Colorectal & Anal treatment referral pathway FINAL May 2012 V2

西医肠胃科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医肠胃科术语英文翻译：1. 胃食管反流病：Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)2. 胃炎：Gastritis3. 消化性溃疡：Peptic Ulcer4. 胃溃疡：Gastric Ulcer5. 十二指肠溃疡：Duodenal Ulcer6. 肠道炎性疾病：Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)7. 克罗恩病：Crohn's Disease8. 溃疡性结肠炎：Ulcerative Colitis9. 肠易激综合征：Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)10. 肠梗阻：Intestinal Obstruction11. 肠穿孔：Intestinal Perforation12. 肛门脓肿：Perianal Abscess13. 大便失禁：Fecal Incontinence14. 便秘：Constipation15. 腹泻：Diarrhea16. 急性肠胃炎：Acute Gastroenteritis17. 肠息肉：Intestinal Polyps18. 肠癌：Colorectal Cancer19. 胃镜检查：Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)20. 肠镜检查：Colonoscopy21. X线钡剂灌肠检查：Barium Enema X-ray Examination22. 大便潜血试验：Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)23. 腹部平片检查：Abdominal Plain Film Examination24. 腹部CT检查：Abdominal CT Scan25. 直肠指诊：Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)26. 内窥镜超声检查：Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)27. 上消化道出血：Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding28. 下消化道出血：Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding29. 幽门螺杆菌检测：Helicobacter Pylori Detection30. 肝功能检查：Liver Function Tests (LFTs)31. 胃肠道营养支持：Gastrointestinal Nutrition Support32. 全肠外营养支持：Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)33. 内镜下息肉摘除术：Endoscopic Polypectomy34. 肛周脓肿切开引流术：Perianal Abscess Incision and Drainage35. 大肠癌根治术：Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer36. 胃肠道转流手术：Gastrointestinal Bypass Surgery37. 人工肛门括约肌成形术：Artificial Sphincter Placement Surgery38. 肠道微生物移植：Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)39. 小肠移植：Small Bowel Transplantation40. 造口术及造口护理：Stoma Surgery and Stoma Care41. 胃癌根治术：Radical Resection of Gastric Cancer42. 胰腺炎治疗：Pancreatitis Management43. 胆道疾病治疗：Biliary Tract Disease Management44. 功能性胃肠疾病的心理治疗：Psychological Therapies for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs)45. 小肠镜检与治疗：Capsule Endoscopy and Therapy for Small Bowel Conditions。

