【例文1】Writing Sample 1 (OG -- 284)[reading]Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a burrows, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat’s group.ProfessorYou know, often in science, new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat’s behavior quite closely, much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found...like about eating habits...it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard -- so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming, it’s the most likely to escape...because it often stands guard near a burrow, so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats, the ones scattered about looking for food, are actually in greater danger.And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator’s attention away from the caller, increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.And what about people--what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let’s take an extreme case, uh, suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act,right? But ...doesn’t the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn’t the donor gain an increased sense of self worth? Couldn’t such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.【例文】The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that the perceived acts of altruism are nothing more than sneaky methods of gaining advantage for one’s self. （听力观点，听力阅读之间的关系）Contrary to the belief in the passage that sentinels risk their lives for the cause of the whole group, the professor says that the meerkat sentinels are in fact less prone to threats. The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draw the predator’s attention towards them, thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）The lecture refutes the fact that these meerkats are altruistic in the sense that they gain nothing in exchange of their services. In fact, researches have shown that they have a full stomach as they perform this altruism duty and have a better chance of escaping from danger because they witness it first. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）Professor also offers a different underlying motivation that causes people to believe that acts such as donating an organ or sharing food with someone in need are altruistic. She says that people gain appreciation as a results of such acts, which may be deemed by some much more important than materialistic gains. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）【模板1】The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that _______________.Contrary to the belief in the passage that ___________________________, the professor says that ____________________________.The lecture refutes the fact that ____________________. In fact, researches have shown that _____________.The professor also offers a different underlying motivation that _________________________.【例文2】Writing Sample 2 (OG -- 255)The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real. （阅读观点，听力阅读之间的关系）First, some members got free rides. That is some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got. In other words, they weren't given the opportunity to shine. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive thanindividuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another part where experience contradicted theory. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）Third, influential people might emerge, and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might be less flexible in thinking. They might become one-sided, and this fails to succeed. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）【模板2】The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that ____________________. He says that ____________________.First,_________________________________. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.Second,_____________________. The passage says that_______________. However, the speaker talks about _________________________________.This was another part where experience contradicted theory.Third,_______________________________________.【例文3】The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the behavior of stags. The professor shows how the actions of animal can be interpreted in different ways. For example, some people interpret the stag’s actions as being for the “good of the species,” but the professor shows that the stag is actually acting in self-interest. This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that the crickets’ behavior can be interpreted as helping only individual crickets and not the group as a whole. The professor then talks about the results of the experiment, which seems to indicate the crickets are acting only in self-interest.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the intelligence of animals and insects. As he states, it would seem to require a lot of intelligence to evaluate how a behavior will affect an entire species. This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely; a cricket is probably unable to think of the consequences of its actions. It is more likely that the cricket is only acting out of self-preservation, as the professor indicates.【模版3】The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about ____________.The professor shows that________________________.For example, ______________________, but the professor shows that________________________.This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that_________________________________. The professor then talks about_______________, which seems to indicate that__________________.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about ______________.As he states, it would seem to___________________________. This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely;_____________________________.It is more likely that________________________, as the professor indicates.【模板4】The points made in the lecture counters arguments made by points of the reading passage. The author concludes that ________________. The lecturer refutes the argument by claiming that ___________________.First, the lecture states that ________________. This undermines the reading’s claim that _____________.Second, the lecture argues that ___________-. This challenges the reading’s statement that _______________.Third, the lecture says that ____________. This is contrary to the argument in the passage _________.【模板5】In this set of material, the reading passage __________ whereas the listening passage __________. The listening passage weakens the reading.Firstly, it is said in the passage that __________. However, the lecture suggests the opposite. The speaker says that _________.Secondly, the passage indicates that __________. In contrast, the lecture suggests otherwise. It says that ___________.Thirdly, the passage states that__________. The lecture claims a different picture in this case as well. It argues that _____________.【模板6】The passage says that _______________. However, the lecturer doubts whether ___________.While the author claims that ____________, the lecturer points out the fact that ___________.Whereas the author argues that ___________, the lecturer holds an opposing view. The lecturer says that _____________.The final point on which the author and the lecturer disagree with each other is whether __________. The lecturer reasons that _____________.【模板7】The passage discusses________________. However, the lecturer casts doubts on the authro’s view through citing a recent study.First, it turns out that _________________, which is quite opposite to the author’s explanation.Furthermore, contrary to the author’s claim ___________, the lecturer points out that _______.Finally, the lecturer points out that fact that __________, which is not anticipated by the author.【模板8】In the lecturer, the professor makes several points about___________. The professor argues that ___________. The points made by the professor are consistent wit h___________. In fact, the examples used by the professor support _________________.The first point that the professor uses to strengthen the reading is that __________. According to the professor, ________________. _________ supports the reading, which contends that _______________. The point made by the professor supports the reading because.Moreover, the professor supports the reading by stating that ___________. The professor claims that _____________. This point aligns with the reading, which maintain that ______________. ____________ demonstrates the truth of the reading because ___________.Finally, the professor bolsters the reading by claiming that ______________. Specifically, __________. This point agrees with the reading, which argues that __________, again reinforcing what the reading indicates.模版9The speaker in the lecture doubts the view that early retirement is a good choice for older staffs, stated in the reading passage.First of all, the speaker thinks that if the government and companies had offered various training across different departments, employees would still be able to keep their skills fresh and up to date. In contrast, the reading passage believes that many years of work make the old staff feel bored and bored. So, the lecture totally disagrees with the view made in the reading.Besides, the speaker explains that if a group consists of both older and younger, it would help the staffs performing better,contradicting what is illustrated in the reading that the old workers and young workers can hardly get along well.Finally, the lecturer raises the issue that i f the older generations retire completely, it will be a big loss for their employers. This point disagrees that the senior employees can not catch up with the younger, demonstrated in the reading.To sum up, the contents in the reading passage are completely challenged by the speaker and the speaker has entirely different views mentioned in reading materials.。
