中考单选【名词】
1.The New York Times is a popular daily _____.
A. dictionary
B. magazine
C. newspaper
D. guidebook
2.There are lots of _____ that students have to follow in school.
A. exercises
B. problems
C. skills
D. rules
3.In 1998, Liu Xiang’s _____ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Jiangping.
A. ability
B. trade
C. electricity
D. memory
4.－How can I get some __ about the 2016 Olympic Games?
－Why not search the Internet?
A. information
B. experience
C. practice
D. success
5.The Chinese saying “A tree can’t make a forest” tell us that _____ is very important
in a football match.
A. ability
B. decision
C. teamwork
D. experience
6._____ are planning to go on vacation.
A. Black’s
B. A Black’s
C. The Black’s
D. The Blacks
7.－Would you like some _____ for dinner?－OK.
A. tomatos
B. tomato
C. tomatoes
D. potatos
8.None of them talked. They finished their meal in _____.
A. silence
B. order
C. place
D. public
9.Annie has a _____, and she is going to see her dentist today.
A. cold
B. fever
C. cough
D. toothache
10.He has a collection of _____. He can not only enjoy them but also use them to mail letters.
A. stamps
B. novels
C. instruments
D. magazines
11._____ mothers can’t go to the parents’ meeting because they are too busy.
A. Jack’s and Paul
B. Jack’s and Paul’s
C. Jack and Paul’s
D. Jack and Paul
12.－Mum, I have a bad headache. I feel terrible.
－Oh, dear! You must get a cold. You’d better see _____ after breakfast.
A. a violinist
B. a doctor
C. a policeman
D. an engineer
13.Dave really likes driving. I think being a _____ is just right for him.
A. doctor
B. teacher
C. farmer
D. driver
14.We have a ___ holiday every National Day.
A. three days
B. three-days
C. three-day
D. three day’s
15.It is said that _____ students like to talk with friends online.
A. two thirds
B. two three
C. two third
D. twos third
16.The _____ of Chongqing is really hot, but we still like living here.
A. spring
B. summer
C. autumn
D. winter
17. What can I do for you?-- I’d like two _______.
A. box of apple
B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples
D. boxes of apple
18.________ it is today!
A. What fine weather
B. What a fine weather
C. How a fine weather
D. How fine a weather
【代词】
1.Some people like to stay at home, but ________ like to go to the cinema.
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. other one
2.—— Is this your shoe?—— Yes, but where is _________?
A. the other one
B. other one
C. another one
D. the others
3.Have you ever seen ________ big panda before?
A. a such
B. such a
C. so a
D. a so
4.—— _______ do you write to your parents?—— Once a month.
A. How long
B. How soon
C. How often
D. How far
5.He knows _________ English ________ French. But he’s very good at Japanese.
A. either; or
B. both; and
C. neither; nor
D. either; nor
6.—— What do your parents do?
——One is a teacher; _________ is a driver.
A. other
B. another
C. the other
D. that one
7.Mrs. Lee teaches ________ math. We all like her.
A. we
B. us
C. our
D. ours
8.There are many trees on ________ side of the street.
A. either
B. any
C. all
D. both
【连词】
1.－Excuse me, may I come in?
－Not yet. Please wait on your chair _____ your name is called.
A. and
B. until
C. after
D. since
2.Practice more, _____ you’ll learn English better.
A. or
B. so
C. and
D. but
3.He hasn’t got any hobbies, _____ you call watching TV a hobby.
A. while
B. unless
C. as
D. if
4.－Mrs. Li, will you be angry _____ your students don’t obey the rules in class?－A little. But I will stop them in a friendly way.
A. if
B. unless
C. though
5.Ther will be less pollution _____ more people use public transportation.
A. but
B. though
C. unless
D. if
6.She still failed in the exam, _____ she tried her best.
A. though
B. because
C. if
D. or
7.You’d better take care, _____ you will hurt your eyes.
A. so
B. but
C. or
D. and
8.Be careful, _____ you’ll m ake fewer mistakes in the exam.
A. or
B. But
C. and
9.Be quick, _____ we’ll be late for school. A. and B. but C. or D. so
10.You’d better wake up Tom at 6:30, _____ he will be late for the match.
A. if
B. or
C. and
D. but
11.Rose, you are so thin. You sho uld eat more, _____ you’ll make yourself ill.
A. or
B. if
C. and
D. but
12.Going to the movies is good, _____ I really only like listening to music. （2015安徽）
A.and
B.but
C.so
D.or
13.－What do you think of your Junior Middle School life?