医院各科室中英文对照医院各科室中英文对照急诊室——Emergency Room医院——Hospital内科病房——Medical Ward外科病房——Surgical Ward儿科病房——Pediatric Ward接生房——Labor and Delivery手术室——Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室——Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室——Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室——Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室——Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室——Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室——Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理——Hospice居家健康服务、药疗、物理治疗等——Home Health Service化验所（进行化验研究）——Laboratory门诊手术中心（一般非严重性手术）——Outpatient Surgical Center 药房（药物、医疗用品）——Pharmacy医疗服务——Health Care Provider医生——Physician针灸——Acupuncture过敏性专科——Allergy and Immunology麻醉科——Anesthesiology心脏科——Cardiology心胸外科——Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 脊椎神经科——Chiropractic结肠直肠外科——Colorectal Surgery 牙科——Dentistry皮肤科——Dermatology内分泌科——Endocrinology家庭科——Family Practice肠胃科——Gastroenterology普通全科——General Practice普通外科——General Surgery老人病专科——Geriatrics血液科——Hematology肝病专科——Hepatology传染病科——Infectious Disease 内科——Internal Medicine肾脏科——Nephrology神经科——Neurology神经外科——Neurosurgery妇产科——Obstetrics-Gynecology 癌症专科——Oncology眼科——Ophthalmology验光科——Optometry骨外科——Orthopedic Surgery整骨疗科——Osteopathy耳鼻喉科——Otolaryngology (ENT)病理科——Pathology小儿科——Pediatrics整形外科——Plastic surgery足科——Podiatry精神治疗科——Psychiatry物理康复科——Physiatry物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理——Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 肺科——Pulmonary Medicine癌症放射疗科——Radiation OncologyＸ光科——Radiology泌尿科——Urology血管外科——Vascular Surgery其它医疗专业人员——Other Health Care Professionals 听觉学专家——Audiologist牙医助理——Dental Assistant饮食指导员——Dietitian遗传病辅导员——Genetic Counselor健康技员——Health Technician化验技员——Laboratory Technician医务助理——Medical Assistant医学技师——Medical Technologist护士——Nurse家访护士——Home Visiting Nurse 接生护士——Nurse Midwife营养专家——Nutritionist药剂师——Pharmacist药理学专家——Pharmacologist物理治疗员——Physical Therapist医生助手——Physician's Assistant心理学专家——Psychologist心理辅导员——Psychologic Counselor呼吸治疗员——Respiratory TherapistＸ光科技员——X-Ray Technician总值班室——general staff on call康复门诊——rehabilitation out-parient 神经外科——department of neurosurgery 卫生间——rest room男卫生间——toilet(male)女卫生间——toilet(female)开水间——water supply room储藏室——store静——keeping quite医生办公室——doctor office处置室——disposal room换药室——dressing room医务人员洗手间——medical workers toilet 盥洗室——laundry room挂号收费处——registration & charge门诊——out-parient急诊——emergency请勿吸烟——no smooking神经内科门诊——neurology consultant room抢救监护室——critical care and monitoring room 神经外科门诊——neurosurgery out-patient clinic 急诊外科——surgery清创手术室——operation room骨科急诊——orthopaedics emergency石膏室——plaster room急诊内科——internal medicine眼科急诊——ophthal mology emergency住院收费——inpatient charging service 西药房——pharmacy化验室——laboratory输液室——transfusion roomCT、拍片、B超——X-ray、B ultrasound病理科——department of pathology检验中心——laboratory center emergency 急诊ICU病房——ICU ward检验诊断中心——Lab.Diagnosis center急诊手术室——emergency operation room 神经内科病房——neurology ward综合病房——general ward康复病房——rehabilitation ward创伤病房——trauma ward急救中心——first aid center急诊化验室——emergency laboratory急诊住院收费处——emergency inpatient charging service 被服室——quilt and clothing room急诊挂号收费——registration & charge emergency拍片室——radiographic room值班室——staff on call内科值班室——physican on call外科值班室——surgeon on call骨科值班室——orthopaedics onwatch护士值班室——nurse staff on call行政办公——administrative office科研中心——scientific research center方便门诊——easy-access clinic骨科1-3 ——orthopaedics1-3疼痛门诊——pain clinic肿瘤外科(甲状腺乳腺专科——oncology surgery(thyroid&breast)血管外科、肛肠外科——vascular surgery. Anorectal surgery肝胆外科、肝移植外科——hepatobiliary surgery liver transplantation surgery 小儿外科——pediatrics surgery换药室——dressing room肝病门诊——liver disease clinic肠道门诊——intestine clinic1-5号X机房——x-ray room 1-5肠道门诊治疗室——treatment room肠道门诊观察室——observation infectious disease room呼吸道传染病门诊——respiratory infectious clinic感染科更衣室——dressing room感染科门诊——infectious disease腹部外科、腹腔镜外科——abdominal surgery laparoscope surgery 洗片室——filming room呼吸内科(哮喘门诊)——respiratory medicine asthma clinic呼吸内科(鼾症门诊)——respiratory medicine snoring clinic放疗科——radiotherapy读片室——diagnosis roomCT2室——CT 2 room乳腺钼靶机房——mammography room核医学科——nuclear medicine神经内科(失眠门诊)——neurology(insomnia clinic)神经内科(癫痫门诊)——neurology(epilepsy clinic)神经外科——neurosurgery心胸外科微创外科——cardiothoracic surgery. mini-invasive surgery 心血管内科高血压门诊——cardiology hypertension clinic心血管内科——cardiology消化一科1-2——gastroenterology1-2血液内科化疗科——hematology chemotherapy clinic数字胃肠——digital gastrointestinal graphy导管室——catheter lab普通内科门诊——medicine消化二科——gastroenterology干部保健门诊——VIPclinic病理质控中心——pathology quality control center 学术活动室——academic room暗室——dark room标本存放室——specimen deposit计划生育室（无痛人流室）——family planning高位妊娠门诊——high-risk pregnancy clinic产科宣教室——obstetrics education真菌室——fungus lab肾内科——nephrology男性科——andrology泌尿外科——urology妇科1-4——gynecology 1-4产前筛查中心不孕不育遗传病咨询门诊——antenatal screening center inferitillity clinic皮肤病性病科——dermatology STP clinic足病门诊脱发门诊——podiatry clinic trichology clinic光治疗室——phototherapy room内分泌内科、糖尿病科——endocrinology diabetes clinic甲状腺内科、风湿病科——thyroid clinic、rheumatology冷冻切片室——frozen section room染片室——stain room专家门诊——specialist clinic主任办公室——directors office免疫组化室——immunohistology lab巨检室——cutting room测听室——audiometry room检查室——examination room细菌室——bacteriology lab示教室——conference room免疫室——immunology lab出凝血室——thrombus&hemostasia room 生化室——biochemistry lab放射室——radio-immunology roomHIV初筛实验室——HIV screen lab护士站——nurse station护士值班室——on-duty roomB超心电图室——ultrasonography room ECG room 被服消毒室——disinfection room配餐室——kitchen病区洗手间——toilet人工肝治疗室——alss room医生办公室——doctor’s office病区淋浴房——bath room抢救室——intensive-care room妇瘤门诊——gynecologic tumour clinic 核医学科——nuclear medicine clinic 制模室——mould room物理室——physical room热疗室——thermotheraphy room钴60治疗室——CO-60 room后装治疗室——brachytherapy room直线加速器机房——accelerator room术中放疗手术室——IORT room操作室——operation room模拟定位机——simulator病房大楼——inpatient building产科——obstetrics ward新生儿护理中心——newborn nursing center 配电室——power station污洗间——washing room隔离产房——isolated delivery room分娩室——labour room产前准备室——antepartum preparation room 电子监护中心——electronic monitoring room。

