（史上最全共系列中英文对照）XXXX年版_财务管理_经管１,会计学原理Principles ofAccounting 2,财务会计Financial Accounting财务会计2 3, 财务管理Financial Management 4, 成本会计Cost Accounting 5,管理会计Managerial Accounting 6,国际会计International Accounting7,税务会计Tax Accounting8,高级财务会计Advanced Financial Accounting9,计算机会计Accounting Information System10,审计学Auditing11,财务分析Financial Analysis论文: 内部控制结构中的自评监控及完善内控的对策Self-monitoring and Measures to ImproveInternal ControlGeneral:Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, and tax accounting.[6][7] Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers;[8] and management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management.[1][8] The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system.3.1 Financial accounting3.2 Management accounting3.3 Auditing3.4 Accounting information systems3.5 Tax accounting1、Principles ofAccounting 会计学原理This course made us to know the basic priciples andknowledge about accouting:------------Six accounting elements会计六要素资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用、利润：assets, liabilities, equities, revenue, expenses and profit------------A ledger account or ‘T’ account looks like this.------------13 accounting priciples 会计原则一、客观性原则(Objective Principle)二、实质重于形式原则(substance over form)三、相关性原则(relevance)四、一贯性原则(Consistent Principle)五、可比性原则(Comparability Principle)六、及时性原则(timeliness)七、明晰性原则八、权责发生制原则(Accrual Basis)九、配比原则(Matching Principle)十、实际成本原则principle of historical cost十一、划分收益性支出与资本性支出原则(distinguishment between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure)十二、谨慎性原则(Conservatism Principle)十三、重要性原则(Materiality Principle)------------A double-entry bookkeeping system复式记帐法The name derives from the fact that financial information used to be recorded using pen and ink in paper books – hence "bookkeeping"–and that each transaction was entered twice, with one side of the transaction being called a debit and the other a credit.Basic principles: Double entry bookkeeping is based on the same idea as theaccounting equation. Every accounting transaction has two equal but oppositeeffectsEquality of assets and liabilities is preserved in a system of double entry bookkeeping every accountingevent must be entered in ledger accounts both as a debit andas an equal but opposite credit.------------Accounting Equation会计恒等式Assets = liabilities + equity2、财务会计Financial AccountingFinancial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business.[1] This involves the preparation of financial statements available for publicconsumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes.Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organisation or not involved in the day-to-day running of the company, management accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business.------------TWO Underlying AssumptionGoing concern－The entity will continue inoperation for the foreseeablefuture. There is no intention to putthe entity into liquidation.Accruals－Revenue and costs must berecognised as they are earned orincurred, not as money isreceived or paid.------------TWO fundamental characteristicsRelevance－info is relevant when it influences decisions ofusers,affected by nature and materialityFaithful representation－financial information must faithfully represent the underlying economic phenomena------------Balance Sheet资产负债表In financial accounting, a balance sheet is a summary of the financial balances of a company. Assets, liabilities and ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition".The balance sheet is a statement which applies to a single point in time of a business' calendar year.------------Income statement利润表An income statement (US English) or profit and loss account (UK English)[1] (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations)[2] is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company’s revenues and expenses during a particular period.[1] It indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses ar e taken out, also known as the “top line”) are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted for, also known as “net profit” or the “bottom line”). It displays the revenues recognized for a specific period, and the cost and expenses charged against these revenues, including write-offs (e.g., depreciation and amortization of various assets) and taxes.[2] The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported.------------Cash Flow Statement现金流量表In financial accounting, a cash flow statement, also known as statement of cash flows,[1] is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing and financing activities. Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business. The statement captures both the current operating results and the accompanying changes in the balance sheet.