the GPIO function will be disabled, and vice versa.GPIOThe EM-1220 Embedded Module provides 10 software-selectable GPIOs. Note that users can choose to enable either the SD Signals or the GPIO function, but not both. When you enable the GPIO function, the SD Signals will be disabled.Pin AssignmentsThere are two 34-pin pin headers on the EM-1220 embedded module. To use the EM-1220 Embedded Module to develop your own independent system, refer to the following tables for the pin assignments of jumpers J1 and J2.Signals J1 Pin No. SignalsVCC(3.3V) 1 2 VCC(3.3V)VCC(3.3V) 3 4 VCC(3.3V)GND 5 6 GNDGND 7 8 GNDTxD0 (RS-232) 9 10 RxD0 (RS-232)RTS0 11 12 CTS0DTR0 13 14 DSR0RxD1 (RS-232) 15 16 DCD0CTS1 17 18 TxD1 (RS-232)DSR1 19 20 RTS1DCD1 21 22 DTR1Data-(A)0 / RxD-(A)0 23 24 Data-(A)1 / RxD-(A)1 Data+(B)0 / RxD+(B)0 25 26 Data+(B)1 / RxD-(A)1 Serial LED_Tx0 27 28 Serial LED_Rx0 Serial LED_Tx1 29 30 Serial LED_Rx1TxD-(A)0 31 32 TxD-(A)1TxD+(B)0 33 34 TxD+(B)1Signals J2 Pin No. SignalsConsole_RxD 1 2 Console_TxDEth1_TxD_out+ 3 4 GNDEth1_TxD_out- 5 6 Eth1_RxD_in+Eth1_LED_100M 7 8 Eth1_RxD_in-Eth0_TxD_out+ 9 10 Eth1_LED_10MEth0_TxD_out- 11 12 Eth0_RxD_in+Eth0_LED_100M 13 14 Eth0_RxD_in-GPIO0 15 16 Eth0_LED_10M GPIO2 17 18 GPIO1GPIO4 19 20 GPIO3GPIO6 21 22 GPIO5GPIO8 23 24 GPIO7Buzzer 25 26 GPIO9LED_Ready 27 28 SW ResetN/C 29 30 N/CGND 31 32 GNDGND 33 34 GNDDefinition of SD SignalsThe following table gives the definition of the SD signals. Note that the signal pins from the J2 pin header share the same pin as the GPIO.Signal Name Direction GPIO DescriptionSD_CLK Output GPIO 7 Clock signal to SD/MMCSD_CMD Bidirectional GPIO 2 Bidirectional line for command and responseSD_DAT<3:0> Bidirectional GPIO <6:3> Bidirectional line for read and write dataSD_CD Input GPIO 1 Card detectSD_WP Input GPIO 0 Write protectMechanical Specifications of the Pin Headers Refer to the following figures for the mechanical specifications of the Pin Headers on the EM-1220 Embedded Module. The figures define the mechanical specifications of jumpers J1 and J2 on the EM-1220.3EM-1220-DK FunctionalityThis chapter includes information about the EM-1220-DK (carrier board of the EM-1220 Development Kit). The following topics are covered in this chapter:❒EM-1220-DK Development Board❒Combining the EM-1220-DK with the Embedded Module❒LED Indicators❒Wiring Requirements❒Connecting the Power❒Grounding the EM-1220 Development Kit❒Serial Ports and Pin Assignments❒Console Ports and Pin Assignments❒LAN Ports and Pin Assignments❒SD Socket❒Reset ButtonEM-1220-DK Development BoardThe EM-1220 Development Kit is a well-designed PCB board with complete layout. The kit helps users evaluate, develop, and integrate the EM-1220 Embedded Module into their systems and applications. Simply combine the EM-1220 Embedded Module with the Development Kit to start porting the relevant software, and create asolution for the applications you wish to implement.Refer to the following picture for the basic layout of the EM-1220-DK.Combining the EM-1220-DK with the Embedded ModuleInsert the EM-1220 Embedded Module vertically onto the EM-1220-DK. Note that the Pin marked “J1” on the Embedded Module must be matched with the Pin marked “J1” on the EM-1220-DK; and the Pin marked “J2” on the Embedded Module must be matched with the Pin marked “J2” on the EM-1220-DK. Be careful wheninstalling the board to avoid damaging the pins.LED IndicatorsThe following table explains the function of the LED indicators located on the EM-1220-DK.LED Name LED Color LED FunctionReady Green Power is on and system functions normally.P1, P2 (Tx) Green Serial port 1, 2 is transmitting data.Off Serial port 1, 2 is not transmitting data.P1, P2 (Rx) Yellow Serial port 1, 2 is receiving data.Off Serial port 1, 2 is not receiving data.Wiring RequirementsThis section describes how to connect the EM-1220 Development Kit to serial devices.You should heed the