急诊室——Emergency Room医院——Hospital内科病房——Medical Ward外科病房——Surgical Ward儿科病房——Pediatric Ward接生房——Labor and Delivery手术室——Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室——Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室——Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室——Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室——Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室——Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室——Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理——Hospice居家健康服务、药疗、物理治疗等——Home Health Service化验所（进行化验研究）——Laboratory门诊手术中心（一般非严重性手术）——Outpatient Surgical Center药房（药物、医疗用品）——Pharmacy医疗服务——Health Care Provider医生——Physician针灸——Acupuncture过敏性专科——Allergy and Immunology麻醉科——Anesthesiology心脏科——Cardiology心胸外科——Cardio-Thoracic Surgery脊椎神经科——Chiropractic结肠直肠外科——Colorectal Surgery牙科——Dentistry皮肤科——Dermatology内分泌科——Endocrinology家庭科——Family Practice肠胃科——Gastroenterology普通全科——General Practice普通外科——General Surgery老人病专科——Geriatrics血液科——Hematology肝病专科——Hepatology传染病科——Infectious Disease内科——Internal Medicine肾脏科——Nephrology神经科——Neurology神经外科——Neurosurgery妇产科——Obstetrics-Gynecology癌症专科——Oncology眼科——Ophthalmology验光科——Optometry骨外科——Orthopedic Surgery整骨疗科——Osteopathy耳鼻喉科——Otolaryngology (ENT)病理科——Pathology小儿科——Pediatrics整形外科——Plastic surgery足科——Podiatry精神治疗科——Psychiatry物理康复科——Physiatry物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理——Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 肺科——Pulmonary Medicine癌症放射疗科——Radiation OncologyＸ光科——Radiology泌尿科——Urology血管外科——V ascular Surgery其它医疗专业人员——Other Health Care Professionals听觉学专家——Audiologist牙医助理——Dental Assistant饮食指导员——Dietitian遗传病辅导员——Genetic Counselor健康技员——Health Technician化验技员——Laboratory Technician医务助理——Medical Assistant医学技师——Medical Technologist护士——Nurse家访护士——Home Visiting Nurse接生护士——Nurse Midwife营养专家——Nutritionist药剂师——Pharmacist药理学专家——Pharmacologist物理治疗员——Physical Therapist医生助手——Physician’s Assistant心理学专家——Psychologist心理辅导员——Psychologic Counselor呼吸治疗员——Respiratory TherapistＸ光科技员——X-Ray Technician总值班室——general staff on call康复门诊——rehabilitation out-patient神经外科——department of neurosurgery卫生间——rest room男卫生间——toilet(male)女卫生间——toilet(female)开水间——water supply room储藏室——store静——keeping quite医生办公室——doctor office处置室——disposal room换药室——dressing room医务人员洗手间——medical workers toilet盥洗室——laundry room挂号收费处——registration & charge门诊——out-patient急诊——emergency请勿吸烟——no smoking神经内科门诊——neurology consultant room抢救监护室——critical care and monitoring room神经外科门诊——neurosurgery out-patient clinic急诊外科——surgery清创手术室——operation room骨科急诊——orthopaedics emergency石膏室——plaster room急诊内科——internal medicine眼科急诊——ophthal mology emergency住院收费——inpatient charging service西药房——pharmacy化验室——laboratory输液室——transfusion roomCT、拍片、B超——X-ray、B ultrasound病理科——department of pathology检验中心——laboratory center emergency急诊ICU病房——ICU ward检验诊断中心——Lab.Diagnosis center急诊手术室——emergency operation room神经内科病房——neurology ward综合病房——general ward康复病房——rehabilitation ward创伤病房——trauma ward急救中心——first aid center急诊化验室——emergency laboratory急诊住院收费处——emergency inpatient charging service 被服室——quilt and clothing room急诊挂号收费——registration & charge emergency拍片室——radiographic room值班室——staff on call内科值班室——physician on call外科值班室——surgeon on call骨科值班室——orthopaedics onwatch护士值班室——nurse staff on call行政办公——administrative office科研中心——scientific research center方便门诊——easy-access clinic骨科1-3 ——orthopaedics1-3疼痛门诊——pain clinic肿瘤外科(甲状腺乳腺专科——oncology surgery(thyroid&breast)血管外科、肛肠外科——vascular surgery. Anorectal surgery肝胆外科、肝移植外科——hepatobiliary surgery liver transplantation surgery小儿外科——pediatrics surgery换药室——dressing room肝病门诊——liver disease clinic肠道门诊——intestine clinic1-5号X机房——x-ray room 1-5肠道门诊治疗室——treatment room肠道门诊观察室——observation infectious disease room呼吸道传染病门诊——respiratory infectious clinic感染科更衣室——dressing room感染科门诊——infectious disease腹部外科、腹腔镜外科——abdominal surgery laparoscope surgery洗片室——filming room呼吸内科(哮喘门诊)——respiratory medicine asthma clinic呼吸内科(鼾症门诊)——respiratory medicine snoring clinic放疗科——radiotherapy读片室——diagnosis roomCT2室——CT 2 room乳腺钼靶机房——mammography room核医学科——nuclear medicine神经内科(失眠门诊)——neurology(insomnia clinic)神经内科(癫痫门诊)——neurology(epilepsy clinic)神经外科——neurosurgery心胸外科微创外科——cardiothoracic surgery. mini-invasive surgery心血管内科高血压门诊——cardiology hypertension clinic心血管内科——cardiology消化一科1-2——gastroenterology1-2血液内科化疗科——hematology chemotherapy clinic数字胃肠——digital gastrointestinal graphy导管室——catheter lab普通内科门诊——medicine消化二科——gastroenterology干部保健门诊——VIPclinic病理质控中心——pathology quality control center学术活动室——academic room暗室——dark room标本存放室——specimen deposit计划生育室（无痛人流室）——family planning高位妊娠门诊——high-risk pregnancy clinic产科宣教室——obstetrics education真菌室——fungus lab肾内科——nephrology男性科——andrology泌尿外科——urology妇科1-4——gynecology 1-4产前筛查中心不孕不育遗传病咨询门诊——antenatal screening center inferitillity clinic皮肤病性病科——dermatology STP clinic足病门诊脱发门诊——podiatry clinic trichology clinic光治疗室——phototherapy room内分泌内科、糖尿病科——endocrinology diabetes clinic甲状腺内科、风湿病科——thyroid clinic、rheumatology冷冻切片室——frozen section room染片室——stain room专家门诊——specialist clinic主任办公室——directors office免疫组化室——immunohistology lab巨检室——cutting room测听室——audiometry room检查室——examination room细菌室——bacteriology lab示教室——conference room免疫室——immunology lab出凝血室——thrombus&hemostasia room生化室——biochemistry lab放射室——radio-immunology roomHIV初筛实验室——HIV screen lab护士站——nurse station护士值班室——on-duty roomB超心电图室——ultrasonography room ECG room被服消毒室——disinfection room配餐室——kitchen病区洗手间——toilet人工肝治疗室——alss room医生办公室——doctor‘s office病区淋浴房——bath room抢救室——intensive-care room妇瘤门诊——gynecologic tumour clinic核医学科——nuclear medicine clinic制模室——mould room物理室——physical room热疗室——thermotheraphy room钴60治疗室——CO-60 room后装治疗室——brachytherapy room直线加速器机房——accelerator room术中放疗手术室——IORT room操作室——operation room模拟定位机——simulator病房大楼——inpatient building产科——obstetrics ward新生儿护理中心——newborn nursing center 配电室——power station污洗间——washing room隔离产房——isolated delivery room分娩室——labour room产前准备室——antepartum preparation room 电子监护中心——electronic monitoring room。

