ASTM-D3574中文版

挖掘机制造标准挖掘机是一种用于施工工程的重型机械设备，其制造标准对于确保挖掘机的质量和安全性具有重要的意义。

以下是一些相关参考内容，包括ISO、ASTM和国内标准。

1. ISO标准：ISO（国际标准化组织）制定了一系列与挖掘机制造相关的标准。

例如：- ISO 12117：挖掘机机载挂接具的连接尺寸- ISO 10261：挖掘机的主要尺寸- ISO 7916：挖掘机的稳定性和可运输性试验方法- ISO 10262：挖掘机驾驶室的防护功能和测试方法这些标准规定了挖掘机的各个方面，包括结构尺寸、连接尺寸、稳定性、驾驶室安全等。

2. ASTM标准：ASTM国际标准是美国先进的标准体系之一，在挖掘机制造领域也有不少标准可供参考。

例如：- ASTM F623：用于液压设备的玻璃器皿测试方法- ASTM D3574：用于挖掘机座位软垫材料的测试方法- ASTM A514：高强度合金钢板的标准规范- ASTM A572：用于高强度低合金钢的结构钢板的标准规范这些标准涵盖了挖掘机制造过程中所使用的材料、零部件和测试方法。

3. 国内标准：在中国，国家标准化组织也发布了一系列与挖掘机制造有关的标准。

例如：- GB/T 3766：液压系统和液压元件系统的尺寸- GB/T 20070：挖掘机主要结构尺寸的测量方法- GB/T 12676：挖掘机驾驶室的安全要求- GB/T 23994：挖掘机动臂、斗杆和斗的标准连接尺寸这些标准规定了挖掘机制造中的关键尺寸、液压系统和驾驶室的安全性等。

除了这些标准外，挖掘机制造还需要考虑其他因素，如强度、耐久性、可靠性和环境友好性等。

因此，在挖掘机制造中还应考虑其他相关标准，如机械设计标准、耐久性测试标准和环境保护标准等。

综上所述，挖掘机制造涉及的标准众多，包括ISO、ASTM和国内标准等。

这些标准涵盖了挖掘机的结构尺寸、连接尺寸、稳定性、驾驶室安全以及材料、零部件和测试方法等方面。

遵循这些标准可以确保挖掘机的质量和安全性，提高机器的可靠性和耐久性，满足用户的需求和要求。

软质聚氨酯海绵填充-物理性能和机械性能要求内容本技术规范阐述了宜家对聚氨酯海绵填充材料的物理性能、机械性能和结构性能的要求。

本规范适用于块状海绵。

关于本规范产品的使用品质在很大程度上以使用特定时间后的材料舒适度来评估。

本规范旨在确保软质聚氨酯海绵部件在使用期间可以保持其舒适性。

变更执行本技术规范（版本号AA-300587-4）中的变更，在宜家销售产品中最迟应在包装周数章1446（2014年46周）之前执行，除非另有说明。

宜家销售产品中使用的海绵应按照调整后的测试方法对疲劳造成的厚度损耗和疲劳造成的硬度损耗进行测试，该要求最迟应在包装周数章1618（2016年18周）执行。

按照本技术规范先前版本要求生产的已包装完毕的产品，包括产品部件和材料，应在符合本版本技术规范要求的产品出货前全部完成出货。

目录1 海绵的物理性能，机械性能和结构性能要求： (3)1.1测试方法和标准 (3)1.1.1硬度 (3)1.1.2压陷比 (3)1.1.3回弹率 (4)1.1.4由疲劳导致的厚度损耗 (4)1.1.5 由疲劳导致的硬度损耗 (4)1.1.6永久压缩变形率 (5)1.1.7恢复时间–只适用于慢回弹海绵 (5)1.1.8灰分含量 (5)1.1.9表观密度 (6)1.1.10拉伸强度 (6)1.1.11断裂伸长率 (6)1.2所有海绵的总体要求 (6)1.2.1硬度公差 (8)1.2.2灰分含量 (8)1.3特定类型海绵的具体要求 (9)1.3.1标准聚氨酯海绵 (9)1.3.2阻燃型标准聚氨酯海绵 (10)1.3.3高回弹聚氨酯海绵 (12)1.3.4阻燃型高回弹聚氨酯海绵 (13)1.3.5慢回弹海绵（VE海绵） (15)1.3.6阻燃型慢回弹海绵（CMVE海绵） (16)2 文件 (17)2.1验证测试 (17)2.2样品信息 (17)2.3测试报告和自我声明要求 (17)2.4变更后的验证测试要求 (18)2.4.1机械性能和结构测试，按照IOS-MAT-0076 (19)附录A：自我声明模板（标准海绵，阻燃型标准海绵（CM）, 高回弹海绵（HR）和阻燃型高回弹海绵（CMHR）） (20)附录B：自我声明模板（慢回弹海绵和阻燃型慢回弹海绵） (22)附录C：测量记录Excel数据表 (24)附录D：参考 (25)1海绵的物理性能，机械性能和结构性能要求：1.1测试方法和标准所有测试均要求无外皮海绵作为测试样品进行测试，因为海绵是否带有外皮直接会影响到海绵的物理性能。

