【备考技巧】托福阅读常用背景材料-关于美国历史
想要在短期内提升自己的托福阅读水平，除了大量的词汇积累和练习之外，一些背景材料的阅读也会帮助大家提升托福阅读的提升。那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一些最新的托福背景材料，希望能为大家的托福备考带来帮助。
托福阅读背景材料：关于美国历史
The continent’s first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.
The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally d iscovered ‘Indians’ in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.
The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as ‘indentured(合同的，契约的) laborers’ with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims’ escape of religious persecution(迫害). The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup(赔偿，付还) by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry ‘no taxation without representation’
united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America’s mantra was ‘Manifest Destiny.’ A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance(微薄收入), and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.
The systematic annihilation(消灭，歼灭) of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment(侵犯) on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from(脱离) the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America’s history, bega n the following year. The North prevailed(胜利) in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage(选举权). Lincoln’s vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America’s trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA’s ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.
The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI’s trenches, but finally capitulated(停止抵抗，有条件投降) in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky(讨厌的，棘手的) Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, which so ught to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the
US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr’s ‘I have a dream speech’ in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America’s youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. ‘Tune in, turn on, drop out’ was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA’s moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.
The 1970s an d ‘80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc’s ‘Evil Empire’ in 1991 left the US as the world’s sole
superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a ‘new world order’ into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky ‘Fornigate’ affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation’s history.
The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida’s electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush’s presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.
2018年托福考试：语法模拟试题及答案详解 1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body. A. in disease B. that disease C. of disease D. about disease 答案：B分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。 参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。 2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. A. she was the first woman to conduct B. the first woman conductor C. the woman was first conducting D. the woman conducts first 答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。 参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家补充：常考the first/second/… one to do sth 3. On January 7，1955，Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House. A. the first African American B. the first African American was C. she was the first African American D. when the first African American 答案：A分析：缺宾语，C，D都不能作宾语。一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错。 参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人。 4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States，_________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth. A. and accelerated a phenomenon B. a phenomenon that accelerated C. accelerating a phenomenon which， D. the acceleration of which phenomenon 答案：B分析：考的是同位语结构，a phenomenon是the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语。A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整的句子，但缺主语，错;C中语序混乱，错; D中of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错。 参考译文：可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化，当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了。 补充：accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语 5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President. A. he became B. when becoming C. became D. did he become 答案：A分析：before为状语从句引导词conj，后面一般引导一个完整的句子。B同时出现两个状语从句引导词，错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错。 参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长。 6. _________，domesticated grapes grow in clusters，range in color from pale green to black，and contain
