2010年东南大学翻译硕士考研真题

1994年英译汉试题71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

东南大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案东南大学（原题）英语翻译基础共150分一、英译汉（80%）【才思教育注释】大约490词都不难没什么生单词Israelis and Palestinians blu-ray copy were closely watching next month's US midterm race amid a sense―rarely discussed openly but very much on people's minds―that the result could affect the US-led peace effort,App Makers Take Interest in Android, and US President Barack Obama's ability to coax concessions from Israel. Animating the discussion is the startling fact that the United States has failed,Your SF Giants:Knuckleheads who win,despite emphatic public appeals by Obama and weeks of increasingly frustrating diplomacy,to persuade Israel to extend the settlement-building slowdown that expired on September26.he Palestinians are now hoping that Obama has reacted mildly to Israel's rejection because of political considerations ahead of the November2vote―and might befreer to apply pressure after the elections."We think that if President Obama emerges strong from this election,then this will enable him to work more on foreign policy,"Palestinian Authority negotiator Nabil Sha'ath told The Associated Press."If he and his party lose in the elections,video converter,then this will limit his ability to pressure and actively engage in foreign policy.This is the problem."Although Israeli officials avoid discussing the topic publicly for fear of alienating its most important ally,there is a foreboding sense in Israel that punishment is on the way―especially if Obama emerges unscathed.Nahum Barnea,a respected and blu-ray copy widely-read columnist,put it this way in Friday's Yediot Ahronot:"The problem is the disgust and rage that the Israeli refusal sparked in the administration―a rage that is being suppressed at the moment, but which will erupt in full force on November3,after the elections to Congress. The Americans are seeking the logic behind the refusal...and are finding nothing." But if recent polls are proved accurate and Republicans take one or both houses of Congress,a chastened president might be too busy or weakened to pressure Jerusalem much,the thinking goes.If Congress tilts Republican it could have a"positive impact"on Israeli concerns, one adviser to Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu told The AP―an allusion to avoiding pressure for concessions.With the Democrats weakened,Israel's friends in Congress―both Democrat and Republican―"would be able to have a stronger voice if the administration should embark on a policy that is less favorable to Israel,"he added.US foreign policy is set by the White House,not Congress.But Congress can influence it in the course of the day-to-day political horse trading that goes on between the executive and legislative branches.For example,when Republicans controlled the House of Representatives during Netanyahu's first term in the late1990s,the prime minister was able to marshal the support of the party's conservative wing in a face-off with then US President Bill Clinton over stepped-up settlement constructionand Israeli troop pullbacks in the West Bank.Traditionally,both branches blu-ray copy have been bastions of support for Israel no matter which party is in charge.But conservative Republican legislators tend to be less critical of Israel's contentious settlement policy and more hawkish―and therefore supportive―on the security issues that are uppermost in Israel's mind.二、汉译英（70%）约660个字【才思教育注释】文章出自《喜欢《读者》的理由》我对《读者》的好感始于她的良好口碑。

考研英语历年真题全文翻译2010 Text 1在过去的 25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

对于年龄低于 40 岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

然而，在 20 世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从 20 世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。

当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。

在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。

他的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman 也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。

这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。

“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，Newman 曾写道，“我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”。

不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。

从 1917 年开始一直到 1975 年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的 Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。

但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。

他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以 1947 年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。

1967 年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

2010全国硕士研究生统考日语真题之翻译2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试日语试题之翻译B.次の文章の下線のついた部分を中国語に訳しなさい。

（3点×5＝15点）41、商品名、つまり商品を指示するだけのブランドには、価値は生じない。

消費者にとって、交換の対象は商品そのものであって、商品の名前は「問題の商品を、他の商品と区別する」とか、あるいは「その供給者はどこかを示すために識別する」だけの信号にすぎない。

