The development of high temperature electrochemical sensors for metallurgical processes

Hot melt adhesives (HMA) have become part of everyday life. With the development of high speed manufacturing and processing equipment, hot melt adhesives can be found in many diverse areas. These range from furniture and shoe manufacture to packaging applications to the production of baby diapers and cigarettes.What is a hot melt adhesive?A hot melt adhesive is a thermoplastic material, solid at room temperature, which is applied in its molten form and will adhere to a surface when cooled to a temperatu re below its melting point. They differ from other liquid adhesives in that they set simply by cooling rather than by chemical curing or the evaporation of a solvent.Advantages of hot melt adhesivesHot melt adhesives being 100% solid systems, reduce transportation and storage problems. The instantaneous bond strength supplied by these adhesives has allowed the development of high speed production machinery. Their higher viscosity compared to solvent based systems allows them to be used on various porous and non-porous substrates without sacrificing bond strength. In addition, because they do not set by means of solvent evaporation, they do not create a pollution problem. This latter fact is becoming increasingly important with the rising environmental awareness being experienced world-wide.The role of wax in hot melt adhesives▪The low viscosity of the wax is used to reduce the high viscosity of the polymer and resin to ensure efficient mixing. This reduction in viscosity is particularly important during the application stage. A low viscosity is required to pump the molten adhesive from the storage tank to the application area and to ensure proper surface wetting when applied.▪The degree of crystallinity and the congealing point of the wax in the adhesiveformulation control the open and set times of the HMA and also influence the flexibility and elongation properties.▪Wax plays a major role in increasing the blocking point of the final adhesive,preventing the adhesive pastilles from sticking together during transport and storage.▪The high temperature properties of a hot melt adhesive are largely controlled by the melt range and the type of wax being used.A typical HMA contains 10-30 % wax.The most important waxes for the hot melt adhesive formulator ar e those derived from:synthesis▪Fischer-Tropsch waxescrude oil refining▪paraffin waxes▪microcrystalline waxesInkWaxes are used as additives in printing inks and coatings to:▪Improve the resistance of the ink or coated film to rubbing, scuffing, scratching and impact factors.▪Serve as a slip aid.▪T o serve as an enhancer in order to achieve certain surface and matt effects.▪T o act as a barrier and enhance water barrier and respiration properties.Sasol Wax, one of the largest producers of Fischer-Tropsch and other waxes in the world, produce a number of specialised wax grades in micronised, flaked, slab and pelletised forms,for use in the printing ink and coatings industries.Utilisation of the Fischer-Tropsch process together with state of the art fractionation, micronisation and solidification facilities enables Sasol Wax to produce superlative products targeted to satisfy the needs of ink and coatings makers in every application area. For intermediate wax grinders, compounders, emulsion and dispersion producers a wide selection of products exists in many different forms for incorporation into all of the available technologies and systems.Textile CoatingNatural fibers contain wax-like substances as a protective agent against atmospheric and biological influences. The removal of these substances during processing alters the frictional and absorbency characteristics of the fibers, resulting in a loss of softness, pliability and elasticity, making it necessary to re-apply a suitable finish. A suitable finish is also necessary to lubricate synthetic fibers for high speed processing.Wax performance in textilesIn a number of processing steps in the textile industry, waxes and their emulsions (dispersions) are used either directly, or as important components of textile auxiliary chemicals. These waxes improve the ease of textile processing, as well as the finish and performance of the final fabric or garment.Waxes reduce fiber-to-fiber friction and fiber-to-metal friction in fast moving machines, resulting in fewer processing problems and optimised production outputs. Waxes can be applied to textiles in solid form, as a melt or as a wax emulsion.Sasol Wax offers a range of paraffin waxes, specialised oxidised and saponifiedFischer-Tropsch wax es, as well as emulsions of these waxes to the textile industry.PolishesPolishes are used to produce or restore shine on a variety of surfaces such as floors, furniture, shoe/leather and automobiles. They also clean these surfaces and provide protection against abrasion, marring and spills and improve its weather resistance.Normally a blend of several waxes is required to fulfill these functions, in conjunction with components such as solvents, emulsifiers, abrasives and colourants.Our waxes find application in a range of polishes, from emulsion and solvent paste types to liquid emulsions. We also offer intermediate wax blends in emulsion form as well as a number of end productsMicrocrystalline waxAlong with a huge range of macrocrystalline paraffin waxes Sasol Wax offer a full range of microcrystalline waxes. These microcrystalline waxes are derived from brightstock slackwaxes. Hydrofinished as well as non-hydrofinished products are available for typical applications.Food ProcessingPackagingsCosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.T echnical applications, e. g. rubber, PVC etc.Candle industryBlendingBrightstock Slack WaxThis Sasol Wax product group contains extremely soft and flexible micro waxes with a relatively high oil content. Produced to specification, these materials are available in hydrofinished as well as non-hydrofinished quality for a multitude of typical applications.Food ProcessingPackagingsCosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.T echnical applications, e. g. rubber, PVC etc.Candle industryBlendingSasol Wax offers slack waxes for many different applications. Due to our widespread sources of raw material we are able to meet almost any specification of our customers and to develop products according to their requirements. We can offer every product also in a hydrotreated version if required.Waxy oils can be delivered in liquid bulk as well as in steel drums.Paraffins, waxes, petroleum jellies and white oils are used in large sections of the cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical and food industries.Halo Craft Co., Ltd. has stepped into the realm of the aromatic. We started from aromatic handmade candles. With the finest materials and high-skilled techniques, Halo Craft's candle creats unique & eye-catching designs waxes productsT.T. CANDLE CO., LTD. Has acquired many years of experience in manufacturing handcrafted Decorative (Aromatic) Candles distributing to customers throughout Thailand and all over the worldIn 1995, HCI wax (Hong Chang International。

小学下册英语第2单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call the act of running a marathon?A. CompetingB. RacingC. JoggingD. SprintingB2.What is the capital of Chile?A. SantiagoB. ValparaisoC. ConcepcionD. La Serena3.An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when _____.4.The __________ in summer can be really high. (气温)5.The __________ (历史的文化认同) shapes identities.6.What is the name of the gas giant with the most distinct rings?A. JupiterB. SaturnC. NeptuneD. Uranus7.What do we call the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. LithosphereB. HydrosphereC. AtmosphereD. BiosphereC8.What is the name of the famous Italian city known for its canals?A. VeniceB. RomeC. FlorenceD. MilanA9.What do we call the large body of fresh water found in the middle of a continent?A. OceanB. SeaC. LakeD. RiverC Lake10.I love making ______ (手工艺品) as a hobby. It allows me to be creative and express myself.11.The smallest particle of an element is an ______.12.The sun _____ (rises/sets) in the east.13.Which bird is known for its colorful feathers and can talk?A. SparrowB. ParrotC. PigeonD. EagleB14.What do we call a story based on real events?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. FantasyD. MythB15.I have a _____ (音乐播放器) that I use to listen to songs. 我有一个音乐播放器，用来听歌曲。

高温稳定性英文High Temperature Stability in MaterialsIntroduction:High temperature stability is a crucial characteristic for various materials used in numerous industries. The ability of a material to retain its strength, shape, and structure while exposed to elevated temperatures ensures the reliability and efficiency of many applications. In this document, we will explore the concept of high temperature stability, discuss its importance, and examine various materials that exhibit excellent resistance to heat.Importance of High Temperature Stability:High temperature stability plays a vital role in the functioning and longevity of materials used in several key industries, including aerospace, automotive, power generation, and electronics. In the aerospace industry, for instance, high temperature stability is crucial for engine components. These components must withstand extreme temperatures generated during combustion while maintaining their structural integrity, ensuring overall safety and performance. Similarly, in power generation, materials with high temperature stability are necessary to withstand the high operating temperatures in gas turbines and power plants.Metals:Metals are commonly used materials due to their excellent high temperature stability. Many alloys, such asnickel-based superalloys, exhibit outstanding resistance to heat. These alloys are used in gas turbines, where they can withstand temperatures over 1000°C while retaining their mechanical strength. Additionally, refractory metals like tungsten and molybdenum are known for their exceptional high temperature stability. They are utilized in applications where extreme heat resistance is required, such as furnace components, rocket nozzles, and electrical contacts.Ceramics:Ceramic materials are widely known for their high temperature stability. They are composed of non-metallic compounds and have crystalline structures, which contribute to their excellent thermal stability. Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the most widely-used ceramics in high temperature applications. Its combination of high strength, stiffness, and low thermal expansion make it suitable for use in furnace linings, heat exchangers, and automotive components. Other ceramics like aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2) also possess high temperature stability and find applications in the aerospace and electronics industries.Composites:Composite materials, which consist of two or more different materials combined together, offer an opportunity to enhance high temperature stability. Fiber-reinforced composites, such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), provide a high strength-to-weight ratio and exhibit excellent resistance to heat. CFPR composites are used extensively in aerospace and automotive industries, where they findapplications in aircraft fuselages, engine nacelles, andhigh-performance sports vehicles.Polymers:Although polymers generally have lower heat resistance compared to metals and ceramics, some polymers have been specifically designed to exhibit high temperature stability. Polyimides, for example, are known for their excellent thermal stability and are used in the aerospace industry for insulation, electrical wiring, and engine components. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is another high-performance polymer with excellent strength and resistance to heat, making it ideal for applications in the oil and gas industry, aerospace, and medical devices.Future Developments:Advancements in materials science and engineering continue to push the boundaries of high temperature stability. Ongoing research focuses on improving existing materials and developing new ones with enhanced heat resistance properties. Nanotechnology is being applied to enhance the performance of materials at high temperatures by creating nanostructured materials with unique properties. Additionally, the development of advanced coatings and surface treatments aims to enhance high temperature stability in a wide range of materials, extending their lifespan and performance in extreme environments.Conclusion:High temperature stability is a crucial property for materials utilized in various industries. Metals, ceramics, composites, and polymers with excellent resistance to heatenable the reliability and efficiency of many applications. Ongoing research and advancements in materials science will further expand the range and capabilities of high temperature stable materials, facilitating innovation and progress in a wide array of industries.。