following common safety precautions before proceeding with the installation of anyelectronic device:Use separate paths to route wiring for power and devices. If power wiring and device wiring paths must cross, make sure the wires are perpendicular at the intersection point.NOTE: Do not run signal or communication wiring and power wiring in the same wire conduit. To avoidinterference, wires with different signal characteristics should be routed separately.Use the type of signal transmitted through a wire to determine which wires should be kept separate. The rule of thumb is that wiring that shares similar electrical characteristics can be bundled together.Keep input wiring and output wiring separate.It is advisable to label the wiring to all devices in the system.Be sure to disconnect the power cord before installing and/or wiring your EM-1220 Development Kit.Connecting the PowerYou may use the 3-pin terminal block for connecting the power. The power input range of the EM-1220-DK is from 12 to 48 VDC. If the power is properly supplied, the “Ready” LED will glow a solid green after a 25 to 30 second delay.Grounding the EM-1220 Development Kit Grounding and wire routing help limit the effects of noise due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Run the ground wire from the ground screw to the grounding surface prior to connecting devices.Serial Ports and Pin AssignmentsThe EM-1220 Development Kit has 2 software-selectable serial ports. If you would like to connect to a serial device, use male DB9 connectors. The ports can be configured for RS-232, RS-422, or RS-485 by software.Refer to the Software User’s Manual for details. Pay attention to the cable length for the various serialcommunication standards. Refer to the following figure for the pin assignments of the DB9 connector.Male DB9 Port Pin RS-232 RS-422 4-wire RS-485 2-wire RS-4851 DCD TxDA(-) TxDA(-) –2 RxD TxDB(+) TxDB(+) –3 TxD RxDB(+) RxDB(+) DataB(+)4 DTR RxDA(-) RxDA(-) DataA(-)5 GND GND GND GND6 DSR – – –7 RTS – – –8 CTS – ––Console Ports and Pin AssignmentsThe serial console port on the EM-1220-DK is a 4-pin pin-header RS-232 port, which support TxD, RxD, and GND signals. It is designed for serial console terminals, which can be used for local configuration andidentifying the EM-1220-LX boot up message. The pinouts of this RS-232 console port are shown in the figure below.Serial Console Port & Pinouts Serial Console CablePin Signal1 TxD2 RxD3 NC4 GNDLAN Ports and Pin AssignmentsThe EM-1220 Development Kit has two 10/100 Mbps LAN ports. Connect one end of the Ethernet cable to the Development Kit LAN port and the other end of the cable to the Ethernet network. The LAN ports use 8-pin RJ45 connectors. See the following diagram for the pinouts.8-pin RJ45Pin Signal1 ETx+2 ETx-3 ERx+4 –5 –6 ERx-7 –8 –SD SocketThe EM-1220 Development Kit provides an internal SD socket for storage expansion. The socket allows users to use a Secure Digital (SD) memory card compliant with the SD 1.0 standard for adding up to 1 GB ofadditional memory space. Plug the SD card directly into the socket. Remember to press the SD card first if you want to remove it. Note that the SD will not work if you enable the GPIO function. Refer to the section about the EM-1220’s SD function to see a table that describes the SD card interface.Reset ButtonPress the Reset button on the EM-1220-DK continuously for at least 5 seconds to load the factory defaultconfiguration. After the factory default configuration has been loaded, the system will reboot automatically. We recommend that you only use this function if the software is not working properly and you want to load factory default settings. To reset an embedded Linux system, always use the software reboot command />reboot to protect the integrity of data being transmitted or processed. The Reset button is not designed to hard reboot the EM-1220 Development Kit.。