舒适驾乘的聚氨酯解决方案柳雨生 巴斯夫聚氨酯特种产品(中国)有限公司 电话: +86-186******** 邮箱: yusheng.liu@目录座椅泡沫生产工艺 发泡原理 生产设备 工艺特点 泡沫性能 性能分类 检测标准与实验方法 VOC与舒适性 发展趋势2011-3-21INTERNAL2座椅泡沫生产工艺发泡原理生产设备 工艺特点 泡沫性能 性能分类 检测标准与实验方法 VOC与舒适性 发展趋势2011-3-21INTERNAL3A多元醇组分 聚醚多元醇， 聚醚多元醇，聚酯多元醇 催化剂 表面活性剂 发泡剂 色膏，阻燃剂， 色膏，阻燃剂，抗氧剂等B异氰酸酯组分 甲苯二异氰酸酯（ 甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI） ） 二苯基亚甲基二异氰酸酯（ 二苯基亚甲基二异氰酸酯（MDI） ）2011-3-21INTERNAL4Catalyst发泡剂： 发泡剂： H2O，141b等 ， 等2011-3-21INTERNAL5聚氨酯的基本反应主 要是异氰酸酯和含活 性氢的物质的反应， 包括：交联反应和发 泡反应2011-3-21INTERNAL6座椅泡沫生产工艺 发泡原理生产设备工艺特点 泡沫性能 性能分类 检测标准与实验方法 VOC与舒适性 发展趋势2011-3-21INTERNAL7低压发泡机优点：价格低，流量范围宽 缺点：需要经常用溶剂清洗混合头 应用：鞋材﹑家具﹑顶棚和实验室用2011-3-21INTERNAL8优点：混合效果好，控制精确，自清洁混合头 缺点：价格高，维护成本高2011-3-21INTERNAL92011-3-21INTERNAL10座椅泡沫生产工艺发泡原理生产设备工艺特点泡沫性能性能分类检测标准与实验方法VOC与舒适性发展趋势工艺时间浇注时间5 –12 秒合模时间17 –25 秒开模时间3’30”–6’单硬度和双硬度碾压和真空破泡座椅泡沫生产工艺发泡原理生产设备工艺特点泡沫性能性能分类检测标准与测试方法VOC与舒适性发展趋势基本物理性能硬度（压陷IFD，压缩CFD）拉伸强度（含断裂伸长率）撕裂强度落球回弹率耐久性能压缩变定（干式，湿式）反复压缩后硬度，厚度变化率高温，湿老化后性能变化舒适性能落球回弹，舒适因子，Hysteresis泡沫震动频率气味及挥发性能座椅泡沫生产工艺发泡原理生产设备工艺特点泡沫性能性能分类检测标准与测试方法VOC与舒适性发展趋势基本物理性能–硬度压陷硬度(Indentation Force Deflection Test) 压缩硬度(Compression Force Deflection Test)基本物理性能–拉伸拉伸强度试样在拉伸过程中所受的最大拉伸应力断裂伸长率试样拉伸至断裂时的伸长百分率* no specifation by standard基本物理性能–撕裂强度表征在一定实验条件下材料的抗撕裂性能F：最大撕裂力值，单位Nd：试样厚度* no specifation by standard基本物理性能–撕裂强度基本物理性能–落球回弹率钢球落到试样表面弹起高度与下落高度的百分比 反映泡沫对能量的吸收与传递h：下落高度h’：弹起高度耐久性能–压缩变定泡沫在规定温度，规定时间内按比例压缩，再按规定时间恢复，其最终厚度与初始厚度的差值干法：70℃，22h，压缩50%或75%，恢复30分钟湿法：50℃，95%RH ，22h，压缩50%，恢复30分钟耐久性能–反复压缩按规定的频率，以规定的力或规定的厚度比例反复压缩泡沫，然后测量泡沫厚度或硬度的变化率耐久性能–老化后个别性能的变化Benz120℃蒸汽老化5h，3个循环Ford140℃老化22h，测试拉伸强度的变化率50℃，95%RH老化22h，测试CFD的变化率GM120℃蒸汽老化5h，1个循环，测试CFD的变化率舒适因子，，Hysteresis，舒适因子落球回弹，舒适性能-落球回弹落球回弹钢球落到试样表面弹起高度与下落高度的百分比舒适因子泡沫受压时会在不同形变状态下产生不同支撑力的反弹力SAG = ILD 65%/ILD 25%Hysteresis反映泡沫对于负载能量的吸收都反映了泡沫对于能量的吸收能力泡沫回弹性能High Resilient Foam高回弹高回弹泡沫泡沫Viscoelastic Foam 粘弹粘弹性泡沫性泡沫回弹> 60 %(新技术>70%)球回弹< 20 %舒适性能-震动频率123456789101112123456789T r a n s m i s s i b i l i t y Frequency (Hz)—HR MDI Foam—New Tech Foam(With superior vibrationdamping property)座椅泡沫生产工艺发泡原理生产设备工艺特点泡沫性能性能分类检测标准与测试方法VOC与舒适性发展趋势OEM挥发标准、0510G标准，NES 系列GME, VCS…大众、宝马、戴姆勒…国家环保总局于2007年12月7日颁布《车内挥发性有机物和醛酮类物质采样测定方法HJ/T 400–2007》，并于2008年3月1日起实施常用的测试方法Fogging/雾化(DIN 75201)Odor/气味(VDA 270)PVC Staining/PVC着色(PV3937, VW, Ford)Total organic carbon emission/总挥发度(VDA 277, VW) VOC / FOG 碳挥发/雾化(VDA 278, Benz)Formaldehyde/醛类(VDA 275, BMW, DC, VW)Emission chamber/挥发测试箱(VDA 276, BMW + Benz) 日系车自成体系,如TSM 0508GFogging 雾化21 ℃B. 重量法铝板, 16 hrs, weightDIN 75201 SAE J1756A. 反射法 Sample100 ℃ 玻璃, 3 hrs, Reflection at 60 °2011-3-21INTERNAL31VDA 277 （静态法） 静态法）FIDGCheadspace sampleMSSniffing优点：简单快速 缺点：试样少 目前主要用于材料的测试emissive power in g/g (TVOC in g C/g)2011-3-21INTERNAL32VDA 278 （动态法） 动态法）sampleconcentrationFIDVOC (30 min at 90 °C) Fog (60 min at 120 °C)cryogenic enrichment or adsorptionGCMSSniffingUnit:ppm.优点：快速，灵敏度高 缺点：试样少，聚合物在高温易分解2011-3-21INTERNAL33TSM0508G （日系方法代表） 日系方法代表）DNPH Tenax GC/MS 烃类化合物HPLC bag醛类化合物65 °C 2 hour优点：快速、灵敏，可以测试大样品 缺点：难以标准化，取样差异大，结果波动大Heating unit2011-3-21INTERNAL34静态方法： 静态顶部空间 试验瓶法，试验袋法 挥发室 静态顶部空间 动态顶部空间 挥发室 雾化试验动态方法： 动态顶部空间特殊方法： 雾化试验 气味试验 聚氯乙烯变色法小分子挥发性减弱大分子备注：不同方法的试验结果具有互补性，但通常不具相关性。

