Relative pronoun in the acquisition of English relative clauses by Chinese EFL learners

Attributive ClauseIntroductionAn attributive clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective by modifying a noun or pronoun in the main clause of a sentence. It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun it modifies.Structure of an Attributive ClauseAn attributive clause consists of a relative pronoun or relative adverb followed by a subject and a predicate. The relative pronouns commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Who/Whom - used for people2.Which - used for things3.That - used for both people and thingsThe relative adverbs commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Where - used to describe a place2.When - used to describe a timeExamplesHere are some examples of sentences with attributive clauses:1.The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my friend.2.The car that I just bought is red.3.The book which is on the shelf is mine.4.This is the town where I was born.5.I remember the day when we first met.Functions of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses serve several functions in a sentence:1. Providing additional informationAttributive clauses provide additional information about the noun or pronoun they modify. They give details, descriptions, or explanations that help in identifying or understanding the noun or pronoun.2. Restricting or limiting the meaningAttributive clauses can restrict or limit the meaning of a noun or pronoun. They specify particular characteristics or qualities that distinguish the noun or pronoun from others.3. Combining sentencesAttributive clauses can also be used to combine two or more sentences into a single, more concise sentence. They allow the writer to provide related information without making the sentence too long or repetitive.Placement of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses can be placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify, or they can be placed elsewhere in the sentence for emphasis. The placement of the attributive clause may affect the meaning or tone of the sentence.1. Placement after the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed immediately after the noun or pronoun, it is called a “peripheral attributive clause.” This is the most common placement for attributive clauses.Example: - The girl who won the competition is my sister.2. Placement before the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed before the noun or pronoun, it is called a “central attributive clause.” This placement emphasizes the information in the attributive clause.Example: - Who won the competition, the girl is my sister.3. Placement within the sentenceAttributive clauses can also be placed within the sentence for emphasis or stylistic reasons. This placement separates the attributive clause from the noun or pronoun it modifies.Example: - The girl, who won the competition, is my sister.Punctuation of Attributive ClausesThe punctuation used in attributive clauses depends on the placement and structure of the clause. Here are some guidelines for punctuating attributive clauses:1. CommasCommas are used to separate attributive clauses from the rest of the sentence when they are placed after the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.2. No commasNo commas are used when the attributive clause is essential to the sentence and restricts or limits the meaning of the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book that I am reading is very interesting.3. Parentheses or dashesIn some cases, parentheses or dashes can be used instead of commas to set off the attributive clause. This is often done to create a stronger separation between the attributive clause and the main clause.Example: - The car (which is parked outside) belongs to my neighbor.ConclusionAttributive clauses play a crucial role in providing additional information, restricting meaning, and combining sentences. Understandingthe structure, functions, placement, and punctuation of attributive clauses can greatly enhance one’s ability to write clear, concise, and grammatically correct sentences.。

单词1．relative n．[C]亲属，亲戚adj.相关的；比较的，相对的归纳拓展(1)relative pronoun关系代词relative to...与……有关的，关于或涉及……的relatively adv.相对地；比较地relatively speaking相对来说relativity n．相对论(2)relate vt.&vi.(有)关联；关系；讲述，叙述relate sth.to sb.向某人叙述/讲某事be relate sth.to/with sth.将某事物与另一事物相联系relate to sb./sth.与某人/某事物有关，涉及某人/某事物(3)related adj.有关的；有关联的be related to与某人/某物有关联relation n．亲戚；亲属；关系in relation to有关，关于，涉及例句：I've also got some time to visit some relatives.我也还有一点儿时间去看望亲戚。

The report relates high wages to/with labour shortages.该报告把高工资与劳动力短缺联系在一起。

Relatively speaking，it’s not important.相对而言，这并不重要。

I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.关于那件事，我有好多话要说。

【链接训练】When we say a body is at rest，we mean only its position is relative ________ something fixed.A．with B．to C．at D．on【解析】句意为：当我们说某一物体处于静止状态时，我们仅仅是指它的位置与某个固定物相对不变。

be relative to是固定用法，意为“与……相对的”。

牛津高中英语模块一,电子课本篇一：牛津高中英语模块一unit1-school life电子版篇二：译林牛津高中英语模块一Unit_1_教材答案译林牛津高中英语模块一Unit 1 教材答案Language practicePart A1 (Page 86)1 enjoyable3 challenging 5 fun 7 exciting2 experience 4 e-mail6 satisfaction 8 encouragementPart A2 (Page 86)1 with 3 like5 on7 at2 to at4 to6 for about 8 on onPart B1 (Page 87)1 making preparations for2 inform…of3 such as4 are required to5 in charge of6 make good use of7 looked back on 8 much more thanPart B2 (Page 87)1 a 他被认为是美国最优秀的电视节目主持人之一。

