动物生理学第三章
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第三章血液一、名词解释1.血型2.红细胞脆性3.血液的粘滞性4.血沉5.血液凝固6. 凝血因子7. 等渗溶液8. 红细胞悬浮稳定性9. 血浆胶体渗透压10. 血浆晶体渗透压11 血浆和血清12 红细胞比容13 红细胞沉降率14 促红细胞生成素二、填空题1. 血液是由液体成分的和悬浮其中的所组成。
2. 血清和血浆的主要区别在于:血清中不含有一种叫做的血浆蛋白成分。
3. 血浆中主要缓冲物质对有:,和。
4. 用盐析法可将血浆蛋白分为,和。
5. 促进红细胞发育和成熟的物质主要是,和。
6. 血浆中的主要抗凝物质是和。
7. 血液的主要生理功能有____________、____________、____________和____________。
8. 血液样品经抗凝剂处理后离心,离心管底部的红色部分是________,顶部的淡黄色液体是________,二者之间很薄的白色部分是____________。
9. 红细胞沉降率与血浆蛋白成分有关,__________增多时红细胞沉降率降低,而__________增多时红细胞沉降率升高。
10. 长期居住在高原者的红细胞数量______居住在平原者,其主要原因是由于_________分压降低,刺激肾产生____________。
11 血小板主要有_____、_____、______、______和吸附等生理特性。
12 红细胞发生沉降的主要原因快慢,关键在于红细胞是否发生_____。
13 5%______溶液的渗透压数值与哺乳动物的______渗透压值相当。
14 引起血小板聚集的基本化学因素是______。
15 血液凝固的三个阶段都需要______的参与。
16 肝素主要是由______产生,其化学本质是______。
17 内环境稳态指的是______的各种______和______相对稳定。
18 组织液是细胞______液的一部分,它与血浆约占体重的______。
19 血浆胶体渗透压主要由血浆的______形成,而血浆的______与机体免疫功能有关。
第一章植物的水分生理●水势:水溶液的化学势与纯水的化学势之差,除以水的偏摩尔体积所得商。
●渗透势:亦称溶质势,是由于溶质颗粒的存在,降低了水的自由能,因而其水势低于纯水水势的水势下降值。
●压力势:指细胞的原生质体吸水膨胀,对细胞壁产生一种作用力相互作用的结果,与引起富有弹性的细胞壁产生一种限制原生质体膨胀的反作用力。
●质外体途径:指水分通过细胞壁、细胞间隙等没有细胞质部分的移动,阻力小,移动速度快。
●共质体途径:指水分从一个细胞的细胞质经过胞间连丝,移动到另一个细胞的细胞质,形成一个细胞质的连续体,移动速度较慢。
●渗透作用:水分从水势高的系统通过半透膜向水势低的系统移动的现象。
●根压:由于水势梯度引起水分进入中柱后产生的压力。
●蒸腾作用:指水分以气体状态,通过植物体的表面(主要是叶子),从体内散失到体外的现象。
●蒸腾速率:植物在一定时间内单位叶面积蒸腾的水量。
●蒸腾比率:光合作用同化每摩尔CO2所需蒸腾散失的水的摩尔数。
●水分利用率:指光合作用同化CO2的速率与同时蒸腾丢失水分的速率的比值。
●内聚力学说:以水分具有较大的内聚力足以抵抗张力,保证由叶至根水柱不断来解释水分上升原因的学说。
●水分临界期:植物对水分不足特别敏感的时期。
1.将植物细胞分别放在纯水和1mol/L 蔗糖溶液中,细胞的渗透势、压力势、水势及细胞体积各会发生什么变化?答:在纯水中,各项指标都增大;在蔗糖中,各项指标都降低。
2.从植物生理学角度,分析农谚“有收无收在于水”的道理。
答:水,孕育了生命。
陆生植物是由水生植物进化而来的,水是植物的一个重要的“先天”环境条件。
植物的一切正常生命活动,只有在一定的细胞水分含量的状况下才能进行,否则,植物的正常生命活动就会受阻,甚至停止。
可以说,没有水就没有生命。
在农业生产上,水是决定收成有无的重要因素之一。
水分在植物生命活动中的作用很大,主要表现在4个方面:水分是细胞质的主要成分。
细胞质的含水量一般在70~90%使细胞质呈溶胶状态,保证了旺盛的代谢作用正常进行,如根尖、茎尖。
第三章一、名词解释DA0103A01 cardiac output(心输出量):每分钟由一侧心室射出的血量。
DA0103A02stroke volume(搏出量):一次心搏由一侧心室射出的血量。
DA0103A03cardiac cycle(心动周期):心脏从一次收缩的开始到下一次收缩开始前,称为一个心动周期。
DA0103A04systolic pressure(收缩压):心脏收缩时,动脉内血压所达到的最高值。
DA0103A05 diastolic pressure(舒张压):心脏舒张时,动脉内血压所达到的最低值。
DA0103A06pulse pressure(脉搏压):收缩压和舒张压的差。
DA0103B01 latent pacemaker(潜在起搏点):心肌自律细胞中除窦房结以外的自律组织。
DA0103B02normal pacemaker(正常起搏点):窦房结是心脏正常节律的引起者,被称为正常起搏点。
DA0103B03cardiac reserve(心力储备):心输出量随机体代谢需要而增加的能力。
DA0103C01isovolumic contraction phase(等容收缩期):心室收缩时,由于房室瓣和主动脉瓣关闭,心室容积不变,室内压迅速升高,称为等容收缩期。
DA0103C02isovolumic relaxation phase(等容舒张期):心室射血后舒张时,由于房室瓣和主动脉瓣关闭,心室容积不变,室内压迅速下降,称为等容舒张期。
DA0103C03 afterload(后负荷)心肌在收缩时才遇到的负荷,主要是动脉血压。
二、英翻中0203A01 CO 心输出量0203A02 ECG 心电图0203B01 DP 舒张压0203B02 MAP 平均动脉压0203C01 EF 射血分数三、单项选择题A01 All arteries in the body contain oxygen-rich blood with the exception of…………………………(b )(a) the aorta(b) the pulmonary artery(c) the renal artery(d) the coronary arteriesA02 The first heart sound is produced at…………( a )(a) the beginning of systole(b) the end of systole(c) the beginning of diastole(d) the end of diastole A03The QRS wave of an ECG is produced by………………………………(c )(a) depolarization of the atria(b) repolarization of the atria(c) depolarization of the ventricles(d) repolarization of the ventriclesA04 The cells that normally have the fastest rate spontaneous diastolic depolarization are located in……(a )(a) the S-A node(b) the A-V node(c) the bundle of His(d) the Purkinje fibersA05 The greatest resistance to flow occurs in…( c )(a) the large arteries(b) the medium-sized arteries(c) the arterioles(d) the capillariesA06 Which of the following is the major way of substance exchange in the microcirculation? …………( c )(a) endocytosis and exocytosis(b) filtration and reabsorption(c) diffusion(d) active transport of ionsA07 If the sympathetic activity increases, the heart beat will become………( a )(a) faster and stronger(b) slower and wicker(c) no change(d) slower and strongerA08 Which of the following structure has the lowest autorhythmicity?