2024届高考英语阅读理解预测题及答案1．Chocolate could soon be a thing of the past，after scientists warned that the cacao plant，from which chocolate is made，could be extinct within 32 years．Over half of the world's chocolate comes from just two countries in West Africa﹣Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana﹣where the temperature，rain，and humidity provide the perfect conditions for cacao to grow．But the threat of rising temperatures over the next three decades caused by climate change，is expected to result in a loss of water from the ground，which scientists say could upset this balance．According to the related data，a temperature rise of just 2.1℃could spell an end for the chocolate industry worldwide by 2050．Farmers in the region are already considering moving cacao production areas thousands of feet uphill into mountainous area﹣much of which is currently preserved for wildlife．But a move of this scale could destroy ecosystems that are already under threat from illegal farming and deforestation．Part of the problem，according to Doug Hawkins，is that cacao farming methods have not changed for hundreds of years．"Unlike other tree crops that have benefited from the development of modern，high yielding strains and crop management techniques to realize their genetic potential，more than 90% of the global cocoa crop is produced by small farms with unimproved planting material，" he said．"It means that we could be facing a chocolate decrease of 100，000 tons a year in the next few years．"Now scientists at the University of California at Berkeley have teamed up with American candy company Mars to keep chocolate on the menu．Using the controversial（有争议的）gene﹣editing technology known as CRISPR they are trying to develop a type of the cacao plant capable of surviving in dryer，warmer climates．If the team's work on the cacao plant is successful，it could remove the need for farmers in West Africa to relocate to higher ground，and perhaps even allow cacao to be grown elsewhere in the world．（1）What do we know about chocolate from the text？BA．Chocolate will disappear from the menu 30 years later．B．Chocolate is mainly produced by African countries．第1页共2页。

单词temperature是什么意思我们要知道英文单词temperature标准的读音，还要知道它详细的意思是什么。

快来看看店铺为你准备了英语temperature具体的意思，欢迎大家阅读!temperature的意思英 [ˈtemprətʃə(r)] 美 [ˈtɛmpərəˌtʃʊr,-tʃɚ,ˈtɛmprə-]第三人称复数：temperaturestemperature 基本解释名词温度; 气温; 体温; <口>发烧，高烧例句1. A nurse took his temperature.护士为他量体温。

2. In hot weather the temperature gets very high.在炎热的'天气，温度变得很高。

3. The temperature dropped abruptly.气温骤降。

temperature的词典解释1. 温度;气温The temperature of something is a measure of how hot or cold it is.e.g. The temperature soared to above 100 degrees in the shade...阴凉处的温度骤升至100 多度。

e.g. The temperature of the water was about 40 degrees...水温大约 40 度。

2. 体温Your temperature is the temperature of your body. A normal temperature is about 37˚ centigrade.e.g. His temperature continued to rise alarmingly.他的体温还在上升，令人担忧。

3. (特定场合的)氛围，情绪You can use temperature to talk about the feelings and emotions that people have in particular situations.e.g. There's also been a noticeable rise in the political temperature.政治气氛也明显升温了。

写未来出现高科技产品的英语作文The Future is Now: Embracing the Era of High-Tech MarvelsAs we stand on the precipice of a technological revolution, the future has never looked brighter. The rapid advancements in science and engineering have paved the way for the emergence of high-tech products that will forever change the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From autonomous vehicles to cutting-edge medical devices, the future is brimming with innovative solutions that promise to make our lives easier, more efficient, and more connected than ever before.One of the most exciting developments in the realm of high-tech products is the rise of autonomous vehicles. Imagine a world where cars can navigate the roads without the need for human intervention. This revolutionary technology has the potential to transform the way we commute, reducing the risk of accidents, easing traffic congestion, and freeing up valuable time for other pursuits. With self-driving cars, the daily commute could become a productive or relaxing experience, as passengers can use the travel time to work, read, orsimply enjoy the ride.Beyond transportation, high-tech products are also poised to revolutionize the healthcare industry. Advancements in medical technology have given rise to innovative devices that can monitor our health, detect diseases at earlier stages, and provide personalized treatment options. Imagine a future where a simple wearable device can continuously track our vital signs, alerting us and our healthcare providers of any anomalies before they become serious health concerns. This level of proactive healthcare could lead to earlier interventions, improved patient outcomes, and a more efficient healthcare system.Another area where high-tech products are making a significant impact is in the realm of renewable energy. As the world grapples with the pressing issue of climate change, the development of advanced solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage solutions has become increasingly crucial. These high-tech products are not only more efficient and cost-effective than their traditional counterparts, but they also hold the promise of a more sustainable future, where our reliance on fossil fuels is greatly reduced, and clean, renewable energy becomes the norm.The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) is another exciting development in the world of high-tech products. Imagine a futurewhere our homes, workplaces, and even cities are seamlessly connected, allowing for unprecedented levels of automation, efficiency, and convenience. Smart home devices can adjust the temperature, lighting, and security based on our preferences and habits, while smart city infrastructure can optimize traffic flow, waste management, and energy consumption. The IoT promises to create a more efficient, sustainable, and connected world, where technology works in harmony with our daily lives.In the realm of entertainment and communication, high-tech products are also making significant strides. Imagine a future where holographic displays and virtual reality experiences transport us to entirely new worlds, blurring the lines between reality and fantasy. Advancements in 5G and future-generation networks will enable lightning-fast data speeds and low-latency communications, revolutionizing the way we stream content, play games, and collaborate with others across the globe.As we look to the future, the potential of high-tech products is truly limitless. From advancements in artificial intelligence and robotics to breakthroughs in biotechnology and nanotechnology, the innovations on the horizon promise to transform every aspect of our lives. These high-tech marvels will not only make our lives more convenient and efficient but also address some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, such as climate change, disease, andresource scarcity.However, with the rapid pace of technological change, it is crucial that we approach the future with a balanced and responsible mindset. While the benefits of high-tech products are undeniable, we must also consider the potential social, ethical, and environmental implications of these advancements. Ensuring that these technologies are developed and deployed in a way that prioritizes human wellbeing, privacy, and sustainability will be a key challenge for policymakers, innovators, and the public alike.As we stand on the cusp of this technological revolution, the future has never looked more exciting. The emergence of high-tech products will not only transform our daily lives but also pave the way for a more prosperous, sustainable, and connected world. By embracing these innovations and addressing the challenges they present, we can shape a future that is truly worthy of the human spirit – one that is filled with wonder, progress, and a deep respect for the incredible potential of the human mind.。

塑料热稳定级hsl英语全程As a leader in the field of plastics, I am passionate about the development and application of High Stabilization Level (HSL) plastics. These materials offer superior performance in high-temperature environments, ensuring longevity and reliability in various applications.HSL plastics are engineered to withstand the rigors of demanding conditions, making them ideal for use in automotive parts, electrical insulation, and even in the construction of industrial machinery. Their enhanced thermal stability reduces the risk of deformation and degradation, even when subjected to prolonged heat exposure.One of the key benefits of HSL plastics is their ability to maintain structural integrity under stress. This iscrucial for industries where safety and precision are paramount, such as aerospace and medical equipment manufacturing.Furthermore, HSL plastics contribute to sustainability efforts by reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing waste. Their durability means fewer resources are consumed over time, aligning with the growing global focus on environmental responsibility.Innovation in HSL plastic technology is ongoing, with continuous research aimed at improving their properties andexpanding their applications. This commitment to advancement ensures that HSL plastics remain at the forefront of the plastics industry.As we look to the future, the demand for materials that can perform under extreme conditions is only going to increase. HSL plastics are poised to meet this demand, offering a robust solution for industries that require the highest levels of performance and stability.。

