2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案

2018全国研究生入学考试英语(二>试题和标准答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s> for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of onlineservices.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense ofa 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transactionruns”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much ofthe Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register andidentify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points>Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that suchdirectors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclingtheir own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD>. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much morestable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1>, the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaperbusiness?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclingtheir own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD>. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much morestable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1>, the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaperbusiness?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds orcomplete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>Section I Use of English1．A 2．C 3．B4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D12．B13．A14．C15．A16．A17．D18．A19．C20．DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121.[B] failing to fulfill her duty.22.[D] independent advisers.23.[C] do less well in the stock market.24.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm.25.[D] critical.Text 226.[D] were in a desperate situation.27.[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs.28.[C] are less dependent on advertising.29.[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers..30.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalText331.[C] restraint and confidence.32.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration.34.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.Text 436.[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned37.[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization38.[B] stricter regulations be imposed.39.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds40.[D] hopefulPart B41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points>Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ leftalone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. ratherthan C.regardlessofD. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistenceD. diligence14.A.self-deceptive B. self-reliant C.self-evidentD. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B.rememberC. promiseD. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequencesD. strategiesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. Wh en did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. Theycan also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less –misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and thecost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels –especially coal –as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change thepicture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the t rend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up –perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does –or doesn’t do –to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law aspresently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these ser vices don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them –and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ custome rsD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and studyactivities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreapthe best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the b ody…[ idleness] is, parado xically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyone Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and starta conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”——do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they arejust busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship goingThat's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a uniquecomplimentG.skip the small talkSection Ⅲ TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet.Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

2018考研英语（二）真题及参考答案（完整版）SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,”Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise st C.hurt D.mislead4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6.A.remove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrupt7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9.A.such as B.rather than C.regardless of D.owing to10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schooling12.A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn from13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evidentD.self-destructive15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point:That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor’s degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wak e-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”（Line 3，Para.2）is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at a ll. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives．Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through．Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be．What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power．But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digitaleconomy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power．But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them．The users of their services are not their customers．That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies．The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield．Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit．31.According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and getmore done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyone Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41._____A_______Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. I t feels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could ha ppen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say“Hi”.42.______F______It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of“hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and“what’s g oing on?”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43._____E_______When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44._____B_______Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45._____D_______You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Tra nslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy”at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,”Gates says.【参考译文】一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业，作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己未来的职业。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room,the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B.protectC. discussD. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B.messageC. reviewD. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B.continue C.disappearD. happen9. A. such as B. ratherthan C.regardless ofD. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C.discoverD. forget11.A. pay B. food C.marriageD. schooling12.A. beginwithB. rest onC. lead toD. learn from13.A. inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistenceD. diligence14.A.self-deceptiv e B.self-reliantC.self-evidentD.self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. B. C. design D. predictconceal overlook17.A. choose B.remember C.promiseD. pretend18.A. relief B.outcomeC. planD. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitati ons B.investmentsC.consequencesD. strategiesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bikechain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less –misses an important point: That’s not the onl y thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once definedAmerica is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels –especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation –and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investmentcould change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does –or doesn’t do –to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them –and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to thedisadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re sell ing is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit. 31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthyretreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work isto____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.B e presentC.P ay a unique complimentD.N ame, places, thingsE.F ind the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.A sk for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”——do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we g ot stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, makean effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship goingThat's it. Five amazing ways that you can makeconversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for anopinion43. D. name, places,things44. E. find the "metoo"s45. F. pay a uniquecomplimentG.skip the smalltalkSection Ⅲ TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as manycareer paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)i nterpret the chart, and2)g ive your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

2018年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking aboutlong-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less – misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels -coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does – or doesn’t do – to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of changewithin the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the b ody…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—— do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship going That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection Ⅱ TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his readingmaterial has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题英语二Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B , C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ wi llingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C. regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11. A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12. A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13. A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14. A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15. A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16. A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17. A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18. A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19. A. how B. why C. where D. whether20. A. limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skillmanufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorization22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bac helor’s degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belong s to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated inthe US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of t he state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quic k put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“ plummeting ”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa.A. wind is a widely used energy sourceB. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the What’s App messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our in boxes. It doesn’t fe el likea human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A. a win-win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deeps cheduling” to combat const ant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be dueto the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circui ts in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A. keep to your focus timeB. list your immediate tasksC. make specific daily plansD. seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A. distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A. can result in psychological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: th at is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and “what’s going on?” you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask f or their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped r eading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up ne w avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1) Apologize and explain the situation, and2) Suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should1) Interpret the chart and2) Give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他4.7%价格8.4%特色36.3%环境23.8%服务26.8%2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素一、完形填空：1. A. resolveresolve 解决 protect 保护 discuss 讨论 ignore忽视联系上下文“the need to know”，显然是人类有解决未知(resolve uncertainty)的内在需要。

【只有答案！】2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题参考答案英语二参考答案一.完型1.D(resolve)2.B(seek)3.C(hurt)4.B(expose)5.A(trial)6.B(deliver)7. C(When)8.D(happen)9. A(suchas) 10.C(discover)11. B(food) 12.C(lead to) 13.A(inquiry) 14. D(self-destructive) 15. D(resist)16. D(predict) 17. A(choose) 18. B(outcome) 19.D(whether) 20.C(consequences)二.阅读21.B (practical ability)22.D (are not academically successful)23.A (used to have more job opportunities)24.C (indicates the overvaluing of higherdeucation)25.C (supportive)26.C (falling)27.A (is progressing notably)28.A (wind is a widely used energy source)29.C (Its continuous supply is becoming a reality) 30.C (is not really encouraged by the US government )31.B (user information) 32.C (pose a risk to Facebookusers) 33.D (cannot keep pace with the changing market)34.A (they are not defined as customers)35.D (the relationship between digital giants and their users )36.A (keep to your focus time)37.D (t detailed plans many not be as fruitful asexpected) 38.D(an essential factor in accomplishing anywork) 39.B (can bring about greater efficiency) 40.B (approaches to getting more done in less time)41.A(Just say it) 42.F(Skip the small talk) 43.E(Find the “me too” s) 44.B( Be present ) 45.D(Name, places, things)三.翻译一个五年级学生得到一个家庭作业，要求他从一个职业列表中选出他的未来职业，他在“宇航员”上打勾，然后迅速添加了“科学家”到这个列表。