急诊室Emergency Room医院Hospital内科病房Medical Ward外科病房Surgical Ward儿科病房Pediatric Ward接生房Labor and Delivery手术室Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理Hospice 末期病患者照料居家健康服务Home Health Service 药疗、物理治疗等化验所Laboratory 进行化验研究门诊手术中心Outpatient Surgical Center 一般非严重性手术药房Pharmacy 药物、医疗用品Health Care Provider 医疗服务Physician 医生Acupuncture 针灸Allergy and Immunology 过敏性专科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Cardiology 心脏科Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 心胸外科Chiropractic 脊椎神经科Colorectal Surgery 结肠直肠外科Dentistry 牙科Dermatology 皮肤科Endocrinology 内分泌科Family Practice 家庭科Gastroenterology 肠胃科General Practice 普通全科General Surgery 普通外科Geriatrics 老人病专科Hematology 血液科Hepatology 肝病专科Infectious Disease 传染病科Internal Medicine 内科Nephrology 肾脏科Neurology 神经科Neurosurgery 神经外科Obstetrics-Gynecology 妇产科Oncology 癌症专科Ophthalmology 眼科Optometry 验光科Orthopedic Surgery 骨外科Osteopathy 整骨疗科Otolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Pathology 病理科Pediatrics 小儿科Plastic surgery 整形外科Podiatry 足科Psychiatry 精神治疗科Physiatrics 物理疗法Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理Pulmonary Medicine 肺科Radiation Oncology 癌症放射疗科Radiology Ｘ光科Urology 泌尿科Vascular Surgery 血管外科Other Health Care Professionals 其它医疗专业人员Audiologist 听觉学专家Dental Assistant 牙医助理Dietitian 饮食指导员Genetic Counselor 遗传病辅导员Health Technician 健康技员Laboratory Technician 化验技员Medical Assistant 医务助理Medical Technologist 医学技师Nurse 护士Home Visiting Nurse 家访护士Nurse Midwife 接生护士Nutritionist 营养专家Pharmacist 药剂师Pharmacologist 药理学专家Physical Therapist 物理治疗员Physician's Assistant 医生助手Psychologist 心理学专家Psychologic Counselor 心理辅导员Respiratory Therapist 呼吸治疗员X-Ray Technician Ｘ光科技员各种常见疾病的表达法中英对照头痛headache感冒cold咳嗽cough肺炎pneumonia肝炎hepatitis脑膜炎brain fever/meningitis膀胱炎cystitis急性胃炎acute gastritis胃炎gastritis气管炎trachitis支气管炎bronchitis阑尾炎 appendicitis胃肠炎gastroenteritis乳腺炎mastitis肿瘤tumor癌症cancer禽流感bird flu/avian influenza非典SARS(Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome)疯牛病mad cow disease黑死病black death白血病leukemia爱滋病AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 流感influenza白内障 cataract狂犬病rabies中风stroke冠心病 coronary heart disease糖尿病diabetes肺癌 lung cancer肝癌liver cancer肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis肝硬化hepatocirrhosis慢性病chronic肺气肿emphysema胃癌cancer of stomach胃病stomach trouble心脏病heart disease发烧fever医学英语词汇常用语过敏 Allergy健康诊断 Gernral Check-upPhysical Examination检查 Examination入院 Admission to Hospotial退院 Discharge from Hospital症状 Symptom营养 Nutrition病例 Clinical History诊断 Diagnosis治疗 Treatment预防 Prevention呼吸 RESPiration便通 Bowel Movement便 Stool血液 Blood脉搏 Pulse, Pulsation尿 Urine脉搏数 Pulse Rate血型 Blood Type血压 Blood Pressure麻醉 Anesthesia全身麻醉 General Anesthesia静脉麻醉 Intravenous Anesthesia 脊椎麻醉 Spinal Anesthesia局部麻醉 Local Anesthesia手术 Operation切除 Resectionlie副作用 Side Effect洗净 Irrigation注射 InjectionX光 X-Ray红外线 Ultra Red-Ray慢性的 Chronic急性的 Acute体格 Build亲戚 Relative遗传 Heredity免疫 Immunity血清 Serum流行性的 Epidemic潜伏期 Incubation Period 滤过性病毒 Virus消毒 Sterilization抗生素 Antibiotic脑波洗肠 Enema结核反映 Tuberculin Reaction 华氏 Fahrenheit摄氏 Celsius, Centigrade药品 Medicine=================冰袋 Ice Bag药品 Medicine (Drug)绷带 Bandage胶带 Adhesive Tape剪刀 Scissors体温计 Thermometer药丸 Tablet, Pill舌下锭 Sublingual Tablet胶囊 Capsules软膏 Ointment眼药 Eye Medicine止咳药 Cough Medicine阿司匹林 Aspirin止疼药 Pain Killer药方 Prescription症状及名称一般症状============================发烧 Fever高烧 High Fever发冷 Chillsz发汗 Sweats盗汗 Night Sweats倦怠 Tireness失眠 Insomnia肩头发硬 Stiffness in Shoulder 打喷嚏 Sneeze打嗝 Hiccup痒 Itch腰疼 Low Back Pain头疼 Headache痛 Pain (Ache)急性疼痛 Acute Pain激痛 Severe Pain钝痛 dull Pain压痛 Pressing Pain刺痛 Sharp Pain戳痛 Piercing Pain一跳一跳地痛 Throbbing Pain 针扎似的痛 Prickling Pain 烧痛 Burning Pain裂痛 Tearing Pain持续痛 Continuous Pain不舒服 Uncomfortable绞痛 Colic放射痛 Rediating Pain溃烂痛 Sore Pain痉挛痛 Crampy Pain顽痛 Persistent Pain轻痛 Slight Pain血尿 Bloody Urine浓尿 Pyuria粘液便 Mucous Stool粘土样便 Clay-Colored Stool验血 Blood Analysis红血球 Red Cell白血球 White Cell呼吸数 Respiration Rate呼气 Expiration吸气 Inspiration呼吸困难 Difficulty in Breathing 不规则脉搏 Irregular Pulse慢脉 Bradycardia快脉 Rapid Pulse尿浑浊 Cloudy Urine蛋白质 Albuminuria糖尿 Glucosuria瘦 thin, Skinny肥 Fat医院英语词汇大全children's hospital 儿童医院general hospital, polyclinic 综合医院hospital for lepers, leprosarium 麻风病院maternity hospital, lying-inhospital 产科医院mental hospital, mental home 精神病院obstetrics and gynecology hospital 妇产医院plastic surgery hospital 整形外科医院stomatological hospital 口腔医院tuberculosis hospital 结核病医院tumour hospital 肿瘤医院clinic 诊疗所first-aid station 急救站polyclinic 联合诊疗所quarantine station 防疫站（检疫所）rest home 休养所sanatorium 疗养院medical department 内科surgical department 外科anaesthesiology department 麻醉科cardiology department 心脏病科dental department 牙科dermatology department, skin department 皮肤科department of cardiac su 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery 脑外科general surgery 普通外科neurology department 神经科neurosurgery department 神经外科obstetrics and gynecology department 妇产科ophthalmology department 眼科orthopedic surgery department 矫形外科orthopedics department 骨科otorhinolaryngological department 耳鼻喉科paediatrics department 小儿科pathology department 病理科plastic surgery 整形外科psychiatry department 精神病科thoracic surgery department 胸外科traumatology department 创伤外科urology department 泌尿科radiology department 放射科registration office 挂号处out-patient department, OPD 门诊部in-patient department 住院部nursing department 护理部consulting room 诊室waiting room 候诊室admitting office 住院处emergency room 急诊室operation room, operation theatre 手术室laboratory 化验室blood bank 血库pharmacy, dispensary 药房ward 病房medical ward 内科病房surgical ward 外科病房maternity ward 产科病房isolation ward 隔离病房observation ward 观察室hospital bed 病床director of the hospital 院长head of the department of medical administration 医务部主任head of the nursing department 护理部主任head of out-patient department 门诊部主任doctor 医生head of the medical department 内科主任head of the surgical department 外科主任physician in charge, surgeon in charge, attending doctor, doctor in charge 主治医生resident physician 住院医生intern, interne 实习医生laboratory technician 化验员nurse 护士head nurse 护士长anaesthetist 麻醉师pharmacist, druggist 药剂师internist, physician 内科医生surgeon 外科医生brain specialist 脑科专家cardiac surgeon 心外科医生cardiovascular specialist 心血管专家dentist 牙科医生dermatologist 皮肤科医生ear-nose-throat doctor 耳鼻喉医生gynecologist 妇科医生heart specialist 心脏病专家neurologist, nerve specialist 神经科专家obstetrician 产科医生oculist 眼科医生oncologist 肿瘤科医生orthopedist 骨科医生paediatrician 小儿科医生plastic surgeon 整形外科医生radiologist 放射科医师radiographer 放射科技师urologist 泌尿科医生dietician 营养医师out-patient 门诊病人in-patient 住院病人medical patient 内科病人surgical patient 外科病人obstetrical patient 产科病人heart disease patient 心脏病病人emergency case 急诊病人。