b 我们很高兴地得知他已应邀下个月来我们城市主持一场晚会。

2 a 我们要等上几天，等待学校批准我们今年春季在校园里多植树的计划。

b 布朗夫人不赞成在公共场所吸烟。

3 a 我看不懂这机器的使用说明。

你能给我演示一下如何操作这台机器吗?b 每天有三个班次的公共汽车开往城里，因此你可以乘公共汽车去那儿。

c 孩子们在雪地里奔跑和玩耍着。

4 a 他向我收取了100元修电脑的费用。

b 你可以向她询问更多细节，因为她是这个项目的负责人。

Part C1 (Page 88)2 4 5 6 7 9Part C2 (Page 88)1 This is the school where/in which I studied five years ago·2 In this school there are about 30 foreign students who/that have come to study Chinese．3 These students whose parents have come to China for business like the school very much.4 The teaching building that/which was put up last year looks nice.5 The man who is standing in front of the school library is the headmaster.6 Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.7 Tina is the student who won a prize in the writing competition.8 Tina likes reading the novels which/that were written by Charles Dickens·9 Tina is the host of the school’s radio club that/which was started two years ago．10 Students like the school news(that/which)the radio club broadcasts．Part D1 (Page 89)1 exciting 3 achieving5 selected7 attend2 prepare 4 clubs 6 Literature 8 experiencePart D2 (Page 89)1 I think the best way to protect the environment is to plant more trees．2 Going to the park for a picnic at the weekend sounds like a good idea．3 When I look back on my childhood，I still think of itas the happiest time in my life．4 The girl who used to be a model is now a famous actress．5 Talk to her more，and you will find that she isn’t as bad as you thought she was．6 As it was getting dark，I decided to find a place to stay．7 Students who make good use of their time usually achieve high scores．8 Though it is difficult to improve your cooking skills in such a short time，you should still keeppractising．ReadingPart A (Page 90)1 It will help them feel like part of a group and also it will make the school’s sports teams feelencouraged．2 To gain knowledge．3 Because they are comfortable and do not need special care．4 He thinks that they look very boring．5 No．He thinks that students could wear theirfavourite clothes at home or at the weekendPart B (Page 91)1 Yes，they do．2 Because she can help students choose a good college，and she is good at helping nervousstudents relax．3 Because students do not study the same subjects．4 They might go to school early because they want to use the Internet service，and they mightstay late because of after—school activities．5 Yes，she does．Because after-school activities are great fun and they might also help her getinto a good college．ListeningParts A and B (Page 92)I:1 fifteen2 English Maths 3 basketballDad：1 letters2 practice book 3 computerAustralian students：1 Maths Science 2 friendly tallPart C (Page 92)1 English 3 practice book 5 tall2 Maths4 basketball6 letters 7 friendly 8computerWritingPart B (Page 93)Dear MickeyI came to see you but you happened to be out．I'd like to invite you to visit me at my school whenyou have time．Here’s how to get to my dormitory．When you get to the school gate，you’ll see the playground in front of you with the gym on the left and three classroom buildings on the right．Go towards the gym．Then，walk along the roadbetween the playground and the gym．Go straight，past the library and the teachers office，untilyou reach a small river．Take a right turn to get to the bridge．After you cross the bridge，you’ll seethree buildings ahead．The one in the middle iS our canteen．The two buildings on either side ofthe canteen are the dormitories．The one on the left is Dorm 1．That’s where I live．See you soonAndyReadingA 1 She thought it was a very enjoyable and exciting experience.2 English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cookingand French.3 ManchesterC1 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 F 6 FC2 1 They should devote themselves to study.2 Because there were different students in some classes.3 Because all the homework was in English.4 The teachers gave her much encouragement.5 She used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in thelibrray.6 They like to eat dessert at the end of dinner.D1 d 2 g 3 a 4 e 5 b 6 c7 fE (1) experienced(2) fond(3) Literature(4) dessert(5) struggle (6) respect (7) encouragementWord powerB If you are standing at the door of the dormitories, first turn right and go past the medicalcentre and the gym. Then turn right and walk past the Science Laboratory. Then turn left, andClassroom 4 is on your right.C (1) car park (2) classrooms (3) library (4) labs(5) gym(6) swimming pool(7) dormitories (8) medical centre(9) canteenDGrammar and usageParagraph 1 most helpful students; the relative pronoun, that, used as the object in the clause)In 2004, he went to Oxford University (Theantecedent: Oxford University; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause.Paragraph 2Nanjing. (The antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause)Most of the students have become his friends. (The antecedent: most of thestudents; the relative pronoun: whom, used as the object in the clause)Paragraph 3 antecedent: gifts; the relative pronoun:that, used as the object in the clause)The painting are being shown in the exhibition room. (Theantecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun; that, used as the object in the clause)Answers(1) who(2) which(3) who (4) whom/who(5) which(6) which(7) whose(8) whom/whoB 2 who/that are from different countries3 that/which I like best4 who/that teaches us English5 that/which are very interesting6 whose name is Sally/who is called Sally7 that/which is quiet and comfortableTask:Answers:1 A2 B3 A4 C5 CAnswers:(1) 3 p.m. (2) Scientist(3) Room 306, Building 4(4) Famous football players (5) 25 Oct (6) FriAnswers:The rise of the Dynasties, written by Prof Gu Yahui本文由52求学网论坛微光整理篇三：牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译M1 U1 Reading School life in the UK 在英国的学校生活Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. 在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。