范文范例指导学习2018 考研英语（二）真题及参考答案（完整版）来源：文都教育Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviouslybe painful? Because humans have aninherentneedto 1uncertainty, accordingto arecentstudy in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strongthat peoplewill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University ofChicago andthe Wisconsin school of Business testedstudents ’ willingness to 4 themselves tounpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfycuriosity. For one5 , each participantwasshown apile of pens that theresearcherclaimed were from aprevious experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students weretold withpens wereelectrified; anothertwenty-seven weretold only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. Thestudents who didnot know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than thestudents who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced thiseffect withotherstimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustinginsects.The driveto 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is oftenconsidered a good instinct — itcan 12new scientific advances, forinstance—butsometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity candrive you to do 14things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however.In a finalexperiment, participantswho were encouraged to 16how they would feel afterviewinganunpleasantpicture wereless likelyto 17 to see such an image. These results suggestthatimaginingthe 18of throug on one’scuriosity ahead of time can determine 19 it i worthfollowing h help sthe endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possiblenegativeeffects of curiosity, ”Hsee says. In other words,don’t read onlinecomments.1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve 2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise st C.hurt D.mislead4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6.A.remove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrup t7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9.A.such as B.ratherthanC.regardlessof D.owing to10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schoolin g12.A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn fromword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evidentD.self-destructive15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategie sSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark youranswers onthe ANSWERSHEET. (40points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify hisefforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire highschool where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, butpractical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13thpresident of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarilygained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generationsof discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he ’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seenas almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have thatstereotype...that it ’s for kids who can ’t make it academically, ”　he says .On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturingis not the economic engine that it once was.The job securitythat the US economy once offeredto high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.Wewant more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor ’s d egrees for all —and the subtle devaluing ofanything less —misses an important point:That ’s not the only thing the American economyneeds.Yes,a bachelor ’s degree opensmoredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in thecountry are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on itspolitical head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America isvanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-classjobs, but the workerswho need those jobs most aren ’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School ofTechnology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek ’s school is a wake-up call. Wheneducation becomes one-size-fits-all,it risksoverlooking a nation ’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students ’lack of .A.academic trainingB.practical abilityword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习C.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author ’s attitude toward Koziatek ’s school can be described as .A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2Whilefossil fuels —coal ，oil， gas —stillgenerate roughly85percentof theworld ’ senergy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources suchas wind andsolar.The move to renewablesispicking up momentumaround theworld ： Theynowaccount for more than half of new power sourcesgoing on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fundcleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices ofrenewables ， especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percentand the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the pasteight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principalenergy source.InScotlan d ， forexample， wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95percent ofhomes.Whilethe rest of t he world takesthelead ，notablyChina and Europe ， the UnitedStatesis alsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch，for the firsttime ，wind andsolar power accountedfor more than 10percent ofthe power generatedin theUS，reportedthe US EnergyInformationAdministratio n.President Trump hasunderlinedfossil fuels—especiallycoal — asthe pathtoeconomicgrowth. In a recent speech in Iowa ，hedismissedwind power as anunreliable energy source.Butthat message did not play well with many in Iowa ， where wind turbines dot the fields andprovide 36 percent of thestate ’s electricitygeneration — and where tech giants likeMicrosoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy topower their datacenters.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine? ”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteriesis making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.word 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers ， who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are stilla rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change thepicture rapidly in coming years.While there ’　s a long way to go ， the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The paceof change in energy sources appears to be speeding up — perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do— to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word “plummeting ”（Line 3 ， Para.2 ） is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3 ， the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of thegiantsofthedigitaleconomyis astonishing — Amazon hasjust announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foodsfor$13.5bn ， but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messagingservice ，which doesn ’t have any physicalproduct at a ll. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was anintricate and finely detailed web of itsusers’friendships and sociallives ．Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbersto Facebookidentities，but it broke thepromisealmostas soon as thedealwentthrough ．Evenwithout knowing what was in the messages ， the knowledge of who sent them and to whomwasenormously revealing andstillcouldbe． Whatpoliticaljournalist， whatparty whip ， wouldnot want to know the makeup of the Whats App groups in which TheresaMay ’ s enemies arecurrentlyplotting?It may be that thevalue of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the460shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchasedwhat.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances ofpower ． Butit is clumsy. For onething, itis veryslow compared to the pace ofchangewithin the digitalword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习economy. By the time a problem has beenaddressed and remedied it may have vanished in themarketplace, to bereplacedby new abuses of power． Butthere isa deeperconceptual problem,too. Competition law as presentlyinterpreted deals with financial disadvantage toconsumers and thisis not obvious when theusersoftheseservices don’t pay for them． Theusers oftheirservices are not theircustomers ． That would bethe people who buy advertisingfrom them — and Facebook and Google ， the two virtualgiants， dominate digitaladvertisingto the disadvantage of all other media and entertainmentcompanies ．