その意味で、ブランドのこの効果を「識別効果」と呼んでおこう。

記号だから、それは別に符号でも数字でもかまわない。

42、しかし、一度、商品名そのものが独特の意味をもったメッセージを発することになれば、つまり、商品名がブランドとなれば、事態は一転する。

商品を実際に手にしたり目にしたりすることがない消費者でも、商品名を聞けばその商品のことがわかるというのだから、商品名が商品から独立し、自立した存在となっている。

43、商品名が知れわたること、あるいは商品名を通じてその商品の中身についての理解が消費者のあいだに浸透することは、商品名の価値にほかならない。

それは、商品名の「知名・理解効果」と呼んでいいだろう。

それだけで、広告宣伝のためのコストを節約できる。

44、「ＬＶ」や「シャネル（香奈儿）」のマークが入ったＴシャツがそれなりの値段で売れる理由は、そうしたブランドが独自の意味世界という価値をもっているからである。

そうしたマークがつくことによって高くなった価格分は、その意味世界への入場料でもある。

45、言い換えると、ブランドが、その商品に特有の意味を付着させることによって、消費者の欲望を満足させ、独自の「意味世界」を創造するということである。

そうなれば、市場における他のブランド商品群との競争において優位性をつくったということになる。

以上是中公考研为大家准备整理的“2010全国硕士研究生统考日语真题之翻译”的相关内容。

2013东南大学MTI翻译硕士专业课真题回忆版首先想说一下，东大真的很傲娇，不卖真题，见不到原题真的好吃亏啊！！考场第一次见到基础英语的试题时，我都快震惊了！这跟平时看的训练的完全不搭边啊！词汇要求基本是GRE，所以想考东大的孩子，要么，你找到教授要题，要么，你就踏踏实实去练实力。

我研究了一下出题来源，2011的英译汉是选自耶路撒冷的官方网站，没有现成的译文。

而2012的汉译英虽没明确说明，但我猜是韩素音青年翻译奖的比赛原文，可能是那个《想起清华种种》。

今年，东大的汉英来个大逆转，汉译英是领导人讲话，英译汉是散文。

所以要注意，各种文体的训练。

一，基础英语这个实在太吃亏了，没有做过真题，直接看到卷子就傻眼了。

今年单项选择去掉了语法部分，全部都是词汇，说实话，我的词汇量不算低，但是这个考试真的没多少认识的。

所以各位准备东大的孩子，做好研究单词的准备吧。

阅读是四篇文章，依次是，哈莱姆文艺复兴，伍尔夫的小说特点，阿拉斯加物种变化的原因，核能源。

前两个是美国文学里的，后两个算是说明文，但是词汇都很难，文章比较难理解，题目也都不容易，总之很考英语实力！每个阅读后面都会问一道，这篇文章回答了下面哪个问题，有的是细节，有的是总体，反正要求把文章理解的很透。

作文：问Repetition memorazition (rote learning) usefulness overweigh limitation?听说是雅思作文，这又是一大变化。

二，翻译今年英汉文体来了个大转变，英译汉是散文，好像是论金钱和富人的，网上没搜到原文，汉译英是胡锦涛在纪念辛亥革命100周年讲话，原文改动了不少。

辛亥革命推翻了清王朝统治，结束了统治中国几千年的君主专制制度，传播了民主共和的理念，以巨大的震撼力和深刻的影响力推动了近代中国社会变革。

虽然由于历史进程和社会条件的制约，辛亥革命没有改变旧中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质，没有改变中国人民的悲惨境遇，没有完成实现民族独立、人民解放的历史任务，但它开创了完全意义上的近代民族民主革命，极大推动了中华民族的思想解放，打开了中国进步潮流的闸门，为中华民族发展进步探索了道路。

2010年中山大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题及答案精编各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