Section I: Multiple Choice (40 points, 1 point each)1. Which of the following is NOT a major landform in the United States?A. PlateauB. PeninsulaC. FjordD. Valley2. The equator is located approximately:A. 20°NB. 30°NC. 40°ND. 50°N3. The climate zone characterized by warm temperatures and high rainfall is known as:A. TemperateB. AridC. TropicalD. Polar4. The Great Barrier Reef is located off the coast of:A. AustraliaB. JapanC. BrazilD. Canada5. The process by which water vapor rises from the Earth's surface and condenses into clouds is called:A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. Percolation6. The Amazon Rainforest is primarily located in:A. South AmericaB. North AmericaC. EuropeD. Africa7. Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource?A. Solar energyB. Fossil fuelsC. Wind energyD. Hydroelectric power8. The largest desert in the world is:A. SaharaB. GobiC. AtacamaD. Kalahari9. The Nile River is the longest river in:A. AsiaB. AfricaC. EuropeD. North America10. The concept of "urban sprawl" refers to:A. The expansion of cities into surrounding rural areasB. The development of high-rise buildings in urban centersC. The migration of people from rural to urban areasD. The conversion of forests into farmlandSection II: True or False (20 points, 1 point each)11. The Arctic Circle is located at 45°N. (T/F)12. The Great Wall of China is a natural feature. (T/F)13. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth. (T/F)14. The Sahara Desert is known for its lush greenery. (T/F)15. Renewable energy sources are not affected by human activity. (T/F)16. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world. (T/F)17. The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. (T/F)18. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. (T/F)19. The Arctic is the coldest region on Earth. (T/F)20. The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea. (T/F)Section III: Short Answer (30 points, 1 point each)21. Describe the difference between a continent and an island.22. Explain the water cycle and its importance.23. Define the term "climate change" and list two human activities that contribute to it.24. Describe the process of photosynthesis.25. What is the purpose of the Amazon Rainforest?Section IV: Essay (10 points)26. Discuss the impact of deforestation on the environment and suggest at least two ways to mitigate this issue.---Answers:Section I: Multiple Choice1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. B8. A9. B10. ASection II: True or False11. F12. F13. T14. F15. F16. T17. T18. T19. T20. TSection III: Short Answer21. A continent is a large landmass that is not divided by any bodies of water, while an island is a small piece of land surrounded by water.22. The water cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It includes processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. It is important because it provides water for plants, animals, and human activities.23. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. Human activities such as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, and industrial processes contribute to climate change. Ways to mitigate this issue include planting trees, using renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon emissions.24. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose. It involves the absorption of carbon dioxide and water, and the release of oxygen.25. The Amazon Rainforest is important for its biodiversity, as it is home to a vast number of plant and animal species. It also plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide.Section IV: EssayDeforestation has a significant impact on the environment. It leads to the loss of biodiversity, as many species of plants and animals depend on the forest for their habitat. Additionally, deforestation contributes to climate change, as trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. To mitigate this issue, we can implement reforestation programs, promotesustainable land management practices, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving forests.。

九年级时事热点英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making significant inroads into the field of education. AI-powered educational tools are transforming the way students learn and teachers teach.One of the major applications of AI in education is personalized learning. AI algorithms can analyze a student's learning style, strengths, and weaknesses and create a customized learning plan. This helps students learn at their own pace and in a way that suits them best.Another advantage of AI in education is its ability to provide instant feedback. For example, when a student answers a question or completes an assignment, AI can immediately provide feedback on their performance. This helps students understand their mistakes and improve their learning.However, there are also challenges associated with the use of AI in education. One of the main concerns is the potential for AI to replace teachers. While AI can provide valuable support to teachers, it cannot replace the human touch and emotional connection that teachers provide.Another challenge is the need for data privacy and security. As AI systems collect and analyze large amounts of data about students, there is a risk that this data could be misused or hacked.In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionize education, but it also comes with its own set of challenges. As educators and policymakers, it is important to carefully consider the benefits and risks of using AI in education and develop appropriate strategies to ensure its responsible use.1. What is one of the major applications of AI in education?A. Standardized learning.B. Personalized learning.C. Group learning.D. Traditional learning.答案：B。

低温电池英语Low Temperature BatteryThe development of low-temperature batteries has been a significant focus in the field of energy storage technology. As the world increasingly embraces renewable energy sources, the need for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions has become paramount. Low-temperature batteries offer a unique solution to this challenge, providing a way to store energy in harsh environmental conditions where traditional batteries may falter.One of the primary advantages of low-temperature batteries is their ability to operate in extreme cold environments. In regions with harsh winters or high-altitude areas, where temperatures can plummet well below freezing, conventional batteries often struggle to maintain their performance. The chemical reactions that power these batteries can slow down or even cease altogether in such conditions, rendering them ineffective. Low-temperature batteries, on the other hand, are designed to function effectively even in the most frigid of environments.This capability is particularly crucial for applications in remote or off-grid locations, where access to reliable power sources is limited. In these areas, low-temperature batteries can provide a crucial lifeline, powering essential equipment and enabling the use of renewable energy technologies. For example, in the Arctic or Antarctic regions, where scientific research stations and exploration missions rely on a consistent power supply, low-temperature batteries can ensure the continuous operation of vital equipment and communication systems.Moreover, low-temperature batteries have found applications in the transportation sector, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). As the demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions continues to grow, the need for batteries that can withstand the rigors of cold weather has become increasingly important. Low-temperature batteries can maintain their performance and charge capacity even in freezing temperatures, allowing EVs and HEVs to operate reliably in cold climates without sacrificing range or efficiency.The development of low-temperature batteries has been driven by advancements in materials science and electrochemical engineering. Researchers have explored a variety of battery chemistries and designs to optimize performance at low temperatures. One promising approach is the use of lithium-ion batteries with specialized electrolytes and electrode materials that can maintaintheir electrochemical activity even at sub-zero temperatures.For example, some low-temperature lithium-ion batteries incorporate electrolytes with low freezing points, which can prevent the formation of ice crystals that would otherwise disrupt the battery's internal processes. Additionally, the use of nanostructured electrode materials with high surface area-to-volume ratios can enhance the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions, enabling efficient charge and discharge even in cold conditions.Another innovative approach to low-temperature batteries involves the use of solid-state electrolytes. These electrolytes, which are made of solid materials rather than liquid solutions, can offer improved safety and stability at low temperatures compared to their liquid counterparts. Solid-state electrolytes are less susceptible to freezing and can maintain their ionic conductivity even in extreme cold, making them a promising solution for applications that require reliable and safe energy storage.The development of low-temperature batteries has also led to the exploration of alternative battery chemistries beyond lithium-ion. Researchers have investigated the potential of technologies such as sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, which may offer unique advantages in terms of cost, safety, and performance at low temperatures.Despite the promising progress in low-temperature battery technology, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed. One of the key challenges is improving the energy density and power density of these batteries while maintaining their low-temperature performance. Achieving a balance between energy storage capacity, power output, and cold-weather resilience is crucial for widespread adoption in various applications.Additionally, the manufacturing and scalability of low-temperature battery production present ongoing challenges. Ensuring that these batteries can be produced cost-effectively and in sufficient quantities to meet the growing demand is a crucial aspect of their commercialization.In conclusion, the development of low-temperature batteries is a significant advancement in the field of energy storage technology. These batteries offer a solution to the challenges posed by harsh environmental conditions, enabling the reliable and efficient use of renewable energy sources and powering essential equipment in remote or off-grid locations. As research and innovation continue to drive progress in this field, the potential applications of low-temperature batteries are expected to expand, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient energy future.。