英语定语从句笔记English: Relative clauses are an essential part of English grammar that provide additional information about nouns. They are used to modify and add details to a noun in a sentence. Relative clauses can be used to describe the noun, identify the noun, or provide further information about the noun.Chinese: 定语从句是英语语法中不可或缺的一部分，它们为名词提供额外信息。

它们用来修饰和添加句子中的名词。

定语从句可以用来描述名词，识别名词，或提供有关名词的更多信息。

English: There are two types of relative clauses in English: restrictive (defining) relative clauses and non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clauses. Restrictive relative clauses provide necessary information about the noun and cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive relative clauses, on the other hand, provide additional information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and are set off with commas.Chinese: 在英语中，定语从句有两种类型：限制性（定义性）定语从句和非限制性（非定义性）定语从句。

Chapter 1 Invitation to LinguisticsLanguage The Definition(语言的定义)The Design Features Arbitrariness（本质特征）DualityCreativityDisplacement语言先天反射理论The Origin Of Language The bow-bow theory(语言的起源) The pooh-pooh theoryThe “yo-he-yo”theoryJacobos（与The Prague School一致）Referential Functions Of Language Ideational PoeticEmotiveHalliday Interpersonal ConativePhaticTextual MetalingualThe Basic Functions InformativeInterpersonalPerformativeEmotive functionPhatic communion(B.Malinowski 提出)Recreation functionMetalingual function Linguistics The DefinitionThe Main Branches of Linguistics Phonetics(微观语言学) PhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsMacrolinguistics Psycholinguistics(宏观语言学）SociolinguisticsAnthropological LinguisticsComputaioanl LinguisticsDescriptive &PrescriptiveSynchronic&DiachronicImportant Distinctions Langue&ParoleCompetence&PerformanceChapter 2 Speech SoundsPhonetics Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学)语音学Auditory Phonetics(听觉语言学)Articulatory Phonetics(发声语音学)Speech Organs/Vocal organs(lungs ,trachea,throat,nose.mouth)IPA/Diacritics(变音符)Consonants The definitionThe manner of articulationArticulatory Phonetics The place of articulation(发声语音学)Vowels The definitionThe sound of English:RP/GACardinal vowelsThe requirements of descriptionCoarticulation Anticipatory CoarticulationPerseverative CoarticulationPhonetics transcription Narrow transcriptionBroad transcriptionPhonology 音位理论Minimal Pairs（c ut&p ut）Phone&Phonemes&Allophone(音素&音位&音位变体)音系学C omplementary DistributionFree variants(自由变体)/variation(自由变体现象)Phonological contrasts or opposition(音位对立)Distinctive Features(First developed by Jacobson as a meansof working out a set of phonological contrasts or opposition toCapture particular aspect of language sounds)progressive assimilationPhonological Process音系过程Assimilation Progressive assimilation音素是语音学研究的单位。