第1卷：基础英语Part 1: Grammar and V ocabulary. （30 POINTS）01. ____ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. Unpopular as white has beenC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. White has been as unpopular02. What the government should do urgently is to take actions to ____ the economy.A. brookB. blushC. broodD. boost03. Windstorms have recently established a record which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years ____.A. that will comeB. to comeC. that are comingD. coming04. We expect Mr. Smith will ____ Class One when Miss White retires.A. take toB. take upC. take offD. take over05. Tom hardly seems middle-aged, ____ old.A. let aloneB. less likelyC. much worseD. all else06. All was darkness ____ an occasional glimmer in the distance.A. exceptB. no more thanC. besidesD. except for07. The prospect of increased prices has already ____ worries.A. irritatedB. provokedC. inspiredD. hoisted08. Her father is so deaf that he has to use a hearing ____.A. aidB. helpC. supportD. tool09. From the cheers and shouts of ____, I guessed that she was winning the race.A. stimulusB. hearteningC. urgingD. encouragement10. Although the model looks good on the surface; it will not bear close ____A. temperamentB. scrutinyC. contaminationD. symmetry11. It is the first book of this kind ____ I’ve ever read.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. when12. The kid is reaching ____ a bottle from the shelf when I came in.A. toB. forC. atD. in13. The police chief announced that the case would soon be inquired ____.A. intoB. ofC. afterD. about14. Her grandfather accidentally ____ fire to the house.A. putB. setC. tookD. got15. ____ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction.A. AnybodyB. EverybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody16. The ____ outcome of contest varies from moment to moment.A. aptB. likelyC. liableD. prone17. Anyone going into a bar, whether they ____ suspicion or not, will be asked to takea test, which highlights any drug use.A. ariseB. riseC. raiseD. arouse18. His accent is ____ to people in that small town.A. typicalB. peculiarC. characteristicD. special19. Stealing a book or a toy is a minor ____ which, if left uncorrected, will get worse.A. offenseB. guiltC. crimeD. sin20. This book comes as a____ to him who learns a lot from it.A. revelationB. replacementC. resolutionD. revolution21. He managed to save ____ he could to tend the homeless boy.A. what little timeB. so little timeC. such little timeD. how little time22. After reviewing the troops, ____ visiting general commented that he had finally seen the kind of ____ soldier that the nation needs.A. a/aB. a/theC. the/-D. the/the23. I never think of fall ____ I think of the hardships I have experienced when I was a child.A. thatB. whenC. butD. and24. Within decades, PAN-type research will transform the Internet into the Life Net, acomprehensive ____ environment for human habitation.A. sensoryB. sensibleC. sensitiveD. sensational25. Outside people were cheering and awaiting the arrival of the New Year while inside Harry was lying severely ill in bed feeling thoroughly ____.A. ignobleB. compassionateC. unconsciousD. wretched26. For most companies and factories, the fewer the injury ____, the better their workman’s insurance rate.A. proclamationsB. confirmsC. declarationsD. claims27. I am ____ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.A. excessivelyB. muchC. certainlyD. exceedingly28. It was requested that all of the equipment ____ in the agreed time.A. erectedB. be erectedC. would be erectedD. will be erected29. We will be losing money this year unless that new economic plan of yours ____ miracle.A. is workingB. worksC. will be workingD. worked30. Within two hours his complexion____ color and his limbs became warm.A. took onB. took toC. took upD. took downPart 2: Readings. （40 POINTS）Passage AChildren as young as four will study Shakespeare in a project being launched today by the Royal Shakespeare Company.The RSC is holding its first national conference for primary school teachers to encourage them to use the Bard’s plays imaginatively in the classroom from reception classes onwards. The conference will be told that they should learn how Shakespearian characters like Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream are “jolly characters”and how to write about them.At present, the national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeareuntil secondary school. All it says is that pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions”and “myths, legends and traditional stories”. However, educationists at the RSC believe children will gain a better appreciation of Shakespeare if they are introduced to him at a much younger age. “Even very young children can enjoy Shakespeare’s plays,”said Mary Johnson, head of the learning department. “It is just a question of pitching it for the age group. Even reception classes and key stage one pupils (five-to-seven-year-olds) can enjoy his stories.”For instance, if you build up Puck as a character who skips, children of that age can enjoy the character. They can be inspired by Puck and they could even start writing about him at that age.It is the RSC’s belief that building the Bard up as a fun playwright in primary school could counter some of the negative images conjured up about teaching Shakespeare in secondary schools. Then, pupils have to concentrate on scenes from the plays to answer questions for compulsory English national-curriculum tests for 14-year-olds. Critics of the tests have complained that pupils no longer have the time to study or read the whole play—and therefore lose interest in Shakespeare.However, Ms. Johnson is encouraging teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays—a classroom version of the Reduced Shakespeare Company’s Complete Works of Shakespeare (Abridged) which told his 37 plays in 97 minutes—to give pupils a flavor of the whole drama.The RSC’s venture coincides with a call for schools to allow pupils to be more creative in writing about Shakespeare. Professor Kate McLuskie, the new director ofthe University of Birmingham’s Shakespeare Institute—also based in Stratford—said it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer”to any question about Shakespeare. Her first foray into the world of Shakespeare was to berate him as a misogynist in a 1985 essay but she now insists this should not be interpreted as a criticism of his works—although she admits: “I probably wouldn’t have written it quite the same way if I had been writing it now. What we should be doing is making sure that someone is getting something out of Shakespeare.”she said. “People are very scared about getting the right answer. I know it’s different but I don’t care if they come up with a right answer that I can agree with about Shakespeare.”01. What is this passage mainly concerned with? ____A. How to give pupils a flavor of Shakespeare drama.B. The fun of reading Shakespeare.C. RSC project will teach children how to write on Shakespeare.D. RSC project will help four-year-old children find the fun in Shakespeare.02. What’s Puck’s characteristic according to your understanding of the passage? ____A. Rude, rush and impolite.B. Happy, interesting and full of fun.C. Dull, absurd and ridiculous.D. Shrewd, cunning and tricky.03. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? ____A. RSC insists on teaching Shakespeare from the secondary school.B. Pupils should study “texts drawn from a variety of cultures and traditions”required by the national curriculum.C. The national curriculum does not require pupils to approach Shakespeare until secondary school now.D. RSC believes children will gain a better appreciation of Shakespeare if they are introduced to him at a much younger age.04. Ms. Johnson encourages teachers to present 20-minute versions of the plays in order to ____.A. introduce them into the world of ShakespeareB. deal with the final examination on ShakespeareC. give pupils a flavor of the whole dramaD. strengthen the students with the knowledge of Shakespeare05. Which of the following is NOT true according to the last paragraph? ____A. Professor Kate McLuskie once scolded Shakespeare in her essay.B. Professor Kate McLuskie insisted on her view on Shakespeare till now.C. Professor Kate McLuskie has changed her idea now.D. Ms. Kate thinks it was time to get away from the idea that there was “a right answer”to any question about Shakespeare.Passage BSome believe that in the age of identikit computer games, mass entertainment and conformity on the supermarket shelves, truly inspired thinking has gone out of the window. But, there are others who hold the view that there is still plenty of scope for innovation, lateral thought and creative solutions. Despite the standardization of modern life, there is an unabated appetite for great ideas, visionary thinking and inspired debate. In the first of a series of monthly debates on contemporary issues, we ask two original thinkers to discuss the nature of creativity. Here is the first one. Yes. Absolutely. Since I started working as an inventor 10 or 12 years ago, I’ve seen a big change in attitudes to creativity and invention. Back then, there was hardly any support for inventors, apart from the national organization the Institute of Patentees and Inventors. Today, there are lots of little inventors’clubs popping up all over the place, my last count was 19 nationally and growing. These non-profit clubs, run by inventors for inventors, are an indication that people are once again interested in invention.I’ve been a project leader, a croupier, an IT consultant and I’ve written a motor manual. I spent my teens under a 1950s two-tone Riley RME car, learning