Designation:D 3574–01Standard Test Methods forFlexible Cellular Materials—Slab,Bonded,and Molded Urethane Foams 1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3574;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope *1.1These test methods apply to slab,bonded,and molded flexible cellular products known as urethane foams.Urethane foam may be generally defined as an expanded cellular product produced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds,water,and isocyanates.1.2This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.N OTE 1—There is no equivalent ISO standard,however certain test methods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISO standards and are listed in the Scope of the individual test method sections.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:D 412Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension 2D 624Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers 2D 726Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper to Passage of Air 3D 737Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics 4D 3675Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source 5E 691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 6N OTE 2—The specific dated edition of Practice E 691that prevails in this document is referenced in the Precision and Bias section.3.Terminology3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1bonded foam —a product produced by the adhesion of small pieces of urethane foam to each other with a suitable bonding agent.3.1.2core —the internal portion of a molded part,free of skin.3.1.3cored foam —a flexible cellular material containing a multiplicity of holes (usually,but not necessarily,cylindrical in shape),molded or cut into the material in some pattern,normally perpendicular to the foam rise direction,and extend-ing part or all the way through the piece3.1.4convoluted foam —a flexible cellular material spe-cially cut into sheets with “egg carton”-like dimples.The dimple peaks and bases can have varied shapes and dimen-sions.3.1.5flexible cellular product —a cellular organic polymeric material that will not rupture when a specimen 200by 25by 25mm is bent around a 25-mm diameter mandrel at a uniform rate of 1lap in 5s at a temperature between 18and 29°C.3.1.6molded foam —a cellular product having the shape of the enclosed chamber in which it is produced by foaming.3.1.7skin —the smooth surface layer of a molded foam product,formed by contact with the mold or surfaces.3.1.8slab —a section of foam that is cut from the internal portion of a large bun.3.1.9urethane foam —a flexible cellular product produced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds,water,and isocyanates.4.Summary of Test Methods4.1Unless specifically stated otherwise between the sup-plier and the purchaser,all tests shall be made in accordance with the methods specified in Sections 9-124which include test procedures for the following:Tests:Sections Test A Density Test9-15Test B 1Indentation Force Deflection Test—Specified Deflection16-22Test B 2Indentation Force Deflection Test—Specified Force23-29Test C Compression Force Deflection Test30-36Test DConstant Deflection Compression Set Test37-441These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22on Cellular Materials-Plastics and Elastomers.Current edition approved November 10,2001.Published January 2002.Origi-nally published as D 3574–st previous edition D 3574–95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 09.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 15.09.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 07.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 08.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 14.02.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Test E Tensile Test45-52Test F Tear Resistance Test53-60Test G Air Flow Test61-67Test H Resilience(Ball Rebound)Test68-75Test I1Static Force Loss Test at Constant Deflection77-85 Test I2Dynamic Fatigue Test by the Roller Shear atConstant Force,86-94 Test I3Dynamic Fatigue Test by Constant ForcePounding95-103 Test I4Dynamic Fatigue Test for Carpet Cushion104-112Test J Steam Autoclave Aging113-118Test K Dry Heat Aging119-124Test L Wet Heat Aging125-130 Appendixes:X1.Suggested Method for Specifying Flexible Urethane FoamsX2.Suggested Method of Construction for a Roller Shear Dynamic Flex Fa-tigue ApparatusX3.Definitions of Terms Used to Describe the Force-Deflection Curve of Flexible Urethane FoamX4.Suggested Tests for Determining Combustibility of Flexible Urethane Foam.(The combustion tests are given for informational purposes onlyand are not part of the standard.)X5.Suggested Method for Verification of an Inclined Oil Manometer5.Significance and Use5.1The test procedures provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development,quality control, acceptance and rejection under specifications,and special purposes.5.2The data obtained by these test methods are applicable to the material under conditions of the particular test and are not necessarily the same as obtained in other environments in use.6.General Test Conditions6.1Tests shall be conducted under known conditions of temperature and humidity or as specified in the individual test procedure.The product shall be conditioned undeflected,and undistorted at the temperature and humidity of test for at least 12h before being tested.In cases of dispute,the tests shall be made at a temperature of2362°C and in an atmosphere of50 65%relative humidity.6.2It is recommended for referee purposes that all tests shall be performed7days or more after the foam has been manufactured.7.Sampling7.1When possible,the completed manufactured product shall be used for the test specified.Representative samples of the lot being examined shall be selected at random as required.7.2When it is necessary or advisable to obtain specimens from the articles,as in those cases where the entire sample is not required or adaptable for testing,the method of cutting and the exact position from which specimens are to be taken shall be specified.The density and the state of cure may vary in different parts of thefinished product,especially if the article is of complicated shape or of varying thickness,and these factors affect the physical properties of the specimens.Also,the density is affected by the number of cut surfaces on the specimen.If a test specimen is die cut,sufficient time should be allowed for complete recovery of the thickness across the full width of the specimen.7.3When thefinished molded product does not lend itself to testing or to the taking of specimens because of complicated shape,small size,metal or fabric inserts,adhesion to metal,or other reasons,molded test slabs as agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser shall be prepared.7.4When differences in test results arise due to the difficulty in obtaining suitable specimens from thefinished parts,the supplier and the purchaser may agree upon an acceptable location to take the specimen.8.Measurement of