DDRELATIVE CLAUSES 1 – DEFINING - A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells uswhich person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means.The manwho lives next door ... (Who lives next door tells us which man)The man who lives next door is very friendly.Relative ClauseWHO (THAT) for PEOPLEWe know a lot of people. They live in London. We know a lot of people who live in London. WHICH / THAT for THINGSI don’t like stories. They have unhappyendings. I don’t like the stories that have unhappyendings. Where are the eggs? They were in the fridge. Where are the eggs which were in the fridge? WHOSE for HIS /HER /THEIRWe saw some people – their car had brokendown. We saw some people whose car had brokendown. WHERE for PLACESThe hotel – we stayed there – wasn’t very clean. The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.RELATIVE CLAUSES 2The man who lives in next door is very friendly.Where are the eggs which were in the fridge? In these sentences who and which are subject of the verbs in the relative clauses.The man lives in next door. He is very friendly.Where are the eggs ? They were in the fridgeYOU CANNOT LEAVE OUT WHO or WHICH IN THESE SENTENCESSometimes who and which are objects of the verbs. The man – I wanted to see him - was away on holiday. The man who I wanted to see was away on holiday. Have you found the keys? – You lost them. Have you found the keys that you lost?WHEN WHO or WHICH ARE OBJECTS OF THE VERB IN THE RELATIVE CLAUSE, YOU CAN LEAVE THEM OUT.The man I wanted to see was away on holiday. The dress Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. Is there anything I can do? PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVESDo you know the girl? – Tom is talking to her.Do you know the girl (who)Tom is talking to ? The bed – I slept in it last night – wasn’t verycomfortable. The bed I slept in last night wasn’t verycomfortable.RELATIVE CLAUSES 3 – NON DEFINING – The woman who lives next door is a doctor. Have you found the keys that you lostIn these sentences, the relative clauses tell us which person or thing the speaker means.The house at the end of the street, which has been empty for five years , has just been sold.Mrs. Morgan, whose son is in our class , is an English teacher.In these sentences the relative clauses (which has been empty ... and whose son...) do not tell us which person or thing speaker means. We already know which person or thing is meant. The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.In these – non defining- relative clauses you have to use who for people and which for things. You cannot use that and you cannot leave out who or which. When you write clauses like this you have to put commas (,) at the beginning and the end of the clause.Mr. Jason , who has worked for the company for 20 years , is retiring next weekn this exercises you have to explain what some words mean.1. _________________________________________________________________________________________2. _________________________________________________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________________________________________________4. _________________________________________________________________________________________5. __________________________________________________________________________________________6. ___________________________________________________________________________________________7. _____________________________________________________________________________________________8. _____________________________________________________________________________________________A bank - A boring person - A dentist - The brain - A star - A friend -A secret – An Academy He / She works all her life to become famous andthen wears sunglasses so people don’t recognize her. He / She puts metal in your mouth and takes coins out of your pocketHe / She talks about himself when you want to talk about yourself.Something you only tell one person.He /She dislikes same people as you.You can borrow money there if you can show that you don’t need it.It starts working when you get up in the morning and stops working when you get to work or school. A modern school. Football is taught there.1. I like the dress. Ann is wearing it. ______________________________________________2. We wanted to visit the museum. It was closed when we got there.______________________________________________________3. I invited a lot friends to the party. They couldn’t come. _______________________________________________________4. We had a fish for dinner. It was very delicious. _______________________________________________________5. I met a girl last week. I didn’t like her.________________________________________________________ 6. I applied for a job. I didn’t get it.______________________________________________________7. We wanted to travel on a flight. It was fully booked. _______________________________________________________8. She is married to a man. He has been married twice before.______________________________________________________ 9. The house isn’t very good condition. I’m living it. _______________________________________________________10. I recently went back to the town. I was born there. ______________________________________________________11. What was the man’s name? His wife was taken to the hospital._____________________________________________________________ 12. The place was really hot. We spent our holiday there. ______________________________________________________________ 13. They are the couple. Their luggage disappeared. _____________________________________________________________ 14. A stadium is a place. You can watch athletics there. ______________________________________________________________15. Is there a shop near here? I can buy some drinks there. _________________________________________________________________NON DEFINING1. We decided not to swim in the sea. (The sea looked rather dirty.)__________________________________________________________________________ 2. The new cinema will be opened next week. ( The cinema holds 150 people)___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Jane is one of my best friends. (I share all my secrets with her.) ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. That woman over ther e is a dancer. (I don’t remember her name.)___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Opposite our house there is a nice park. (There are some beautiful flowers in this park.)___________________________________________________________________________ 6. I often go to meet my friends in Bournemouth. (Bournemouth is only 30 miles away.)__________________________________________________________________________ 7. I went to see the doctor. (The doctor told me to rest for a few days.)_________________________________________________________________________ 8. The population of London is now falling. (London was once the largest city in the world.)__________________________________________________________________________ 9. We spent a very good week by the lake. (We camped out there) ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Our school vice principle was late this morning. (Vice principle is nearly always on time.)___________________________________________________________________________。

