第八讲非谓语动词
Non-predicate
【考点概况】
一、结构综述
二、可在句子中充当的成分：
不定式：主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分
动名词：主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、
分词：表语、定语、状语、补语
三、不定式、分词、动名词之间的区别
1、不定式与动名词的区别
不定式起名词、形容词、副词作用，在句子中除了动名词所起的作用外，还可以作状语。动名词起名词作用，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语。两者之间的差别：
1)不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，而动名词的逻辑主语范围较大，它可以指主语，也可以是泛指。
例如：I hate to sleep on weekends. (指自己睡觉)
I hate sleeping on weekends. (可以指自己，也可以泛指)
2)动名词多指抽象的、概括性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为，不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如：
Learning a language requires time and effort.
To learn language well requires time and effort.
3)在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而另外一些只能用不定式
4) 既可以接不定式又可接动名词，有时含义不一：
remember to do 记得去做；remember doing 记得做过
forget to do 忘记去做；forget doing 忘记做过了
regret to do 遗憾去做；regret doing 后悔做过
try to do 设法去做；try doing 试着做
go on to do 接着做另一件事；go on doing 继续做同一件事
mean to do 打算做；mean doing 意味着做
stop to do 停下来去做；stop doing 停止做
can’t help (to) do 不能帮助做；can’t help doing忍不住做
5)有些动名词表示被动意义，而不定式则用其被动式表示被动意义。如：
The house needs to be repaired.
The house needs repairing.
6) should(would)like, love等之后用不定式。如：
I’d like to join you.
I’d love to eat an apple pie.
2、现在分词与动名词的区别
I．动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较
1)．动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题。
例如：One of the best exercises is running．跑步是最有趣的运动项目之一。
This book is interesting．这本书很有趣。
2)．动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。
例如：①The task of a doctor is healing the wounded and rescuing the dying．
（＝Healing the wounded and rescuing the dying is the task of a doctor．）医生的职责是救死扶伤。
②The news was depressing．那消息是令人沮丧的。
3)．作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。
例如：①What he did was very inspiring．他的英雄事迹很鼓舞人心。
②Our purpose here is improving oral English. 我们目前的目的是提高英语口语。
4)．现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。
例如：The story is the most interesting．那个故事最有趣。
5)．作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。
例如：① This report seems inspiring．这篇报道似乎很鼓舞人心。
②Some people’s greatest pleasure is fishing. 有些人的最大乐趣就是钓鱼。
6)．有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting，disappointing等。
II．动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
1)．动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。
例如：a running car ＝a car with an engine that is running 一辆正在行驶的轿车
a walking stick 拐杖
2)．现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。
例如：①The pen lying on the table belongs to me. 桌上的那支笔是我的
②This book can be used in English-speaking countries. 这本书可用于讲英语的国家。
3.现在分词和过去分词的用法
1)现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。
an interesting book 一本有趣的书
an interested book 令人有兴趣的书
a depressing letter 一封令人沮丧的信
a depressed man 沮丧的人
2)在作表语或者定语的时候现在分词表示动作还没有完成而过去分词则表示动作已经完成boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 已煮沸的水
beveloping country 发展中国家developed country 发达国家
【名师点拨】
判断正误。
He came in laughed. （错误）
He sat there read a newspaper. （错误）
Heard the news, he jumped. （错误）
Learn English well, he practised reading it every day. （错误）Practise hard and you will learn English well. （正确）
1. 确定是否是非谓语还是谓语
They have been standing there talking there for an hour.
Heard the news, he ran out.
Hearing the news, he ran out.
Had finished his homework, he began to watch TV.
Having finished his homework, he began to watch TV.
2. 看主动还是被动过去还是将来目的还是伴随
He came to borrow money from me.
No one wants to be laughed at.
By the time he came out of the shop he found his bike stolen.
注意：及物动词无宾语时用被动
3. 看非谓语是及物还是不及物动词如果是及物就必须有宾语如果没有非谓语必须是被动形式
Covered with ice and snow, the road was very slippery.
Faced with so many problems he proved himself to be a great man.