Test Specimens8.1Measure the length and width with a scale or tape.Take care not to distort the foam.8.2Measure thickness up to and including25mm using a dial-type gage with a minimum foot area of650mm2.Hold the pressure of the dial foot to170635Pa(Note3).Thicknesses over25mm may be measured with a dial gage,a sliding caliper gage,or as specified in8.1.When a sliding caliper gage is employed,make the gage setting with the gage out of contact with the foam.Pass the specimen through the previously set gage:the proper setting shall be the one when the measuring faces of the gage contact the surfaces of the specimen without compressing it.N OTE3—For soft foams having compression force deflection values less than1.65kPa,the pressure on the dial foot shall not exceed100Pa.8.3The scale,tape,or gage shall be graduated so as to permit measurements within61%of the dimensions to be measured.8.4Unless otherwise specified,results shall be the mean of the measurements.TEST A—DENSITY TEST9.Scope9.1This test method covers determination of the density of uncored foam by calculation from the mass and volume of the specimen.The density value thus obtained applies only to the immediate area from which the specimen has been taken.It does not necessarily relate to the bulk density of the entire molded pad.N OTE4—ISO845is a similar test,but there are technical differences.10.Test Specimen10.1Core Density—A representative specimen of regular shape,circular or square without skins or densification lines, not less than1000mm3in volume,shall be cut from a portion free of voids and defects and as near as possible to the section from which the tension and tear specimens were taken.10.2Section Density—A representative specimen with skins on the top and bottom surface measuring at least0.1m2in area by full-part thickness shall be cut from an area free of voids and defects and as near as possible to the location from which the tension and tear specimens were taken.When these dimensions are not possible,the largest representative portion as agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser shall be used.11.Number of Specimens11.1One specimen shall be tested,unless otherwise agreed upon by the supplier and thepurchaser.12.Procedure12.1Determine the mass of the specimen within1%. 12.2Determine the dimensions of the specimen in accor-dance with Section8,and calculate the volume.13.Calculation13.1Calculate the density in kilograms per cubic metre as follows:Density5M/V3106(1) where:M=mass of specimen,g,andV=volume of specimen,mm3.14.Report14.1Report the following information:14.1.1Density to the nearest0.1kg/m3,and14.1.2Type of specimen,core or section.15.Precision and Bias15.1See Section131for Precision and Bias statements.TEST B1—INDENTATION FORCE DEFLECTION TEST—SPECIFIED DEFLECTION16.Scope16.1This will be known as the indentation force deflection test and the results as the IFD values.This test consists of measuring the force necessary to produce designated indenta-tions in the foam product,for example,25and65%deflec-tions.(Appendix X3).N OTE5—ISO2439is a similar test,but there are technical differences.17.Apparatus17.1An apparatus having aflat circular indentor foot203 mm in diameter connected by means of a swivel joint capable of accommodating the angle of the sample to a force-measuring device and mounted in such a manner that the product or specimen can be deflected at a speed of50to500 mm/min.The apparatus shall be arranged to support the specimen on a level horizontal plate which is perforated with approximately6.5-mm holes on approximately20-mm centers to allow for rapid escape of air during the test.Special support for contoured molded pads shall be perforated in the same manner as theflat plate unless agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.Pads longer than the base plate shall be supported from distortion at the4.5-N contact force. 18.Test Specimen18.1The test specimen shall consist of the entire product sample or a suitable portion of it,except that in no case shall the specimen have dimensions less than380by380by100 mm.Specimens less or different than100mm in thickness shall have the thickness noted on the test report.18.2The IFD values for molded products are dependent on the specimen dimensions.Higher values are generally obtained for specimens that retain all molded surfaces.19.Number of Specimens19.1One specimen shall be tested,unless otherwise agreed upon by the supplier and the purchaser.20.Procedure20.1Place the test specimen in position on the supporting plate of the apparatus.If the product has one side cored or honey-combed,this face shall rest on the perforated plate.The specimen position shall be such that whenever practicable the indentation will be made at the center of all articles,except where another location is agreed upon by the supplier and the purchaser.20.2Preflex the area to be tested by twice lowering the indentor foot to a total deflection of75to80%of the full-part thickness at a rate of250625mm/min.Mark the location of the test area with a pen by circumscribing the indentor foot while under a4.5-N force.Allow the specimen to rest661 min after the preflex.20.3Bring the indentor foot into contact with the specimen and determine the thickness after applying a contact force of 4.5N(Note6)to the indentor foot.Indent the specimen at50 65mm/min25%of this thickness and observe the force in newtons after6063s.Without removing the specimen increase the deflection to65%deflection,allowing the force to drift while maintaining the65%deflection,and again observe the force in newtons after6063s.N OTE6—For super-soft foam,foam with a25%IFD less than40N,a reduction of pressure on the indentor foot shall be allowed.Sufficient contact force to make an accurate initial thickness measurement is required.21.Report21.1Report the force in newtons required for25and65% indentation or other indentations(Note7).Thesefigures are known as the25%and65%IFD values,respectively.Report also length,width,and thickness of the specimen,if non-standard and the ratio(comfort factor Appendix X3)of65%to 25%IFD values.N OTE7—Indentation deflection tests,other than25and65%,as well as a25%return value(25%RT),may be specified as agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.22.Precision and Bias22.1See Section131for Precision and Bias statements. TEST B2—INDENTATION RESIDUAL GAGE LOADTEST—SPECIFIED FORCE23.Scope23.1Cellular foam products have been traditionally checked for indentation force deflection by determining the force required to effect a25%deflection.In seating,on the other hand,the interest is in determining how thick the padding is under the average person.Two measurements are called for to meet the requirements of this test method.The force deflection is determined by measuring the thickness of the pad under a fixed force of4.5N,110N,and220N,on a323-cm2circular indentor foot.23.2This determination shall be known as the Indentation Residual Gage Load and the measurements as the IRGL values. N OTE8—ISO2439is a similar test,but there