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1st 5G Algorithm Innovation Competition-ENV1.0 - SCMA

1st 5G Algorithm Innovation Competition-SCMA Task Description Requirements

SCMA- sparse code multiple access for the next generation wireless communic ations Multiple access is among the core physical layer technologies of

wireless communications, which enables wireless base stations to

identify a large number of different terminal users and serve them

simultaneously. Current systems choose to use orthogonal multiple

access method, i.e., users are orthogonal to each other in at least

one radio resource dimension (e.g., frequency, time, code and etc.) .

The OFDMA technology used in 4G systems is one example, in which

radio resources is divided into two-dimensional time-frequency

grids and each grid can only be used by one user at a time.

It is obvious that the number of simultaneously accessible user is

strictly proportional to the number of available orthogonal resources,

and is thus limited. Facing the 5G requirement of massive

connectivity, non-orthogonal multiple access becomes the research

focus of 5G multiple access technologies, among which, Sparse code

multiple access (SCMA) is a promising candidate. At the transmitter,

coded bits are directly mapped to multi-dimensional codewords in

complex domain, and codewords from different users are

overlapped non-orthogonally in a sparse spreading way; the

receiver performs joint multiuser detection followed by channel

decoding for data recovering. Thanks to the sparsity, low complexity

algorithms could be design to achieve near optimal detection results.

The number of non-orthogonally superposed codewords can be

much larger than the number of orthogonal resource units. This

leads to the advantage of SCMA to serve more users while keeping

the same expanse of resources, thus effectively improve the overall

system capacity.

According to the introduction of SCMA encoding and decoding

principles in the given material, please design and then implement a

simplified SCMA uplink communication system, and verify the

Requirements:

According to the introduction given in the SCMA training materials, please design and then

implement a simplified SCMA uplink multiple access communication system (abstract system,

rather than a complete communication system) , focusing especially on the development of

SCMA encoder and the corresponding low complexity decoder design.

Works format:

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete the detailed system design documents for the simplified SCMA uplink multiple

access system, especially the low-complexity SCMA decoder design.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete Matlab simulation for the simplified SCMA uplink multiple access system, and

gives BER vs Eb / No performance curve.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete FPGA logic design and implementation of the SCMA uplink multiple access

system, test its performance, compare with simulation curves and report the resource

usage.

Delivery Material:

1.SCMA uplink multi-access system design documents, code and simulation results;

2.FPGA design specifications, code, and test results of the bit file.

Selection criteria in the first round:

1.Correctly understand SCMA system, complete the detailed system design documents for

the simplified SCMA uplink multiple access system, especially the low-complexity decoder.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete the link-level Matlab / C simulations for the simplified system, and give BER vs

Eb / No performance curve .

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete the framework and methodology design of using the given FPGA platform for

the SCMA system implementation.

Selection criteria in the second round:

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,plete the FPGA logic design document, and implement the simplify SCMA uplink

multiple access system with given FPGA platform, achieving a correct decoding rate more

than 99.9%.

2.Test the BER vs Eb / No performance curve, and compare the results with simulation (allow

refreshed optimization in simulations, the difference should be less than 1dB

References to Read

_Helpful Documents for Understanding SCMA

MUST Read Papers:

1.《SCMA Codebook Design》(to understand SCMA)

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6966170

2.《Novel low-density signature for synchronous cdma systems over AWGN channel》(to understand MPA)

https://www.doczj.com/doc/f910122979.html,/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4471881

SCMA Related Publications:

?H. Nikopour and H. Baligh, “Sparse Code Multiple Access,” IEEE PIMRC, 2013.

?M. Taherzadeh, H. Nikopour, A. Bayesteh, and H. Baligh, “SCMA Codebook Design,” IEEE VTC-fall, 2014.

?Kelvin Au, Liqing Zhang, Hosein Nikopour, Eric Yi, Alireza Bayesteh, Usa Vilaipornsawai, Jianglei Ma, Peiying Zhu, “Uplink Contention Based SCMA for

5G Radio Access,” IEEE Globecom 5G workshop 2014.

?H. Nikopour, E. Yi, A. Bayesteh, K. Au, M. Hawryluck, H. Baligh, and Jianglei Ma, “SCMA for Downlink Multiple Access of 5G Wireless Networks,” IEEE

Globecom 2014.

?S. Zhang, X. Xu, L. Lu, Y. Wu, G. He, and Y. Chen, “Sparse Code Multiple Access: An Energy Efficient Uplink Approach for 5G Wireless Systems,” IEEE

Globecom 2014.