[1]As an analytical tool, the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), is the International Accounting Standard that deals with cash flow statements.People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:Accounting personnel, who need to know whether the organization will be able to cover payroll and other immediate expensesPotential lenders or creditors, who want a clear picture of a company's ability to repay ?Potential investors, who need to judge whether the company is financially sound ?Potential employees or contractors, who need to know whether the company will be able to afford compensationShareholders of the business.Cash flow activities3.1 Operating activities3.2 Investing activities3.3 Financing activitiesPreparation methods5.1 Direct method Direct method[edit]The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments. Under IAS 7, dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities. If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities, they are reported under operating activities; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities, they are reported under investing or financing activities. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules, dividends received from a company's investing activities is reported as an "operating activity," not an "investing activity."[13]5.2 Indirect method Indirect method[edit]The indirect method uses net-income as a starting point, makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items, then adjusts from all cash-based transactions. An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income, and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income. This method converts accrual-basis net income (or loss) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions.------------Important accounting items introductions(Initial measurement and subsequent cost): inventory, non current assets1. Inventory figure affects both the statement of financial position and the statement of profitor loss.Inventory can include raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, goods purchased for resale.Inventories should be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value –the comparison between the two should ideally be made separately for each item.Counting inventories: In order to make the entry for the closing inventory,we need to know what is held at the year-end. We find this out notfrom the accounting records, but by going into the warehouse and actually counting the boxes on the shelves.Net realisable value:is the estimated selling pricein the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimatedcosts necessary to make the sale.2. Tangible non-current assets: Non-current assets are held by the entity for a number of years use. Capital expenditure results in the acquisition of non-current assets, or an increase in their earning capacity, Revenue expenditure is incurred for the purpose of trade or to maintain the existing earning capacity of the non-current assets.Initial measurement – at costComponents of cost–purchase price (incl. import duties, excl. trade discount, recoverable sales tax)– initial estimate of dismantling and restoration costs– directly attributable costs, eg site preparation, delivery and handling costs, installation and assembly costs, costs of testing whether working properly, prof. Fees,Subsequent expenditure.– added to carrying amount if improves condition beyondprevious performanceRepairs and maintenance costs areexpensedDepreciation–accruals concept: is a process of spreading the original cost of a non-current asset over the accounting periods in which its benefit will be felt. Two methods: Straight line,Reducing balance.Change in expected life--If after a period of an asset’s life it is realised that the original useful life has been changed, then the depreciation charge needs to be adjusted.The revised charge from that date becomes: CV at revised date/Remaining useful lifeDisposal--On disposal of an asset a profit or loss will arise depending on whether disposal proceeds are greater or less than the carrying value of the asset. If proceeds > CV = profit, If proceeds < CV = loss3.Intangible non-current assets:Intangible non-current assets are long term assets with no physical substance: Goodwill, Leases, Patents and trade names, Deferred development costs Amortisation: Intangible assets must be amortised systematically over their useful life. An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortised but should be reviewed each year for impairment.Development expenditure must be capitalised if all criteria stated under IAS 38 can be demonstrated. Financial statements should show areconciliation of the carrying amount of intangible assets at the beginning and end of the period.4.Accruals and prepayments: Accruals is Expenses charged against the profits of a period even though they have not yet been paid for, Prepayment made in one period but charged to the later period to which they relate.5. Irrecoverable debts and receivables allowances:If definitely irrecoverable, the prudence concept dictates that it should be written off to the statement of profit or loss as an irrecoverable debt.DEBIT : Irrecoverable debt expense (SPL)CREDIT : Trade receivables (SOFP)6. Provisions减值准备 and contingencies或有事项Provisions: A liability of uncertain timing or amount; Disclosures required for provisions-Details of the change in carrying amount from the beginning to the endof the year.7.Bank reconciliations: A comparison of a bank statement with the cash book.Errors, Omissions, Timing differences. Proforming a bank reconciliation and then Reconcile to the bank statement.8.9. Events after the reporting period:3、财务管理Financial Management财务管理的目标是：利润最大化，企业价值最大化，每股收益最大化。