………( a )(a) ventricular muscle(b) SAN(c) AVN(d) Purkinje’s fiberA09 Which of the following blood vessels possess valves that prevent blood from flowing backward?……( d)(a) arteries(b) arterioles(c) capillaries(d) veinsB01 Which of the following statements is FALSE? …( c )(a) Most of the total blood volume is contained in vein(b) Capillaries have greater total surface area than any other type of vessel(c) Exchanges between blood and tissue fluid occur across the walls of venules (d) Small arteries and arterioles present great resistance to blood flow B02 Which of the following statements is TRUE? ……………( d )(a) The heart can produce a graded contraction(b) The heart can produce a sustained contraction(c) The action potentials produced at eachcardiac cycle normallytravel around the heart incircus rhythms(d) All of the myocardial cells in theventricles are normally in arefractory period at the sametimeB03 Which of the following pressure is relating to the elasticity of arteries?…(c)(a) diastolic pressure(b) systolic pressure(c) pulse pressure(d) mean aeterial pressureB04 SAN does NOT have………( d )(a) excitability(b) autorhymiticity(c) conductivity(d) contractilityB05 The main function of throughfare channel in microcirculation is ( b)(a) substance exchange(b) making blood return to heart(c) increasing blood flow in the skin to loss heat(d) regulating the capillaries pressureB06 The physiological significance of depressor reflex is …( b )(a) increasing arterial pressure(b) decreasing arterial pressure(c) maintaining arterial pressure constant(d) alleviating the burden of the heartB07 The cholinergic receptor in the membrane of cardiac cell is……………( a )(a) M receptor(b) N1 receptor(c) α receptor(d) N2 receptorB08 Which of the following stimuli is the adequate stimulus to central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata?…… ( c)(a) change of P CO2in blood(b) change of P O2in blood(c) change of [H+] in cerebrospinal fluid(d) change of [H+] in bloodC01 Ventricular pressure increases the most quickly in ……………………( a)(a) isovolumetric contraction(b) ventricular ejection(c) ventricular filling(d) isovolumetric relaxationC02 Which of the following will occur when the strength of cardiac muscle contraction increases?……………( a )(a) systolic pressure increasessignificantly(b) diastolic pressure icreasessignificantly(c) systolic pressure increases anddiastolic pressure decreases(d) both systolic and diastolic pressureincrease significantlyC03 The lowest arterial pressure occurs in ____in cardiac cycle……………( d )(a) ventricular ejection(b) isovolumetric contraction(c) isovolumetric relaxation(d) ventricular filling C04 The significance of atrial-ventricular conduction delay is………………( c ) (a) increasing the action potential of the ventricular muscle(b) extending the effective refractory of the cardiac muscle(c) making the atrium and ventricle contract at different time(d) increasing the strength of cardiac muscle contractionC05 In the absence of compensations, stroke volume will DECREASE when( d)(a) blood volume increases(b) venous return increases(c) contractility increases(d) arterial blood pressure increasesC06 If a vessel were to dilate to twice of its previous radius, and if pressure remained constant, blood flow through this vessel would…………( b )(a) increase by a factor of 16(b) increase by a factor of 4(c) increase by a factor 2(d) decrease by a factor 2C07 In isovolumetric contraction of ventricle……………………………(b ) (a) atrial pressure > ventricular pressure > aortic pressure(b) atrial pressure < ventricular pressure < aortic pressure(c) atrial pressure < ventricular