注意：faced with 面临；be faced with；facing
重要词组：
1. be seated 就坐
2 be faced with 面临
3 be lost in 陷入，埋头于，全神贯注于，沉湎于
4 .be covered with 被覆盖
5. be interested in
6. be surprised at 对…很吃惊
7. be filled with 充满
8. be married to 和…结婚
9. be engaged to 和…订婚
10. be engaged in 从事于,忙于
11. be absorbed in 沉浸在,陷入,专心于
12. be buried in 忙于,专心于
例句：
You seem to be eating something.
I pretend to be watching TV.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
【高考真题】
1. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board.
(09 shanghai)
A. killed
B. killing
C. kills
D. to kill
Key: B
2. Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. (09 shanghai)
A. having held
B. to hold
C. holding
D. hold
Key: C
解析：Suggest that sb. should do；Suggest doing
Verbs with verb-ing
be used to习惯于/lead to导致/be devoted to献身于,专心于/ go back to/ stick to 坚持/object to 反对/get down to着手于/ pay attention to注意/can’t stand不能忍受/give up放弃/ feel like想要/ insist on 坚持/put off推迟/ have trouble in doing 做……有困难/ have a hard time doing做某事非常艰难/ spend time doing花时间做……
consider/suggest/advise/look forward to/admit/delay /fancy/ avoid /miss/keep/keep on/practice/deny/enjoy/appreciate imagine/risk /mind/allow/permit /escape
3. David threatened ______ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. (09 shanghai)
A. to be reported
B. Reporting
C. to report
D. having reported
Key: C
重点词汇：
threaten 威胁
to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you want
Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don't receive a pay increase.
threaten to do something
He threatened to take them to court.
4. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday. (09 Shandong)
A. to be held
B. held
C. being held
D. holding
Key: A
5. It is often _____ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.(09Na II)
A. said
B. to say
C. saying
D. being said
Key: A
重点句型：
It is reported that 据报道…
It is said that 据说…
It is believed that 据认为…
It is said that the book has been translated into many foreign languages.
The book is said to have been translated into many foreign languages.
When he heard the news, he jumped with joy.
=Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
=He jumped with joy at the news.
6. They use computers to keep the traffic ______ smoothly. (Na II )
A. being run
B. run
C. to run
D. running
Key: D
7. The children all turned __________ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
(09 Na I）
A. looked at
B. to look at
C. to looking at
D. look at
Key: B
8. ____, you need to give all you have and try your best.(09 Liao)
A. Being a winner
B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner
D. Having been a winner
Key: B
9. ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained (拴,用铁链锁)our dog.(09 Bj)
A. Being bitten
B. Bitten
C. Having bitten
D. To be bitten
Key: B
10. All of them try to use the power of the workstation ___ information in a more effective way.
(09 Bj)
A. presenting
B. presented
C. being presented
D. to present
Key: D
注释：present 提供
11. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ___ on his own farm. (09Hu)
A. grown
B. being grown
C. to be grown
D. to grow
Key: A
12 Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.