122mm火箭布雷系统战术运用方式探讨122mm火箭布雷系统是一种常见的作战工具，广泛用于战场上的火力压制和对敌方阵地的攻击。

本文将探讨122mm火箭布雷系统的战术运用方式，并提供相关参考内容。

122mm火箭布雷系统主要由发射器、火箭弹、雷达指挥系统和通信装备组成。

其战术运用方式可以分为以下几种：1. 精确打击敌方目标：122mm火箭布雷系统具备较高的射程和打击精度，可以对敌方阵地的重要目标进行精确打击。

在使用过程中，可以通过火控雷达获取敌方目标的精确位置，并调整火箭弹的发射角度和弹道，确保打击精度。

此外，可以利用通信装备与其他部队进行协同作战，提高打击效果。

2. 火力压制敌方阵地：122mm火箭布雷系统的火力密集和弹道高度可调特点，使其成为压制敌方阵地的理想武器。

在作战中，可以通过多发火箭弹的连续发射，形成火力覆盖，迫使敌方阵地陷入压制状态，减弱其战斗力和机动性。

此时，需要根据敌方阵地的布置和目标分布，合理选择火箭弹的发射位置和弹道，以获得最佳的压制效果。

3. 快速反击敌方进攻：122mm火箭布雷系统具备快速部署和高效打击的特点，适合用于快速反击敌方进攻。

在作战中，当敌方发起突然进攻时，可以迅速部署火箭布雷系统，并通过火控雷达快速锁定敌方目标，实施精确打击。

此外，可以利用火箭弹的火力密集特性，对敌方形成立即反击，迅速扭转战局。

4. 侦查和扰乱敌方通信：除了直接打击敌方目标外，122mm火箭布雷系统还可以用于侦查和扰乱敌方通信。

通过发射特殊类型的火箭弹，可以侦测敌方通信设备的信号，并干扰其通信链路。

这种战术运用方式可以有效瓦解敌方指挥系统，削弱其对战局的掌控能力。

综上所述，122mm火箭布雷系统可以通过精确打击敌方目标、火力压制敌方阵地、快速反击敌方进攻以及侦查和扰乱敌方通信等方式进行战术运用。

在实际作战中，需要根据具体情况和战场需求，灵活运用这些战术方式，以提高火力的效果和战斗的胜算。

Data SheetLBR20 4G LTE Advanced WiFi RouterOverviewThe Orbi™ 4G LTE Advanced WholeHome WiFi Router delivers up to 2.2Gbpshigh-performance WiFi on 4G LTEnetworks. It has a sleek, modern designwith high-gain internal antennas for upto 2,000 sq ft of coverage. The Orbi™4G LTE Advanced WiFi Router withintegrated cellular modem is compatiblewith select Orbi AC Satellites to create amesh WiFi system, supporting seamless4K streaming and gaming everywhere inyour home.Mobile SIM, required for operation, isincluded4.FeaturesAlways-on Internet. Seamlessly switch over to 4G LTE when your existing Internet service fails.Super-fast WiFi up to 2.2Gbps†. Enjoy seamless 4K HD video streaming & gaming everywhere in your home. Increase WiFi Coverage.Add an Orbi AC Satellite to createa Mesh WiFi System and expand your WiFi coverage (sold separately).Use Your Cellular Service f or Your Internet Connection. Compatible with AT&T, T-Mobile , Verizon Wireless and other major 4G LTE service providers3. Not compatible with Sprint. Select a data plan & activate a SIM card from your preferred provider, or use the SIM card option included4.Data SheetLBR204G LTE Advanced WiFi RouterHouse DiagramGet Startedwith the Orbi appUse the Orbi app to setupand manage your Orbi WiFi. Available on Google Play ™ and Apple ® App Store.NETGEAR Armor empowers you to eliminatevulnerabilities or simply know the status of your home network and devices, anytime, anywhere. Get instant notifications when malicious threats are detected, block unknown devices from joining your home network or take action on vulnerabilities as they are discovered easily through the Orbi App.Better WiFi. Anywhere.Data SheetLBR204G LTE Advanced WiFi RouterLTE antenna connector (not included)LTE antenna connector (not included)WAN/LAN1 and LAN2 portsLTE NanoSIM cardSyncOrbi 4G LTE Advanced WiFi Router (LBR20)Data SheetLBR204G LTE Advanced WiFi RouterThis product comes with a limited warranty that is valid only if purchased from a NETGEAR authorized reseller. /warranty* 90-day complimentary technical support following purchase from a NETGEAR authorized reseller.** Orbi AC Satellites sold separately.