－I think it is colorful, _____ I am always busy. （2015安徽）
A.if
B.though
C.while
D.until
14._____ the dinner was all over, everyone helped wash the dishes. （2015天津）
A. How
B. When
C. Before
D. Why
15._____ my cousin is very young, _____ she can help with the housework.（2015福州）
A.Once; 不填
B.Though; but
C.Although; 不填
16.We didn’t enjoy the day _____ the weather was so bad. （2015杭州）
A.because
B.though
C.unless
D.till
17._____ he had failed many times, he didn’t give up and succeeded in the end. （2015长沙）
A.Unless
B.Although
C.If
18.I think you should complain, _____, of course, you are happy with the situation. （2015无锡）
A.unless
B.however
C.until
D.though
19.Mr. Smith has a habit of taking a shower _____ he has breakfast. （2015温州）
A.though
B.before
C.because
D.since
20.Tom failed in the exam again _____ he tried his best. （2015济宁）
A.if
B.unless
C.though
D.because
21.－It is raining hard, _____ the farmers are still working in the field.
－So they are. （2015娄底）
A.and
B.but
C.so
22.Learning to write is learning to think. You will know things more clearly _____ you write them down. （2015武威）
A.or
B.unless
C.if
D.whether
23.Some people won’t realize the importance of their health _____ they have lost it. （2015自贡）
A.when
B.until
C.after
24.－Did you catch the first subway this morning?
－No, I didn’t. It had started m oving _____ I could get on it. （2015襄阳）
A.before
B.since
C.after
D.as soon as
25.Betty hasn’t got any hobbies _____ you call sleeping a hobby.
A.when
B.because
C.before
D.unless
26.Write down the telephone number, _____ you’ll forget it. （2015益阳）
A.or
B.and
C.so
27.Julie didn’t leave her office _____ the police arrived. （2015重庆A/C卷）
A.however
B.whenever
C.while
D.until
28.Miss Lin has taught us English _____ we came to this school. （2015重庆B卷）
A.for
B.since
C.before
D.when
名词名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
名词和代词练习 一.写出下列单词的复数形式： action movie life knife fry leaf photo radio piano zoo tomato potato bus watch box book map cat film door month horse picture class boy tooth woman eye tooth German Chinese man football children classroom monkey tree egg coat Frenchman is this that 三.用a\an填空apple pear banana ship boat student teacher hour sheep orange tree tree orange pencil 四选择填空： [1].They are________ A:man doctor B:men doctors C:men doctor D:man doctors [2]There are five_____ in the hill. A:sheep B:sheeps C: goose D:deers [3] Those white socks____small. A:are B:is C: am D:do [4]We have many_____in our school. A:woman teacher B:women teachers C: woman teachers D:women teacher [5]Do you like _____? A:vegetable B: vegetables C:an vegetable [6]How many_____do they have? A:picture B: pictures C:a picture [7]There are six ____in the room. A:volleyball B:volleyballs C:a volleyball D:volleyballs [8]Are these ____teachers? A:woman B:women C:womans [9]It is ____. A:milk B:a milk C:an milk D:milks [10]It’s a ____.It isn’t an ____. A:apple, egg B;cake,egg C:egg,orange, D:egg,cake [11]Tom and Jim are ___. A:friends B:friend C:brother D:sister [12]Where are his ____? ___the dresser. A:keys ,They are on B:key, They are on C:keys, It is at D:key,It is in [13]Are those your ____? A:bookes B:boxs C:apples D:apple [14]There is ____in our room. A:a picture and five maps B:five maps and a picture C:two pictures and five maps D: two picture and five map 五.用所给的词选择填空 1、These are pens and ________ are pencils. (that, this, those) 2、Tom was sick yesterday. ________ is why he missed school. ( That, Those, These) 3、Which of ______ shirts are Tom's ( These, this, that) 4、This desk is mine, ______ is hers. ( those, this, that) 5、The map of Beijing is better than ________ of Tianjing. (this, that, these) 6、_______ (He, Her, His ) mane is Jack. . _______ (She, He, His) is a cook. 7、_______ (I,My,Mine)aunt is a nurse. ______ (She, He. Her) works very hard. 8、Please show _______ (me, I, mine ) the way. 9、The books aren't ( my, mine, I ). ________ (They , It, Its ) may be _______(her, hers, your) 10、Let ______(I, me, mine) tell _______(her, she, hers ) how to do it. 11、Help _____ (you, your, yourself ) to some fish, please. 12、Don't tell _______ (he, him, his ) the answer. _____ (I,Me,Us )believe that _____ (he, him, his ) can work out the problem ______ (he, himself, him) 13、It's going to snow," the old woman sai to _______. (her, herself, hers) 14、The lady under the tree is _______(mine, my, me) aunt. _______(She, Her, Herself) often sings English songs with _______( her, hers, she ) husband. 15、A friend of _____( me, my, mine) came to help _______ (I, me, mine) with _____(mine, my, I ) homework yesterday afternoon. 16、Be careful not to make ___________ (you, your, yourself) dirty.