癌症中英文对照Cancer - 癌症Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. In Chinese, cancer is commonly referred to as "癌症" (ái zhèng).Types of Cancer - 癌症类型There are many different types of cancer, each with its own specific characteristics. Here are some common types of cancer and their corresponding Chinese translations:1. Breast Cancer - 乳腺癌(rǔ xiàn ái)2. Lung Cancer - 肺癌 (fèi ái)3. Prostate Cancer - 前列腺癌 (qián liè xiàn ái)4. Colorectal Cancer - 结肠直肠癌 (jié cháng zhí cháng ái)5. Skin Cancer - 皮肤癌(pí fū ái)6. Leukemia - 白血病 (bái xuè bìng)7. Ovarian Cancer - 卵巢癌(luǎn cháo ái)8. Pancreatic Cancer - 胰腺癌 (yí xiàn ái)Causes and Risk Factors - 引起癌症的原因和风险因素The development of cancer can be attributed to a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Some common causes and risk factors for cancer include:1. Tobacco Use - 吸烟2. Alcohol Consumption - 饮酒3. Unhealthy Diet - 不健康的饮食4. Exposure to Carcinogens - 接触致癌物质5. Family History of Cancer - 家族癌症史6. Age - 年龄7. Obesity - 肥胖8. Chronic Infections - 慢性感染Early Detection and Treatment - 早期检测和治疗Early detection plays a critical role in improving the prognosis and survival rates of cancer patients. Regular screenings and tests can help identify cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. In Chinese, early detection is commonly referred to as "早期检测" (zǎo qī jiǎn cè).Treatment options for cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common treatment modalities include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. In Chinese, treatment is commonly referred to as "治疗" (zhì liáo).Prevention Strategies - 预防策略While not all cancers can be prevented, there are several strategies individuals can adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer. These strategies include:1. Healthy Lifestyle Choices - 健康的生活方式选择2. Regular Exercise - 定期锻炼3. Healthy Diet - 健康饮食4. Avoidance of Carcinogens - 避免致癌物质5. Vaccinations - 接种疫苗6. Sun Protection - 防晒7. Regular Check-ups - 定期体检Support and Resources - 支持与资源Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be devastating for individuals and their families. However, there are numerous support groups, organizations, and resources available to provide emotional support, financial assistance, and educational materials. In Chinese, support is commonly referred to as "支持" (zhī chí), and resources as "资源" (zī yuán).Conclusion - 结论Cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of people globally. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to cancer in bothEnglish and Chinese is essential for effective communication, research, and patient care. By continuing to advance our knowledge, prevention strategies, and treatment options, we can work towards reducing the burden of cancer and improving the lives of those affected.。

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句消化内科第一章—结直肠癌Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer in the world,with about1.4million cases diagnosed worldwide in2012.The prognosis for CRC patients is largely dependent on the stage of the tumor at diagnosis.In the USA,the5-year survival rates following surgical removal of tumors for localized(stage I),regional(stages II and III)and distant(stage IV)cases are91.1,71.7and13.3%,respectively.Current options for standard treatment of CRC include surgical removal alone for stage I and for most of stage II CRCs and surgical removal followed by adjuvant5-fluoruracil(5-FU)-based chemotherapy for high-risk stage II and stage III CRCs.For metastatic stage IV disease,surgical removal of the primary CRC and/or metastatic lesions is followed by therapy using a variety of chemotherapy and targeted treatments.结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上第三常见的癌症，在2012年，全球约有140万例确诊病例。