Remarkable Technological Transformations in China Over thePast DecadeIn the past decade, China has witnessed unprecedented technological advancements that have reshaped its global standing and propelled it towards becoming a global leader in innovation. From space exploration to artificial intelligence, from renewable energy to biotechnology, China has made strides that are nothing short of remarkable.Space Exploration: Reaching for the StarsOne of the most notable achievements in China's technological revolution is its remarkable progress in space exploration. The successful launch of the Tiangong space station, along with the Shenzhou and Tianzhou missions, has established China as a major player in human spaceflight. The Chang'e lunar missions, including the collection of lunar samples and the discovery of new minerals like "Chang'eite," have deepened our understanding of the Moon. Furthermore, the Mars rover Zhurong's successful landing and exploration marked a significant milestone in China's interplanetary exploration capabilities.Artificial Intelligence and Big DataChina's AI industry has boomed in the last ten years, with applications spanning from healthcare to finance, autonomous driving to smart cities. The development of advanced AI algorithms and chipsets, such as Cambricon MLU100, has significantly enhanced computing power and efficiency. In the field of quantum computing, China has made groundbreaking progress, with the development of "Jiuzhang 3," a quantum computer that outperforms the world's most powerful supercomputers by millions of times in certain computational tasks.Renewable Energy and Clean TechnologyChina's commitment to renewable energy has led to significant advancements in clean technology. The development of high-temperature superconducting materials and cables has revolutionized energy transmission, resulting in higher efficiency and reduced energy losses. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles, coupled with the expansion of charging infrastructure, has accelerated the transition towards a greener transportation system. Additionally, China's nuclear power industry has flourished, with the "Hualong 1" and "ACP100" nuclear reactors showcasing China's technological prowess in this field.Biotechnology and HealthcareAdvancements in biotechnology have transformed China's healthcare sector. Gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have been harnessed to improve crop yields and develop novel treatments for genetic diseases. China's pharmaceutical industry has also flourished, with the development of innovative drugs and therapies, including immunotherapy for cancer. The country's medical research has made significant contributions to global health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, where AI algorithms aided in virus analysis and vaccine development.High-Tech Manufacturing and DigitalizationChina's manufacturing sector has undergone a digital transformation, with the integration of advanced technologies like 5G, IoT, and automation. The rise of smart factories and digital workshops has significantly improved production efficiency and product quality. China's dominance in industries like high-speed rail, renewable energy equipment, and electronics has solidified its position as a global manufacturing hub.Infrastructure and Smart CitiesChina's smart city initiatives have transformed urban life, with the integration of IoT, big data, and AI in various sectors. Smart transportation systems, energy grids, and public services have significantly improved the quality of life for citizens. The expansion of high-speed rail networks and the development of advanced telecommunications infrastructure have further accelerated this digital transformation.ConclusionIn conclusion, the past decade has witnessed China's remarkable technological advancements across various sectors. From space exploration to renewable energy, from AI to biotechnology, China has consistently pushed the boundaries of innovation. These achievements not only reflect China's growing technological prowess but also underscore its commitment to sustainable development and global leadership. As China continues to invest in research and development, it is poised to make even greater contributions to the global technological landscape in the years to come.。

第41卷第3期2021年6月气象科学Journal of the Meteorological SciencesVol.41,No.3Jun.,2021王莹，马红云,李海俊.长三角城市群夏季高温对未来全球增暖的响应.气象科学,2021,41(3)：285-294.WANG Ying,MA Hongyun,LI Haijun.Responses of summer high temperature of urban agglomeration in Yangtze River Delta to glob­al warming in the future.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2021,41(3)：285-294.长三角城市群夏季高温对未来全球增暖的响应王莹1马红云1李海俊2(1南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/大气科学学院气侯与应用前沿研究院(1CAR)，南京210044；2江西省气象局，南昌330000)摘要选取中国东部长江三角洲城市群区域作为研究对象，采用中国区域最新的土地覆盖资料ChinaLC，利用中尺度气象模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)对国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)中CESM(Community Earth System Model)气候模式提供的RCP4.5(Rep­resentative Concentration Pathway4.5)情景预估结果进行动力降尺度，以此模拟研究了未来增温1.5T/2.0T时的区域气候变化情况。

结果表明：CESM数据作为侧边界资料驱动WRF模式得到的降尺度模拟结果，与历史时期(1996—2005年)的气温观测数据相比，在空间分布上有较高的吻合度,该降尺度方案可以为未来区域气温变化的预估提供较为可靠的数据；长三角地区在到达全球增温1.5T(2025—2034年)/2.0T(2042—2051年)时，区域平均气温与历史同期相比分别升高了0.8和1.47T；空间分布上，增温最明显的区域主要集中在城市及其周边镶嵌体区域；随着全球增暖，区域平均高温热浪频次在增温1.5T/2.0T时期较历史同期分别增加了47%和100%，热浪强度分别增加了71%和129%；进一步通过对人体舒适度分析发现，与2.0升温阈值相比，控制增暖在1.5以内，极不舒适覆盖区域影响的人口数预计可减少5602.9万人。

目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)1 绪论 (1)1.1选题的背景 (1)1.2课题研究的目的和意义 (1)1.3本文的结构 (1)2 系统总体方案设计 (1)2.1总体方案设计 (2)2.2部分模块方案选择 (3)2.2.1单片机的选择 (3)2.2.2温度检测方式的选择 (3)2.2.3显示部分的选择 (4)2.2.4电源模块的选择 (4)3 硬件电路的设计 (4)3.1 硬件电路设计软件 (4)3.2系统整体原理图 (5)3.3单片机最小系统电路 (6)3.4单片机的选型 (7)3.5温度测量模块 (8)3.5.1 DS18B20概述 (8)3.5.2 DS18B20测温工作原理 (11)3.5.3 DS18B20温度传感器与单片机的接口电路 (12)3.6 显示模块 (13)3.7 按键以及无线遥控模块 (15)3.7.1按键的相关知识 (15)3.7.2 5伏带解码四路无线接收板模块 (16)3.8 报警及指示灯模块 (18)3.9 电源模块 (19)4 系统软件设计及仿真部分 (20)4.1软件设计的工具 (20)4.1.1程序编写软件 (20)4.1.2仿真软件 (21)4.2各模块对应的软件设计 (22)4.2.1显示模块的程序 (22)4.2.2温度测量的程序 (26)4.2.3报警系统程序 (32)4.2.4按键程序 (33)4.2.5总体程序 (35)5 实物制作 (37)5.1电源部分 (37)5.2单片机最小系统部分 (37)5.3 总体实物 (37)6 总结 (38)7 致谢 (39)参考文献 (40)附录一 (41)附录二 (49)基于单片机的温度测量系统摘要随着测温系统的极速的发展，国外的测量系统已经很成熟，产品也比较多。

近几年来，国内也有许多高精度温度测量系统的产品，但是对于用户来说价格较高。

随着市场的竞争越来越激烈，现在企业发展的趋势是如何在降低成本的前提下，有效的提高生产能力。

功能材料相关文献翻译（中文+英文）功能材料功能材料是新材料领域的核心，是国民经济、社会发展及国防建设的基础和先导。

它涉及信息技术、生物工程技术、能源技术、纳米技术、环保技术、空间技术、计算机技术、海洋工程技术等现代高新技术及其产业。

功能材料不仅对高新技术的发展起着重要的推动和支撑作用，还对我国相关传统产业的改造和升级，实现跨越式发展起着重要的促进作用。

功能材料种类繁多，用途广泛，正在形成一个规模宏大的高技术产业群，有着十分广阔的市场前景和极为重要的战略意义。

世界各国均十分重视功能材料的研发与应用，它已成为世界各国新材料研究发展的热点和重点，也是世界各国高技术发展中战略竞争的热点。

在全球新材料研究领域中，功能材料约占 85 % 。

我国高技术(863)计划、国家重大基础研究[973]计划、国家自然科学基金项目中均安排了许多功能材料技术项目(约占新材料领域70%比例)，并取得了大量研究成果。

当前国际功能材料及其应用技术正面临新的突破，诸如超导材料、微电子材料、光子材料、信息材料、能源转换及储能材料、生态环境材料、生物医用材料及材料的分子、原子设计等正处于日新月异的发展之中，发展功能材料技术正在成为一些发达国家强化其经济及军事优势的重要手段。

超导材料以NbTi、Nb3Sn为代表的实用超导材料已实现了商品化，在核磁共振人体成像(NMRI)、超导磁体及大型加速器磁体等多个领域获得了应用;SQUID作为超导体弱电应用的典范已在微弱电磁信号测量方面起到了重要作用，其灵敏度是其它任何非超导的装置无法达到的。