Introduction and General Usage in Defining ClausesSummary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why).The most common relative pronouns are who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that, and which. (Please note that in certain situations, "what," "when," and "where" can function as relative pronouns.) Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, that and whom modify the subject:The house that Jack built is large.The professor, whom I respect, recently received tenure.The type of clause determines what kind of relative pronoun to use. Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive(defining) clause and non-restrictive (non-defining) clause. In both types of clauses, the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive pronoun ("whose").Relative Pronouns in Restrictive Relative ClausesRelative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause ARE NOT separated from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not make sense.The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses:Function in the sentence Reference toPeople Things / concepts Place Time ExplanationSubject who, that which, thatObject (that, who, whom)* (which, that)* where when what/why Possessive whose whose, of whichExamplesRelative pronouns used as a subject of a restrictive relative clause:This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.It took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during the movie. Relative pronouns used as an object in a restrictive relative clause:1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the object position, but formal English includes the relative pronoun. When the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, which is used instead of that, for example, "in which," "for which," "about which," "through which," etc. (please see the third example below):Formal English: This is the man to whom I wanted to speak and whose name I had forgotten.Informal English:This is the man I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.Formal English:The library did not have the book that I wanted.Informal English: The library didn't have the book I wanted.Formal English: This is the house where/in which I lived when I first came to the United States.Informal English: This is the house I lived in when I first came to the United States.2) In American English, the word whom is not used very often. "Whom" is more formal than "who" and is very often omitted while speaking:Grammatically Correct:The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.Conversational Use:The woman you have just spoken to is my teacher.ORThe woman who you have just spoken to is my teacher.However, "whom" may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition because the relative pronoun functions as the object of the preposition:The visitor for whom you were waiting has arrived.Relative pronouns used as a possessive in a restrictive relative clause:Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English. The antecedent of "whose" can be both people and things:The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a complimentary suite in a hotel.The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a bestseller.Relative Pronouns in Non-Restrictive Relative ClausesAlthough similar in use, relative pronouns that introduce a non-restrictive relative clauses ARE separated from the main clause by a comma (in most instances). Typically, which is the preferred relative pronoun for indicating that a relative clause is non-restrictive. Non-restrictive relative clauses(also known as non-defining relative clauses) provide non-essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is not crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and can be omitted without affecting the sentence's meaning. In other words, non-restrictive relative clauses are an aside that adds extra information.ExamplesRelative pronouns used as a subject of a non-restrictive relative clause:The science fair, which lasted all day, ended with an awards ceremony.The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which came as a surprise to critics. Relative pronouns used as an object in a non-restrictive relative clause:The sculpture, which he admired, was moved into the basement of the museum to make room for a new exhibit.The theater, in which the play debuted, housed 300 people."That" vs. "Who" and "Which"The relative pronoun that can only be used in restrictive clauses. It can also be substituted for who(referring to persons) or which (referring to things) in informal English. Whereas that is often used while speaking, who and which are more common in formal written English.Conversational, Informal:William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children.Written, Formal: William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children.Conversational, Informal:The cafe that sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed.Written, Formal:The cafe, which sells the best coffee in town, has recently been closed.Some Special Uses of Relative Pronouns in Restrictive Clausesthat / whoWhen referring to people, both that and who can be used in informal language. "That" may be used to refer to the characteristics or abilities of an individual or a group of people:He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago. However, when speaking about a particular person in formal language, who is preferred:The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party. that / whichThere are several cases when that is more appropriate than which:1) After the pronouns "all," "any(thing)," "every(thing)," "few," "little," "many," "much," "no(thing)," "none," "some(thing)":The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person. Dessert is all that he wants.2) After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:This is the best resource that I have ever read!Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining ClausesSummary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that,Non-defining relative clauses (also known as non-restrictive, or parenthetical, clauses) provide some additional information which is not essential and may be omitted without affecting the contents of the sentence. All relative pronouns EXCEPT "that" can be used in non-defining clauses; however, the pronouns MAY NOT be omitted. Non-defining clauses ARE separated by commas.The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in non-defining clauses:Function in the sentence Reference toPeopleThings/conceptsPlaceTimeReasonSubject who whichObject who,whomwhichwherewhenwhyPossessive whosewhose,ofwhichRelative pronoun used as a subject:The writer, who lives in this luxurious mansion, has just published his second novel.Relative pronoun used as an object:The house at the end of the street, which my grandfather built, needs renovating. Relative pronoun used as a possessive:William Kellogg, whose name has become a famous breakfast foods brand-name, had some weird ideas about raising children.Some Special Uses of Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses1whichIf you are referring to the previous clause as a whole, use which:My friend eventually decided to get divorced, which upset me a lot.2of whom, of whichUse of whom for persons and of which for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none:I saw a lot of new people at the party, some of whom seemed familiar.He was always coming up with new ideas, most of which were absolutely impracticable. Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips Summary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why).Defining vs Non-Defining Clauses: Difference in MeaningThere is a difference in meaning between defining and non-defining clauses that depends on the presence or absence of the comma. For example:They have two sons who are doctors.Defining clause; the meaning is that there are more sons in the family, e.g.:They have two sons who are doctors and one who is an architect.Compare:They have two sons, who are doctors.non-defining clause; the meaning is that there are no more sons in the family.ESL Tips on the Use of Relative PronounsAlthough there is no one single rule to cover all the cases, the following summary may be helpful if you need to make a quick decision:1Use that if the main clause poses the question WHAT? answered by the relative clause;2Do not use that presenting non-essential, additional information (that is, in non-defining relative clauses); use who or which instead;3Use who to refer to people;4Use which to refer to things or to refer to the previous clause as a whole;5If you choose between who or that, use who in writing;6If you choose between which and that, use which in writing;7Do not put a comma before that.。