? A. Bayesteh, E. Yi, E. , H. Nikopour, H. Baligh, “Blind Detection of SCMA for Uplink Grant-Free Multiple-Access”, ISWCS 2014.

?Y. Wu, S. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “Iterative multiuser receiver in sparse code multiple access systems,” IEEE ICC 2015.

Outline

?What is SCMA?

?Why we need SCMA in 5G?

?How does SCMA work?

?What will you implement?

To have a gut feeling what is sparse code multiple access WHAT IS SCMA?

Existing Multiple Access Schemes TDMA/FDMA

?

2G Communication system, e.g. GSM

?

Orthogonal in time or

frequency domain

?Users are scheduled on

orthogonal time slots

CDMA ?3G Communication system, e.g. WCDMA ?Non-orthogonal in time and frequency but orthogonal in code domain ?Users are scheduled on orthogonal sequences OFDMA ?4G Communication system, e.g. LTE

?Orthogonal in 2D time-frequency lattice domain ?Users are scheduled on orthogonal time-frequency lattice

From OFDMA to SCMA

Orthogonal multi-user multiplexing ?Users occupy orthogonal resources for communication ?Easy to implement (single user detection)

?

Number of connections limited by the number of physical resource

blocks that can be scheduled

Non-orthogonal multi-user multiplexing ?Users occupy the same resource blocks using CDMA ?Non-practically high multi-user joint detection complexity ?Limited number of concurrent users due to limited sequences ?Better coverage due to spreading gain Overloaded multi-user multiplexing ?Users occupy the same resource blocks in a low density way ?Affordable low multi-user joint detection complexity ?Less collision even for large number of concurrent Users ?Better coverage due to spreading gain f

OFDM-CDMA OFDMA

f SCMA f Non-active tone

A new frequency domain non-orthogonal waveform

?

Input bits are directly mapped to codewords and spread over multiple sub-carriers ?Codewords can be assigned to same UE or different UEs UE1 UE2 UE2 UE3 UE4 UE4 UE5 UE6 UE6 SCMA M ODULATION C ODEBOOK M APPING SCMA M ODULATION C ODEBOOK M APPING SCMA M ODULATION C ODEBOOK M APPING SCMA M ODULATION C ODEBOOK M APPING SCMA M ODULATION C ODEBOOK M APPING SCMA M ODULATION

C ODEBOOK M APPING FEC

Encoder 1

FEC

Encoder 2

FEC

Encoder 3

FEC

Encoder 4

FEC

Encoder 5

FEC

Encoder 6 b 11b 12… b 21b 22… b 31b 32… b 41b 42… b 51b 52… b 61b 62… f SCMA block 1 SCMA block 2 ?

Non-orthogonal multiplexing of code layers ?

Over-Loading to increase overall rate and connectivity ?Sparsity to limit Rx complexity for detection ?Spreading for robust link-adaptation, coverage ?Multi-dimensional codewords with shaping gain

SCMA (Sparse Code Multiple Access)

sc 1 sc 2 sc 3 sc 4

SCMA Codebook Design

16-point orthogonal lattice in 4

real dimensions Unitary lattice rotation Rotated 16-point lattice in 4 real dimensions Mother constellation Projections on first and second

complex dimensions

QPSK 1 QPSK 2

?0000 ?0000

UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4 UE5 UE6 (1,0) (0,0) (1,1) (0,1) (b 1,b 2)

(1,0)

(1,1) ?Each UE/layer stores a unique codebook ?Binary input data is mapped to a

codeword of the corresponding codebook

SCMA codebook based on Multi-dimensional Lattice

Constellation to exploit shaping gain and coding gain

To know what role SCMA plays in 5G and what benefit it brings along WHY WE NEED SCMA IN 5G?

5G Vision: Zero Distance Communications

Massive

Capacity

Zero

Waiting

Massive

Connectivity

103

Times Traffic

Flooding

102

Billion

Connections

100

ms Delay

Experience

Example of SCMA Application Scenarios Downlink

Multiple Access

(SCMA Layer & Power

Allocation) CHn UEn

Uplink access (SCMA Codeword

Division)

CH4 UE4 CH3 UE3

UE1

CH1 CH2 UE2

p UEn UE1

f

SCMA Offers Better Link Quality and 300% Larger Number of

Physical Link Connections over LTE Better Link Quality over LTE

300% Larger Number of Connected Users -202

46810-310-2

10-1

100SNR B L E R UMa Channel, 3km/h, ICE 100%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2150%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2200%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2300%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2LTE,QPSK, 1/2-2-101234567

00.511.522.53

SNR T o t a l S p e c t r a l E f f i c i e n c y (b p s /H z )UMa Channel, 3km/h, ICE 100%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2150%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2

200%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2

300%, SCMA-4p, R=1/2

LTE-QPSK, R=1/2?