但是，由于常规低温超导体的临界温度太低，必须在昂贵复杂的液氦(4.2K)系统中使用，因而严重地限制了低温超导应用的发展。

高温氧化物超导体的出现，突破了温度壁垒，把超导应用温度从液氦( 4.2K)提高到液氮(77K)温区。

同液氦相比，液氮是一种非常经济的冷媒，并且具有较高的热容量，给工程应用带来了极大的方便。

另外，高温超导体都具有相当高的上临界场[H c2 (4K)>50T]，能够用来产生20T以上的强磁场，这正好克服了常规低温超导材料的不足之处。

Refractories and Industrial Ceramics Vol. 52, No. 1, May, 2011EFFECT OF CERAMIC POWDER FINENESSON MULLITE-ZIRCONIUM CERAMIC PROPERTIESG . P. Sedmale, 1A. V . Khmelev, 1and I. É.Shperberga 1Translated from Novye Ogneupory , No. 1, pp. 41–46, January 2011.Original article submitted October 29, 2010.Results are provided for a study of the development of high-temperature mullite-zirconium ceramic with use of activated ceramic powders prepared by grinding for different times with addition of illite clay, and from pure oxide powders. It is shown that increased activity and amorphicity of ground particles considerably pro-motes formation of mullite phase at 1200°C,and also transition of the monoclinic modification of ZrO 2to tetragonal, particularly with an increase in firing temperature. It is proposed that as a result of rapid “freezing”the structure retains the high-temperature modification of ZrO 2, having a tendency with slow ceramic cooling to transform into the monoclinic modification.Keywords:mullite-zirconium ceramic, illite clay, grinding, particle size.INTRODUCTIONMullite-zirconia (mullite-corundumceramic is one of the materials used extensively in high-temperature produc-tion processes. A distinguishing feature of mullite-zirconia ceramic is the retention of high strength, including at ele-vated temperature and with temperature falls. The set of these properties predetermines further application of the ce-ramic and use of it in high-temperature production processes.It has been established [1]that mullite-zirconia ceramic may be prepared from mixed starting compositions, includ-ing g-Al 2O 3, silica-gel, ZrO 2mon, Y 2O 3with addition of 7.75–8.75wt.%illite clay, promoting sintering and forma-tion of a mullite phase at lower temperatures [2].On the other hand, the importance is indicated in [3,4]of the degree of grinding of the starting powders. It has been established grinding ceramic powders leads to destruction of the particle crystal lattice, and as a consequence to amorphization. Here higher sintering indices are achieved for ceramic material and correspondingly density, and ultimate strength in bend-ing and compression. However, a distinguishing feature of rapid grinding [3]is formation of coarse agglomerates con-sisting of particles strongly sintered to each other. It has been proposed that agglomeration is due to heat liberated during grinding. Therefore, as indicated in [5],the duration of grind-ing should severely limited and determined by experiment1for each specific case. According to the authors of the pres-ent articles, grinding duration for starting powders is 5–6h.It is also noted [6]that grinding of starting powder pro-motes crystallization of mullite and tegtragonal ZrO 2in ce-ramic material. After a short period of grinding (4–6h rapid mullite formation during firing is observed at 1180–1280°C;further mullite formation occurs over the ex-tent of the next 350°C.It has been established [7]that with an average content of particles with a size of0.5mm in the starting powder the increase in ultimate strength in compression and even elas-ticity modulus was about 30%compared with a specimen containing particles with a size of more than 5mm. It has been noted that the size of mullite crystal particle that form, which are 50–70nm, and sometimes 80–95nm, is of con-siderable importance.The aim of this work includes determining the effect of ceramic powder fineness, including with addition of illite clay, on formation and development of high-temperaturecrystalline phases (mulliteand ZrO 2, and the mechanical properties of mullite-zirconia ceramic. STUDY METHODSThe starting powder was prepared from a mixture con-sisting of synthetic materials, i.e., g-Al2O 3prepared from calcined Al(OH3at 550°C,amorphous SiO 2, ZrO 2mon, and Y 2O 3. A mineral raw material was used in one part of the 351083-4877/11/05201-0035©2011Springer Science+BusinessMedia, Inc.Riga Technical University, Institute of Silicate Materials, Riga, Latvia.36Fig. 1. Schematic image of diffraction maximum with marked value for calcu-lating crystal particle size by the Sherrer equation.starting powder as an additional component, i.e. illite clay containing about65%illite fraction. The starting powder compositions are provided in Table 1.The chemical and mineral compositions, and also the av-erage grain size of illite clay are provided below:Chemical composition, %:SiO 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5Al 2O3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8Fe 2O 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.5TiO 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2CaO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9MgO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6K2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0Na2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1Dm cal(1000°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4Mineral composition, wt. p:illite K 0.5(H3O 0.5Al 2(OH. . . 2[(Al,Si. . . . 4O . . 10]·n H . . . 2O . . . . . . . 65–70quartz SiO 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–20calcite CaCO 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6goethite a-FeOOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8kaolinite Al 2(OH4[Si2O5]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7Content, %,particles with sizes, mm:63–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.520–6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.56.3–2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.5<2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5The starting powder mixes were ground and homoge-nized in a laboratory planetary mill for 4, 10and 24h, using corundum balls as the grinding bodies. The size of ground powder particles was determined by means of an SEM mi-croscope (modelJSM-T200, Japan, and the average particle distribution was evaluated by means of a photon correlation spectrometer using a strongly diluted suspension of 10–2N KCl (40mg KCl +100ml H 2O; the surfactant used was Fairy washing substance. In order to determine the crystal-line particle size an x-ray diffractometer (modelRigaku, Ja-pan, with Cu Ka-radiation with a scanning interval 2è=10–60°and a speed of 4°/minwas used. The size of crystal particles D , nm, in the original ground powders was determined by the Sherrer equation [8]:D =k l/B cos q,where k is Bolzmann constant (k =0.87–1.0; lis x-ray beam wavelength, nm(l=0.15418nm. The value of B , rad, was calculated from the difference in x-ray beam reflection angles, B =èwith 2–èa 1. A schematic image of the diffraction maximum note of the values required for calculation is shown in Fig. 1.G. P. Sedmale, A. V . Khmelev, and I. É.ShperbergaTABLE 1. Starting Powder Compositions for Preparing Mullite-Zirconia Ceramic, wt.%Powder compositiong-Al 2O 3SiO 2·n H 2OZrO 2Y 2O 3Illite clay1062.3028.005.204.50–10i 57.3025.854.704.158.00Specimens for phase composition, structure and proper-ties of the prepared ceramic materials were manufactured in the form of disks 30mm in diameter and 3mm thick, cylin-ders with a diameter of 35mm and a height of 45mm, and rods 55mm long and3mm thick from powders by axial compaction (pressure120MPa. Firing was carried outin an air atmosphere in the range from 1200to 1500°Cafter each 100°C(ina laboratory muffle furnace Nabertherm 3000, Germany, with a heating rate of 6°C/minwith soaking at the maximum temperature for 30min. Specimen density after firing was evaluated according to apparent density from the ratio of specimen weight to its volume, and also from deter-mination of open porosity and overall shrinkage according to EN 63-2:2001.The composition of phases, as for the size of crystals, and also microstructure of fired specimens were determined from x-ray phase analysis (XPAdata and scanning a scan-ning electron microscope (JSM-T200,Japan data after each firing temperature cycle. Thermal shock resistance was de-termined according to EN820-3:2004,using ceramic rod specimens fired at 1400°C.Specimens were studied after each 200°Cin the range 500–1000°C.Thermal shock resis-tance after firing cycle was evaluated from the change in elasticity modulus and ultimate strength in bending.Elasticity modulus was determined in a Buzz-o-sonic in-strument (firmBuzz-Mac International LLC, USA accord-ing tot eh principle of measuring shock wave propagation with a ceramic specimens placed perpendicular to two paral-lel installed metal bases, covered with a thin polymer layer. Shock waves within a specimen were created by means of small polymer hammer, in one end of which there was a steel ball4mm in diameter, recorded by a special microphone and analyzed by means of a Fourier arrangement.Elasticity modulus E , GPa, was calculated by the equa-tionE =0.9465rf 2L 4T 1/t 2,where ris specimen density, g/cm3; f is frequency, Hz; L is specimen length, mm; T test specimen dimensions; 1is correlation value which depends on t is specimen thickness, mm.The ultimate strength in compression of ceramic speci-mens was determined according to EN 658-2:2003using a TONI Technik Controller TG0995instrument, and ultimate strength in bending was determined by a three-point method according to EN 843-1:2006using a Zwick/Rolemodel 1486instrument.Effect of Ceramic Powder Fineness on Mullite-Zirconium Ceramic Properties37Fig. 2. Microstructure of starting powder composites 10and 10i re-spectively after grinding for 4(a and 20h (b.Fig. 3. Change in crystal dimensions in relation to starting powder grinding duration for composites 10and 10i:¯and ¡ baddeleyite (correspondinglycompositions 10and 10i; tion 10i; r and ´ Y * corundum (composi-2O 3(correspondinglycompositions 10and 10i; + quartz (composition10i.Fig. 4. Most possible distribution of particles P and their aggregates in starting powder compositions 10and 10i after grinding for 4and 10h.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMicrophotographs are shown in Fig. 2of ceramic pow-der compositions 10and 10i, ground for 4and 24h. After 4h of grinding powder composition 10is represented by densely compacted amorphous particles of circular shape with sizes of about 3to 7–10mm, being both individual formations and in the form of agglomerates. At the same time thestruc-ture of ceramic powder 10i with additions of illite clay, ground for 24h, is in the from of amorphous agglomerates of finer particles.According to XPA data, the average size of ZrO 2mon, Y 2O 3and quartz SiO2crystals (introducedwith illite clay in powders after 4, 10and 24h of grinding with an without ad-dition of clay varies within limits 55–100nm (Fig.3. It may seen that additions of clay affects the dispersion of crys-tals in the original powder. There is especially a reduction in crystal size of baddeleyite after 24h of grinding powder and Y 2O3(lessmarkedly; a sharp reduction in the size of quartz and ZrO 2crystals in composition 10i, reaching 55–59nm (seeFig. 