语言学概论期末复习2014.11. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. arbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages.3. langueAccording to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by.4. competenceChomsky defines competenc e as the abstract ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person’s compe tence.5. morphemeT he most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme’ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.6. MorphologyMorphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed7. Semantic triangleAccordin g to Ogden and Richard’s semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds.8. Lingua francaLingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers.9. componential analysisComponential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.10. Cooperative PrincipleCooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. It means in communication, both parties involved will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.11. acquisitionThe term “acquisition” is used to refer to picking up a language through exposure. It refers to the subconscious or conscious processes. It is learned in a natural or a tutored settings.12. interlanguageIt refers to the learner’s independent system of the second language which is neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from native language to the target language.I.Students should be able to answer the following questions:1) Explain the three kinds of intersentential sematic relations: entailment, presupposition and implicature.Entailment is a relation of inclusion , If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y. e.g. X: I have been to Shanghai. Y: I have been to Chinaif x is true, then y is also true, If Y is false, then X is also false.Then X entails Y.X presupposes Y. ( Y is a pre-requisite of X).X: John’s brother has got married. Y: John has a brother.Implicature: The speaker may use implied meaning but not the literal meaning.2)According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing whilemaking an utterance? Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For example: You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of all the words. “you” , “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by ,asking such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, that is , asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance . If the then hearer gets the speaker’s message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, then the speaker goes to close the door for the speaker.3) What are the major differences between acquisition and language learning?Rod (1985) and Krashen (1981) regard acquisition as the spontaneous internalization of rules and formulas. The term acquisition is often used to refer to first language acquisition and second language acquisition. First language acquisition is also called mother tongue acquisition.Acquisition takes place in the speech community where one's first language or second language is spoken. It is often natural, without much focus on form. The learning of English by speakers of other languages in the United States is an example of second language acquisition.Foreign language learning usually takes place in the speech community where one's first language is spoken. It is a conscious process through formal school-like settings and requires time for processing, with focus on linguistic form in addition to knowledge of the rules of language use. For example, the learning of English in China.4) What are the similarities and differences between Semantics and Pragmatics? Semantics focuses on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge without considering the context. Pragmatics studies the meaning in a certain context taking our knowledge about the physical and social world into account. Semantic analysis look for rules which are black and white, i.e. you are either right or wrong. Pragmatic analysis look for principles. You can obey them to some extent and violate them to some extent.5) Why do we say Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication? Explain it in details.a. Language is systematic. Language must be a system since elements in the language are arranged according to certain rules. Each human language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sounds and a system of meanings.b. Language is symbolic. People use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs.c. Language is arbitrary. Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning.d. Language is primarily vocal. Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems.e. Language is human specific. There are certain characteristics of human language that are not found in the communication systems of any other species.f. Language is used for communication.6) What is the Sapir –Whorf hypothesis?The hypothesis as sumes that people’s habitual thought patterns and ways of perceiving the world are conditioned to a certain extent by the categories and distinctions that are available to them in their native language. Speakers of different languages may therefore have rather different world-views, depending on how different the languages are from one another semantically and grammatically. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be broken down into two basic principles: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity.II.Students should be able to draw the tree diagrams for common simple sentences and complex sentences.III.Students should be able to analyze the formation of words.IV.Students should be able to identify errors in given sentences and be able to explain the causes for errors.1. He speaked to Tom yesterday.This intralingual error is due to the overgeneralization of the rule about the English v erb’s past tense form.2. There were some people came to watch the football match.The relative pronoun at the beginning of the attributive clause is missing. The learner has made an inter-lingual error because of the influence of his mother tongue, that is the Chinese grammatical pattern.3. They are loving basketball very much.This sentence should be corrected as: They love basketball very much. The learner has made an intra-lingual error caused by the over-generation of the target language grammatical rule. The learner failed to realize that in English some verbs never appear in the continuous tense including the verb: love.。