英语语法代词归纳总结 一、单项选择代词 1．It’s impossible for all the people to get jobs because ______of them is not fit for them. A．every one B．all C．not all D．none 【答案】B 【解析】 【分析】 考查部分否定和不定代词。 【详解】 句意：所有的人都找到工作是不可能的，因为并不是所有的人都适合这些工作。此处all of them are not fit for them.是部分否定，意为：并不是所有的人都适合这些工作。故选B。【点睛】 英语中的部分否定有如下一些表示方法：1、all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示“并非都……”、“不是所有的都……”；2、both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) “并非两个……都……”；3、every…的否定式：not every…“不是每……都……”。 2．—There is still a copy of the book in the library．Will you go and borrow _____?—No．I’d rather buy ______ in the bookstore． A．one; one B．one; it C．it; one D．it; it 【答案】C 【解析】 指代物体时，one指代同名异物，it指代同名同物，根据题意选C。你要去买它吗？- 不，我宁愿去书店买一个。 3．You should make ______ a rule to leave things______ you can find them easily. A．it; where B．it; then C．that; there D．this; when 【答案】A 【解析】 考查代词及状语从句。句中it作形式宾语，真正宾语为to leave things where you can find them easily；where引导地点状语从句，选A。 4．It’s no use ______ about it. You can’t do anything to change it. A．worried B．to worry C．worrying D．worry 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：担心它没用，你做什么多改变不了它。It’s no use doing sth.做某事没用。故选C。 考点：考查固定句式。
（一） 1、名词名词(Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。 2、代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 3、动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类。 4、形容词 形容词【adjective】很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征 5、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种 6、数词表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。 7、副词(Adverb)副词的定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
8、介词的定义和特征介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。 （二） 1、名词，人或事物的名称 3、代词，代替名词或者数词（比如some就是代替数目） 3、动词，动作或状态 4、数词，表示数目或顺序（比如序数词，5th就是表示顺序） 5、形容词，人或事物的性质或状态（因为形容词一般修饰名词） 6、副词，动作的特征或性状特征（因为副词一般修饰动词或形容词） 7、冠词，表示名词的泛指或特指 8、介词，表示名词或代词与其他词的关系（因为介词后面一半紧跟 名词，代词或其他名词性结构） 9、连词，连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子 10、感叹词，表示说话时的感情或语气
初中英语语法整理：名词、代词、动词 初中英语语法整理：名词、代词、动词 1、名词 A)、名词的数 我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一)在后面加s。如：fathers, bs, Aerians, Gerans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, h, s, th后加es。如：bxes, glasses, dresses, athes, ishes, faxes 三)1)以辅音字母加结尾的变为i再加es 如：bab-babies, fail-failies, dut-duties, ed-edies, duentar-duentaries, str-stries 2)以元音字母加结尾的直接加s。如：da-das, b-bs, t-ts, e-es, as 四)以结尾加s(外词)。如：radis, phts, 但如是辅音加的加es：如: tates 西红柿, ptates马铃薯 五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：nife-nives, ife-ives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, urself-urselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, hinese, apanese 七)一般只有复数，没有单数的有：peple,pants, shrts, shes, glasses, glves, lthes, ss
八)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：plie警察局，警家，家庭成员, fail班，同学, lass察 九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：atin vie-atin vies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由an或an所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：an dtr-en dtrs, an teaher-en teahers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼fishes鱼的种类, paper纸papers 报纸，卷子，论, r工作rs作品，工厂, glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, range桔子水ranges橙子, light光线lights灯, peple人peples民族, tie时间ties时代, 次数, hien 鸡肉hiens 小鸡 十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或's。如：Is (I's), s ('s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VDs, SARs 十二) 特殊形式的有：hild-hildren, an-en, an-en, ft-feet, use-ie, pliean-plieen, Englishan-Englishen B)名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一)单数在后面加's。如：brther's, ie's, teaher's 二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加'，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teahers' Da教师节, lassates'; hildren's Da六一节, en's Da 妇女节 三)由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个's，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：ie and Ben's
1.(2010全国卷一) I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and _____ half learning drawing. A another B the other C other’s D other 2. (2010北京卷) Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment. A in B at C for D to 3. (2010北京卷) First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ____ second chance to make _____ first impression. A a ; the B the ;the C a ; a D the ; a 4. (2010 重庆卷) The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money ____ me. A by B for C in D with 5. (2010 重庆卷) He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _____ of them again. A neither B either C each D all 6. (2010 重庆卷) Everything comes with _____ price; there is no such ____ thing as a free lunch in the world. A a, a B the , / C the , a D a , / 7. (2010 湖北卷) This restaurant has become popular for its wide _____ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A division B area C range D circle 8. (2010 湖北卷) After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide _____ for the homeless families. A accommodation B occupation C equipment D furniture 9. (2010 湖北卷) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them. A in preference to B in place of C in agreement with D in exchange for 10. (2010 天津卷) He telephones the travel agency to ____ three air tickets to London. A order B arrange C take D book 11. (2010 天津卷) James took the magazines off the little table to make _____ for the television. A room B area C field D position 12. (2010 天津卷) ______ in my life impressed my so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A Anything B Nothing C Everything D Something 13. (2010 天津卷) My father warned me _____ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. A by B on C for D against 14. (2010 四川卷) In ____ most countries, a university degree can give you ______ flying start in life. A the; a B the; 不填 C 不填; 不填 D 不填; a 15. (2010 四川卷) On my desk is a photo that my father took of _____ when I was a baby. A him B his C me D mine 16. (2010 山东卷) If we sit near _____ front of the bus, we’ll have _____ better view. A / ; the B / ; a C the ; a D the ; the 17 . (2010 山东卷) Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____ from this medicine.