3. On the other hand, from the results of determin-ing the size of particles an agglomerates in ground powder using a correlation spectrometer it follows that the size of the maximum amount of particles is seen within the limits 200–520nm (Fig.4.Formation of mullite and corundum phases, and also tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO 2(accordingto XPA data in specimens sintered at different temperatures, is shown in Fig.5. It may be seen that mullite formation commences at 1200°Cand it develops actively up to 1600°C,although the first mullite phase nuclei possibly form at 1100°Cdue to the activity and amorphicity of particles in the original powder. Crystalline phases of SiO2(cristobaliteand quartz are pres-ent up to 1250°C,and at higher temperatures (1330and 1400°Ca reaction sets in promoting further mullite and also corundum formation.It should be noted that over the whole temperature range apart from a diffraction maximum from ZrO 2mon, there is formation of a clearly expressed maximum from ZrO 2tetr,Fig. 5. X-ray patterns of crystalline phase formation in a 10i speci-men in relation to sintering temperature:M is mullite 3Al 2O 3·2SiO2; C is corundum a-Al 2O 3; Q is quartz; Cr is cristobalite; Z m is ZrO 2mon; Z t is ZrO 2tetr.38Fig. 6. Microstructure of specimens of compositions 10i (a and 10(b , fired at1300°C.which points to partial stabilization of zirconium dioxide due to introduction of Y2O 3into the ZrO 2structure.The microstructure of a specimen of this ceramic, shown in Fig. 6a , is represented by densely packed crystalline for-mations, mainly mullite of prismatic and pseudo-prismatic habit; for a specimen without a clay addition (Fig.6b the shape of mullite is more clearly observed.As may be seen from data for shrinkage of specimens of composition 10i (Fig.7, the effect of grinding duration t, i.e., increase in fineness of the starting powder, is quite marked. Specimen shrinkage increases from 15to 25%with an increase in tfor the starting powder for each temperature. Such a marked difference in development of shrinkage with an increase in tmay be explained by assuming that with presence of a liquid phase there is “contraction”(drawingto-gether of particles followed by sintering by a solid-phase mechanism. An increase in shrinkage with an increase in sintering temperature to 1500°Ccauses a reduction in liquid phase viscosity and consequently acceleration of ion diffu-sion, leading to specimen contraction during cooling. A simi-lar observation is also given by the authors in [4].By analyzing the change in apparent density rapp and ul-timate strength in compression sco (Fig.8 it may be noted that a significant role in increasing specimen rapp (upto 3.0and ~2.6g/cm3correspondingly for compositions 10i and 10 is played byaddition of illite clay, which is particularly typical for specimens ground for 10and 24h. This is ex-plained by more active diffusion and reaction of particles in the presence fo a liquid phase, whose formation is pro-moted by addition of illite clay. A positive role is also pro-posed for addition of illite clay on the transformation ZrO 2tetr ®ZrO 2mon on cooling specimens. At the sameG. P. Sedmale, A. V . Khmelev, and I. É.ShperbergaFig. 7. Change in shrinkage Y for specimens of composition 10i:t is temperature; tis starting powder grinding time.Fig. 8. Change in apparent density rapp (––and strength in com-pression sco (——.time, ceramic specimens without addition of illite clay have lower values of rapp since in this case sintering is determined mainly by the activity and amorphicity of particles in the starting powder.A more intense increase in rfirst 4h of grinding app and sshould co of specimens of powders after the also be noted. A further increase in grinding duration (t>10h is less effec-tive, which is probably due to agglomeration of particles. Addition of illite clay at a high level promotes an increase in the value of sco , reaching a maximum value of165MPa. An increase in saddition co to 98MPa is also demonstrated by specimens without of illite clay from powders after 24h of grinding, although the lower values of this index are due to presence of internal pores within specimens, which is indi-cated by the power values of rapp .The elasticity modulus E of specimens after thermal shock DT , particularly with an increase in the temperature range during thermal shock, and also specimens prepared from finer powders, has a tendency to increase (Fig.9. Such a clear difference in the value of E for specimens is appar-ently connected mainly with phase transformations of ZrO [6,11](ZrOwith im-2provement and 2mon >ZrO growth 2tetr, and in all probability of prismatic crystalline mullite for-mations. For specimens with addition of clay the value of E increased by 2–3GPa or more uniformly, particularly with a sharper temperature drop (800/20and 1000/20.For speci-Effect of Ceramic Powder Fineness on Mullite-Zirconium Ceramic Properties39Fig. 9. Change in elasticity modulus E for specimens of composi-tion 10in relation to difference in temperature interval DT with ther-mal shock. Specimen firing temperature1400°C.Fig. 10. Change in ultimate strength in bending sben of specimens without addition (a and with addition of illite clay (b made from powders ground for 4, 10and 24h in relation to temperature DT . Specimen firing temperature 1400°C.mens after the first thermal shock cycle (500/20a similar tendency is retained.A similar tendency is observed for the ultimate strength in bending sben of specimens after thermal shock. As may be seen from Fig. 10a, the overall tendency of a change in sben involves a marked increase after thermal shock. For exam-ple, whereas for an original specimens (after24h grinding of starting powder the value of sben is25MPa, with an in-crease in DT sben reaches 42.5MPa. It may be proposed that compliance of specimen to a sharp change in temperature followed by rapid b rapid “freezing”of the structure pro-motes a marked or total transfer ZrO 2mon >ZrO 2tetr, and to a certain extent agrees with expressions provided in [10].Changes of sben of specimens with addition of clay (Fig.10b are more uniform. The previous tendency is ob-served towards a more marked increase in sof powders after 24h of grinding, and also ben of specimens with an increase in DT , which is also explained by ZrO 2polymorphic transfor-mation. CONCLUSIONResults of development of high-temperature mullite-zir-conia ceramic using activated powders, ground for different times without or with addition of illite clay, showed that the particle size of the starting powder is determined by grinding duration. Use of different methods for evaluating powder particle size, and also particle agglomeration in a powder, gives different results. It is clear that the size of crystal parti-cles is ~50–100nm, whereas for amorphous particles and aggregates it is 200–500nm. An increase in activity and amorphicity of ground particles markedly promotes forma-tion of mullite phase starting from 1200°C,and also a transi-tion of the monoclinic modification of ZrO 2into tetragonal, particularly with a high firing temperature.It has been established that specimens have relatively high shrinkage (15–25%,which increases considerably with an increase in temperature and starting powder grinding duration.The apparent density and ultimate strength in compres-sion of specimens are governed both by the duration of start-ing powder grinding and also presence of illite clay within it. After 24h of starting powder grinding these indices for spec-imens without addition of illite clay reach 2.55g/cm3and 80MPa; for specimens with additions they increase to 2.95g/cm3and 15MPa respectively.Elasticity modulus and ultimate strength in bending for specimens with an increased temperature difference during thermal shock, both for specimens of powder with prolonged grinding (10and 24h have a tendency towards a marked in-crease, particularly for specimens without illite clay.It is assumed that the tendency of ceramic specimens to-wards a sharp temperature drop leads to rapid “freezing”of the structure, promoting retention of the high-temperature tetragonal modification of ZrO 2. REFERENCES1. G. P. Sedmali, I. É.Sperberger, A. V . Khmelev, et al., “F orma-tion of ceramic in the system Al Tekhn. 2O 3–SiOKeram. 2–ZrO, 2in the presence ofmineralizers,”Ogneupory No. 5, 18–23(2008.2. G. Sedmale, I. Sperberga, U. Sedmalis, et al., “Formationof high-temperature crystalline phases in ceramics from illite cla y and dolomite,”J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. , 26, No. 15, 3351–3355(2006.40 G. P. Sedmale, A. V. Khmelev, and I. É. Shperberga 3. N. Behmanesh and S. H. Manesh, “Role of mechanical activation of precursors in solid-state processing of nano-structured mullite phas e,” J. of Alloys and Compounds, 450, 421 – 425 (2008. 4. Y. Lin and Yi. Chen, “Fabrication of mullite composites by cyclic infiltration and reactionsintering,” Materials Science and Engineering A, 298, 179 – 186 (2001. 5. L. B. Kong, T. S. Zhang, J. Marr, et al., “Anisotropic grain growth of mullite in high-energy ball milling powders doped with transition metal oxides,”,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 23, 2247 – 2256 (2003. 6. E. Medvedovski, “Alumina-mullite ceramics for structuring applications,” Ceramics International, 32, 369 –375 (2006. 7. C. Aksel, “The effect of mullite on mechanical properties and thermal shock behavior of alumina-mullite refractory materials,” Ceramics International, 29, 183 – 188 (2003. 8. S. Junaid, S. Quazi, and R. Andrian, “Use of wid e-angle x-ray diffraction to measure shape and size of dispersed colloidal particles,” J. of Colloid and Interface Science, 338, No. 1, 105 – 110 (2009. 9. W. Yoon, P. Sarin, and W. M. Kriven, “Growth of textured mullite fibers using a quadrupole lamp furn ace,”,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28, 455 – 463 (2008. 10. N. M. Rendtorft, L. B. Garrido, and E. F. Aglietti, “Thermal shock behavior of dense mullite-zirconia composites obtained by two processing routes,” Ceramics International, 34, 2017 – 2024 (2008.。

