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一、加拿大的历史溯源The origin of Canada加拿大的历史是从印第安和爱斯基摩等原住民的历史开始的，10世纪以后，西欧的足迹才开始踏上这片土地。
最初先是海盗来到加拿大东部，此后从欧洲人进行探险的时代开始一直到近现代，北美大陆的历史在此阶段迅速展开。
The history of Canada started with the aborigine of the Indians and Eskimos.Since the 10th century,the footprints of the Western civilization have started to brand on this new land.The first vistors are a gang of pirates after which , the Europeans have started their expedition and explorations which has been enduring to the contemporary times.16世纪。
法国人梦想发现并统治更多的疆域，扩展他们的贸易范围，并让世界各国信奉他们的信仰。
加拿大原为印第安人与因纽特人居住地。
\In the 16th century,the French dreamed of discovering and having control over more and more territories as well as widening their trading realm to let their religious belief being accepted all over the world.16 世纪沦为法、英殖民地，1756—1763年期间，英、法在加拿大爆发“七年战争”，法国战败，而1763年的巴黎和约使加拿大正式成为英属殖民地。
地理知识大全：全球国家介绍引言大家好！今天我要给大家带来一篇关于地理知识的全面介绍。
地理知识对每个人来说都非常重要，无论是对旅游、学术研究还是对世界的理解，它都扮演着重要的角色。
本文将以全球国家为中心，为大家详细介绍不同国家的地理特点、人口、文化、经济等方面的信息。
让我们一起开始这次地理之旅吧！北美洲美国美国位于北美洲，是世界上人口最多的国家之一。
它拥有广阔的国土，横跨大陆，太平洋和大西洋两岸。
美国的地理特点非常丰富多样，有著名的大峡谷、自然奇观、高山和丰富的自然资源。
此外，美国还有众多的大城市和独特的文化景观，比如纽约、洛杉矶和拉斯维加斯等。
美国也是世界上最大的经济体之一，拥有强大的工业和科技实力。
它在全球贸易、金融和科技领域具有重要地位。
此外，美国还是联合国的创始成员之一，对国际事务有着重要影响力。
加拿大加拿大是北美洲的另一个重要国家，它位于北美洲的北部，与美国接壤。
加拿大拥有辽阔的国土和丰富的自然资源，包括冰川、森林和湖泊等。
它还拥有世界上最长的海岸线和最大的淡水湖，如五大湖之一的安大略湖。
加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有英语和法语两种官方语言。
它的文化和艺术氛围丰富多样，国内外的旅游景点也很多。
此外，加拿大也是世界上最稳定和最发达的国家之一，拥有先进的医疗和教育体系。
南美洲巴西巴西是南美洲最大的国家，也是世界上人口最多的葡萄牙语国家。
巴西拥有广阔的国土，包括亚马逊雨林、农田、高原和山脉等各种地理特点。
它还拥有世界上最长的河流，亚马逊河。
巴西的文化非常独特，融合了欧洲、非洲和美洲原住民的元素。
它以舞蹈、音乐、足球和热情好客而闻名。
此外，巴西也是世界上最大的咖啡和石油生产国之一，拥有强大的农业和能源产业。
阿根廷阿根廷是南美洲的第二大国家，位于南美洲的南部。
阿根廷拥有多样的地理特点，包括安第斯山脉、大草原和冰川等。
它还拥有世界上最南端的城市，乌斯怀亚。
阿根廷有着丰富多样的文化和艺术氛围。
它以探戈舞和牛仔文化而闻名，还有众多的艺术家和作家。
Chapter 1 A Panoramic View of Canada加拿大国土面积约998万平方公里,是仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国。
她位于北美洲的北半部，东临大西洋，西接太平洋，南面与美国接壤，北临北冰洋。
加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家，人口3500万，相当于中国贵州省人口总数。
加拿大分为十个省和三个地区，首都渥太华，官方语言为英语和法语。
加拿大地域辽阔，地形多样，不同区域的气温和降水差异很大，夏季最高气温在35℃以上，冬季最低气温在零下35℃以下。
北方地区气候寒冷，冬季积雪期多达4-10个月。
但大多地区并不是人们印象中的特别寒冷。
加拿大气候分为北极地区、北部地区、太平洋地区等七个地区。
17世纪法国人在加拿大建立移民点以前，北美大陆最早的土著居民是印第安人和因纽特人。
1534年，法国探险家用J.卡蒂埃发现了圣劳伦斯河这条通往加拿大的主要水路，为后来法国的殖民活动奠定了基础。
另一个法国人S.尚普兰于1603年在今新斯科舍省建立了北美第一个殖民地。
1612年尚普兰被任命为新法兰西殖民地第一任总督，他因在北美开发殖民地有重大贡献而被后人称为“新法兰西之父”。
随后，17到18世纪，英法在北美发生一系列的武装冲突，1756年到1763年的英法七年战争，以法军战败而告终。
1763年，英法签订《巴黎和约》，加拿大从此沦为百年英属殖民地时期。
1867年，英国议会形成并通过了《英属北美法案》，决定由安大略省、魁北克省、新不伦瑞克和新斯科舍四省合并成联邦国家，国名为“加拿大自治领”，首都渥太华。
一、二战期间，加拿大经济迅速发展，1949年，纽芬兰最终成为加拿大第10个省。
I. A Geographical SurveyWith an area of 9,984,670 square kilometers, Canada is a huge country, second in size only to Russia and slightly larger than China. Yet approximately, it has only 35 million people, which is less than half the population of the United Kingdom. Situated in northern half of the North America, Canada extends from the Great Lakes1in the south to the majestic Rocky Mountains2in the west, and the bleak Arctic Islands in the far north.Map of Canada1. Provinces and TerritoriesJust as the United States is a federation of states, Canada is a federation of provinces. It is now made up of ten provinces — Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia —and three territories —Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon Territory. Each area has its own provincial flag.1五大湖是位于加拿大与美国交界处的5个大型淡水湖泊，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。
加拿大介绍加拿大是一个位于北美洲的英联邦国家，是世界上面积第二大的国家。
它与北美大陆的其他国家相比，加拿大人口较少，但是拥有广阔的土地和丰富的自然资源。
以下是对加拿大的介绍。
1. 历史与政治：加拿大的历史可以追溯到几千年前的原住民部落，后来被欧洲的探险家和殖民者所控制。
在1867年，加拿大成为英国的自治领，直到1982年完全独立。
加拿大现在是一个联邦制国家，由10个省和3个地区组成，首都是渥太华。