小学英语代词名词词练 练习题 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
小学英语代词，名词，词练练习题 小学英语代词练习题 ( )1．There is a dog._________ is running after a cat． A．He B It C．Its D They ( )2．I like playing with _________. A．they B his C．them D she ( )3．一Excuse ___________. Where is Lucy — __________is there A．I；Her B．me；Her C．I；She D．me；She ( )4. _________is a driver. _________work is driving． A．She；Her B．His；He C．He；Him D．Her；Hers ( )5．一 Do you have ________water — Yes，I have _____. A．many；some B．some；any C．any；any D．any；some ( )6．The meal is very delicious． Help _______. A．you B．your C．yours D．yourself ( )7．What’s that in English A．It’s egg． B. That's egg．C．It’s a egg D．It’s an egg． ( )8. _________skirt is yours A．Whose B．Where C．How D．Which ( )9．_________is Peter．____________book is new． A．She；Her B His; He C．He；His D Her; She
名词 英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、 机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people, family, class, team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life, thought, idea, strength 等）。 注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下： 1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词 . Our school is not far from my home.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。 School is over at six.（抽象）六点钟放学。 2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词 . He broke a piece of glass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。 He broke a glass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。 3、个体名词转专有名词 . His father is a teacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。 “What are you doing there” Father asked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么”父亲问道。 一．名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。 1、可数名词单数变复数： ①一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens ②以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes 但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios, photo → photos, zoo → zoos ③以辅音字母 + y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories ④以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves 9797
考试中常见的连接词、连接副词以及连接代词。这些词在完型、作文等题目中都有涉及，大家可以重点看一看。 1) 先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously; simultaneously; eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;seeing...;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this. 2) 因果关系：because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of... ; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; due to; for the reason that...; in view of; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about... ;for this reason; as a result of this; therefore;...and so...; consequently;as a result; thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon. 3) 转折关系：but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless. 4) 并列关系：and; also;too;as well as;either...，or...;both...and... 5) (补充)递进关系：furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...，on the other hand...; even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time; accordingly; In the first place...，in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal. 6) 比较关系：similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing)...; ... rather than...，by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also). 7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around;yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast (to); by way of;on the contrary;different from this;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while;but on the other hand. 8) 举例关系:for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains; like; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including...;for one thing...，for another...;put it simply;stated roughly; as an illustration，I will say...; a good example (of...)would be...;to detail this，I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something); as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion. 9) 强调关系：in fact; especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true;by definition; definitely;
冠词 不定冠词的用法及语法说明 1. 用a 还是用an： 一般说来，在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。 注意： 有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音，其前仍用a而不用an： a one-eyed man 一个独眼人 a European country 一个欧洲国家 2. 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a ，an, 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词： He is a famous film star. 他是着名影星。 3. 专有名词转化为普通名词，其前可用a (an)，表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等： a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人 4. 物质名词转化为普通名词，其前可以使用a (an)，有时表示相应产品或种类，有时表示数量关系： a good wine 一种好酒 5. 在序数词之前使用a (an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加： Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。 6. 与形容词的最高级连用，表示“非常”、“很”等： This is a almost interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 7. 用于修饰名词的定语前，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候 have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐 8. 不定冠词a (an) 与数词one 都可表示“一”，但是两者有差别： 不定冠词a (an) 表示“类别”概念，而数词one 表示“数量”概念 9. 两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个冠词： He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。 10. 与副词quite / rather 连用时，a (an) 一般要后置，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite rather 之前或之后均可以： He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。 It is quite a good book. 那是本很好的书。 It is a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。 11. 当too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词＋单数可数名词”时，不定冠词a (an) 应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间 It is too difficult a book for us beginners. She is as good a cook as her mother. 12. 不定冠词可用来表示“类属”，这是其基本用法，它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。 正：A horse is a useful animal. 正：Horses are useful animals.