Health Care Provider 医疗服务Physician 医生Acupuncture 针灸Allergy and Immunology 过敏性专科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Cardiology 心脏科Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 心胸外科Chiropractic 脊椎神经科Colorectal Surgery 结肠直肠外科Dentistry 牙科Dermatology 皮肤科Endocrinology 内分泌科Family Practice 家庭科Gastroenterology 肠胃科General Practice 普通全科General Surgery 普通外科Geriatrics 老人病专科Hematology 血液科Hepatology 肝病专科Infectious Disease 传染病科Internal Medicine 内科Nephrology 肾脏科Neurology 神经科Neurosurgery 神经外科Obstetrics-Gynecology 妇产科Oncology 癌症专科Ophthalmology 眼科Optometry 验光科Orthopedic Surgery 骨外科Osteopathy 整骨疗科Otolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Pathology 病理科Pediatrics 小儿科Plastic surgery 整形外科Podiatry 足科Psychiatry 精神治疗科Physiatry 物理康复科Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 物理疗法及恢复正常生活护理Pulmonary Medicine 肺科Radiation Oncology 癌症放射疗科Radiology Ｘ光科Urology 泌尿科Vascular Surgery 血管外科急诊室Emergency Room医院Hospital内科病房Medical Ward外科病房Surgical Ward儿科病房Pediatric Ward接生房Labor and Delivery手术室Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)初生婴儿重症室Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 儿科重症室Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)外科重症室Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)末期护理Hospice居家健康服务Home Health Service化验所Laboratory门诊手术中心Outpatient Surgical Center药房Pharmacy。

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是起源于结直肠黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤，是临床最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一。

我国每年结直肠癌新发病例超过25万，死亡病例约14万，新发和死亡病例均占全世界同期结直肠癌病例的20%。

因此，降低我国结肠癌的发病率和死亡率是刻不容缓的重大临床科学问题。

结直肠癌的转归及预后与病变的分期紧密相关。

局部进展期结直肠癌5年癌症相关生存率为70%，而发生远处转移的晚期结直肠癌患者5年生存率仅12%；且患者生活质量低。

然而，大部分早期结直肠癌可获得良好预后，5年生存率超过90%，部分可行内镜微创治疗获得根治。

但是目前我国结直肠癌的早期诊断率较低，明显低于欧美国家。

因此，逐步普及结直肠癌筛查和推广内镜下早诊早治是提高我国结直肠癌早期诊断率、降低结直肠癌相关死亡率的有效途径。

为规范我国结直肠癌诊疗方案，我国卫生部先后颁布了《结直肠癌诊疗规范(2010年版)》和《结直肠癌诊疗质量控制指标(试行)》，中华医学会消化内镜学分会肠道学组和中华医学会消化病学分会也相继发布了相关指南。

但目前我国尚缺乏侧重于结直肠癌内镜早期诊治且兼顾筛查等方面内容的综合性共识意见。

因此由中华医学会消化内镜学分会和中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会组织我国的消化、内镜、外科、肿瘤、病理等多学科专家、并邀请澳大利亚谭达恩教授及新加坡霍光明教授共同制定本指南意见。

一、定义和术语1．早期结直肠癌：根据1975年日本结直肠癌研讨会上的讨论意见，目前我国普遍将局限于结直肠黏膜层及黏膜下层的癌定义为早期结直肠癌，其中局限于黏膜层的为黏膜内癌，浸润至黏膜下层但未侵犯固有肌层者为黏膜下癌。