are technicaldifferences.24.Apparatus24.1An apparatus having aflat circular indentor foot203 mm in diameter connected with a swivel joint for applying forces of4.5N,110N,220N and330N shall be mounted over a level horizontal platform that is perforated with approxi-mately 6.5-mm holes on approximately20-mm centers to allow for rapid escape of air during the test.The distance between the indentor foot and the platform shall be variable to indent the specimen at a speed of50to200mm/min for thickness measurements.The apparatus shall be equipped witha device for measuring the distance between plates.24.2Special support for contoured molded pads shall be perforated and agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.Pads longer than the base plate shall be supported from distortion at the4.5-N contact force.25.Test Conditions25.1When possible the completed manufactured product shall be used.In the case of tapered cushions,the location of the area for measurement is to be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.In the case afinished part is not feasible for test,380by380-mm specimens of an average thickness are to be cut from the cushion.25.2The IRGL values for molded products are dependent on the specimen dimensions.Difference values are generally obtained for specimens that retain all molded surfaces.26.Number of Specimens26.1One specimen shall be tested,unless otherwise agreed upon by the supplier and the purchaser.27.Procedure27.1Test the whole test specimen or a minimum area of380 by380mm.Preflex the specimen twice with a330N force at 200620mm/min.Allow to rest661min.Position the specimen in the test apparatus with any cored or convoluted surfaces resting against the perforated bottom plate.27.2Bring the indentor foot into contact and determine the thickness of the specimen with the4.5-N load on the indentor foot.27.3Apply the110-N force at5065mm/min with the indentor foot and indent the specimen until the force is carried by the specimen.Determine the thickness at110N after maintaining the force for6063s.27.4Without removing the specimen apply the220-N force at5065mm/min with the indentor foot and further indent the pad until this load is carried.After6063s under load, determine the thickness of the pad.28.Report28.1Report the specimen thickness after6063s at4.5N, 110N,and220N.Thesefigures are known as the IRGL values, respectively.Report also the length,width,and thickness of the specimen.29.Precision and Bias29.1Round robin testing to determine the precision of this method is being planned and the data will be available by2002.TEST C—COMPRESSION FORCE DEFLECTIONTEST30.Scope30.1This test consists of measuring the force necessary to produce a50%compression over the entire top area of the foam specimen.N OTE9—ISO3386is a similar test,but there are technical differences. N OTE10—Compression deflection tests other than at50%may be specified as agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.31.Apparatus31.1An apparatus having aflat compression foot,larger than the specimen to be tested connected to a force-measuring device and mounted in a manner such that the product or specimen can be deflected at a speed of50to500mm/min.The apparatus shall be arranged to support the specimen on a level horizontal plate that is perforated with approximately6.5-mm holes on approximately20-mm centers to allow for rapid escape of air during the test.32.Test Specimens32.1The slab test specimen shall have parallel top and bottom surfaces and essentially vertical sides.The thickness shall be no greater than75%of the minimum top dimension. The standard specimen shall be50mm by50mm by25mm in thickness.32.2Specimens from uncored slab stock shall be a mini-mum of2000mm2in area and have a minimum thickness of20 mm.32.3The test specimen from molded parts shall have parallel top and bottom surfaces and perpendicular sides. Preferably the specimen should include both top and bottom molded skins.If a test specimen with parallel top and bottom surfaces including both molded skins cannot be obtained because of the shape of the molded part,at least one of the molded skin surfaces should be retained.Both surface skins should be removed only in cases where the shape of the original sample makes this absolutely necessary.32.4Maximum molded specimen thickness shall be no greater than the minimum top dimensions.Specimens from molded parts shall be a minimum of2000mm2in area and have a minimum thickness of20mm.33.Number of Specimens33.1Three specimens per sample shall be tested.The value reported shall be the mean value of those observed.34.Procedure34.1Preflex the specimen twice,75to80%of its original thickness at250625mm/min.Then allow the specimen to rest for a period of661min.34.2Place the specimen centered in the line of the axial load on the supporting plate of the apparatus.If the product has one side cored or convoluted,rest this face on the perforated plates.34.3Bring the compression foot into contact with the specimen and determine the thickness after applying a contact load of140Pa to the specimen area(Note3).Compress the specimen50%of this thickness at5065mm/minanddetermine thefinal force after6063s.35.Report35.1Report the thickness after contact force,and the50% compression deflection value in kilopascals and the dimensions of non-standard specimens.Indicate if the sample was cored or convoluted.36.Precision and Bias36.1See Section131for Precision and Bias statements. TEST D—CONSTANT DEFLECTION COMPRESSIONSET TEST37.Scope37.1This test method consists of deflecting the foam specimen to a specified deflection,exposing it to specified conditions of time and temperature and measuring the change in the thickness of the specimen after a specified recovery period.N OTE11—ISO1856is a similar test,but there are technical differences.38.Apparatus38.1Compression Device,consisting of two or moreflat plates arranged so the plates are held parallel to each other by bolts or clamps and the space between the plates is adjustable to the required deflection thickness by means of spacers. 39.Test Specimens39.1The test specimens shall have parallel top and bottom surfaces and essentially perpendicular sides.39.2Specimens shall be50by50by25mm unless otherwise specified.Specimens less than25mm in thickness shall be plied up,without the use of cement,to a25-mm thickness.39.3Specimens from cored foams shall have a minimum top surface area of100cm2.The thickness shall be no greater than75%of the minimum top dimension.39.4Specimens from uncored molded products25mm or less in thickness shall be50by50mm by full-part thickness and shall contain the top and bottom skin.39.5Specimens greater than50mm in thickness shall be cut to25mm thickness from the core.