to put it together. Back in the Sixties, kids like me were always out doing things, making go-karts, riding bicycles or exploring. We learned to overcome challenges and solve problems. We weren’t just sitting at a P1ayStation, like many kids do today.But I think, and hope, things are shifting back. There’s a lot more interest in design and creativity and such talents are getting a much higher profile in the media. It’s evident with TV programmes such as Channel4’s Scrapheap Challenge or BBC2’s The Apprentice and Dragon’s Den, where people are given a task to solve or face the challenge of selling their idea to a panel.And, thankfully, the image of the mad scientist with electrified hair working in the garden shed is long gone—although, there are still a few exceptions!That’s not to say there aren’t problems. With the decline in manufacturing we are losing the ability to know how to make things. There’s a real skills gap developing. In my opinion, the Government does little or nothing to help innovation at the lone-inventor or small or medium enterprise level. I would love to see more money spent on teaching our school kids how to be inventive. But, despite everything, if you have a good idea and real determination, you can still do very well.My own specialist area is packaging closures—almost every product needs it. I got the idea for Squeeze open after looking at an old tin of boot polish when my mother complained she couldn’t get the lid off. If you can do something cheaper, better, and you are 100 percent committed, there is a chance it will be a success.I see a fantastic amount of innovation and opportunities out there. People don`t realize how much is going on. New materials are coming out all the time and the space programme and scientific research are producing a variety of spin-offs. Innovation doesn’t have to be high-tech: creativity and inventing is about finding the rightsolution to a problem, whatever it is. There’s a lot of talent out there and, thankfully, some of the more progressive companies are suddenly realizing they don’t want to miss out—it’s an exciting time.01. What is the debate concerned with? ____A. What should we do to inspire people’s creativity?B. Will people’s invention and inspiration be exhausted in the future?C. Is there still a future for invention and inspiration?D. Who will be winner of the future technology?02. According to the opinion of the interviewer ____.A. the future for invention dependsB. there is still a future for invention and inspirationC. there is no future for invention and inspiration in modern societyD. the future for invention and inspiration is unclear03. Which of the following is NOT true about the kids in the sixties? ____A. Out doing things, making go-karts.B. Riding bicycle and exploring.C. Sitting before computers to play games.D. Like to overcome challenges and solve problems.04. Which of the following is the suggestion of the interviewer to the problem? ____A. The government should spend more money helping innovation.B. The kids should cultivate their love of science and invention.C. More inventors’clubs should be set up.D. Invention courses are necessary to children.05. What’s the central idea of the last paragraph? ____A. We should miss out the exciting time.B. A variety of spin-offs are produced by the scientific research.C. The nature of innovation.D. The nature of talent.Passage CFor the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast. The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-bedtime rundown of latest developments.The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk editors are logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability, and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems. They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes even before they do—and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the fieldand also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down by false alarms.The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight”assembles at 9 a.m. to prepare for the 6:30 “air”p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials are scheduled; how long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to a satellite blocked by a competitor.The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report followed byless exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and tags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not wander and more substance is absorbed.Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the work, let it.01. What does the word “rundown”possibly mean? ____A. The rehearsal of tomorrow’s programme.B. A working report or summary to his superior or head.C. An explanation of the programme.D. Preparation for the programme.02. What is the function of the third paragraph? ____A. To lustrate the important role and function of the assignment desk.B. To give us a brief introduction of their working conditions.C. To exemplify the cooperation of all sections in the company.D. To emphasize the mission of the correspondent.03. All the following can be employed to make the report more effective EXCEPT ____.A. providing more vivid pictures and detailsB. changing the style to cater for the audience’s appetiteC. more live coverage to replace the linguistic explanationD. interval shifts of the materials of the coverage04. What will the executive producer mostly be concerned with? ____A. The cost and the effect.B. The truth of the coverage.C. The audience’s interest.D. The form of the coverage.05. What is the text mainly about? ____A. Ways to cut down the cost of the coverage.B. How to make the report more attractive.C. To describe the work of the executive producer.D. To introduce the style and feature s of the news programme.Passage DIt’s nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.Partly, it’s that American hegemony. Dither Bench mol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world’s deepest pockets.The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something mare enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they’ve decided upon English as their common tongue. So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name—and settled on English as the company’s common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euro land, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.How did this happen? One school attributes English’s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It’s a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1966, the Language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shedwhile few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What’s more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change—foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts—in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academia Francoise, has not.So it’s a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language’s ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition—first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German—faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world’s most important financial center, which made English a key language for business. England’s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world’s preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn’t studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done.Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That’s a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don’t speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U. S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets—CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union’s non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European businesshasn’t been all that traumatic, and it’s only going to get easier in the future.01.In the author’s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is ____.A. American dominance in the Internet software businessB. a practical need for effective communication among EuropeansC. Europeans’eagerness to do business with American businessmenD. the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other02. Europeans began to favor English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its ____.A. inherent linguistic propertiesB. association with the business worldC. links with the United StatesD. disassociation from political changes03. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future? ____A. About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.B. U. S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.C. Most secondary school students in Europe study English.D. Most Europeans continue to use their own language.04.The passage has discussed the rise in English use on the Continent from thefollowing perspectives EXCEPT ____.A. economicsB. national securityC. the emergence of the InternetD. the changing functions of the European Community05. The passage mainly examines the factors related to ____.A. the rising status of English in EuropeB. English learning in non-English-speaking E. U. nationsC. the preference for English by European businessmenD. the switch from French to English in the European CommissionPassage EThe role of governments in environmental management is difficult inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coat-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earth’s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet’s land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and I980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough.All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a programme to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that。