relative pronouns例子Relative pronouns are words used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. They are important in providing additional information about the noun or pronoun and help to establish relationships between different parts of a sentence. In this article, we will explore some examples of relative pronouns and provide explanations of their usage.1. Who/whom: These relative pronouns are used to refer to people. "Who" is used as a subject, while "whom" is used as an object. For example:- The woman who lives next door is a nurse.- He married a woman whom he met at the party.2. Which: This relative pronoun is used to refer to things or animals. It is used for both subjects and objects. For example:- The car, which is parked outside, belongs to my neighbor.- The dog which bit me ran away.3. That: "That" is a versatile relative pronoun that can be used to refer to both people and things. It is commonly used in defining relative clauses and can be used for both subjects and objects. For example:- The book that I'm reading is very interesting.- The man that she married is a doctor.4. Whose: This relative pronoun is used to show possession orownership. It is used to refer to both people and things. For example:- The boy whose father is a famous actor won the talent show.- The house whose roof was damaged in the storm is being repaired.5. Where: This relative pronoun is used to refer to places or locations. It is commonly used with nouns related to places, such as cities, countries, or specific locations. For example:- I visited the town where I used to live.- This is the park where we had a picnic last weekend.6. When: This relative pronoun is used to refer to specific times or periods. It is used with nouns related to time, such as days, months, or years. For example:- I still remember the day when we first met.- The year when I graduated from high school was very memorable. It is important to remember that relative pronouns not only connect clauses but also give additional information about the noun or pronoun they refer to. They play a crucial role in sentence construction and help to provide a clear understanding of the relationships between different parts of a sentence. By using relative pronouns correctly, one can enhance the clarity and coherence of their writing.。

十年级下册英语试卷答案专业课原理概述部分一、选择题1. What is the past perfect tense of the verb "go"?A. WentB. GoneC. Was goneD. Had gone2. Which word is not an adverb?A. QuicklyB. FastC. HardD. Beautifully3. What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence "They _______ to the park every Sunday"?A. GoB. GoesC. GoingD. To go4. Choose the correct relative pronoun in the sentence "This is the book _______ I bought yesterday".A. WhoB. WhomC. WhichD. That5. What is the opposite of "expensive"?A. CheapB. CostlyC. InexpensiveD. Pricey二、判断题1. "Run" is the past tense of "running". (True/False)2. "He didn't go to the party" means the same as "He went to the party". (True/False)3. An adjective describes a noun. (True/False)4. "Could" is the past tense of "can". (True/False)5. "They are walking to the store" is in the present continuous tense. (True/False)三、填空题1. I _______ to the movies last night. (go/went)2. She _______ her homework before dinner. (finish/finished)3. _______ you like some coffee? (Do/Does)4. We _______ to the beach every summer. (go/goes)5. _______ you speak Spanish? (Can/May)四、简答题1. What is the difference between "affect" and "effect"?2. What is a conjunction and give two examples.3. What is the past participle of "eat"?4. What is the plural form of "child"?5. What is the difference between "its" and "it's"?五、应用题1. Write a sentence using the future perfect tense.2. Write a sentence using the conditional tense.3. Write a sentence using the passive voice.4. Write a sentence using the present perfect continuous tense.5. Write a sentence using an indirect question.六、分析题1. Analyze the sentence "The cat chased the mouse" and identify the subject, verb, and object.2. Analyze the sentence "If I had known, I would have told you" and identify the conditional tense used.七、实践操作题1. Correct the errors in the following sentence: "She don't like to go to the park because its too crowded."2. Rewrite the following sentence using the past perfect tense: "They had already eaten dinner when I arrived."八、专业设计题1. Design a system for improving vocabulary acquisition in English language learners.2. Create a lesson plan for teaching the difference between similes and metaphors.3. Develop a strategy for integrating technology into an English classroom.4. Outline a program for enhancing students' writing skills through creative storytelling.5. Plan an activity to teach the use of articles (a, an, the) in English.九、概念解释题1. Expln the concept of "register" in language use.2. Define "collocation" and provide an example.3. Expln the difference between "active" and "passive" voice in English.4. Define "syntax" in the context of English grammar.5. Expln the concept of "register" in language use.十、思考题1. How can literature be used to teach cultural awareness in an English classroom?2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using social media in language learning?3. How can teachers motivate students who are struggling with English language acquisition?4. What role does pronunciation play in effective munication?5. How can teachers incorporate different learning styles into their English language lessons?十一、社会扩展题1. Discuss the impact of global English on local languages and cultures.2. Analyze the role of English in international business munication.3. Explore the challenges faced English language learners in a multicultural classroom.4. Investigate the use of English in the tourism industry and its impact on local economies.5. Examine the influence of English on global popular culture.本专业课原理概述部分试卷答案及知识点总结如下：一、选择题答案1. D. Had gone2. D. Beautifully3. A. Go4. C. Which5. A. Cheap二、判断题答案1. False2. False3. True4. False5. True三、填空题答案1. Went2. Finished3. Do4. Go5. Can四、简答题答案1. "Affect" is a verb meaning to influence or make a difference to something, while "effect" is a noun meaning a result or oute.2. A conjunction is a word that connects clauses or sentences. Examples: "and", "but", "or".3. Eaten4. Children5. "Its" is a possessive pronoun, while "it's" is a contraction for "it is" or "it has".五、应用题答案1. By next year, I will have graduated from college.2. If I were you, I would study more.3. The passive voice: The book was written George Orwell.4. The present perfect continuous tense: I have been studying English for five years.5. Indirect question: She asked if I knew the answer.六、分析题答案1. Subject: The cat, Verb: chased, Object: the mouse2. Conditional tense: The sentence uses the third conditional, which is formed with "if + past perfect, would + have + past participle."七、实践操作题答案1. Corrected sentence: "She doesn't like to go to the park because it's too crowded."2. Rewrite sentence: "They had already eaten dinner when I arrived."知识点总结及题型考察详解：一、选择题：考察学生对英语基础语法知识的掌握，包括动词时态、词性辨析、疑问词选择等。