(Note12)N OTE12—Specimens from molded products may be tested with one or both skins by agreement between the customer and the supplier.40.Number of Specimens40.1Three specimens per sample shall be tested.The value reported shall be the mean of those observed.41.Procedure41.1Perform the entire test procedure under the following conditions:Conduct all measurements,conditioning,and re-covery of the specimen at2362°C and in an atmosphere of 5065%relative humidity.The oven conditions shall be706 2°C and6%maximum relative humidity.N OTE13—This condition of relative humidity may be achieved by placing an oven at7062°C in an atmosphere maintained at2362°C and 5065%relative humidity.41.2Measure the original thickness of the test specimen in accordance with the procedure described in Section8.41.3Place the test specimen in the apparatus and deflect it to either5061,7561,or9061%of its thickness,or any other deflection agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.41.4Within15min,place the deflected specimen and the apparatus in the mechanically convected air oven for a period of22h;then remove the apparatus.41.5Remove the specimen immediately from the apparatus and measure thefinal thickness in accordance with the proce-dure described in Section8after allowing it to recover30to40 min at the temperature and humidity conditions specified in 41.1.N OTE14—Recovery periods greater than30to40min may be agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.42.Calculation42.1Calculate the compression set value by one of the following formulas:N OTE15—The Ctcalculation is preferred and shall be the calculationused when neither Ctand Cdare specified.42.1.1Calculate the constant deflection compression set, expressed as a percentage of the original thickness,as follows:C t5@~t o2t f!/t o#3100(2) where:C t=compression set expressed as a percentage of theoriginal thickness,t o=original thickness of test specimen,andt f=final thickness of test specimen.42.1.2Calculate the constant deflection compression set, expressed as a percentage of the original deflection,as follows:C d5@~t o2t f!/~t o2t s!#3100(3) where:C d=compression set expressed as a percent of the origi-nal deflection,t o=original thickness of test specimen,t s=thickness of spacer bar used,andt f=final thickness of test specimen.N OTE16—Approximate conversion of Ctto Cdcan be calculated bymultiplying the50%Ctby2,the75%Ctby1.33,and the90%Ctby 1.11.43.Report43.1Report compression set as C t or C d,and deflection used.Also report any non-standard recovery periods or sample sizes and whether the sample was cored,uncored and/or molded.44.Precision and Bias44.1See Section131for Precision and Bias statements.TEST E—TENSILE TEST45.Scope45.1This test method determines the effect of the applica-tion of a tensile force to foam.Measurements are madefortensile stress,tensile strength,and ultimate elongation.N OTE 17—ISO 1798is a similar test,but there are technical differences.46.Apparatus46.1Specimens —The specimen for tensile tests shall be stamped out with a die of the shape and dimensions shown in Fig.1,or Die A of Test Methods D 412.The die shall be sharp and free of nicks in order to prevent leaving ragged edges on the specimen.The D 412Die is the preferred die and is identical in dimensions to the ISO 1798Die.46.2Bench Marker —The marker shall have two parallel marking edges 1to 3mm in thickness and spaced 20or 25mm apart on centers.46.3Measurements —The dimensions of the test specimen shall be determined with a suitable gage in accordance with Section 8.46.4Machine—Tensile tests shall be made on a power-driven machine complying with the following requirements:46.4.1The machine shall be equipped with a load cell or force measuring device that can measure the maximum applied force.The test speed shall be 500650mm/min,and shall be uniform at all times.46.4.2The machine may be equipped with a device gradu-ated to 2.5mm for measuring the elongation.The use of non-contact extensometers may similarly be used for determin-ing elongation.Extensometers that clip on to the specimen generally are unsuitable for flexible foam.For testing dumbbell specimens,the machine shall have either screw-type flat plate grips or a type of grip that tightens automatically and exerts a uniform pressure across the gripping surfaces,increasing as the tension increases to prevent slipping.47.Test Specimens47.1The test specimens shall be cut from flat sheet material 12.561.5mm thick.The foam rise shall be in the thickness direction,unless otherwise agreed upon by customer and supplier.The top and bottom surfaces shall be parallel and free of skin.The cut edges shall be perpendicular to the top surface and be free of ragged edges.The length of the tabs may be adjusted to fit machine conditions provided that all other requirements remain constant.48.Number of Specimens48.1Three specimens per sample shall be tested.The value reported shall be the mean value of those observed.49.Procedure49.1Set the grip separation at a minimum of 62.5mm forthe D 3574Die and at a minimum of 75mm for the D 412Die A.Place the dumbbell tabs in the grips of the testing machine,using care to adjust them symmetrically,in order that the tension will be distributed uniformly over the cross section.The test shall be run at a speed of 500650mm/min,unless otherwise specified by agreement between customer and sup-plier.Start the machine and note continuously the distance between the two bench marks.Record the stress at the corresponding elongation or if an automatic recording device is used,it will record the data continuously.At rupture,measure or record elongation to the nearest 10%.50.Calculation50.1Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maximum breaking force by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.50.2Calculate the stress by dividing the force at a prede-termined elongation by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.50.3Calculate the ultimate elongation,A ,by subtracting the original distance between the bench marks from the total distance between the bench marks at the time of rupture and expressing the difference as a percentage of the original distance,as follows,or use the grip separations in a similar calculation.A ,%5@~d f 2d o !/d o #3100(4)where:d o =original distance between bench marks,andd f =distance between bench marks at the break point.50.4The value reported shall be the mean value of all specimens tested.51.Report51.1Report the following information:51.1.1Tensile strength in kilopascals,51.1.2Stress in kilopascals at a predetermined elongation,and51.1.3Ultimate elongation,in percent,and whether bench marks,grip separation or extensometers were used to measure elongation.51.1.4Crosshead speed,if other than 500mm/min.52.Precision and Bias52.1See Section 131for Precision and Bias statements.TEST F—TEAR RESISTANCE TEST53.Scope53.1This test method covers determination of the tear propagation resistance of foam.The block method,as de-scribed,measures the tear resistance under the conditions of this particular test.N OTE 18—ISO 8067is a similar test,but there are technical differences.54.Apparatus54.1Tear resistance shall be measured on a power-driven apparatus which will indicate the force at which rupture of the specimen takes place.An automatic machine may beusedFIG.1Die for Stamping TensionSpecimens。