2. 地理与自然景观：加拿大是一个地理上多样化的国家，有广袤的草原、崇山峻岭、森林和湖泊。
洛矶山脉位于加拿大西部，是长达4800公里的美丽山脉。
五大湖，即安大略湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和苏必利尔湖位于加拿大和美国的边界上，是世界上最大的淡水湖群。
3. 经济与产业：加拿大是世界上最发达的国家之一，拥有高度发达的经济体系。
该国主要产业包括石油和天然气、采矿、林业、农业和制造业。
加拿大是石油和天然气的主要出口国之一，拥有世界上最大的石油砂岩储量。
此外，加拿大也以其高质量的木材和农产品闻名。
4. 文化与人民：加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有来自世界各地的移民。
在加拿大，许多不同的文化、宗教和语言共存。
英语和法语是加拿大的官方语言，多数人以英语为母语。
加拿大人以友善、慷慨和乐于助人著称。
5. 教育与医疗：加拿大拥有世界上一些最好的教育和医疗系统。
加拿大的大学和学院享有很高的声誉，吸引着许多国际学生。
该国也提供免费的公共医疗保健服务，使人们能够获得高质量的医疗照顾。
6. 旅游与景点：加拿大有许多令人惊叹的旅游景点，吸引着世界各地的游客。
落基山脉是加拿大最受欢迎的旅游景点之一，提供了壮丽的自然风景和丰富的户外活动。
尼亚加拉瀑布是世界上最著名的瀑布之一，位于加拿大和美国的边境。
温哥华是加拿大西海岸的城市，被认为是世界上最适宜居住的城市之一。
总结：加拿大是一个多元文化、资源丰富且自然美景壮观的国家。
它的历史、政治、地理、经济和文化都使加拿大成为一个引人入胜的地方。
A Briefing of CanadaCanada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their wedding practice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part ofCanada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner andlarge-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and the United States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is tooimportant to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.References1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年5，.。
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。
这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。
以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。
英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。
它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。
英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。
苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。
苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。
苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。
苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。
威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。
它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。
威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。
威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。
英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。
爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。
它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。
爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。
爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。
美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。
美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。
美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。
在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。
加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。
加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。
加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。
加拿大全称加拿大全称就是加拿大，简称是加国，英文名称是Canada加拿大介绍：1.加拿大（英语/法语：Canada），位于北美洲最北端，英联邦国家之一，素有“枫叶之国”的美誉，首都是渥太华。
2.加拿大西抵太平洋，东迄大西洋，北至北冰洋，东北部和丹麦领地格陵兰岛相望，东部和法属圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛相望，南方与美国本土接壤，西北方与美国阿拉斯加州为邻。
领土面积为998.467万平方公里，位居世界第二，国土大部分位于北极圈之内，人口主要集中在南部五大湖沿岸。
著名城市有多伦多、温哥华等。
官方语言有英语和法语两种，是典型的双语国家。
3.加拿大政治体制为联邦制、君主立宪制及议会制，英王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首及国家象征，但无实际权力。
4.加拿大是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，是世界上拥有最高生活品质、社会最富裕、经济最发达的国家之一，是世界上最大最重要的钻石生产国之一，在教育、政府的透明度、社会自由度、生活品质及经济自由的国际排名都名列前茅，是八国集团、20国集团、北约、联合国、法语国家组织、世界贸易组织等国际组织的成员国。
所属洲：北美洲首都：渥太华主要城市：多伦多、蒙特利尔、温哥华、魁北克市等国庆日：1867年7月1日国家代码：CAN国歌：《啊，加拿大》货币：加拿大元官方语言：英语、法语政治体制：议会制君主立宪制地理环境：（一）位置境域加拿大加拿大位于北美洲北部，西临太平洋，东濒大西洋，约在北纬41°～83°、西经52°～141°之间，西北部邻美国阿拉斯加州，东北与格陵兰（丹麦实际控制）隔戴维斯海峡遥遥相望，南接美国本土，北靠北冰洋达北极圈。
加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家，海岸线约长24万多公里，国境边界长达8892公里，为全世界最长不设防疆界线。
国土面积约9984670平方千米（世界第2位），是一个地广人稀的国家。
（二）地形地貌加拿大加拿大东部为丘陵地带，南部与美国接壤的大湖和圣劳伦斯地区，地势平坦，多盆地。