而2000年版的WHO肿瘤分类则规定结肠或直肠发生的上皮恶性肿瘤，只有穿透黏膜肌层、浸润到黏膜下层时才被认为是恶性的。

鉴于我国实际情况，推荐使用WHO推荐术语，但也可暂时沿用原位癌、黏膜内癌等术语。

Gut 1999;45:480-481 doi:10.1136/gut.45.4.480CommentaryScreening for colorectal cancer: the heart of the matter1. W S ATKIN1.ICRF Colorectal Cancer Unit2.St Mark’s Hospital3.Northwick Park4.Watford Road5.Harrow6.Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UKSee article on page 588All screening interventions have the potential to do harm and screening by faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is no exception. The harm arises not from the test itself, although the psychological impact is not negligible, but mainly from the investigation and treatment of test positives. The benefits of FOBT have been studied extensively and it seems that among those who comply with biennial testing, colorectal cancer mortality is significantly reduced1-3 and that the reduction is greater when the test is used annually.4 But there is a price to pay. Firstly, there is the anxiety engendered by performing the test itself and the greater anxiety induced in those who are found to be positive requiring further investigation. Although this has been shown to be short-lived, lasting mainly until the completion of diagnostic investigations, cumulatively it might be expected to affect around 10% of those complying with the test biennially over 20 years.Secondly, there are the well documented complications associated with colonoscopy, which is considered the gold standard for the diagnostic workup of test positives.5 Overall mortality rates are reported to average around 0.02%, varying between 0 and 0.06%. Perforation can be expected in 0.3% and haemorrhage in around 1% of people undergoing polypectomy. A variety of other complications have been reported, the most serious of which arecardiovascular.6Finally, there is the significant morbidity associated with the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer and large adenomas, with published 30-day mortality rates varying between 1 and 8%.7Based on the promising findings of the randomised trials, pilot studies of FOBT screening are about to start in two sites in the UK in preparation for possible implementation in a national screening programme. These studies aim to examine feasibility and acceptability rather than efficacy and adverse effects. Therefore the paper in this issue reporting on the adverse effects of screening in the Nottingham study is timely. Robinson et al (see page588)specifically tackle three issues raised by Ahlquist6in a paper questioning the wisdom of implementing screening by FOBT. Ahlquist argues: (1) that false negative results falsely reassure patients, leading to delayed diagnosis and poorer outcome; (2) that colonoscopic mortality compounded over several years could counter any gains in reducing deaths from colorectal cancer; (3) that true positive FOBT results may lead to overdiagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic colorectal cancers which might have an innocuous natural history, perhaps leading to a shortenedlifespan. To counter the first point, Robinson et al show that there is no difference in the stage at diagnosis in interval and control cancers, suggesting that false negative FOBTs probably do not delay diagnosis. In response to the second point, they show that there were no colonoscopy deaths although their perforation rate (5 of 1474, 0.3%) was exactly as that reported by Ahlquist. Moreover, they restrict their analysis only to baseline colonoscopies even though those who were found to have adenomas were entered into a colonoscopic surveillance programme. If we assume that the 40% of patients undergoing colonoscopy who were found to have adenomas underwent an average of two more colonoscopies, this approximately doubles the exposure of the cohort to colonoscopy.One point not tackled by Robinson et al was the observation by Ahlquist that, in the Minnesota study,4 the reduction in colorectal mortality was precisely offset by an increase in mortality from cardiac ischaemia. An increase incardiovascular deaths, of similar magnitude to the reduction in colorectal cancer mortality, was also observed in the Danish study.2 The non-colorectal cancer mortality rate was also increased in Nottingham,1 more than offsetting any reduction in deaths from colorectal cancer, therefore it would have been of interest to have examined deaths fromProportion of deaths due to various causes by screening arm in randomised trials of faecal occult blood testingSo what should we make of this? If there is an increase in deaths from coronaries, when do they occur and what is causing them? Robinson et al state that none of 1778 patients who were not being treated for detected colorectal neoplasia, died within 30 days of colonic investigation. It is not clear how many suffered a cardiac event within that time which might have led to death at a later time. Myocardial infarction during colonoscopy seems to be rare5 with a large US survey reporting three (0.012%) event s in 25 298 colonoscopies, but the incidence of infarction within a few hours or days of colonoscopy is unknown.The possibility of an increase in coronary mortality observed in the published randomised trials of colorectalscreening suggests that lower gastrointestinal endoscopy and surgery should be undertaken judiciously, balancing in each patient the risks and benefits. Haemoccult, the FOBT used in the European randomised trials, when used in the unrehydrated form is a specific test with a predictive value for cancer of a positive test of around 10%. There is no other indication for colonoscopy in which the yield of cancers is so high. However around 40% of those undergoing colonoscopy as a result of a positive FOBT are found to have adenomas and it is customary to enter them into an endoscopic surveillance programme where the benefits are less clearly defined and, perhaps more importantly, the harm has yet to be quantified.See article on page 588References1.1. Hardcastle J,2. Chamberlain J,3. Robinson M,4. et al.(1996) Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 348:1472–1477.[CrossRef][Medline][Web of Science]Google Scholar2.1. Kronborg O,2. Fenger C,3. Olsen J,4. et al.(1996) Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 348:1467–1471.[CrossRef][Medline][Web of Science]Google Scholar3.1. Mandel J,2. Church T,3. Ederer F,4. et al.(1999) Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:434–437.[Abstract/FREE Full text]4.1. Mandel J,2. Bond J,3. Church T,4. et al.(1993) Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. N Engl J Med 328:1365–1371.[CrossRef][Medline][Web of Science]Google Scholar5.1. Waye J,2. Kahn O,3. Auerbach M(1996) Complications of colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 6:343–377.[Medline]Google Scholar6.1. Ahlquist DA(1997) Fecal occult blood testing for colorectal-cancer—can we afford to do this. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 26:41–55.[CrossRef][Medline][Web of Science]Google Scholar7.1. Royal College of Surgeons of England and Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland(1996) Guidelines for the management of colorectal cancer. (Royal College of Surgeons of England and Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, London).。

international journal of colorectal disease影响因子【原创实用版】目录1.介绍国际结肠直肠疾病杂志2.影响因子的定义和意义3.国际结肠直肠疾病杂志的影响因子排名4.我国在该领域的研究现状和贡献5.结语正文一、国际结肠直肠疾病杂志简介《国际结肠直肠疾病杂志》（International Journal of Colorectal Disease）是一本专注于结直肠疾病研究的专业学术期刊，创刊于 1986 年。

该杂志旨在为结直肠疾病领域的研究者提供一个交流学术研究成果、探讨疾病诊疗方法的国际平台。

杂志内容涵盖了结直肠疾病的基础研究、临床研究、病例报告、综述文章等多个方面，对于推动结直肠疾病研究的发展具有重要意义。

二、影响因子的定义和意义影响因子（Impact Factor，简称 IF）是一种衡量学术期刊影响力的指标，它是指某期刊在某年被引用的次数与该期刊在前两年发表的文章总数之比。

影响因子越高，说明该期刊在学术界的影响力越大，也反映了该期刊所发表的文章质量较高。

因此，影响因子对于学术期刊的地位和影响力具有重要意义。

三、国际结肠直肠疾病杂志的影响因子排名根据我国科研机构对学术期刊的影响因子统计，近年来，《国际结肠直肠疾病杂志》的影响因子一直保持在较高的水平，位居同类期刊前列。