†M aximum wireless signal rate derived from IEEE 802.11 specifications. Actual data throughput and wireless coverage will vary and be lowered by network and environmental conditions, including network traffic volume, device limitations, and building construction. NETGEAR makes no representations or warranties about this product’s compatibility with future standards. Up to 2,200Mbps wireless speeds achieved when connecting to other 802.11ac 2,200Mbps devices.‡Actual LTE speed may vary depending on network conditions and Internet data plans.1 NETGEAR Armor ™ is free during the trial period. A yearly subscription, after the trial period, protects all of your connected devices. Visit /armor2 Circle ® includes the Free Basic Plan. Fees apply for a Premium Plan. Visit /circle for more information.3 Network must support subset of the 4G LTE Bands listed under the T echnical Specifications.4Fees apply based on data service plan selected.For regulatory compliance information, visit /about/regulatoryFor indoor use only.NETGEAR, the NETGEAR Logo, NETGEAR Armor, and Orbi are trademarks of NETGEAR, Inc. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google LLC. Any other trademarks mentioned herein are for reference purposes only. © 2021 NETGEAR, Inc.NETGEAR, Inc. 350 E. Plumeria Drive, San Jose, CA 95134-1911 USA , /supportD-NA-LBR20-1Technical Specifications• Orbi AC2200 LTE WiFi Router (866 + 866 + 400Mbps)†• AC2200 Simultaneous Tri-band WiFi*******************:Supports256-QAM - 866Mbps — 2x2 @ 5GHz: Supports 256-QAM - 866Mbps — 2x2 @ 5GHz: Supports 256-QAM • IEEE ® 802.11a/b/g/n/ac • LTE Cat 18 up to 1.2Gbps ‡• NA - 4G band (LTE-FDD): B2,4,5,7,12,13,14,17,25, 26,29,30,66,71- 4G band (LTE-TDD): B41 - 3G band: B2,4,5Physical Specifications• Dimensions: 6.7 x 3.1 x 8.9 in (170 x 79 x 226 mm)• Weight: 1.72 lb (0.78 kg)What’s In the Box?• One (1) Orbi 4G LTE Advanced WiFi Router (LBR20)• One (1) 2m Ethernet cable• One (1) 12V/2.5A power adapter • Quick start guide• Third party SIM card & activation instructionsWhat Do I Need for Orbi to Work?• High-speed Internet connection • Activated LTE SIM card • Orbi app • D O NOT purchase a second Orbi Router if you need to expand your WiFi coverage • T o expand your Orbi WiFi system, purchase an Orbi AC Satellite (RBS50, RBS50Y, RBS40, RBS40V, RBW30 or RBS20), sold separately, for additional WiFi coverage• EU & AU- 4G band (LTE-FDD): B1,3,5,7,8,20,28 - 4G band (LTE-TDD): B38,40,41 - 3G band: B1,3,5,8• MU-MIMO capable for simultaneous data streaming• Implicit & Explicit Beamforming for 2.4GHz & 5GHz bands • T wo (2) 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet ports - O ne (1) WAN/LAN & one (1) LAN • T wo (2) External LTE antenna connectors (antennas not included)• Security - C omprehensive anti-virus & data theft protection for your PC, Mac ® and mobile devices with NETGEAR Armor ™ - S tandards-based WiFi Security (802.11i, 128-bit AES encryption with PSK) - G uest WiFi Network is easy to setup separate & secure Internet access for guests • Voice Control- Amazon Alexa™- The Google © Assistant• C ircle ® — Smart Parental Controls to manage content and time online for all your devices. Learn more at /circle。