(09 Hunan)
A. being tired
B. tiring
C. tired
D. to be tired
Key: C
13 Please do me a favor —______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. (09 Hunan)
A. to invite
B. inviting
C. invite
D. invited
Key: C
14 One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. correct
B. correcting
C. corrects
D. to correct
Key: B
15. ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Having given
Key: A
注释：Given=Considering 考虑到
非谓语动词考查特点及解题点拨 非谓语动词在英语语言中使用率很高，同时也是中考考考查热点。近几年对非谓语动词的考查更加强调语句的复杂性，综合考查时态、语态、逻辑主语一致性的题目较多。因此，考生必须学会在复杂的语境中选用非谓语动词的适当形式。 【例1】Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer． A．to have invented B．inventing C．to invent D．having invented 解题点拨：这是一道把动词的用法和非谓语动词的用法结合起来的考题。关键一：表示心理活动的动词在带不定式作宾补时常用to be或to have done，极少用to do sth．的形式。关键二：注意consider的两种用法，consider doing sth．意为“考虑做某事”，consider sb．／sth．to be 或consider sb．to have done或其被动式be considered to be／to have done意思是“认为某人／物如何(做了什么)”。依题意可知本题考查第二种用法。 练一练：1)The patient was warned ______oily food after the operation． A．not eat B．eating not C．not to eat D．not eating 【例2】Do let your mother know all the truth．She appears _______everything． A．to tell B．to be told C．to be telling D．to have been told 解题点拨：这是一道把语态、时态、和非谓语动词结合起来考查的题目。解这类题一定要注意时态和语态的变化，先于谓语动作发生的非谓语用完成形式。前半句说“一定要告诉你母亲全部真相”，后半句说“看上去她好像已被告知所有情况”，因此选不定式完成形式的被动语态。 练一练：2)The old man is said _____a sailor when he was young． A．to have been B．that he was
非謂语动词（一） 一、Done 被动性：过去分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者（receiver）, 而不是发出者，两者构成被动语态或被动意义。 完成性：与句中另一个动作、另一个时间或句子产生的时间相比，分词的动作已经发生、完成。 句法功能 表语：许多动词通过+ed 变成形容词，其本质是过去分词用作形容词The boys were astonished. The door remained locked. They seemed worried. 定语：划出下列句子的定语部分 The broken glass is still lying on the table. The frightened girl was trembling when the police arrived. A grown boy is a boy who has physically and mentally grown up. He sent them his newly-invented devices. She was reading a novel written by Dickens. The people trapped in the big fire were rescued by the firefighters with a helicopter. The radio bought in your shop doesn't work well. 翻译： 他是被经理测试的人员当中最优秀的员工之一。 宾补 1、在感官/ 感知动词后：see, look at, observe, hear, listen to, think, find, imagine, feel, watch等。 We found him greatly changed. 2、在使役动词后：make, have, get, keep, leave等。 He made himself understood in spoken English. 3、在意愿动词后：like, need, want, wish等。 She came into the shop with a package saying: I needn’t it changed but re-wrapped. 翻译：我回到家，发现家里被偷了
翻译练习2 非谓语动词 1.It is necessary_____________________________________(我们赶上) the world’s advanced levels. 2.His remarks left me ___________________________________________(想知道 他的真实目的) 3._____________________________________________________(在高速公路上 抛锚), his car was carried away by the police. 4.She felt nervous with ___________________________________________________. (众多的目光聚集在她身上) 5.When I __________________________________________,(发现他骗我) I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 6.He raised his voice in order to _________________________________________________. (为了让观众能听到) 7._______________________________________________(在市区超速) violates traffic regulations. https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd15580876.html,st week, Tom and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, _________________________________________________.(尽情地唱歌跳舞) 9.It’s no good _____________________________________________________. (试图说服他不干那件事情) 10. ____________________________________________(一切准备就绪)，they began to make a new experiment.
分考点 1 不定式作状语 Point 1 做目的状语，意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。 To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard. 为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。 Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music. 麦克不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大的音乐下被别人听见。 【特别注意】也可用in order to 或so as to 表示目的，但so as to 不能用于句首。 The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 公交车停下来以便搭载乘客。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起是为了赶上第一版公交车。 Point 2 作结果状语。常表示令人意外的结果。 Only/just to do 表示意想不到的结果 Enough to do 足够做... Too...to do 太...而不能..... So/such... as to...如此...以至于.... I went to see him last night only/ just to find him out. 我昨晚去找他。结果发现他出去了。（表示出乎意料的结果） Mary is too tired to do the job. 玛丽太累了，做不了这项工作。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 Point 3 作原因状语。常用在表示情感或态度的sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad,happy 等形容词后，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。 Tom was very happy to see his mother. 汤姆看到她的妈妈很高兴。 I was surprised to find him here. 发现他在这里我很开心。 【特别注意】easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good 等形容词表示主语的特征或性质，后面接不定式作状语时，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主语形式表示被动意义。 English is easy to learn. 英语学起来很容易。 The book is very hard to understand. 这本书很难理解。 分考点 2 分词作状语 形式意义 Doing 主动，进行 Having doing 主动，完成 Done 被动，完成；用作形容词，表状态 Being done 被动，进行，意为“正在被做”
Non- finite Verbs in writing StepⅠPre-writing : 学生原作赏析： Our Spring Outing National College Entrance Examination is coming. To relax ourselves, our class had a meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. Having a barbecue is our choice. The next day, we set off early in the morning. We climbed the mountain, talking and laughing. When we arrived, we began to barbecue. Having had a big dinner,we enjoyed the warm sunshine and the beautiful view. We were tired but happy. 找出非谓语动词，并判断成分 ? 1. Making o ur city greener is everyone’s duty. ? 2. The government is determined to continue the green program. ? 3. I found my hometown changed so much. ? 4. Having fresh air, trees can reduce air pollution. ? 5. Every effort to the program makes a difference. Proof-reading: 1．Looking from the top of mountain, the city is beautiful . 2. In my opinion, climb mountain is an enjoyable thing. 3. —Which team is good at cooking? —A team called itself the supper cook. Summary:________________________________________ StepⅢ: While-writing Activity1： ①It is high time we took part in some activities. ②We wanted to make ourselves more healthy. → ____________________________________________________ ①Wangqi climbed so hard that she lost her temper. ②She complained about the long walk. → ____________________________________________________ ①The monitor has set a good example for us . ②The monitor deserves the honor and we should learn from her .