2009-2010学年第一学期A班学位英语期末考试试题PartⅠListening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what war said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once: After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you maxi read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is, the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example: You will hear:You will read:A) At the office. B) In the waiting room. C) At the airport. D) In a restaurantFrom the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This conversation is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A) "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]1. A) They went a long way to attend the party.B) They didn't think much of the food and drinks.C) They knew none of the other guests at the party.D) They enjoyed the party better than the other guests.2. A) To the bookstore. C) To the market.B) To the dentist's. D) To the post office.3. A) Dr. Andrews has been promoted for his thoroughness.B) She disagrees with Dr. Andrews on many occasions.C) Dr. Andrews used to keep his patients waiting.D) She dislikes Dr. Andrews as much as the new physician.4. A) Tom is usually talkative. C) Tom has dozens of things to attend to.B) Tom has a very bad temper. D) Tom is disliked by his colleagues.5. A) To pickup the woman from the library.B) To make a copy of the schedule for his friend.C) To find out more about the topic for the seminar.D) To get the seminar schedule for the woman.6. A) The woman has to get the textbooks in other ways.B) The woman has sold her used textbooks to the bookstore.C) The man is going to buy his textbooks from a bookstore.D) The man doesn't want to sell his textbooks to the woman.7. A) Attend a conference.B) Give a speech.C) Meet his lawyer.D) Make a business trip.8. A) Jessie always says what she thinks.B) Jessie seems to have a lot on her mind.C) Jessie is wrong to find fault with her boss.D) Jessie should know the marketing director better.9. A) Heien is talkative.B) Helen is active.C) Helen is sociable.D) Helen is quiet.10. A) Jimmy will regret marrying a Frenchwoman.B) Jimmy is not serious in making decisions.C) Jimmy is rich enough to buy a big house.D) Jimmy's words are often not reliable.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) It can be used by farmers to protect large buildings.B) It was brought to the northern USA by Asian farmers.C) It has done more harm than good in the southern USA.D) It was introduced into the USA to kill harmful weeds.12. A) People will have to rely on kudzu for a living.B) They will soon be overgrown with kudzu.C) They will become too hard to plough.D) People will find it hard to protect the soil.13. A) The farmers there have brought it under control.B) The factories there have found a good use for it.C) The climate there is unfavorable to its growth.D) The soil there is not so suitable for the plant.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A) A business corporation.B) The universe as a whole.C) A society of legal professionals.D) An association of teachers and scholars.15. A) Its largest expansion took place during that period.B) Its role in society went through a dramatic change.C) Small universities combined to form bigger ones.D) Provincial colleges were taken over by larger universities.16. A) Private donations.B) Government funding.C) Grants from corporations.D) Fees paid by students.Passage ThreeQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A) He was wounded in the Spanish civil war.B) He was interested in the study of wild animals.C) He started the organization Heifer International.D) He sold his cows to many countries in the world.18. A) To help starving families to become self-supporting.B) To make plans for the development of poor communities.C) To teach people how to use new skills to raise animals.D) To distribute food to the poor around the world.19. A) They should help other families the way they have been helped.B) They should offer all baby animals to their poor neighbors.C) They should submit a report of their needs and goals.D) They should provide food for the local communities.20. A) It has improved animal breeding skills all over the world.B) It has helped relieve hunger in some developing countries.C) It has promoted international exchange of farming technology.D) It has bridged the gap between the rich and the poor in America.Part II Reading ComprehensionPassage OneQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends up debunking（揭穿．．．的真相）a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa’s target was a practice known as therapeutic（治疗）touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients’“energy field”to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily’s test shows that these energy fields can’t be detected, even by trained TT practitioners（行医者）. Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, “Age doesn’t matter. It’s good science that matters, and this is good science.”Emily’s mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late ‘80s, when she learned it was on the app roved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don’t even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient’s body, pushing energy fields around until they’re in “balance.” TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth patients’ energy, sometimes during surgery.Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing—something they haven’t been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He’s had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: “I think they didn’t take me very seriously because I’m a kid.”The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs—left or right—and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they’d done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field, they couldn’t feel it.16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?A) TT has been in existence for decades.B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ____________.A) they didn’t take the offer seriouslyB) they didn’t want to risk their careerC) they were unwilling to reveal their secretD) they thought it was not in line with their practice18. The purpose of Emily Rosa’s experiment was ____________.A) to see why TT could work the way it didB) to find out how TT cured patient’s illnessC) to test whether she could sense the human energy fieldD) to test whether a human energy field really existed19. Why did some TT practitioners a gree to be the subjects of Emily’s experiment?A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.D) They sensed no harm in a little girl’s experiment.20. What can we learn from the passage?A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories.C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality.Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years —and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture. A 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 millioo pounds of manure(粪)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets, It made cars smell of roses.Cars were also wonderfully flexible. The main earlier solution to horse pollution and traffic jams was the electric trolley bus (电车). But that required fixed overhead wires, and rails and platforms, which were expensive, ugly, and inflexible, The car could go from any A to any B, and allowed towns to develop in all directions with low-density housing, rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines. Rural areas benefited too, for they became less remote.However, since pollution became a concern in the 1950s, experts have predicted—wrongly—that the car boom was about to end. In his book Mr. Flink argued that by 1973 the American market had become saturated, at one car for every 2.25 people, and so had the markets of Japan and Western Europe (because of land shortages). Environmental worries and diminishing oil reserves would prohibit mass car use anywhere else.He was wrong, Between 1970 and 1990, whereas America’s population grew by 23%, the aumber of cars on its roads grew by 60%, There is now one car for every 1.7 people there, one for every 2.1 in Japan, one for every 5.3 in Britain. Around 550 million cars are already on the roads, not to mention all the trucks and mocorcyeles, and about 50 million new ones are made each yearworldwide. Will it go on? Undoubtedly, because people want it to.26. As is given in the first paragraph, the reason why the car has become a problem is that ________.A) poor people can’t afford itB) it is too expensive to maintainC) too many people are using itD) it causes too many road accidents27. According to the passage, the car started to gain popularity because ________.A) it didn’t break down as easily as a horseB) it had a comparatively pleasant odorC) it caused less pollution than horsesD) it brightened up the gloomy streets28. What impact did the use of cars have on society?A) People were compelled to leave downtown areas.B) People were able to live in less crowded suburban areas.C) Business along trolley and rail lines slackened.D) City streets were free of ugly overhead wires.29. Mr.Flink argued in his book that cars would not be widely used in other countries because ________.A) the once booming car market has become saturatedB) traffic jams in those countries are getting more and more seriousC) expensive motorways are not available in less developed countriesD) people worry about pollution and the diminishing oil resources30. What’s wrong with Mr.Flink’s prediction?A) The use of automobiles has kept increasing worldwide.B) New generations of cars are virtually pollution free.C) The population of America has not increased as fast.D) People’s environmental concerns are constantly increasing.1. Can the Computer Learn from ExperienceComputers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’ s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomicalnumber of possible moves in chess — literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notes1. check:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12 pieces2. ecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关系，生态学Reading comprehension1 The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________A to win the world chess championB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time3 For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ________A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____A criticalB unconcernedC positiveD negative5 In the author’s opinion,______A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computersPart IV Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the ___61__ half of the 19th century; most of ___62___ were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S. the day-nursery movement received great ___63___ during the First World War, when ___64___ of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented（前所未有）numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were establishes ___65___ in munitions（军火）plants, under direct government sponsorship. ___66___ the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose ___67___, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, ___68___, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control ___69___ the day nurseries, chiefly by ___70___ them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The ___71___ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were ___72___ called upon to replace men in the factories. On this ___73___ the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools. ___74___ $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities ___75___ this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared ___76___ in day-care centers receiving Federal ___77___. Soon afterward, the Federal government ___78___ cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later ___79___ them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their ___80___ at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.61. A) latter B) late C) other D) first62. A) those B) them C) whose D) whom63. A) impetus B) input C) imitation D) initiative64. A) sources B) abundance C) shortage D) reduction65. A) hardly B) entirely C) only D) even66. A) Because B) As C) Since D) Although67. A) unanimously B) sharply C) predominantly D) militantly68. A) therefore B) consequently C) however D) moreover69. A) over B) in C) at D) about70. A) formulating B) labeling C) patenting D) licensing71. A) outset B) outbreak C) breakthrough D) breakdown72. A) again B) thus C) repeatedly D) yet73. A) circumstance B) occasion C) case D) situation74. A) regulating B) summoning C) allocating D) transferring75. A) expanded B) facilitated C) supplemented D) compensated76. A) by B) after C) of D) for77. A) pensions B) subsidies C) revenues D) budgets78. A) prevalently B) furiously C) statistically D) drastically79. A) abolished B) diminished C) jeopardized D) precluded80. A) nurseries B) homes C) jo 0bs D) children参考答案1、C They knew none of the other guests at the party.2、B To the dentist’s3、C Dr.Andrews used to keep his patients waiting.4、A Tom is usually talkative.5、D To get the seminar schedule for the woman.6、A The woman has to get the textbooks in other ways.7、B Meet his lawyer.8、A Jessic always says what she thinks.9、D Helen is quiet.10、D Jimmy’s words are often not reliable.11、C It has done more harm than good in the southern USA.12、B They will soon be overgrown with kudzu.13、C The climate there is unfavorable to its growth.14、D An association of teachers and scholars15、A Its largest expansinon took place during that period.16、B Government funding.17、C He started the organization Heifer International.18、A To help starving families to become self-supporting.19、A They should help other families the way they have been helped.20、B It has helped relieve hunger in some developing countries.16. 正确答案为C)。