Taurus系列多媒体播放器TB2规格书文档版本：V1.3.2文档编号：NS120000354版权所有 © 西安诺瓦电子科技有限公司2018。

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Taurus 系列多媒体播放器TB2 规格书目录目录 .....................................................................................................................................................ii1 概述 (1)1.1产品简介 (1)1.2应用场景 (1)2产品特点 (3)2.1处理性能强大 (3)2.2全方位控制方案 (3)2.3支持同步异步双模式 (4)2.4支持WiFi AP 连接 (4)3硬件结构 (5)3.1外观图 ..................................................................................................................................................... (5)3.1.1前面板 ...................................................................................................................................... (5)3.1.2后面板 ...................................................................................................................................... (6)3.2尺寸图 ..................................................................................................................................................... (7)4软件结构 (8)4.1系统软件 ......................................................................................................................................................84.2相关配置软件 (8)5产品规格 ..........................................................................................................................................96 音视频解码规格 (11)6.1图片 (11)6.1.1解码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 116.1.2编码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 116.2音频 (12)6.2.1解码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 126.2.2编码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 126.3视频 (13)6.3.1解码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 136.3.2编码器 ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 iiTaurus 系列多媒体播放器TB2 规格书1 概述Taurus 系列多媒体播放器TB2 规格书1概述1.1产品简介Taurus系列产品为诺瓦科技针对中小型LED全彩显示屏推出的第二代多媒体播放器。

关于能源号的RD0120火箭发动机美国人已退役的航天飞机用的发动机ssme(RS25)其液氢及液氧高压泵是分为两台涡轮泵并以不同转速运行，这样可以使两泵均工作在较高的效率下。

而同一级别并使用同样工质的俄/苏RD0120（能源号火箭）氢、氧高压泵（均为离心泵，氧泵一级、氢泵三级）却为同轴（据称为32000rpm,无更进一步数据)。

此机在业界亦是神迹！费解之处在于，液氢液氧两者密度之差距巨大，如美国之J2（土星五号）甚至为两种工质选用了不同类泵型（其氧泵用离心泵，氢泵用七级轴流泵）。

俄国人如何能将其同轴？有何理论依据？附件RD-0120_tna_2_b.jpg (18.58 KB)2012-6-29 07:47RD-0120_tna.jpg (38.25 KB)2012-6-29 07:47转贴9ifly就相同问题各老大的回贴如下：liao68811：估计氢泵和氧泵的传动比不一样，导致氢泵和氧泵的转速不一致，同时氢泵和氧泵的叶轮个数和样式也不同；毛子的方法简便有效，虽然效率做不到最优，而MD纯粹技术过剩。

东方红：已有贴子讨论h tt p://w w /forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1850[/url]同轴涡轮泵是简化设计，不是优化设计。

turbopump：多谢东方大哥：h t t p://w w /forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1850之内容已拜读，不过其中并未涉及到本贴的细小内容纸飞机：RD-0120的原型是RD-0210，一种有毒燃料发动机改成氢氧后也没改动总体设计turbopump：RD0120为同轴泵，并不存在中间减速机或液力耦合器，更不像美国的RL10用一台涡轮同轴驱动氢泵再通过减速机驱动氧泵东方红:同轴涡轮泵是技术欠缺而在性能上妥协的产品，优点是结构简单，氧泵与氢泵同步，发动机启动性能好，但效率与分离涡轮泵相比要低一些。

能源号运载火箭材料
能源号运载火箭是由前苏联能源科研生产联合体设计制造的大推力重型运载火箭。

其材料可能包括钛合金、铝锂合金等。

钛合金具有低温强度和塑性更高的特点，在航天火箭技术产品中具有广泛的应用。

铝锂合金则具有密度低、弹性模量高、比强度和比刚度高、疲劳性能好、耐腐蚀及焊接性能好等诸多优异的综合性能，用其代替常规的高强度铝合金可使结构质量减轻10$\%$-20$\%$，刚度提高15$\%$-20$\%$，因此，在航空航天领域显示出了广阔的应用前景。

不同的材料具有不同的特性和适用范围，在设计和制造运载火箭时，需要综合考虑其性能要求、安全可靠性以及成本效益等多方面的因素，以确保火箭能够安全、高效地完成任务。

国际视角作者：暂无来源：《科技传播》 2018年第4期日本世界最小火箭发射升空机体由家电零件构成日本宇宙航空开发研究机构(JAXA)2 月3 日午夜前后在内之浦宇宙空间观测所成功发射了迄今最小的火箭SS-520。

有趣的是，该火箭是由家电和智能手机的零部件拼凑而成的。

SS-520火箭全长约10 米，直径50 厘米，仅电线杆大小。

箭体搭载并运送至近地轨道的迷你卫星TRICOM-1R 仅13.6 英寸( 约34.5 厘米) 长。

俄罗斯科学家发明新式核燃料护套提高核能安全性近日，俄罗斯国家核研究大学(MEPhI) 的研究人员进行了一项关于核燃料保护套的研究，他们使用钼金属(Mo) 的同位素替代现有的锆合金的核燃料护套，以提高核能的安全性，避免福岛事故再次上演。