用非谓语动词翻译下列句子（Spring编辑） (A) 1、我钱不够，不能买这房子。 Being short of money/Not having enough money, I can't buy the house. 2、我比你强，我会跑得比你快。 Being stronger than you,I can run faster than you. 3、发现屋里没人，他便留了一张纸条。 Finding no one in the room, he left a note. 4、经理设法用蹩脚的英语让别人明白了他的意思。 The manager managed to make himself understood with his broken English. 5、你觉得不舒服就别去游泳了。 Not feeling well, you'd better not go to swim. 6、吃太多的肉，你会变胖的。 Having too much meat, you'll get fatter. 7、我们这儿禁止抽烟。谁让你抽烟来着？ We forbid smoking here. Who has permitted you to smoke here 8、看见我穿得破烂，那售货员拿出最便宜的衣服给我。 Seeing me dressed in rags, the assistant showed me the cheapest suit. 9、浇太多的水花会死的。 Watered too much, the flower will die. { 10、我昨天挨雨淋了，感冒了。 Caught in the rain,I got a bad cold now. 11、他们说说笑笑地向我们走来。 They went to us ,talking and laughing. 12、身在异国他乡，一个人会很快改变旧习惯。 Being in a foreign country, one may soon change his old habits. 13、在那跳舞的那个女孩也很会唱歌。 The girl dancing there sings well. 14、在警察包围之下，绑架者无路可走只得放弃。 Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had nothing to do but give up. 15、今天他病了，没来学校。 Being ill,he doesn't come to school today. (B) ￥ 1、双手在身后紧握(clasp)着，父亲在房间里来回踱了十分钟。(with) My fahter walked up and down the room for ten minutes, with his hands clasped behind him. 2、因为在又大有拥挤的超市里迷了路，可怜的Jack突然大哭起来了。 Lost in a big and crowded supermarket, poor Jack burst out crying. 3、两个战犯进入了那间废弃的屋子，后面有两个手里拿枪的士兵紧跟着。 The two prosoners of war came into the abandoned house, followed by two soldiers, gun in hand.
非谓语动词的用法总结 李靖 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。不定式表目的，表将来；动名词表主动，表进行；过去分词表被动，表完成。 一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数) 1）不定式、动名词都可做主语，但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如： Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。 2）用动名词做主语的句型: It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣 It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间 It is worth doing sth 值得做某事 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。 3）不定式做主语的句型. It is + adj +for sb to do sth. 比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel /wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现 时。 It is silly of you to say so. It is important for us to learn English well. It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language. 4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语。如： When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢。 Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。 5）一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如： Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实。 . Planting flowers needs constant watering. 但and连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致， 谓语一般用单数）。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的。 6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如： ----- What made him angry? ------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry. 7being，构成动名词，做主语。如： . Being examined twice a year , driver must obey in this city. 经典练习：
非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词 I非谓语动词有哪些不冋的形式？— 不定式除一般式.完成式以外还有一进行式 主语/表语： 不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？ 1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。 2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末」it作形式主语放在句首。 1）Smok ing is prohibited 禁止）here. 2）It is not very good for you to smoke so much. -See ing is believ ing. *-To see is to believe. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。 { no use/good 1 not stoy t, - 0 +Sill.