pressure > aortic pressure(d) atrial pressure > ventricular pressure < aortic pressure四、填空题A01 Myocardial cells have following physiological properties: ( ), ( ), excitability, and contractibility.A02 The nerves that innervate heart include ( ) and ( ).A03 The formation of blood pressure is due to ( ), ( ), andperipheral resistance.A04 The pathways of microcirculation include ( ), ( ) and capillarybed.A05 During and immediately after an action potential of cardiac cell, the membrane is less excitable than it is at rest. This period of reduced excitability is called refractory period whichcan be divided into ( ), ( ), and hypernormal period.A06 The blood vessel can be classified into ( ), ( ), and capillary according to the structure and function.B01 Myocardial cells can produce an ( ) and a long ( ) whenthey are stimulated at diastolic period.B02 The second heart sound is caused mainly by ( ), which represents( ).B03 The main factors affect cardiac output are ( ) and ( ).B04 The factors affect production of interstitial fluid include ( ), ( ), lymphatic return, and the permeability of capillary.B05 Adrenergic receptor in myocardial cell is ( ) receptor, cholinergic receptoris ( ) receptor.B06 The rhythm derived from normal pacemaker is called ( ), whereas which derived from latent pacemaker is called ( ).B07 The action potential of autorhythmic cell can be divided into ( ),( ), and spotarization.C01 The effects of depressor reflex include ( ) heart rate, ( )peripheral resistance, and decreasing blood pressure.C02 If the concentration of Ca2+in extracellular fluid increase, the excitability of myocardial cell will (升高), contractability will (加强).C03 The factors affecting excitability of myocardial cell include (静息电位水平), (阈电位水平), and the status of sodium channel.C04 The events occur in phase 4 (spontaneous depolarization) of action potential of Purkinje’s cell include (进行性增强的内向Na离子流) and (逐渐衰减的外向K离子流).C05 The statuses of sodium channel include (备用), (激活), and inactivation.DA0403A01 自律性、传导性DA0403A02 交感、副交感DA0403A03 心脏的收缩、血液的充盈DA0403A04 直捷通路、动静脉短路DA0403A05 绝对不应期、相对不应期DA0403A06 动脉、静脉DA0403B01 期前收缩、代偿间歇DA0403B02 主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣关闭、心室舒张的开始DA0403B03 心率、搏出量DA0403B04 毛细血管血压、血浆胶体渗透压DA0403B05 β、MDA0403B06 窦性、异位DA0403B07 去极化、复极化DA0403C01 减慢、降低DA0403C02 、加强DA0403C03 、DA0403C04五、判断题A01 Purkinje’s cell belongs to autorhythmic cell in the heartA02 Heart rate is normally determined by the action potential frequency in the AV nodeA03 According to the Starling effect, stroke volume should increase if end-diastolic volume increasesA04 Blood flow through the systemic circuit is driven by contractions of the right ventricle A05 Isovolumetric contraction comes immediately after diastoleA06 Maximum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is called systolic pressureB01 Under normal condition, pressures in the left and right ventricles are equal systoleB02 The P wave of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarizationB03 The reason that there is no tetanus in cardiac muscle is the long effective refractory periodB04 An increases in total peripheral resistance tends to lower mean arterial pressureC01 A decrease in the radius of a blood vessel raises its resistanceC02 An increase in the hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries tends to increase the rate at which fluid is filtered across capillary wallsC03 The circulatory system consists of two divisions: the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.DA0503A01 对DA0503A02 错DA0503A03 对DA0503A04 错DA0503A05 错DA0503A06 对DA0503B01 错DA0503B02 错DA0503B03 对DA0503B04 错DA0503C01 对DA0503C02 对DA0503C03 对六、简答题B01 简述组成心电图各波及其含义?B02 何谓淋巴回流?简述其生理意义?B03 简述组织液的生成及其影响因素。