2013-14 CUHK Recruitment TestMA in LinguisticsMA in Chinese Linguistics and Language AcquisitionName __________________________Email __________________________Phone __________________________University __________________________City __________________________Province __________________________Section OneAnswer all the questions in this section.Question 1Focus on [s] and [t] in the following set of data from Daga‘I am licking [jamosivin] ‘they will lick’[jamotain] ‘grunt’[asi] ‘we should go’[anet]‘shout’[senao] ‘hole’[urase]‘drum’[sinao] ‘holiday’[wagat]‘whisper’[simura] ‘little’[otu]‘hit’[topen] ‘there’[use]‘old’[tave] ‘salt’[siuran]‘I kill’[tuian](1)Describe the distribution of [s] and [t].(2)What type of distribution do they represent?(3)Determine their phonemic status.i.If they belong to different phonemes, justify your answer.ii.If they belong to the same phoneme, give the name of thephonological process involved.Compare these Italian and Spanish cognates:Italian SpanishSpagna [spa.ɲa] España [ɛs.pa.ɲa] ‘Spain’stato [sta.to] estado [ɛs.ta.do] ‘state’scuola [skʊɔ.la] escuela [ɛs.kʊ] ‘school’signore [si.ɲo.re] señor [se.ɲor] ‘mister’schiavo [skɪa.vo] esclavo [ɛs.kla.vo] ‘slave’blasfema [blas.fe.ma] blasfemia [blas.fe.mɪa] ‘blasphemy’tragico [tra.ʤi.ko] tragico [tra.hi.ko] ‘tragic’How do you account for the organization of the syllable structure in these two languages?Consider the following data from Samoan[manao] ‘he wishes’[mananao] ‘they wish’[matua] ‘he is old’[matutua] ‘they are old’[malosi] ‘he is strong’[malolosi] ‘they are strong’[punou] ‘he bends’[punonou] ‘they bend’[atamaki] ‘he is wise’[atamamaki] ‘they are wise’[savali] ‘he travels’[pepese] ‘they sing’[laga] ‘he weaves’1.What is the Samoan word for:a.they weaveb.they travelc.he sings2.Formulate a morphological rule that states how to form the plural verb formfrom the singular verb form.Question 4In the English sentences (a)—(c), all the relative pronouns are preceded by a preposition (underlined). However, relative pronouns in (d) and (e) are not preceded by a preposition. Explain why prepositions are inserted before the relative pronoun in (a)—(c) but not in (d) and (e).(a) That is the officer to who John was talking yesterday.(b) The police have surrounded the house in which the robbers are hiding.(c) John has been working on a secret project about which I know nothing.(d) That is the singer who John hates.(e) John used to work for a company which sold computer accessoriesSection TwoAnswer one of the questions in either English or Chinese:Question 1以下每對句子的語義相同嗎？他們的句法結構相同嗎？用擴展法分析比較每對句子在句法結構上的異同。