The product they ’reselling isdata ， and we， the users ，convert ourlives to data forthe benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphidsfor thehoneydew they produce when theyfeed,so Google farms usfor the data that ourdigital livesyield ． Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps thespammers out of ourinboxes. It doesn ’t feel like a human or democraticrelationship ，even if both sidesbenefit ．31.According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsAppfor its. A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digitalgiants ’customers D.the relationship betweendigital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”— the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work — be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic ”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deepscheduling ”　to c ombat constant interruptions and getword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习more done in less time. “At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for ro ughlythe next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor ’s appointmentor important meeting ”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritizeyour day— in particular how we craft our to-do l ists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Powerof Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that dividedundergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be mosteffective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plansdemotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions oftenrender the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room forimprovisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,oras Newport suggests, “be lazy. ”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable tobe brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believesthis counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due tothe way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused andunfocused on a task,theytend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to useboth the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain ”. says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to________. A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37.The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that________. A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable tostudying C. students are hardlymotivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38.According to Newport, idleness is________. A.a desirable mental state forbusy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains ’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40.This text is mainly about _______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busylife B.approaches to getting more donein less timeword 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习C.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in theleft column to its corresponding information in the right column. Thereare two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too ”ｓF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new persona link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment willstrengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, newpeople at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting aconversation with them will form alink.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and starta conversation with strangers.41._____A_______Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and somethingwithin you says“Iwant to talk with this person ”— this is something the mostly happens with all of us. Youwanted to say something — the first word —but it just won ’t come out.I t feels like itisstuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, theyare not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: “Hi ”, “Hey”or “Hello ”—do the best you can to gather all of theenthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi ”．42.______F______It ’s a problem all of us face : you have limited time with the person that you wantto talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi ”, “hello ”, “how areyou? ”and“what’sgoing on? ”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that ’s can make itso memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you ’ll be surprised tosee how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43._____E_______When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which youand that person have in commonso that you can build the conversation from that point. Whenyou start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden thatthe conversation becomes a lot easier.44._____B_______word 版本整理分享范文范例指导学习Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone,and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask ”．So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in thatcommunication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel theconversation.45._____D_______You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some timeyou may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn ’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps theplaces they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing thehate —whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing.So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That ’s it . Five amazing ways that you can make conversationwith almost anyone. Everyperson is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ　Tra nslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWERSHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path froma listof occupations. He ticks “astronaut ”　but quickly adds “scientist ”　to the list andselects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as manycareer paths as he likes. And so he reads —everything from encyclopedias to science fictionnovels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy ”atthe dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn ’t stopped reading yet —not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he readsat least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explainhow the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge, ”Gates says.【参考译文】一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业，作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己未来的职业。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less – misses an important po int: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction andhigh-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas –still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does – or doesn’t do – to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ custo mersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizin g moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—— do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship going That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection ⅢTranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner tab le.