初中英语语法知识点必备
引子
语法词法
句法
词类
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：pen，morning，bag，ball，class，orange.
2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it,he,. ,their
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange .
4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.
5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，here，very，often，slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the.
8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind.
9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，wow，hi，hello
八大句子成分
主语：句子说明的人或事物
谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征
宾语：动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语动宾介宾直宾间宾
定语：修饰、限制或说明名词或代词的品质和特征
状语：说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
宾补：补充说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，
同位语：位于名词或代词后面，解释前者，两者语法功能相同。
表语：连系动词,其后面的成分叫作表语。
五大基本句型
1.主+谓
2.主+谓+宾
3.主+系+表
4.主+谓+宾+宾
5.主+谓+宾+补
句子分类
按用途分类陈述句
疑问句一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
反义疑问句(附加疑问句）
祈使句命令，要求，请求，劝告
感叹句惊奇，愤怒，赞赏，喜悦
按结构分类简单句只有一套主谓的句子。
并列句并列量词把两个以上的简单句连接起来，各句之间意义同等重要，没有从属关系。
复合句主句完整，可以独立存在；从句不完整，只是一个句子成分，不可独立存在。一、名词
1.名词变复数
①class → classes box → boxes watch → watches brush → brushes
②story → stories baby → babies city → cities country → countries
③wife → wives knife →knives wolf → wolves l eaf→l eaves s carf → scarfs / scarves
④hero → heroes tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes mango → mangoes / mangos
⑤child → children tooth → teeth foot → feet mouse → mice
⑥sheep → sheep deer → deer fish →fish (fishes种类) Chinese →Chinese Japanese →Japanese
⑦Englishman →Englishmen Frenchman →Frenchmen policeman →policemen German→Germans
⑧man doctor → men doctors woman teacher → women teachers
girl student → girl students boy friend → boy friends shoe shop → shoe shops
2.复数名词people police 谓语动词用复数
3.集体名词family, class, group, team 个体--单数；整体--复数
4. 人民币没有复数形式,外国货币有复数。100 yuan, 5 dollars(cents, pounds, pence, )
5. two teas /colas / coffees 表示“几杯”、“几份”
6. one of + 名词复数
7. 名词所有格
①分别拥有A’s and B’s 共同拥有A and B’s
②店铺或某人的家the doctor’s (office) the baker’s (shop) my uncle’s (home)
③距离an hour’s drive ten minutes’ walk
④双重所有格 a friend of Mary’s mother’s a book of mine
⑤节日Women’s Day Mother’s Day Teachers’Day April Fools’Day
8. 数量短语
修饰可数名词many, (a)few, several, a great number of, a good many, many a(单数名词),修饰不可数名词much (a)little a great deal of a great amount of
既可修饰可数又可修饰不可数some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities of
二、冠词
1. a/an 以辅音音标开头的单词前用a a usual day a useful book a European
以元音音标开头的单词前用an an unusual day an honest boy an hour
2.the+adj 类指谓语动词用复数
3.乐器前用the，球类棋牌前不用任何冠词。
4.the+姓氏复数表示“一家人”或夫妇
5.不用冠词的情况
①专有名词(人名，地名，国名，季节，月份，星期)
②含有普通名词的专有名词(街道，广场，公园，车站，机场，大学，含有Day节日) ③三餐④球类运动
6. 国家前不用冠词，但全称用the
7. 在一些短语中，用the 表示具体概念，不用表示抽象概念
at the table 在桌旁at table在吃饭in the hospital在医院里in hospital 住院
by the sea 在海边by sea 乘船in the prison 在监狱里in prison 坐牢
in the class 在班里in class 在上课go to the church 去教堂go to church 做礼拜
三、代词
1. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词(附表格)
2. 复合不定代词(-one -body -thing) ①单数②修饰语后置
3. every one 每一个(人/物)
everyone=everybody 每个人，人人(整体)
anyone 任何人强调个体
4. some, any
5. both, all
6. neither, either
7. none, no one
8. every, each
9. Who--询问身份What--询问职业
What ---没有选择范围Which---在具体范围内选择
10. It 做虚主语、形式主语、形式宾语、强调句
11. it ---指代同一个事物Look at the bird. It often comes to my window.
泛指同名异物I haven’t got a pen. Can you please lend me one?