10年(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。

英语辅导专家贾洪伟⽼师，针对2010年考研英语英译汉部分进⾏分析，2010考研英语英译汉⽂章属环保范畴，摘⾃利奥波德(Aldo Leopold)于1966年在⽜津⼤学出版出版的《沙乡年鉴》(A Sand Country Almanac)中的“⼟地伦理”(The Land Ethics)部分，具体在原书210页。

本题⼲中，出题者也是动过“⼩⼿术”的，⽐如：第⼀段的原⽂是：“One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Wildflowers and songbirds are examples. Of the 22,000 higher plants and animals native to Wisconsin, it is doubtful whether more than 5 per cent can be sold, fed, eaten, or otherwise put to economic use. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance。

”，经过加⼯就变成了“One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance。

中南大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ DictionDirections:Choose the ONE word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined part in each of the following.1.Is vanity one of the seven deadly sins?SSS_SINGLE_SELA foolishnessB sanityC prideD selfishness该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:Cpride骄傲，傲慢，自大。

foolishness愚蠢，愚笨。

sanity精神健全，精神正常。

selfishness自私自利。

2.The child was uncomfortable under the scrutiny of his grandfather.SSS_SINGLE_SELA examinationB weightC gazeD attention该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:Cscrutiny详细的检查，仔细的观察；监视，监督。

gaze凝视，注视。

examination检查；审问。

weight重量；负担。

attention照料，照顾。

3.Professor Bright likes to ramble during her lectures.SSS_SINGLE_SELA mumbleB ruminateC wonderD wander该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:Dramble闲逛，漫步。

wander漫步，闲逛。

mumble含糊地说话。

ruminate沉思，反复思考。

wonder纳闷，想知道。

4.The teacher is very exacting about his students' penmanship.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lenientB demandingC carefulD meticulous该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:Bexacting严格的，严厉的。