Practice test 5Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Virtual OfficeA) Twenty years from now, as many as 25 million Americans — nearly 20 percent of the workforce — willstretch the boundaries between home and work far beyond the lines drawn now. Technology has already so accelerated the pace of change in the workplace that few futurists are willing to predict hard numbers. But nearly all trend-trackers agree that much of the next century’s work will be decentralized, done at home or in satellite offices on a schedule tailored to fit worker’s lives and the needs of their families. Even international boundaries may blur as the economy goes truly global.B)Between 1990 and 1998, telecommuting doubled from about 3 percent to 6 percent of the working population— or about 8. 2 million people. The numbers are expected to double again in far less time, with as much as 12 percent of the population telecommuting by the year 2005, says Charlie Grantham, director of the Institute for the Study of Distributed Work in Windsor, California.C)Wireless computers and seamless communications systems are already in the works and fueling the trend. Thevideo phone is not far off; an advance that many futurists believe will make even more companies comfortable with employees working from home. “Now, we communicate at the level of radio,”says Gerald Celente, author of Trends 2000 and director of The Trends Research Institute of Rhinebeck, New York. E-mail and the telephone are primitive, he argues, and make people feel cut off from co-workers. But once everyone can see each other on the screen, long-distance relationships will feel more intimate.D)What about the office? “Today’s offices are a direct descendant of the factory,” says Gil Gordon, a consultantbased in Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, who has spent nearly two decades advising companies on how to institute telecommuting and more flexible work patterns. “They may be better lighted, but they’re much the same. ” Still, Gordon does not think the office building will vanish altogether. Rather, the office of 2020 will be just one place for focused work that requires true collaboration. It will also be a key site for socializing and cementing the relationships that keep a business going.E)Physically, however, it may look quite different. The typical office today allocates about 80 percent of thespace to offices and cubicles, with the rest given over to formal meeting rooms, Gordon says. That will soon change to 20 percent for individual work stations and 40 percent for “touch-down spaces” to land in but not to move into. We may sit still only long enough to check E-mail and access data. Gordon predicts the remaining40 percent of space will be devoted to sites used by teams and groups, including conference rooms. But theywill not look like today’s dull conference rooms. Instead, many will be designed to promote connection and creativity.F)It’s also likely that companies will sha re space. Instead of more high-rise office towers, there will be moremulti-use centers shared by several firms. “You will call ahead and reserve a space and check-in time, and a kind of concierge (前台接待 ) will assign you a spot and make sure that, as of seven a. m. that day, your phone rings there. ” With all this mobility, employees may long for a sense of belonging. Transitional workspaces may become more individualized, according to Gordon. “A lig hted panel may display pictures of your family, your dog or your sailboat.” Futurist Lisa Aldisert, a senior consultant with a New York-based trends analysis firm, suggests that, through sophisticated microchip applications, a roving employee will be able with the flick of a switch to alter wall colors and room temperature to fit her mood.-7-New Work Relationships G) The benefits of these changes, for both workers and companies, are already evident to many. Compellingstudies have convinced many companies that telecommuting is a plus for the bottom line. Aetna, for example, finds that the people who process its claims produce about 20 percent more when they work outside of the office. What will some other side effects be? No one can guess yet just how the legal relationships between workers and employers will change. Many workers may move from a salary system to an independent contractor system. Or they may sign on with different clients on a project-by-project basis. Companies might continue to provide benefits to many workers to assure their loyalty. In any case, companies will still try to find ways to foster a sense of identity with their products and services. To do their best, workers will still need to feel part of a team, says Leslie Faught, president of Working Solutions, a work/life benefit company based in Portland, Oregon.H) Some futurists also note that technology may change the hierarchy of most workplaces. In fact, work maybecome much more democratic, as companies share more information to get the job done. Introducing software to streamline communications within a company, for example, can also mean allowing access to information that was formerly held by one or two people. That can be threatening to some managers at first, but many change their minds, once they see how much better working relationships can be. “Once they get on board, many managers realize their own lives are better too,” says Kathy King of the Oregon Office of Energy whose job is to promote telecommunicating from an environmental standpoint.New Social Life I) A growing number of American workers have already had a taste of the future. Leslie Faught “talks” viaE-mail with customers and partners scattered across South America, Canada and Asia. She says being able to see them via video phone and work with them via interactive computer will only strengthen personal connections she has already forged. Nonetheless, being part of a virtual community will never entirely replace the need for in- person connections right here at home. That’s why w orkers of the future will also flock to satellite work centers in their neighborhoods. Many will have amenities (福利生活区) — provided by companies or entrepreneurs — that bring people together, as they used to gather around the water-cooler. It’s already easy to see prototypes in places like Seattle, where Kinko’s and Tully’s Coffee are next door, and people bounce in and out while they do both work and community projects.J) At the heart of all these changes, says Gil Gordon, is the fact that we have finally begun to separate the idea ofwork from the place where we do it. And that will make blending work and family a lot easier for many people. Like Jane Hanson and her husband, many families will find life less hectic and more integrated.46. Since 1990, the number of telecommuters (people who work from home, using equipment such as phones, fax machines, and modems to contact their colleagues and customers) has been on the sharp increase.47. Offices in the future tend to look different and serve different purposes; they will most likely be designed topromote connection and creativity.48. In the years to come, the office buildings may not disappear; they’ll stay there just for focused work and serveas a site for socializing.49. It appears that flexible in work patterns, telecommuters are most likely to be more productive than theiroffice-based counterparts.50. Futurists believe that once the executives realize the potential benefits, they would not only welcome butpromote those changes in workplaces as well.51. With all these possible changes in workplace or work patterns, people may find it easier to develop aharmonious relationship between work and family life.52. Futurists predict that there will spring up many multi-use center shared by several companies. 53. In the 21st century, the rapid development of high tech and growing trend towards the globalization ofeconomy has been bringing about truly dramatic changes in the choice of workplace and even the traditional concept about international boundaries.54.As a means of communication, E-mail and telephone may be considered to be primitive.55.Regardless of other workplace changes, employees will still need to feel part of a team in order to do theirbest.TranslationDirections： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.欢乐兴致是会传染的正如歌里唱的那样:“你喜笑颜开的时候，整个世界都与你同声欢笑。