这充分体现了该杂志在结直肠疾病研究领域的权威性和影响力。

四、我国在该领域的研究现状和贡献我国在结直肠疾病研究领域取得了显著成果，发表了大量高质量的研究论文。

这些研究成果不仅丰富了结直肠疾病领域的理论体系，还为临床诊疗提供了新的思路和方法。

同时，我国学者与国际同行的交流合作也日益密切，为推动全球结直肠疾病研究的发展作出了积极贡献。

五、结语《国际结肠直肠疾病杂志》作为一本具有较高影响力的专业学术期刊，对于推动结直肠疾病研究领域的发展具有重要作用。

我国在该领域的研究成果得到了国际学术界的认可，为我国在该领域的研究奠定了坚实基础。

常见肿瘤英文名Common English Names for TumorsTumors, also known as neoplasms, are abnormal growths of cells that can occur in various parts of the body. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Diagnosing and treating tumors requires clear communication between healthcare professionals and patients. Therefore, it is essential to be familiar with the common English names for tumors. This article will provide an overview of the most frequently used English terms for different types of tumors.1. Breast CancerBreast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. It develops in the breast tissue and may spread to other parts of the body. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment. Some common types of breast cancer include ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer.2. Lung CancerLung cancer is primarily caused by smoking and tobacco use. It can arise in any part of the lungs and often spreads to other organs. The main types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).3. Prostate CancerProstate cancer specifically affects the prostate gland in males. It is usually slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages.However, it can become aggressive and spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.4. Colorectal CancerColorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum. It is often referred to as colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on the site of origin. Routine screening for this type of cancer is crucial, as it can be detected early through colonoscopy.5. Skin CancerSkin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. It typically occurs in areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and legs. The three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.6. LeukemiaLeukemia is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. It is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. There are different types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).7. Brain TumorA brain tumor develops when abnormal cells form in the brain. Depending on their location and behavior, brain tumors can be benign or malignant. Some common types of brain tumors are gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas.8. Ovarian CancerOvarian cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the ovaries, which are part of the female reproductive system. It is often difficult to detect in the early stages, leading to a higher mortality rate. Epithelial ovarian cancer and germ cell ovarian cancer are two common types.9. Pancreatic CancerPancreatic cancer affects the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen. It is highly aggressive and usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it challenging to treat. The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.10. LymphomaLymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphocytes, which are white blood cells responsible for fighting infections. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They differ in terms of the specific lymphocytes involved and the behavior of the cancer cells.In conclusion, it is important to be familiar with the common English names for different types of tumors to enhance effective communication in the medical field. The aforementioned examples provide an overview of frequently encountered tumors, including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, brain tumor, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lymphoma. By understanding these terms, healthcare professionals and patients can engage in informed discussions and make informed decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment options.。

医疗专业名词General Surgery普通外科Bariatric Surgery 肥胖症治疗外科(减肥/胃外科)Colorectal Surgery结直肠外科(肠道外科)Gynecological Surgery妇科手术(妇科外科)Thoracic/Cardiothoracic Surgery胸部或心血管手术(胸/心胸外科)Colectomy – Right Hemicolectomy结肠切除手术—右半结肠切除手术(结肠切除术–右半结肠切除术)Colectomy – Transverse Colectomy结肠切除手术—横向结肠切除手术(结肠切除术–横向结肠切除术)Colectomy – Left Hemicolectomy/Sigmoidectomy结肠切除手术—左半结肠切除手术、乙状结肠切除手术(结肠切除术–左半结肠切除术/乙状结肠切除术)Total Colectomy 全结肠结肠切除手术(全结肠切除术)Proctocolectomy / Low Anterior Resection (LAR)直肠结肠切除术、低前位切除术(直肠切除术/低前位切除术(LAR)) Cholecystectomy胆囊切除术Hepatectomy肝切除术Gastric Bypass胃旁路术Gastric Sleeve管状胃胃切除术Splenectomy 脾切除术Appendectomy 阑尾切除术Pancreatectomy/Whipple腺十二指肠切除术、胰腺十二指肠切除术Hernia Repair疝修复术Nissen Fundoplication腹腔镜胃底折叠术Total Hysterectomy (Removal of Uterus & Cervix)子宫切除术（切除子宫或子宫颈）Supracervical Hysterectomy内子宫切除术;宫颈上子宫切除术Radical Hysterectomy广泛性子宫切除术Oophorectomy卵巢切除术Myomectomy子宫肌瘤剔除术C-Sections剖腹产Lung Resection - Lobectomy肺切除术--肺叶切除术Lung Resection - Wedge Resection肺切除术--楔形切除术Lung Resection – Segmentectomy肺切除术--肺段切除术Pneumonectomy肺切除术Esophagectomy 食管切除术Open 开放式(开放式)Laparoscopic (excluding robotically-assisted and single incision laparoscopy) 腹腔镜检查（不包括机器人辅助和单切口腹腔镜Single Incision Laparoscopy (SILS) - sometimes called SSL, SILS, or LESS单切口腹腔镜检查（SILS），- 有时也被称为SSL，SILS，或LESSRobotic / Robotically-assisted ％的机器人/机器人辅助检查Vaginal阴道检查Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal阴道腹腔镜辅助检查Minimally invasive (VATS for thoracic portion, laparoscopic for abdominal portion); VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) defined as a procedure conducted with acamera/thoracoscope and in which the ribs are not spread)微创（电视胸腔镜手术，腹腔镜腹部部分）;电视胸腔镜手术（VATS，定义为用摄影机或胸透镜进行不在肋骨扩散的一个程序）General Practice physician, Primary Care Physician, or Family practitioner 全科医生，初级护理医生，或家庭医生Private-practice based 私人诊所或私人医院Public or government practice based 公立医院或政府医院Pay for own medication: 自费Government reimbursement: 政府健保给付Reimbursed through private insurance: 个人保险Type 2 Diabetes二型糖尿病Metformin: 二甲双胍：Metformin XR or SR:二甲双胍控释片或缓释片Glimepiride:格列美脲片Glimepiride XR or SR: 格列美脲控释片和缓释片Other sulfonylureas其它的磺酰脲类药DPP IV inhibitors: 二肽基肽酶IV抑制剂Thiazolidinediones: 噻唑烷二酮类药物GLP-1 analogs:胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物Insulin:胰岛素Diet and exercise only: 仅节制饮食和锻炼Herbal preparations: 中草药制剂Glyburide (glibenclamide)格列本脲Glipizide格列吡嗪Gliclazide格列齐特Glimepiride格列美脲片Other SU 其它的黄酰脲类药Obesity肥胖症Hypertension 高血压Dyslipidemia 血脂异常Fatty liver disease 脂肪肝疾病Low testosterone (men)低睾酮（男士）Cognitive impairment 认知功能障碍Coronary artery disease冠状动脉疾病Stroke 中风Heart failure 心脏衰竭Peripheral vascular disease 外周血管疾病Retinopathy 视网膜病Nephropathy/renal impairment 肾病/肾脏损坏Neuropathy 神经病变Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) 固定剂量组合Dosing 剂量髓质囊性肾病（medullary kidney disease，MCKD）结节性硬化（tuberous sclerosis complex，TSC）von Hippel-Lindau病（VHL病）I型口-面-指综合征（orofaciodigital syndrome type 1）血尿素氮(BUN):血肌酐酸(Creatinine Cr):肌酐酸清除率(Creatinine Clearance):。