of little usc/good useless
宾语： 1.有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： ... man age, promise, prete nd, pla n, ofer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, he帮助）,want（想要）,refuse等。 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 2.有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如： ... practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, sta nd, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get dow n to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in … 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别（但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为）。 4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。 go on （stop/remember/regret）to do/do ing can' t help to do / doing try to do/ doing mean to do （打算）/ doing （意味）be used to do / doing （get used to doing）（used to do） 5.动词need, require, want作“需要”，deserve作“应受，应得”，主动表被动定语： 不定式、ing分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。 不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定词的中心词，表主动关系。 E.g.: The car to be bought is for his sister. / He was the best man to do the job. The houses being built are for the teachers. Develop ing coun tries/ developed coun tries 补语： 1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有：ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, i nten d,expect, en courage, persuade, permit, request,order, warn, caus等0 Think, consider, believe, suppose, fee等后常用“ to be....”作补语。 E.g.: You are not allowed to smoke here. People con sidered him to be a great leader. 2.使役动词，感官动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补足 语。常见的使役动词有 make, let, have等；感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, fee以及look at, listen to 等。
非谓语动词翻译练习： I. Complete the sentences. 1) Success means ___________________________________________(非常努力地工作). 2) John meant ____________________________________(开车去那儿，但他的车出了故障). 3) I heard him ______________________________________________(在跟他的母亲谈话). 4) I heard him ______________________________________________(跟他的母亲谈了一个小时). 5) He jumped into the pool to save the child ______________________________________ (结果却摔断了自己的腿). 6) He jumped from the burning house, __________________________________(摔断了双腿). 7) He was happy _____________________________________________________(看到父母很健康). 8) _______________________________________(看到父母安然无恙), he issued a sigh of relief. 9) ________________________(跟随着它的脚印), the zoologists spotted the hungry panda. 10) The pop, _______________________________(后面跟着两个保镖), came to meet his fans. II. Translate the Chinese into English. (请在句子划线部分使用非谓语动词或者独立主格结构) 1、我钱不够，不能买这房子。 2、我比你强，我会跑得比你快。 3、发现屋里没人，他便留了一张纸条。 4、经理设法用蹩脚的英语让别人明白了他的意思。
非谓语动词作状语全解 不定式和分词作状语的用法 一、不定式作状语可以作: 1. 主要用作目的状语。常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。 so as to 不用于居首。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。 He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。 He went to France to learn French。他去法国学习法语。 They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。 They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。 (停下来的目的 2.作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果。做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。 He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了。 He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。 His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。 The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词作状语 1．动词不定式作状语 ①I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013·山东高考) 由于感到累了，我就停下车稍微休息了一下。 ②George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012·山东高考) 乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。 ③You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。 ④This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012·辽宁高考) 这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟内任何人都能学会使用。 [规律总结] (1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。 (2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。 (3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。 (4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。
分考点1不定式作状语 Poi nt 1做目的状语，意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。 To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard. 为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。 Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music. 麦克不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大的音乐下被别人听见。 【特别注意】也可用in order to或so as to表示目的，但so as to不能用于句首。 The bus stopped so as to pick up passe ngers. 公交车停下来以便搭载乘客。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起是为了赶上第一版公交车。 Point 2作结果状语。常表示令人意外的结果。 Only/just to do 表示意想不到的结果 Enough to do 足够做... Too...to do太…而不能..... So/such... as to...如此...以至于.... I went to see him last ni ght only/ just to find him out. 我昨晚去找他。结果发现他出去了。（表示出乎意料的结果） Mary is too tired to do the job. 玛丽太累了，做不了这项工作。 He is old eno ugh to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 Poi nt 3作原因状语。常用在表示情感或态度的sorry, surprised, disappo in ted, excited, glad,happy等形容词后，常用结构为"主语+系动词+形容词+to do ”。 Tom was very happy to see his mother. 汤姆看到她的妈妈很高兴。 I was surprised to find him here. 发现他在这里我很开心。 【特另U注意】easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expe nsive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good 等形容词表示主语的特征或性质，后面接不定式作状语时，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主语形式表示被动意义。 En glish is easy to learn.英语学起来很容易。 The book is very hard to un dersta nd. 这本书很难理解。
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay 延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受
worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.