2010-2019硕士研究生考试英语一真题及答案（精编）目录2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (2)2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (12)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (22)2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (32)2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (42)2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (52)2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (62)2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (72)2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (82)2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试 (92)12010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and nark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)In1924America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting1workers'productivity.Instead,the studies ended2giving their name to the“Hawthorne effect,”the extremely influential idea that the very3 of being experimented upon changed subjects'behavior.The idea arose because of the4behavior of the women in the plant.According to5of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not6what was done in the experiment;7something was changed,productivity rose.A(n)8that they were being experimented upon seemed to be9to alter workers’behavior10itself.After several decades,the same data were11to econometric analysis.The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store.12the descriptions on record,no systematic13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to14 interpretations of what happened.15,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output16rose compared with the previous Saturday and17 to rise for the next couple of days.18,a comparison with data for weeks when therewas no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays.Workers19to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before20a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged“Hawthorne effect”is hard to pin down.1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work7.[A]as far as[B]for fear that[C]in case that[D]so long as8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]Contrary to[B]Consistent with[C]Parallel with[D]Peculiar to13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15.[A]In contrast[B]For example[C]In consequence[D]As usual16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the20th century and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from1917until shortly before his death in1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics,and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947) became a best-seller.He was knighted in1967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save tospecialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have littleuse for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs1and2that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A]free themes[B]casual style[C]elaborate layout[D]radical viewpoints23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A]It is writers’duty to fulfill journalisticgoals.[B]It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D]Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A]His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B]His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business received one for its“one-click”online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized10years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz,the U.S.Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big deal,”says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its1998decision in the so-called State Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced anexplosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online ter,more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.In2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than300 business-method patents,despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly,some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all12of the court’s judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider”its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent st April,for example,the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal Circuit are“reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,”says Harold C.Wegner,a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A]their limited value to businesses.[B]their connection with asset allocation.[C]the possible restriction on their granting.[D]the controversy over their authorization.27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B]It involves a very big business transaction.[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word“about-face”(Para.3)most probably means[A]loss of goodwill.[B]increase of hostility.[C]change of attitude.[D]enhancement of dignity.29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A]are immune to legal challenges.[B]are often unnecessarily issued.[C]lower the esteem for patent holders.[D]increase the incidence of risks.30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A]A looming threat to business-method patents.[B]Protection for business-method patent holders.[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D]A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Gladwell argues that“social epidemics”are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,whoare unusually informed,persuasive,or well connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the“two-step flow of communication”:Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’argument stems from a simple observation about social influence:With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics,by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example,the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.They found that the principal requirement for what is called“global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but,rather,of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics.[B]discuss influentials’function in spreading ideas.[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to socialepidemics.[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems.[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends.[C]has won support from influentials.[D]requires solid evidence for its validity.33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions.[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public.[D]most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34.The underlined phrase“these people”in Paragraph4refers to the ones who[A]stay outside the network of social influence.[B]have little contact with the source of influence.[C]are influenced and then influence others.[D]are influenced by the initial influential.35.What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moanthe banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress,America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against those who“question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that it did“not live in a political vacuum”but“in the real world”and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years. But banks’shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again,losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility from special interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36.Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.[B]collect payments from third parties.[C]cooperate with the price managers.[D]re-evaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management.[B]the revival of the banking system.[C]the banks’long-term assetlosses.[D]the weakening of its independence.38.According to Paragraph4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators.[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness.[D]sympathy.Part BDirections:For questions41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text.Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) [A]The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out;theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about32percent of total consumption in1995to35percent in2000and is expected to approach38percent by 2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by4to 5percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of1to2percent.Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large,people are getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,with limited success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard:the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,rather than the seller,to decide what to buy.At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirgigantic scale,existing infrastructure,and proven skills in the management of product ranges,logistics,and marketing intelligence.Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are too small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home.Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafés.Overall,Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market,but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F]For example,wholesale food and drink sales came to $268billion in France,Germany,Italy,Spain,and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40percent of retail sales.Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However,none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large foodproducers and existing wholesalers)from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.→42.→43.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)→44.→E →45.41.One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value.Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it,we invent excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today.We have no land ethic yet,(47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless”species.Here again,the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community,and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit,real or fancied,to itself.Some species of trees have been“read out of the party”by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly,or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49)In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.Moreover,some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility.The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species,ground flora,and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.It assumes, falsely,that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization.The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Postgraduates’Association”instead. (10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But1some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical ughter does2short-term changes in the function of the heart and itsblood vessels,3heart rate and oxygen consumption.But because hard laughter is difficult to 4,a good laugh is unlikely to have5benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7.Studies dating back to the1930s indicate that laughter8muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to45minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help9the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of10feedback that improve an individual's emotional state.11one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also14tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow15muscular responses.In an experiment published in1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to16a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips,which would produce a(n)17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles18more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,19that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected。

2010年考研英语翻译原文：One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. 46. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. we have no land ethic yet. 47. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds. 48. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly .or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops. 49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.翻译参考译文：46．Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.词汇理解：jump to the rescue（赶来拯救），shaky（站不脚的），to the effect that(其大意是)；eat up(吃光)，fail to(没有)。