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less – misses an important po int: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction andhigh-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas –still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does – or doesn’t do – to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ custo mersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizin g moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—— do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship going That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection ⅢTranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner tab le.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would 8 . Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instin—c t it can 12new scientific advances, for instanc—e but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These resultssuggest that imagining the 18_ time can help determine 19 _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead ofit is worth the endeavor. ― Thinking aboutlong-term 20 is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity, Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’a s lso found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education―have that stereotype t.h..at it ’s for kids who can ’t make it academically, ‖he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America ’s e volution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that theUS economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. Moreeducation is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor ’s degree a s n d fo tr ha e llsubtle d–evaluingof anything less –misses an important point: That h’e o s nn ly oth ting the Americaneconomy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percentof the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on itspolitical head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, butthe workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek'sManchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, itrisks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author ’ s attitude toward Koziatek ’ s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas –still generate roughly 85 percent of the world ’esnergy supply, it ’cslearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businessesto fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels –especially coal –as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that messagedid not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state ’ele s ctricity generation –and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question ― whathappens when the wind doesn’btlow or the sun doesn’st shine? ‖ha s provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there ’ s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding u–p perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does –or doesn’dto –to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word ― plummeting ‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to .A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America .A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy .A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foodsfor $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn ’t have any pro yd s u i c c a tl at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users ’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the dealwent through. Even without knowing what was in the messages,the knowledge ofwho sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May ’ s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records ofwhich customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of changewithin the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’tpay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them–and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they ’ re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’fteel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may .A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law .A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because .A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants ’customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of ―deep work ‖the, —ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a jou―rnalistic ‖approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends ―deep scheduling ‖ct o o nc so ta m nb t a in tterruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, authorof Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such alist canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, ―be lazy. ‖― Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensablteobe brain as Vitamin D is to the body [ idleness p]a is r a, doxically, necessary to getting any work done, ‖ he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focusedand unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.―W hat people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain‖ , says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to .A.keep to your focus timeB. l ist your immediate tasksC. m ake specific daily plansD. s eize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that .A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC. an effective way to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains ’shift between a b n e d i nu g n ff o o c c u u s s e e d d .A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about .A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the ― me too ‖sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a newperson a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment willstrengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new peopleat work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with themwill form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start aconversation with strangers.41.Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something withinyou says ―I want to talk with this perso-n this is some‖thing the mostly happens withall of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. Itfeels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get itout.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well,they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: ―Hi ‖, ―Hey‖or do―th H e eb l lo e s‖t y—ou—can to gather all of theenthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say ―Hi ‖.42.It ’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time w i t t h h e person that you wantto talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of ―hi ‖, ―hello ‖, ― how are you ‖going on? ‖ you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you ’ ll be surpris to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the thingswhich you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation,from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward,you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy ontheir phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response ― I can Mu So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after sometime you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with;perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like,the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in theirwellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship goingThat's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone.Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection ⅢTranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from alist of occupations. He ticks ―astronautbu‖t q uickly adds ―scientistto t‖he list andselects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore asmany career paths as he likes. And so he rea—d s—everything from encyclopaedias toscience fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to i nstitute a ―no reading policy ‖ at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’sttopped reading yet ——not even afterbecoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his readingmaterial has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.―Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore, Gates sa‖y.——Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own nameu,se ―Li Ming ‖ instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