耐高温耐高压英语Enduring High Temperature and High PressureThe ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions is a remarkable feat of engineering and material science. In the realm of industrial applications, where the demands for performance and reliability are paramount, the need for materials that can endure high temperatures and high pressures has become increasingly crucial. This essay delves into the world of materials that possess the remarkable capacity to withstand such challenging environments, exploring their properties, applications, and the ongoing research and development that drives their advancement.At the heart of this discussion lies the fundamental understanding of the behavior of materials under extreme conditions. When subjected to high temperatures and high pressures, materials can undergo a range of physical and chemical transformations that can significantly impact their structural integrity, mechanical properties, and overall performance. This is where the science of materials engineering comes into play, as researchers and scientists work tirelessly to develop new materials and refine existing ones to meet the ever-increasing demands of modern industry.One of the most prominent examples of materials that excel in high-temperature and high-pressure environments is ceramics. Ceramics, such as silicon carbide, alumina, and zirconia, possess remarkable thermal stability, high compressive strength, and excellent resistance to corrosion and wear. These properties make them ideal for applications in industries like aerospace, energy production, and chemical processing, where the operating conditions can be incredibly harsh.In the aerospace industry, for instance, ceramic-based components are extensively used in jet engines, where they are exposed to temperatures exceeding 1000 degrees Celsius and pressures that can reach several hundred atmospheres. These materials not only withstand the extreme conditions but also contribute to the overall efficiency and performance of the engines, helping to reduce fuel consumption and emissions.Similarly, in the energy sector, ceramics play a crucial role in the design and construction of high-temperature reactors, where they are employed in the fabrication of fuel elements, control rods, and other critical components. Their ability to maintain structural integrity and resist degradation under intense heat and pressure is essential for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of these power generation systems.Beyond ceramics, other materials have also been developed to tackle the challenges of high-temperature and high-pressure environments. Superalloys, for example, are a class of metal-based materials that exhibit exceptional strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability at elevated temperatures. These alloys, often composed of nickel, cobalt, or iron, are widely used in gas turbines, rocket engines, and other high-performance applications where extreme conditions prevail.The development of these advanced materials is not without its challenges, however. Researchers must grapple with a complex interplay of factors, including chemical composition, microstructural design, and manufacturing processes, to optimize the performance of these materials under extreme conditions. This requires a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on expertise from fields such as materials science, engineering, and computational modeling.One area of particular interest in this field is the use of additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, to create complex, customized parts that can withstand high temperatures and pressures. By leveraging the capabilities of additive manufacturing, engineers can design and produce components with intricate geometries and tailored properties, opening up new possibilities for the application of high-performance materials in various industries.Moreover, the ongoing research and development in this field are not limited to the materials themselves. Equally important is the advancement of the testing and characterization techniques used to evaluate the performance of these materials under extreme conditions. From advanced imaging technologies to sophisticated simulation models, researchers are continuously pushing the boundaries of our understanding of material behavior, enabling the development of even more robust and reliable solutions for high-temperature and high-pressure applications.In conclusion, the ability to endure high temperatures and high pressures is a testament to the remarkable progress made in materials science and engineering. The development of materials that can withstand such extreme conditions has been crucial for the advancement of various industries, from aerospace to energy production. As the demands for performance and efficiency continue to rise, the ongoing research and innovation in this field will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of technology and engineering. By pushing the limits of what is possible, the materials that can endure high temperature and high pressure are paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable future.。

暖空调英语Heating and Air Conditioning in EnglishThe topic of heating and air conditioning is a fascinating one that encompasses a wide range of technological advancements and environmental considerations. In today's modern world, the ability to control the temperature and humidity of our living and working spaces has become an integral part of our daily lives. From the ancient practices of using fire and natural ventilation to the sophisticated climate control systems of today, the evolution of heating and air conditioning has been a testament to human ingenuity and the constant pursuit of comfort and efficiency.At its core heating and air conditioning systems are designed to regulate the temperature and humidity levels within a given space. This is achieved through the use of various technologies such as furnaces, boilers, heat pumps, and air conditioners. Furnaces, for example, generate heat by burning fuel, typically natural gas or propane, and then distribute the warm air throughout a building using a system of ducts and vents. Boilers, on the other hand, heat water which is then circulated through a network of pipes to provide warmth. Heat pumps, a more energy-efficient alternative, work bytransferring heat from one location to another, either from the outside air to the inside or vice versa, depending on the season.Air conditioning systems, on the other hand, work by removing heat and moisture from the air, effectively cooling and dehumidifying the space. These systems use refrigerant-based technology to absorb heat from the indoor air and expel it to the outdoors, creating a comfortable and controlled environment. The development of more efficient and environmentally-friendly refrigerants has been a key focus in the air conditioning industry, as concerns over the environmental impact of traditional refrigerants have grown.Beyond the basic function of heating and cooling, modern heating and air conditioning systems have become increasingly sophisticated, incorporating advanced features and technologies. Programmable thermostats, for instance, allow users to precisely control the temperature and humidity levels in their homes or offices, often with the ability to set schedules and adjust settings remotely. The integration of smart home technologies has further enhanced the capabilities of these systems, enabling users to monitor and manage their heating and cooling needs from anywhere, using their smartphones or other digital devices.The importance of energy efficiency has also become a driving force in the development of heating and air conditioning systems. Asconcerns over climate change and the environmental impact of energy consumption have grown, manufacturers have focused on creating products that are more energy-efficient, reducing the carbon footprint and operating costs associated with heating and cooling. This has led to the development of high-efficiency furnaces, boilers, and air conditioners, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar power, into these systems.The impact of heating and air conditioning on our daily lives cannot be overstated. These systems not only provide us with comfort and control over our indoor environments, but they also play a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of individuals. Proper temperature and humidity levels can help prevent the growth of mold and mildew, which can be harmful to respiratory health, and can also aid in the prevention of heat-related illnesses during periods of extreme weather.Moreover, the heating and air conditioning industry has become a significant economic driver, employing millions of people worldwide in the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of these systems. The demand for skilled technicians and engineers in this field continues to grow, as the complexity of these systems increases and the need for energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly solutions becomes more pressing.In conclusion, the topic of heating and air conditioning is a multifaceted and ever-evolving one, encompassing technological advancements, environmental considerations, and the impact on our daily lives. As we continue to strive for greater comfort, efficiency, and sustainability, the heating and air conditioning industry will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of our built environment and our overall quality of life.。

1【单选题】Which of the following words is regarded as formal vocabulary?A、can’tB、evaluateC、goodD、niceB2【单选题】One meter of fabric is enough to cover the exterior of an 18-in-diameter hatbox. To make if more formal, which of the following can replace the underlined word? A、plentyB、muchC、sufficientD、decentC3【单选题】Which of the following does not contribute to lexical density?A、More noun-based phrasesB、More subordinate clausesC、More verb-based phrasesD、More participlesC4【单选题】You can write in formal language by adopting the following means EXCEPT _____.A、minimizing the use of first- and second-person pronounsB、minimizing the use of passive voiceC、. using advanced and academic vocabularyD、using long and complex sentencesB5【单选题】Which of the following is the most formal?A、The analysis and findings of the experiment reveal that the technique is quite complex.B、We analyzed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique is quite complex.C、The analysis and findings of our experiment show that the technique is too puzzling.D、Our analysis and findings of the experiment make me puzzled.A6【单选题】The price of meat has been (going down) steeply. To make it more formal, which of the following can replace "going down"?A、cut downB、reducingC、droppingD、declining7【单选题】Which of the following has the highest level of lexical density?.A、Academic articlesB、NewsC、LettersD、NovelsA8【单选题】Which of the following sentences is not correct?A、Concise writing makes every word count.B、Conciseness means being short.C、The opposite of conciseness is wordiness.D、Replacement can be used to make writing more concise.B9【单选题】Every society has rules about when, where and to whom an individual may show certain emotions. ______, people in United States typically expect children to express emotions to parents.A、NamelyB、For instanceC、Such asD、A case in pointC10【单选题】Which of the following is academic in terms of formality?A、So far there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individual.B、You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.C、The solution can then be discarded.D、The analysis didn’t yield any new results.C1【单选题】Which of the following is the most precise?A、Development rate was fast in the high temperature treatment.B、Development rate was faster in the higher temperature treatment.C、Development rate was faster in the higher temperature treatment than in the lower temperature treatment.D、Development rate in the 30°C temperature treatment was ten percent faster than that in the 20°C temperature treatment.D12【单选题】In this work, our objective was to improve the carbon fiber performance significantly by utilizing very high molecular weight polymer so that high quality precursors can be produced. The underlined words can be replaced by____.A、producing high quality precursorsB、to produce high quality precursorsC、so that produce high quality precursors.D、produced high quality precursorsB13【单选题】Which of the following statements about the topic sentence is NOT correct?A、It is located in the introduction.B、It is often the first sentence of a paragraph.C、It shows the main idea of the paragraph.D、It needs to be developed and supported.A14【单选题】Which of the following is not the feature of academic language?A、CoherentB、ConcisenessC、ObjectivityD、VividnessD15【单选题】Which of the following is not a compound sentence?A、Because I was running late for work, I was snippy with him.B、They had no ice cream left at home, nor did they have money to go to the store. C、I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.D、She did not cheat on the test, for it was the wrong thing to do.B16【单选题】Which of the following is NOT a run-on sentence?A、Rubidium has no major uses, however, it is more common in the earth than zinc, copper, or nickel.B、Tom put a match to the papers, the pile burst into flames.C、He had sustained a broken back while working in the mines, consequently, he spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair.D、A new kind of caffeinated drink has become increasingly popular, namely functional energy drink (FEDS).D17【判断题】Since academic writing is very formal, we’d better avoid the use of slangs, contractions orincomplete sentences.√18【判断题】Passive voice is definitely accepted as a formal academic writing in all disciplines.×19【判断题】“ Even though” is a transitional phrase to show addition.×20【判断题】“Nevertheless” is a subordinator rather than a sentence connector.×。