据报道，现在的核能原理中，铀燃料束是安装在锆合金护套内，锆合金具有很高的耐腐蚀性，最重要的是锆几乎不会和中子反应，所以是极好的核燃枓棒护套。

美国世界最强大现役运载火箭带特斯拉跑车飞向火星北京时间2 月6 日，世界最强大现役运载火箭“猎鹰重型”携带一辆红色特斯拉电动跑车飞向火星。

当地时间１5 时45 分（北京时间7 日4 时45 分），“猎鹰重型”的27 个引擎同时点燃，从佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心39 Ａ发射台上腾空而起。

“猎鹰重型”第一级由３枚“猎鹰９”火箭芯捆绑而成。

发射８分多钟后，两侧的火箭芯先降落在发射场附近的陆地回收地点。

韩国研发制造塑料新技术有助塑料产业发展日前，刊登于国际学术杂志《自然通讯》(Nature Communications)的研究结果指出，韩国成功开发出了利用葡萄糖制造塑料的技术。

据韩国科学技术信息通信部介绍，由韩国科学技术院(KAIST) 生物化学工程系教授李相烨带领的研究组和梨花女子大学化学新材料工程学院教授朴始宰教授( 音) 带领的研究组，成功开发出了这一塑料生产技术。

澳大利亚787 客机用芥菜籽生物燃料从洛杉矶飞往澳大利亚近日，澳洲航空开创了一个新的环保里程碑：其一架787 梦想客机使用芥菜籽生物燃料从加利福尼亚州洛杉矶飞往澳大利亚墨尔本，这次飞行耗时15 个小时，减少了约18 000 千克碳排放量，使用了大约24 000 公斤的混合生物燃料，用一种叫做Brassicacarinata 的不可食用芥菜籽制成。

俄罗斯的液体火箭及发动机详细介绍火箭简介“东方号”系列火箭是世界上第一个航天运载火箭系列，包括“卫星号”、“月球号”、“东方号”、“上升号”、“闪电号”、“联盟号”、“进步号”等型号，后四种火箭又构成“联盟号”子系列火箭。

“东方号”运载火箭是对“月球号”火箭略加改进而构成的，主要是增加了一子级的推进剂质量和提高了二子级发动机的性能。

这种火箭的中心是一个两级火箭，周围有四个长19。

8米、直径2。

68米的助推火箭。

中心的两级火箭，一子级长28。

75米，二子级长2。

98米，呈圆筒形状。

发射时，中心火箭发动机和四个助推火箭发动机同时点火。

大约两分钟后，助推火箭分离脱落，主火箭继续工作两分钟后，也熄火脱落。

接着末级火箭点火工作，直到把有效载荷送入绕地球的轨道。

东方号火箭因发射“东方号”宇宙飞船而得名，1961年4月12日把世界上第一位宇航员加加林送上地球轨道飞行并安全返回地面。

“联盟号”火箭是“联盟号”子系列中的两级型火箭，系通过挖掘“东方号”火箭一子级的潜力和采用新的更大推力的二子级研制而成。

因发射联盟系列载人飞船而得名。

最长49。

52米，起飞重量310吨，近地轨道的运载能力约为7。

2吨。

“能源号”运载火箭是前苏联的一种重型的通用运载火箭，也是目前世界上起飞质量与推力最大的火箭。

“能源号”运载火箭的主要任务有：发射多次使用的轨道飞行器；向近地空间发射大型飞行器、大型空间站的基本舱或其它舱段、大型太阳能装置；向近地轨道或地球同步轨道发射重型军用、民用卫星；向月球、火星或深层空间发射大型有效载荷。

“能源号”运载火箭长约60米，总重2400吨，起飞推力3500吨，能把100吨有效载荷送上近地轨道。

火箭分助推级和芯级两级，助推级由四台液体助推器构成，每个助推器长32米，直径4米；芯级长60米，直径8米，由四台液体火箭发动机组成。

发射时，助推级和芯级同时点火，助推级四台助推火箭工作完毕后，芯级将有效载荷加速到亚轨道速度，在预定的轨道高度与有效载荷分离。