2018年考研英语(二)试题及参考答案Section I Use of Engl ish D i rect i ons:Read the fol lowing text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered bIank and mark A, B r C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that wi I I obviousIy be painfuI? Because humans havean inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psycho IogicaI Sc i enee. The new research reveaIs that the need to know i s so strong that peopIe wi I I 2 to satisfy the i r cur i os i ty even when it is cI ear the answer wi I I 3 ・In a ser ies of four exper iments, behav ioraI sc i entists at the University ofCh i cago and the Wi scons in Schoo I of Bus i ness tested. Student 1s willingness to 4themseIves to unpIeasant stimu Ii in an effort to satisfy cur i os i ty.For one 5 eachpartic i pant was shown a p iIe of pens that the researcher cI a i med were from a prev i ous exper iment ・ The twist? Half of the pens wouId 6 an eIectrie shock when cI icked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were eIectrified, another twenty-seven were told on Iy that some wereeIectrified 7 Ieft alone i n the room, the students who d i d not know wh i ch ones wouId shock them cI i eked more pens and incur red more shocks than the students who knew what wouId 8 subsequent exper iments reproduced, th i s effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of finger nai Is on a chaIkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The dr i ve to_10_is deep Iy rooted i n humans. Much the same as the bas i c dr i ves for_11_or she Iter. saysChristopher Hsee of the University of Ch i cago Cur i os i ty is often cons i dered a good instinct-it can _12_New Scientific advances. for instance-but sometimes such_13_can backf i re f the insight that cur iosity can dr i ve you to do _14_things i s a profound one.UnheaI thy cur ios ity is poss ibIe to 15 f however, i n a final exper iment, partic i pants whowere encouraged to 16 how they wouId fee I after viewing an unp Ieasant picture were I ess Ii keIys cur iosity ahead of time canonline comments1. [A]Protect [B] resoIve [C] d i scuss [D] ignore2. [A]refuse [B] wait [C] regret [D] seek3. [A] hurt [B] Iast [C]mi s Iead [D] r i se4. [A] a I er t [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose5. [A]message [B] rev i ew [C] trial [D] concept6. [A] remove [B] weaken [C] interrupt [D] de I i ver7. [A]when [B] i f [C] though [D] unI ess8.[A] continue [B] happen [C] d i sappear [D] changeto 17 to see such an image. TheseresuIts suggest that imagini ng the 18 of following through ononehe Ip determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Th i nk ing about Iong 一term 20 i s key to reducing the possibIe negativeeffects of cur i os ity.Hsee saysi n other words, don' t read9.[A] rather than [B] regard I ess of [C] such as [D] owing to10.[A] d i scover [B] forgive [C] forget [D] d i sagree11.[A] pay [B] marr i age [C] schooI i ng [D] food12.[A] Iead to [B]rest on [C] I earn from [D] begin with13.[A] withdrawaI [B] persistence [C] inquiry [D] di I igence14.[A] seIf-reIiant [B] seIf-destruetive [C] seIf-evident [D] self-deceptive15.[A] def i ne [B] res i st [C]rep I ace [D] trace16.[A] over look [B] predict [C] design [D] conceaI17.[A] remember [B] promise [C] choose [D] pretend18.[A] re Iief [B] plan [C] duty [D] outcome19.[A] why [B] whether [C] where [D] how20.[A] consequences [B] investments [C] strategies [D] I imitations Section I I Read ing Comprehens i onPart AD i rect i ons:Read the fol lowing four texts. Answer the questions D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET・(40 points)Text 1give his students a better future. be Iow each text by choos ing A, B, C orIt is cur i ous that Stephen Koz i atek fee Is aImost as though he has to justify h i s efforts toMr. Koz iatek is part of something pioneer ing・ He i s a teacher at a New Hampsh i re high schooI where I earning i s not something of books and tests and mechan i caI memor i zation, but practicaI・ Whend id it become accepted wisdom that students shouId be abIe to name the 13thpres ident of the Uni ted States but be utter Iy overwhelmed by a broken bi ke cha in?As Koz i atek knows, there i s I earn ing in just about everything・ Nothi ng i s necessar i Iy gained by foreing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations ofd i scarded chew ing gum. They can a I so I earn geometry by assembIing a bicycle.But he 1 s a I so found a kind of ins id i ous prejud i ce. Work ing with your hands i s seen as aImost a mark of i nfer i or i ty・ Schoo Is i n the fami Iy of vocational education "have thatstereotype・・・ that it 1s for k i ds who can 1 t make it academicaIly, ”he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of Amer ica 1 s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was・ The job secur i ty that the US economyonce offered to high school graduates has large Iy evaporated. More education is the newpr inciple・ We want more for our kids, and r ightfully so.But the head Iong push into bacheI or 1 s degrees for al I 一and the subtie一misses an important point: Thas not the only thingdeva Iu ing of anything I essthe Amer ican economy need・ Yes, a bachelor 1 s degree opens more doors・ But even now, 54 percentof the jobs in the country are middIe~ski I I jobs, such as construetion and high-ski I I manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the work ing cI ass has turned the country on itspoliticaI head, frustrated that the opportunity that once def ined Amer ica i s vanishing, one obv i ous so Iution is star i ng us i n the face・ There i s a gap i n work ing-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren 1 t equipped to do them. Koz i atek 1 s Manchester schooI of Techno Iogy H i gh Schoo I i s trying to fill that gap.Koz i atek 1 s schooI i s a wake-up caIl・ Wheneducation becomes one-size-fits-aI I, it r i sks over Iooking a nation1 s di versity of gifts.21. A broken b i ke cha i n i s mentioned to show students ' I ack of ・[A] practicaI ab i Iity[B] academic training[C] pioneer ing spi r i t[D] mechan i caI memor i zat i on22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who ・[A] have a stereotyped mind[B] have no career motivation[C] are not academicaI Iy successfuI[D] are f inancially d i sadvantaged23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high schooI graduates ・[A] used to have b i g financ i a I concerns[B] used to have more job opportunities[C] are re Iuctant to work i n manufacturing[D] are entitled to more educational pr ivi Ieges24. The head Iong push into bachelor 1s degrees for a 11 ・[A] helps create a lot of middle-ski II jobs[B] may narrow the gap in working-c1 ass jobs[C] i s expected to yield a better-trained workforce[D] indicates the overva1uing of higher education25. The author1s attitude toward Koz i atek 1 s schoo1 can be descr i bed as ・[A] support i ve[B] tolerant[C] d i sappo i nted[D] caut i ousText 2While foss i I fueIs —— still generate rough Iy 85 percent of the worId ' s energysuppIy, it ' s cIearer than ever that the future be Iongs to renewable sources such as wind and so I