非谓语动词 15 八、非谓语动词表结果 主要指不定式表结果，且常在“too… to”和“… enough to”结构中。现在 分词表结果可用and句替换。 1．不定式： 1）too… to结构，“太……而不”之义，可变为表结果的so… that从句表示，但从句要否定。 She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can’t go to school. He was too excited to speak then. = He was so excited that he could n’t speak then. 2）肯定意义的t o o…t o结构，“很…，而…”义。 ① 从字面看，too前有not, only, all, but (= only)时，too=very, 不定式无否定意思。 English is not too difficult to learn. = English is not very difficult to learn. （英文并不太难学。） I shall be only too pleased to help you. = I shall be very pleased to help you. （我极高兴帮助你。） They are all too [very] satisfied to take the opinions of others without the pain of thought for themselves. （他们非常乐意接受别人的意见，自己懒得去想。） You know but too [very] well to hold your tongue. （你十分知道少说为佳。） ② 从结构上看，不定式若修饰too后面的词，则不含有否定意思。 She is too ready（乐于…的）to speak. （她太多言了。） Beginners are too apt to make mistakes. （初学者容易弄错。） apt = ready（易于…的），to make mistakes（弄错），apt to make mistakes,弄错是容易的。ready（乐于…的）to speak, 讲话是乐意的。此类结构，不定式修饰t o o后的形容词。 注意： ①too … to结构中的不定式是及物动词，它的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时，不定式后不用人称代词作宾语，也不用不定式的被动式。用so … that结构表达时，必须加人称代词作宾语。 R: The box is too heavy for me to carry. = The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it. W: I. The box is too heavy for me to carry it. （多it） II. The box is too heavy for me to be carried. （carry的逻辑主语是me, carry不用被动式） III. The box is so heavy that I can’t carry. （从句中carry后少it） ②too … to = not … enough to（too … to, 含否定意义，… enough to不含否定意义，… enough to中，加not, 再用too后的反义词，则与too … to同义）She is too young to marry. = She is not old enough to marry. （太年轻了，不能结婚；不足够结婚的年龄）
非谓语动词归纳总结
二，非谓语动词的运用及考题形式 形式1， (If/Unless/When/Though/As)( )----------------------，句子（主语+谓语+宾语-----） （1）To do-----表目的（为了），发生谓语动词后，后面常带宾语 （2）Doing/Having done----(当---时，如果，虽然，因为），后面常带宾语 （3）Done/Having been done----(当---时，如果，虽然，因为），后面不带宾〖注意〗： 1，（Do ）---------------, and/but/or/if/when/before/after+主语+谓语+-------- 这是祈使句，所以用动词原 2,（Doing/Being done）------------------is/was(谓语动词） -----------------------------------. 这是用动名词作主语 〖例证〗： 1,______（look）carefully,and you can find the differences between the two pictures. 2,______（look）after his aged mother, he gave up the chance to go abroad for further study. 3,_______(look) after yourself well is important when you are alone abroad. 4,_______(look) after well by the nurse, the old man recovered quite quickly. 5,_______(look) after well is a kind of love that our parents gave us. 6,_______(look) for the book for a long time, he finally bought it in a bookstore occasionally. 7,_______(look) after well by the nurse for two months,the old man finally recovered. 形式2 主语+谓语+宾语+------，（）+------------ 1，doing(及物动词后面跟宾语）表示伴随，结果，方式 2，done（及物动词后面不跟宾语）表示伴随，结果，方式 3，only to do表示结果 〖例证〗 1,A hearty laughter releases physical tension, ( )(leave) our muscle relaxed for half an hour. 2,The old grandma got off the bus, （）（support）by her granddaughter. 3,We hurried to the railway station, only( )(find) the train had already left. 4,He got up,washed his faces,had his breakfast, and( )(go) to work. 形式3 主语（）+ 谓语+ 宾语（）+-------------