托福阅读高分备考攻略分享 托福阅读虽然是大家最为熟悉的题型，但是想要拿到高分却并不容易。今天给大家带来托福阅读高分攻略，希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 阅读高分攻略丨你与托福阅读高分的差距在哪 托福阅读高分差距一自问是否通过词汇关 托福阅读*里都是词，托福阅读还有词汇题，不背单词跟放弃考试有什么区别么? 单词是所有人都想绕过、跨过、越过、各种过的大坎儿。虽然背单词耗时、费力、见效慢、枯燥无味、倍儿催眠，但想要高分就得靠它。 毕竟不背单词真的不行，首先你得知道*说什么呢，其次不光是词汇题需要明白单词意思的问题，像句意理解、细节题和总结题，很多时候会把原文的单词搞个同义词出来，词汇量不够那结果显而易见。 词汇量增加只能靠背，要么啃单词书，要么看原文书积累生词。后者见效慢效果好，适合长线作战的同学，前者是紧急复习、临阵磨枪的好方法。此外，背单词的时候要注意了解一下词汇近义词，一方面延伸词汇广度，一方面为应试做准备。
托福阅读高分差距二阅读中的长难句是否理解透彻 长难句怎么拆?基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾，找出句子的主干，忽略其他的成分，将长句变成短句。 复杂的简单句解析： (1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语 例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important. 中文译文：督促人们为自己的行为负责是十分重要的。 结构分析：不定式短语to hold people accountable for their actions 做主语。 (2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语 例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed. 中文译文：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出交易和妥协。 结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)。在阅读中经常出现“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中a 与b 同义或近义，所以只要认
托福96年10月－97年8月阅读文章词汇选择及参阅 一、听力场景 （一）娱乐场景 1音乐会 －永远好听 －喜欢classical music, 不喜欢Rock&Roll －去不了因为要学习 －提前买票 2剧院演出 －有票没票 －座位是否调换 ＊在卖on sale；卖完了be sold out ＊正前方的位置orchestra section；楼座balcony 3美术馆 －喜欢去且最好是modern art ＊油画oils；版画prints；水彩画water color；壁画fresco；素描sketch；肖像画portrait；山水画 landscape 4电影 －不好看，不值money ＊It was hardly worth the wait price of admission 5买东西 －买什么:invest in, stock up on, 以旧换新trade it in,分期付款pay by installment, 头期款 down payment,卖东西cash in on sth. －买没买（注意虚拟语气）,退货refund，预付in advance/deposit －喜欢便宜货: on sale; good bargain/deal/price/buy; discount; %off ＊东西巨贵cost you an arm and a leg, cost sb dearly, dear sth, make a fortune,cost a bundle
＊价钱公道fair, reasonable, affordable, acceptable. 6养花种草 －花草长势 －阳光水份: sunlight; water regularly －摆哪儿合适：窗前sunlight；角落里shade 7照相 －效果:模糊blurry －用光，胶卷:闪光灯flash, 焦距focus, out of focus, adjust the focus, 照相shot, a roll of film, 冲卷develop, 放大enlarge 8邮局 －不满意：It took forever to arrive. 9外出吃饭(go out for lunch, dine out) －上哪儿吃：一角dime, 五分nickel, 1分penny, 分cent －爱尝鲜appetizer开胃物，打包酒菜carryout,腌制souse, －喜欢安静：prefer a quiet place －谁请客：我请客This is my treat; Let me treat you; Let me pick up the bill. Foot the bill AA制：go fifty fifty, Let's spit the check, two bills －点错菜：order，菜单recipe *侍者常用语：①Bring the menu-are you ready to order now? ②take your order-I'll be with you in a moment③recommend sth-specialty特色④serve food- I'll take care of it. I'll see to it. 10贪吃场景 －吃完：eat up, clean out, empty, go out. －谁打扫:残羹冷炙leftover *饭量小eat like a bird, 饭量大eat like a horse, 酒量大drink like a fish, 能睡sleep like a log, 能抽烟smoke like a chimney 11吃
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
托福新手备考攻略 内部学员冬冬整理，教师Chloe指导 像我这种学习不走心，却面临考托福的懒人来说，在准备考试之前，能有个严谨的备考攻略，那真是再好不过了！鉴于我自己的经历，在考前接受了大家众多的帮助，除了感谢大家的慷慨分享之外，我决定将这一优良传统延续下去。所以这一篇既是整合大家经验也是结合个人经验的攻略，希望它能惠及更多的和我一样的“烤鸭们”。BTW ，还要感谢“西雅图教育”在我备考一路走来为我提供的支持和鼓励。 这篇攻略以我自己备考的准备顺序分了三阶段，每一阶段都有侧重点，由易入难。第一阶段主要是背单词，研究OG，听力、作文入门；第二阶段主攻阅读和听力，兼顾作文和口语（入门），加强单词复习；第三阶段主攻口语和写作，兼顾复习阅读。最后是模考“受虐”阶段收尾。其中单词词汇的背诵是贯穿始终的，至死方休...各阶段具体安排参考如下： 第一阶段：背单词 准备材料：词汇书、OG 、longman综合教程、 词汇书： 前期“小红宝书”打底（45天突破版，词根+联想，涵盖8000单词） 后期“词以类记”巩固（适于有词汇基础的“烤鸭”，利于脑中浆糊分区巩固） 安排时间：3--4周，平均每天4小时 具体安排： 备考初期，词汇量要足够，循环背诵。词汇就是硬道理。缺乏词汇量有三大危害：第一，阅读考试中的词汇题会大量丢分。第二，听力无法有效记笔记，不但影响
听力成绩，还会影响综合写作和综合口语的发挥。第三，同义词贫乏，在写作和口语中不停重复同一个单词，降低了成绩。
对于fresh“烤鸭”来说，每天词汇量控制在2个list（200个左右）是比较合适的。最重要的还是不断重复复习学过的单词，杨鹏的循环记忆法比较值得借鉴。每天闲暇、坐车途中推荐“百词斩”软件,一遍一遍不厌其烦的给你重复不会的单词，直到你忍无可忍将它拖出去斩了。在单词积累过程中，复习比初背更重要。即使某天没有时间背多少新单词，也要确保复习任务的时间，尤其是在单词的第二、三次刺激加固复习的重要阶段。一般来说，初背200个单词每天就要花大致2小时。复习时间上，复习新背过不久的单词每个list（100个左右）大致花费20-30分钟不等。复习已经看过3、4遍的 list，大致花费5-10分钟不等。所以单词上每天花费的时间其实并不少，是这一阶段需投入最多精力的部分。 其次就是OG(OFFICAL GUIDE): OG就是ETS考试中心官方给出的应试指南，和托福实战考试的难度非常接近。OG是非常标准的向你介绍TOEFL的题型.所以OG 应该是大家在考试复习时候的必备的材料。开始主要是看OG上解释说明的部分，尤其是对于各个单项的介绍。通过看OG了解TOEFL考试的概况。利用里面ETS 提供的较为丰富的作文样本、口语录音样本，配合主观题的评分标准，自己研究具体评分细则，从样本里找出扣分的原因。这种分析能对主观题的解答能奠定良好的基础。 首先在做题的时候，把所有做着别扭、不能确定的题都画上记号，之后重点分析错题和这些画上记号的题，回忆做的时候自己的思路，再仔细理解正确答案中体现出来的思路。基本上，除了单词题没有太多诀窍可言外（单词题必须要靠基本功做），其他内容大多可以感悟到ETS的出题思路。OG里很重要的一点是有官方的题目类型分析，而一般来讲我们错的题都会集中落在其中的某几类上（例如代词指代、句子作用、归纳总结题等），这个时候仔细揣摩正确答案的思路就很重要。 再次是初级听力、写作范文“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”，说的就是听力和写作能力方面的提升。初级阶段就听比较简单的材料，“TED公开课”是我比较推荐的APP，全球名校课堂或名人限时18分钟演讲，涉及各个领域，对自己不管是知识还是听力的提升都是非常有效的。教材可以选择
托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（4） Questions 11-20 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”. Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions.