ar. The move to renewabIes i s picking up momentum around the worId: They now account for morethan ha If of new power sources going on I i ne ・Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and fars ighted bus i nesses to fundcIeaner energy sources ・ But increas i ng Iy the story i s about the pIummeting pr i ces of renewables. espec i a I Iy wind and so I ar ・ The cost of so I ar pane Is has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by cIose to one-thi rd in the past eight years ・In many parts of the worId renewabIe energy i s a I ready a pr i ncipal energy source ・ In Scotland, for examp Ie t windturbines prov i de enough eIectrieity to power 95 percent of homes ・ While the rest of the worId takes the Iead, notabIy Ch i na and Europe, the United States i s a I so see i ng a remarkabIe sh i ft. In March, for the f i rst time, wind and so I ar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.Pres i dent Trump has under Iined foss i I fueIs—— espec i a I Iy coaI——as the path toeconomic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he di smi ssed wind power as an unreI iabIe energy source ・ But that message d i d not pI ay we I I with many in lowa. where wind turb i nes dot the fieldsbatter ies is making thei r abi 丨 ity to keep power flowing around the cIock more I ikeIy.The advance i s dr i ven in part by vehicle manufacturers. who are pIacing big bets onbattery-powered eIectrie veh i cIes. Although electrie cars are still a rar i ty on roads now, th i s mass i ve investment couId change the picture rapid Iy in coming years ・While there 1 s a Iong way to go, the trend lines for renewabIes are spiking.meaningful effect in slowing cIimate change. What Washington does—— ordoesn 1 t do —— to promote alternative energy may mean I ess and I ess at a time of a globaI sh i ft in thought.26. The word “ pIummeting ” (Line 3, Para. 2) i s cIosest in mean i ng to ・ [A] stabiIi zing [B] changing [C] falling [D] rising27. Accord i ng to Paragraph 3, the use of renewabIe energy i n Amer ica ・ [A] i s progressing notabIy[B] i s as extens i ve as i n Europe [C] faces many chaI Ienges [D] has proved to be impracticaI 28. It can be I earned that in Iowa, [A] wind is a widely used energy sourceand prov i de 36 percent of the states eIectrieity generation ——and where tech Microsoft are being attracted by the avai Iabi I ity of cIean energyto power the i rdata centers.The question "What happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesn sh i ne?has prov i ded a qu i ck put-down for skeptics.But a boosti n the storagecapac i ty of The pace of change n energy sources appearsto be speeding upperhaps just in time to have agiants[B]wind energy has rep Iaced foss i I fueIs[C]tech giants are investing in cIean energy[D]there i s a shortage of cIean energy suppIy29.Which of the fol lowing i s true about cIean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?[A]Its appIication has boosted battery storage・[B]It is commonly used in car manufacturing.[C]Its continuous suppIy i s becoming a reaIity.[D]Its sustainabIe exp Ioitat ion wi I I rema i n difficult.30.It can be inferred from the I ast paragraph that renewabIe energy.[A]wi I I br ing the USA cIoser to other countr ies・[B]will acceI erate globaI env i ronmental change・[C]i s not reaI Iy encouraged by the USA government.[D]i s not competitive enough with regard to its cost.Text 3The power and amb it ion of the gi ants of the d i g ital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery cha i n Who Ie Foods for $ 13.5bn r but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acqui re the WhatsApp messaging service t which doesn't have any phys i caI product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intr i cate and finely detailed web of its users * fr i endships and soci a I I ives.Facebook promised the European commi ss i on then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities r but it broke the promise aImost as soon as the deaI went through・ Evenwithout knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom wasenormous Iy reveaI i ng and still couId be. What political journalist, what party wh i p, wouId notwant to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Therea May1s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the vaIue ofWho Ie Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what・Competit ion I aw appears to be the only way to address these imbaI ances of power. But it is cI urnsy. For one thing, it is very sIow compared to the pace of Change with i n the d i g ital economy. By the time a prob Iem has been addressed and remed i ed it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be rep Iaced by new abuses of power・ But there i s a deeper conceptual problem r too. Competit ion law as presently interpreted deaIs with f i nancial d i sadvantage to consumers and thi s i s not obvious when the users of these services don11 pay for them. The users of thei r Services are not thei r customers. That would be the peopIe who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google, the two vi rtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of a I I other med i a and entertainment companies.The product they1 re seI ling i s data, and we, the users, convert our I i ves to date for thebenefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs cal led aphids for the honeydewthe produce when they feed, so GoogIe farms us for the data that our digital I ives yield ・ Ants keep predatory i nsects away from where the i r aph i ds feed; Gma i I keeps the spammeout of ourIt doesn* t feel Ii ke a human or democratic re I ationship, even if both s i des benefit.According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acqui red WhatsApp for its ・The ants ana Iogy i s used to illustrate ・a wi n~w in bus i ness mode I between d i gital gi ants a typical competit ion pattern among d i g ital gi antsi nboxes. [A] d i gital products [B] user information [C] physical assets [D] qua Iity serv i ce32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ・ [A] worsen politicaI disputesmess up customer records [C] pose a risk to Facebook users [D] mi sIead the European commi ss ion33. Accord i ng to the author t competit ion law ・ [A] should sever the new market powers [B] may worsen the economic imbaI anee[C] shouId not provide just one legaI solution [D] cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competit ion law as presently interpreted can hard Iy protect Facebook users because ・ [A] they are not def i ned as customers [B] they are not financiaI Iy re IiabIe [C] the services are genera I Iy digital [D] the servicesare pa id for by advertisers35. [A][C] the benefits prov i ded for d igital g i ants customers[D] the re I ationship between d i g ital gi ants and the i r usersText 4To comb a t the t rap of putting a premium on be i ng busy, CaI Newport, author of Deep Work: RuIes for Focused Success in a Di stracted World, recommends bui Iding a habit of “ deep work n 一the abi Iity to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats ded i cated to a specific task; developing a daily ritua I; or taking a “ journaI isticapproach to se i z i ng moment of deep work when you can throughoutthe day. Whichever approach, the key i s to determi ne your I ength of focus time and stick to it.Newport a I so recommends “ deep scheduling " to combat constant interruptions and getAt any given poi nt, I shouId have deep work scheduIed for rough Iy thenext mouth. Once on the caIendar, I protect th i s time I ike I wouId a doctor 1s appo i ntment or important meeting ” f he wr i tes.Another approach to getting more done in less time i s to rethink how you priori ties your day —— i n particuI ar howwe craft our to-do I i sts. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, poi nts to a study in the ear Iy 1980s that di vided undergraduates into two groups: some were advi sed to set out monthIy goaIs and study activities; others were told to pI an activities and goaIs i n much more deta i I f day by day.While the researchers assumed that the we Il-struetured daily pI ans wouId be most effective when it came to theexecution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily pI ans demotivated students ・Harford argues that inevitabIe d i stractions often ineffective.while Ieaving room for improvisation in such aIn order to make the most of our focus and energy. weNewport suggests,"idleness i s not just a vacation, an indu Igence or abrain as vitamin D i s to the body paradoxically r necessary to getting any work done,Sr i ni Pillay, an ass i stant professor of psych i atry atcounter i ntu itive link between downtime and productivity may operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task F they tend tobe more eff i c i ent."What peopIe don 1 t reaIi se i s that in order to comp Iete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus ci rcu its in the i r bra in,” says Pi I I ay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ・ [A] keep to your focus time [B] I i st your i mmed i ate tasks [C] make spec i f i c daily pIans [D] seize every minute to work37. The study in the ear Iy 1980s cited by Harford shows that ・ [A] d i stractions may actually increase efficiency. [B] daily scheduIes are i nd i spensabIe to study i ng [C] students are hard Iy motivated by monthly goaIs [D] detailed pI ans may not be as fru itful as expected 38. According to Newport, idleness is ・ [A] a desi rabIe mental state for busy peopIe ・ [B] a major contr i butor to phys i caI heaI th [C] an effective way to save time and energy[D] an essential factor in accompI ishing any work39. Pillay be I i eves that our bra i ns 1sh i ft between being focused and unfocused ・more done i n I ess time. render the daily to-do I i st I i st can reap the best resuIts.a I so need to embrace downtime, or asvice; it is as indi spensable to the[i d I eness] i s,he argues.Harvard Med i caI Schoo I, be I i eves th i sbe due to the may our bra i ns[A]can resuIt in psychological we I I-being[B]can br i ng about greater eff i c i ency[C]i s aimed at better ba Iance in work[D]i s dr i ven by task urgency40.This text is mainly about ・[A]ways to re Ii eve the tens i on of busy Ii fe[B]approaches to getting more done in less time[C]the key to eI iminating d i stractions[D]the cause of the I ack of focus timePart BDi rections:Read the fol lowing text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitabIe subtitles from the I ist A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45)・ There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET ・(10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC・ Pay a un i que comp Ii ment, places, thingsE.Find the “ me too ''F.Skip the smaI I talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are Iinks, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a linkgets formed and every conversation you have after that moment wi I I strengthen the link.You meet new peopIe every day: the grocery worker, the cab dr i ver r new peopIe at work orthe secur i ty guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them wi I I form a I ink.Here are f i ve simplestrangers・ways that you can make the fi rst move and start a conversation with 4KSuppose you are in a room with someone you don says 1 t know and something withinyou “I want to ta Ik with th isperson n一this something that mostly happenswith a I I of us. You wanted to say something-the first word 一but it just won' t come out, it feels I ike it is stuck somewhere・ I know the fee I i ng and here i s my adv ice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that couId happen? They won 't ta Ik with you? Well, they are not ta Ik ing with you now!justI truIy be Ii eve that once you fIow. So keep it simple: u Hiyou a I I of the enthus i asm42、It is a prob Iem a I I want to ta Ik with and you Honestly, if we got stuckget that first wordand energy you can . put on aout everything eIse wi I IHello - do the bestbig smile and sayof us face; you have I imited time with the personwant to make th i s ta Ik memorabIe.i n the resuIt of " hi ” . andcan to gather"Hi"that youhow are you?"“ what is going on ?” r you wi I I fai I to give the initial jolt to the conversat i on that can make it so memorable.So don' t be afra i d to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you1be surpr i sed to see how much peopIe are willing to share if you just ask.When you meet a person for the make an effort to find the thingsf i rst time, which you andperson have in common so that you can build the conversat i on from that poi nt・ When youstart conversation from there and then move outwards, you1 I I find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44、I magine you are pour i ng your heart out to someone and they arejust busy on the i rphone,U Aand i f you ask for the i r attent i on youget the response1" 1 canmult itask ”・So when someone tr i es to communi cate with you, just be i n thatcontaccommunicat ion who I ehearted Iy. Mike eye + Trust me, eye contacti s where a I I the magic happens・ When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45、____________________________________________________You a I I came into a conversation where you f i rst met the person r but after some time youmay have met aga i n and have forgotten their name. Isn ' t that awkward!So, remember the little details of the peopIe you met or you t a Iked with; perhaps the pI acesthey have been to, the p1 aces they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate 一whatever you ta 1 k about・When you remember such things you can automat ica 丨1y become i nvestor i n the i r we 1 1 be i ng.So they fee 1 a respons i b i 1 ity to you to keep that re 1 at i onsh i p going.That*s it. Five amaz i ng ways that you can make conversation with aImostanyone. Everyperson is a rea11y good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Sect ion III TransI at ion46.Di rections:Trans I ate the fol lowing text into Ch i nese・ Wr i te your transI ation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework ass i gnment to select h i s future career path from a Ii st of occupations. He ticks u astronaut ”, but quickly adds “ sc i entist n to the Ii st andseIects it as we Il・ The boy i s convinced that if he reads enough, he can exp I ore as many career paths as he Iikes. And so he reads everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so pass i onately that h i s parents have to institute a u no read ing pol icy " at the dinner tabIe.Part A 47、Di rections : Suppose you have to can ceI your trave I pI a n and wi I I not be abIe tovi sit professor Smith, wr ite him an ema i I to"apologize and exp I a i n the situation and suggest a future meeting.2)You shouId write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET ・"Li Ming " in stead, should ■价格 Do not use your own n ame; Use 1) in terpIet -thfe •+. ■环境场沁■特色Pg r ^otaXjIte your addFess (10po in ts).' You shou I d write about 150 words o' I ne ANSWER 簟命丘\• ■ ■■flXsWr i te an essay based on the _cha h art be Iow ・ In your wr i ting「(15 poi nts) 2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素参考答案：1-5 BDADC 6-10 DABDA 11-15 DACBB 16-20 BCDBA21-25 ACBDA 26-30 CAACC 31-35 BCDDD 36-40 ADDBB 41-45 AGEBD46. 一名五年级的学生的家庭作业要求他从一系列的职业中选出他未来的职业道路。