初中英语语法归纳：代词 代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 (一)代词的类别 相互代词 each other,one another 指示代词 this,that,these,those 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代 词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,man y,much,other,another 复合不定代词 everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose 直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句。表语从句等。 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。 (二)代词的用法 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 eg. She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果： (She作主语,me作动词宾语) Kath is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语) 2.物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school,his backpack ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。 egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语) I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语) ③“of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 3.反身代词 ①反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。 few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语) She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语) He’s not worried about himself.(作介词宾语) ②带有反身代词的常用短语。 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃些…吧
单独句子——疑问代词（5个词）P42，疑问副词（7个词）P130 连接 句子与“句子”的 连接词 名词性从句（4大从句） 连词 P101 从属连词 P104 “that 、if 、whether 等” 状语从句（9大类） 并列连词 连接两个分句（4种关系） ［对等关系的两个句子］ 介词 P96 一些特殊的介词（如but 、except 等） 连接副词 连接分句 连接从句 （不表疑问） 代词 P45 表疑问 连接代词 不表疑问 关系代词（6个词） ［主、宾、表、定］ 关系副词（3个词） ［状］ 定语从句 ［5大成分+1修饰整句］ 副词 P130 分句 从句 句子 注： 特殊点： ① 连接代词普通连接代词 ——表疑问 （表疑问、究竟） 复合式连接代词——不表疑问 （表无论、一切、所有） 连接副词 连接从句的连接副词 连接分句的连接副词 P103注意、P130⑨ 参考 《论介词宾语的语法结构》——熊锡源 《介词宾语从句种种》——洪淑治 《漫谈英语介词的宾语从句》——袁春松 P96①例句——连接副词 不表疑问的 介词宾语从句 比较 区别疑问代词 区别疑问副词 ② 既可“表疑问”，也可“不表疑问”的连接词：whomever 、whoever 等。 ③ 介词后接 （一般接名词或代词） 形容词 参考 《介词后接形容词的几种情况》——雍和明 《论介词宾语的语法结构》——熊锡源 从句（作宾语从句） P96①例句 参考 《论介词宾语的语法结构》——熊锡源 《介词宾语从句种种》——洪淑治 《漫谈英语介词的宾语从句》——袁春松 ④ 既可做“介词”，也可做“连词”的词：for 、since 、until 、before 、after 等。 for 介词P93 并列连词（因果推理关系）P103 介词P93 从属连词（时间、原因状从）P105 since 介词P93~94 从属连词（时间状从）P105 until 、before 、after
名词、主谓一致、介词、代词 名词 【要点点拨】 一.可数名词的复数构成规则: 1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves; (1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes A (2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如: some VIPs (VIP’s); in his 50s / 50’s; in the 1990s / 1990’s; There are two t’s in the word “letter”. 2.不规则变化: (1)men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等; (2)单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类); (3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law (5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans) 一、不可数名词 1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle 2.不可数名词具体化：These games are great successes; The party was a great success. 二、名词的所有格： 1.表示有生命的名词后加’s, 如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s: Jack and Tom’s room(两人共有的房间); Jack’s and Tom’s rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room; (但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s: China’s industry; today’s paper; ten minutes’ walk) 2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunt’s (house); at the doctor’s (office); go to the chemist’s (shop); 3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +…..’s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）； 比较： a friend of her mother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格） a picture of his brother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人) a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人） 三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途； (1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors; (2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义： a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师 a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表 五.英语中”很多”的表达: 只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of 只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of)