托福阅读28分高分备考要求 托福阅读高分策略相比口语写作而言相对简单，但是也是一大挑战。下面就来和大家谈谈要拿到托福阅读高分策略28+都有哪些需要了解的呢? 托福阅读高分策略 想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题 阅读时间： 15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇) 13道题中除了4道词汇题，1道多选题之外，其他题目一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。 在题目上一般是(细节词汇，细节作用，细节词汇，细节词汇改写，细节词汇，黑点大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。 简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。 托福阅读高分障碍： 速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。 选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。 新托福阅读真题训练技巧： 1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。 2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读) 3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色。 这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿 4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。 新托福阅读真题做题策略： 词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段耗时3分钟 词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。 In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略 汇总介绍 托福阅读备考可以分为许多环节，其中考生在解题这个环节一般需要练习的都是答题技巧和应对不同题型的基本思路策略，今天给大家带来托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍,希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略汇总介绍 托福阅读备考训练技巧分析 1，粗看下*的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对*的整体意思心中有数。 2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读) 3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是什么?A的观点的问题是什么?B的观点是什么? 4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看*，鉴于有四个选项，选一个
对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。 5，检查，每个不确定的题都做记录，如果用心理解全文，一般能省下时间检查。 托福阅读做题策略介绍 词汇题、句子简化题：只读该句不读完整段; 主旨题：看每段的主旨句即可; 修辞目的题：推测作者举例意图，查看上下句; 句子插入题：分析具体待插入的句子，代入验证即可; 细节题，排除列举题：确定关键词，查看上下句; 推断题：作者明确暗示确并没有具体写出的意图，推测关键句; 指代题：分析指代句的特征，主要根据就近原则查看上文。 托福阅读真题原题+题目 Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
新托福阅读主旨题是新托福阅读的一大难点，难就难在这种题目是多项选择且耗时较多。很多人做到这最后一道题时还要返回去看一遍全文，还没看完文章，页面已经变成了“时间到”的提示，托福的第一项便这样在慌乱中草草收场，以至于对后面的考试产生不利影响。 编者认为托福阅读主旨题的解法应该分为两步： 第一步：通读拉构架; 第二步：由4个判断选项标准解题。 一、如何以最快的速度拉出文章构架：即要在做所有题目之前快速跳读一遍文章。 通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首末句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。 读首末句的原因大家都很理解，为什么要读转折句呢?你看，一般首句说了什么，后面没有明显转折的话，通常就是两种情况：要么解释一下第一句的意思，要么就是顺着第一句往下说，最后再总结一下。这两种情况都是只读首末句就可以概括出段落大意。 可是如果中间出现了转折句，那么转折句后面的部分很可能和第一句说的不是一回事儿了，转折句就把文章一段分成了前后两层，转折句本身呢，通常就是第二层的首句了，也就是第二层意思的概括。 读每段的首末句和转折句的时候要做一下笔记，把每段的主旨意思用短句或关键词的形式记在草稿纸上。 记录是非常重要的!!!这样看似浪费时间，其实是节省时间的关键。因为只有做了笔记才能节省做题的时候回去看文章的时间，那时候回去找文章是十分痛苦的，尤其是人家让找的又是主要内容，这种东西又是没法定位的，要读的内容太多，一下子就慌了。 补充说明一下：只读首句末句和转折句，在大多数的情况下是可以找到段落主旨的。不排除一些特殊情况下此种方法不可行，但是首先托福阅读选的文章是很规整的，通常是大学课本里的文章，这些文章的逻辑性很强，结构严谨，所以用这种办法可行度很高。 对于一些更加繁琐的快速阅读的规则，其实很不实用，规则一多就记不住，平时都记不住考场上更用不上，而且那样很耗时间，要判断哪句该读哪句不该读，有这时间直接都读一遍算了。 二、判断选项的四个标准： 一对三错——段意对，细节错，与文意相反错，编造文中没有出现的东西错。下面一一解释： 1)段意对：
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy. 1,What does the passage mainly discuss? (a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope. (b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c)The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of (b)developing into (c)resistant to (d)hurt by 3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer? (a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food? (b)How many types of organisms can be found on food? (c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination? (d)How long can food stand before it putrefies? 4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it