TEST C—COMPRESSION FORCE DEFLECTION TEST30. Scope30.1 This test consists of measuring the force necessary to produce a 50 % compression over the entire top area of the foam specimen.NOTE 8 — This standard and ISO 3386 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content; and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods. NOTE 9 — Compression force deflection tests other than at 50 % may be specified, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, following the procedure in Section 34.31. Apparatus31.1 An apparatus having a flat, fixed compression foot, larger than the specimen to be tested, connected to a force-measuring device and mounted in a manner such that the product or specimen can be deflected at a speed of 50 to 500 mm/min. The apparatus shall be arranged to support the specimen on a level horizontal plate that is perforated with approximately 6.5-mm holes on approximately 20-mm centers to allow for rapid escape of air during the test.32. Test Specimens32.1 The test specimens shall have parallel top and bottom surfaces and vertical sides. The thickness shall be no greater than 75 % of the minimum top dimension. The standard specimen shall be 50 mm by 50 mm by 25 mm in thickness. Larger specimens are preferable, where possible.32.2 Specimens shall be a minimum of 2500 mm 2 in surface area and have a minimum thickness of 20 mm.32.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon by purchaser and supplier, specimens from molded parts shall be cut from the core material at least 10 mm below the molded surface. Note in the report if the specimens contain one or more molded surfaces resulting from insufficient core material or contractual agreement.33. Number of Specimens33.1 Three specimens per sample shall be tested. The value reported shall be the mean value of those observed.34. Procedure34.1 Place the specimen, centered in the line of the axial load, on the supporting plate of the apparatus. If the product has one side cored or convoluted, rest this face on the perforated plates.34.2 Preflex the specimen twice, to a deflection of 75 to 80 % of its original thickness, lowering and raising the compression foot at a rate of 250±25 mm/min, allowing the compression foot to fully clear the specimen after each preflex. Allow the specimen to rest for a period of 6±1 min after the final preflex.34.3 Bring the compression foot into contact with the specimen at a rate of 50±5mm/min and determine the thickness after applying a contact load of 140±14 Pa to the specimen area (see Note 2). Compress the specimen 50 % of this thickness at a rate of 50±5 mm/min and determine the final force, in N, after 60±3 s (see Note 8).35. Report35.1 Report the thickness after contact force, the 50 % compression deflection value in kilo Pascal, and the dimensions of non-standard specimens. Indicate if the sample was cored or convoluted. Report if the specimens contained one or more molded surfaces.36. Precision and Bias36.1 See Section 151 for Precision and Bias statements.试验C—压缩力挠曲试验范围该试验包括测量在泡沫试样整个顶部区域产生50%的压缩所需的力。