that ---特指同名异物=the one (复数用those,=the ones)
四、数词
1. 确定数量two thousand several thousand two thousand of the students (学生中的2000人)
2. 模糊数量hundreds of thousands of many thousands of dozens of scores of
3. 序数词fifth twelfth eighth ninth nineteenth ninetieth
4. 分数词基(>1) a half (1/2) a quarter(1/4) one fifth three-fifths
序(s)
5.几个半two and a half hours (=two hours and a half)
6.复合形容词只做定语不做表语 a two-month holiday an 8-year-old girl
7. 时刻past (30分钟内) to(超过30分钟)
8. 编号Lesson 1 (the first Lesson), Room 302
9. 年龄in one’s fifties at the age of 20
10. 世纪年代in the 1980s =in the 1980’s
五、介词
at 时间点；短暂时间；节日
时间in 较长时间(世纪，年月季，泛指早午晚)
on 特定、具体日子(星期，具体日期，含Day节日，有限定语修饰的时间)
in 范围内
地理on 相邻
方位to 相隔
through 内部穿过through the tunnel
穿过across 表面横穿across the street
past 从旁边经过past me
over 上方越过over the the Pacific Ocean
with 用工具或身体部位
in 用语言、材料等表达方式
用by 用交通工具等方式手段
on 用通讯工具(TV, radio, telephone, Internet)
through 通过某种方式
besides 除外还有
除外except / but 除外没有
except for ①用于句首代替except ②美中不足③被排除的与主体不同类
except that 后接从句
常用介词(熟记短语，固定搭配)
at ①(时间) ②(地点)在... ③目标、方向④引起情绪的原因⑤以...价格、速度、数量
about ①关于②大约=around some
against ①反对，不支持②对抗play against ③撞击④在...映衬下
by ①(时间) 到...为止②(地点) 在旁边;经过③(方法手段)用,靠,通过④(数量增减幅度)相差⑤被,由for ①(目的) 为了②(原因)由于③(对象) 对于④赞成，拥护，支持⑤代替，代表
from ①(起点)自，从②(来源)从...来，来自... ③(原因)由于④离开，除去，免掉，逃避，阻止
in ①(时间)在...期间②(地点)在... 在...里面③(方式)用④在...方面⑤穿戴
on ①(时间)在具体日子②(方位)在...上③在...旁，靠近④有关，关于⑤通过...方式(通讯)
to ①(方向，目的)到... ②(时间) 到...止③对于④对待别人态度
with ①(陪伴)和...一起②对待别人③(方式)用④伴随⑤具有，带有
六、形容词副词
1.分词形容词：-ing(物) / -ed(人)
2.表语形容词：ill, well, afraid, awake, asleep, alone, alive, alike, aware
3.形容词作宾补keep the room clean
4.形容词排序：“县官行令宴国才”
5.形容词变副词(派生副词)：①直接加②元e 去e加③辅y [?] 变y为i加④-le结尾改e为y
6.形副同形enough, fast, early, late, high, deep, hard, wide, near, short,
7.频度副词never, seldom, hardly, rarely,
sometimes(=once in a while, from time to time, occasionally, at times, at whiles) 8.程度副词
enough to The house is big enough for us to live in.
too...to the box is too heavy to carry.
so big a city= such a big city
so many /much/ few/little
quite a quiet evening
9. open the closed window close the open window
10. 比较级和最高级的变化规则
more / most slowly quickly(开放性副词) easily(多音节) tired(分词形容词)
11. 同级比较as +原级+ as(肯定)
not as (so) +原级+ as(否定)
难点：She has as sweet a voice as her mother.
Miss Green isn’t so/as strict a teacher as Mr White.
劣势比较：less...than...
12. the +比较级of the two “(二者中)比较...的那一个”
13. 双重比较：比较级and 比较级“越来越...”
14. 变化比较：The +比较级...，the +比较级... “越...越...”
15. 拉丁比较
16. 比较级表达最高级
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
He is taller than anyone else in his class.
He is taller than the other boys in his class.
He is taller than the others in his class.
He is taller than any of the other boys in his class.
17. “否定词+谓语+比较级”“否定词+so …as...”相当于最高级。如：
I’ve never seen a nicer bird than this one.
I have never heard a better voice.
I have never seen so beautiful a girl as she.
18. 倍数的表达
This room is three times as large as that one.
This room is twice larger than that one.
19. 比较级修饰语①a little, a bit, rather; ②a lot / a great deal, much, ③still, yet, even, (by)far, no, any
19. 注意：①比较的对象是同类的
②为避免重复，用名词所有格, 代词所有格或that/those
③形容词最高级前用the,当有限定词修饰时不用the；副词最高级前the可省略。
20. 最高级修饰语序数词much, (by) far, nearly, almost, quite
注：quite一般不修饰比较级，但I feel quite better.
七、情态动词
1.能力can, could , be able to(用于各种时态)
2.强制You must.... (主观)
You have to...(客观)
3.应该should, ought to
4.建议Will/Would you please...?
5.可能性must(一定), can’t(不可能) may(可能) , may not(可能不)
6.许可---May I /Can I / Could I put my bike here?
---Yes, you may. (Yes, you can.) / ---No, you can’t. (No, you mustn’t.)
7.必要性---Must I /Need I finish the work today?
---Yes, you must. / ---No, you needn’t. (No, you don’t have to. )
8.禁止mustn’t
八、非谓语动词
动名词
①enjoy, finish, practise, dislike, keep, miss, mind, suggest,imagine, consider, avoid, allow, advise, risk, admit, deny
②look forward to, pay attention to, be used to, stick to(坚持), lead to(导致), make a contribution to, devote...to...
keep on doing,
give up doing