美标A S T M标准的中文对照大全(总3页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除ASTM A6/A6M-2004 a结构用轧制钢板、型钢、板桩和棒钢通用要求ASTM A36/A36M2004碳结构钢标准规范ASTM A106-2002a高温用无缝碳钢公称管规范ASTM A143-2003热侵镀锌结构钢制品防脆化的标准实施规程和催化探测方法ASTM A179/A179M-1990a（R2001）热交换器和冷凝器用无缝冷拉低碳钢管标准规范ASTM A192-2002高压设备用无缝碳钢锅炉管标准规范ASTM A209/A209M-2003锅炉和过热器用无缝碳钼合金钢管标准规范ASTM A210/A210M-2003锅炉和过热器用无缝中碳钢管技术条件ASTM A213/A213Mb-2004锅炉过热器和换热器用无缝铁素体和奥氏体合金钢传热管技术条件ASTM A234/A234M-2004中、高温用锻制碳钢和合金钢管道配件ASTM A252-98（R2002）焊接钢和无缝钢管桩的标准规范ASTM A262-2002a探测奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感度的标准实施规范ASTM A269/A269-2004通用无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管标准规范ASTM A333/A333M-2004低温设备用无缝和焊接钢管的规范标准ASTM A334/A334M-2004低温设备用无缝和焊接碳素和合金钢管的标准规范ASTM A335-2003高温设备用无缝铁素体合金钢管标准规范ASTM A370/A370M-2003a钢制品力学性能试验方法和定义标准ASTM A387/A387M-2003压力容器用铬钼合金钢板的标准规范ASTM A403/A403M-2004锻制奥氏体不锈钢管配件的标准规范ASTM A450/A450M-2004碳素钢管、铁素体合金钢管及奥氏体合金钢管一般要求的标准规范ASTM A500-2003a圆形与异型冷成型焊接与无缝碳素钢结构管标准规范ASTM A515-2003中温及高温压力容器用碳素钢板的标准规范ASTM A516-2004a中温及低温压力容器用碳素钢板的标准规范ASTM A530-2003特种碳素钢和合金钢管一般要求的标准规范ASTM A615/A615M-2004a混凝土配筋用异形钢筋和无节钢胚棒标准规范ASTM A703/A703M-2004标准技术条件—承压件钢铸件通用要求ASTM A781/A781M-2004a铸件、钢和合金的标准规范及通用工业的一般性要求ASTM A788/A788M-2004a标准技术条件—钢锻件通用要求ASTM B209/B209M -2004铝和铝合金薄板和中厚板标准规范ASTM E6-2003金属材料布氏硬度的标准测试方法ASTM E18-2003金属材料洛氏硬度和洛氏表面硬度的标准测试方法ASTM E29-2002使用有效数字确定试验数据与规范符合性作法ASTM E8-2004金属材料拉伸试验的标准测试方法ASTM E94-2004放射性检查的标准指南ASTM E125-1963（R2003）铁铸件的磁粉检验用标准参考照片ASTM E164-2003焊件的超声接触检验的标准操作规程ASTM E208-1995a(R2000)用导向落锤试验测定铁素体钢无塑性转变温度的标准试验方法ASTM E213-2004金属管超声检验方法ASTM F36-1995测定垫片材料压缩率及回弹率的标准试验方法ASTM F37-1995垫片材料密封性的标准试验方法ASTM F38-1995垫片材料的蠕变松弛的标准试验方法ASTM F112-1995色覆垫片密封性能的标准试验方法ASTM F146-1995a垫片材料耐液体标准试验方法ASTM F1311-1995(R2001)大口径组装式碳钢法兰标准规范ASTM G1-2003腐蚀试样的制备、清洁处理和评定用标准实施规范ASTM G36-73(R1981) 参考资料标准实用规程：在沸的氯化镁溶液中进行的应力腐蚀裂纹试验ASTM G46-1976(R1986) 参考资料标准实用规程：麻点腐蚀的检验和评定ASTM G48-1976(R1980) 参考资料使用三氯化铁溶液做不锈钢及其合金的耐麻点腐蚀和抗裂口腐蚀性试验的标准方法ASTM标准中译本丛书（一）碳钢、铸铁、不锈钢及合金钢材料标准规范（含18个标准)ASTM A105/A105M-2002管道部件用碳钢锻件ASTM A126-1995(R2001)阀门、法兰和管道附件用灰铁铸件ASTM A181/A181M-2001通用管路用碳钢锻件标准规范ASTM A193/A193M-2001高温用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料ASTM A194/A194M-2001 a高温用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料ASTM A216/A216M-2001 a高温用可熔焊碳钢铸件标准规范ASTM A217/A217M-2002高温承压件用马氏体不锈钢和合金钢铸件标准规范ASTM A276-2002 a不锈钢棒材和型材ASTM A278/A278M-2001高温不超过650°F（350℃）的承压部件用灰铸铁件 ASTM A320/A320M-2002低温用合金钢栓接材料 ASTM A350/A350M-2002要求冲击韧性试验的管件用碳钢及低合金钢锻件标准规范 ASTM A351/A351M-2000承压件用奥氏体、奥氏体-铁素体（双相）钢铸件规范ASTM A352/A352M-1993（R1998)低温承压件用铁素体和马氏体钢铸件标准规范 ASTM A395/A395M-1999高温用铁素体球墨铸铁承压铸件 ASTM A439-1983(R1999)奥氏体球墨铸铁件 ASTM A536-1984(R1999)球墨铸铁件 ASTM A694/A694M-2000高温输送用管法兰、管件、阀门及零件用碳钢和合金钢锻件标准规范 ASTM A965/A965M-2002高温高压部件用奥氏体钢锻件 ASTM标准中译本丛书（二）法兰、管件、阀门及部件（含9个标准） ASTM A182/A182M-2002高温用锻制或轧制合金钢法兰、锻制管件、阀门和部件 ASTM A961-2002管道用钢制法兰、锻制管件、阀门和零件的通用要求标准规范 ASTM B462-2002高温耐腐蚀用锻制或轧制的UNS NO6030、UNS NO6022、UNS NO6200、UNS NO8020、UNS NO8024、UNS NO8026、UNS NO8367、UNS NO10276、UNS N10665、UNS N10675和UNS R20033合金管法兰、锻制管件、阀门和零件标准规范 ASTM F885-1984公称管径为NPS 1/4～2的青铜截止阀外形尺寸标准规范 ASTM F992-1986(R2001)阀门铭牌标准规范 ASTM F993-1986(R2001)阀门锁紧装置标准规范 ASTM F1030-1986(R1998)阀门操作装置的选择准则ASTM F1098-1987(R1998)公称管径有NPS2～24的蝶阀外形尺寸标准规范。