SCMA has SNR gain over LTE (same rate & power per user) ?SCMA with overloading performs towards single user ?Given the same SNR, SCMA can boost total system throughput up to 300% over LTE (@LTE BLER=0.01)

300% overloading

SCMA Codebook Design Can Flexibly Adapt to Meet Diversified

System Requirements

System requirements SCMA Parameters

SCMA Configuration SCMA Codebook

?Coverage

?Connectivity ?Number of codewords of an SCMA codebook: M

?Spreading factor: F

?Max number of layers (or codebooks/signatures) : V

?Number of nonzero elements of each codeword: J For coverage Example: larger SF, more non-zero elements Example: moderate SF, one non-zero element

Codebook 1 codebook 2 Codebook 1 odebook 2 For connectivity

To have a gut feeling how SCMA will be implemented in the 5G wireless systems HOW DOES SCMA WORK?

SCMA Uplink Transmission System Diagram LTE SC-FDMA

Transmitter

SCMA over OFDM Transmitter TB CRC

CB

Segment

& CB CRC

Turbo

Coding

Rate

Matching

QAM

Modulation

DFT

RE

Mapping

IFFT

Add

CP

Add

DC

DMRS

Generation

Sounding Seq.

Generation

DMRS mapping Sounding Seq maping

TB CRC

CB

Segment

& CB CRC

Turbo

Coding

Rate

Matching

SCMA Encoder

RE

Mapping

IFFT

Add

CP

Add

DC

DMRS

Generation

Sounding Seq.

Generation

DMRS mapping Sounding Seq maping

Wanna know more about 4G LTE? Please refer to 3GPP standards or the book “LTE the UMTS Long Term Evolution, from Theory to Practice” from Wiley Press.

SCMA Uplink Transmission System Diagram -CP FFT -CP FFT Resource Demap Resource Demap Channel Estimation Noise Estimation De-scramble + CB Re-assembly + Rate De-match

Turbo Decode CB CRC

Check + TB Re-assembly

TB

CRC

Check

LLR Soft Bits SCMA Decoder UE CSRS h1,…, hn -CP FFT -CP FFT Resource Demap Resource Demap Channel Estimation Receiver Noise Estimation Modulation Demapper De-scramble + CB Re-assembly + Rate De-match Turbo Decode CB CRC Check + TB Re-assembly TB CRC Check LLR Soft Bits h1,…,hn UE CSRS LTE OFDMA

Receiver

SCMA over OFDM

Receiver

SCMA Codebook index SCMA codebook for each layer CB_1 CB_2 CB_3 CB_4 CB_5 CB_6 Codebook in Storage (V=6, F=4, df=3, dv=2, M=4)

,

,

,

,

.

Related Variables Typical

value Description

V 6 6 variable nodes (VN), number of data layers

F 4 4 function nodes (FN), number of physical resources

d_f 3 Each FN is connected to 3 VNs

d_v 2 Each VN is connected to 2 FNs

M 4 Number of codeword in each codebook

CB_i F-by-M matrix Codebook for one SCMA data layer

Codebook Related Parameters

Tanner Graph Representation

F 1

F 2 F 3 F 4

Function node, representing the

physical resource elements (PREs) Variable node,

representing the data

from one SCMA layer Edge for passing the

inference of the data

symbols

SCMA Codebook index SCMA codebook for each layer

CB_1 CB_2

CB_3 CB_4 CB_5 CB_6 Codebook in Storage (V=6, F=4, df=3, dv=2, M=4)

,

,

,

,

.

VN_1 VN_2 VN_3 VN_4 VN_5 VN_6 FN_1 FN_2 FN_3 FN_4

Codebook Presented by Constellation Points

How to Do SCMA Encoding with SCMA Codebook SCMA Encoding Coded bits

SCMA codewords PRE Mapping

SCMA codewords on PREs

SCMA Codebook 00

The process of codeword selection given input bits

Logical codeword Codeword mapped to physical resource elements (PREs)PRE 1PRE 2PRE 3PRE 400One User

Six Users PRE 1PRE 2PRE 3PRE 4

Superpositioned SCMA codewords on one SCMA PRE block of length 4

创新引领未来InnovationCreatestheFuture

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创新英语演讲稿

创新英语演讲稿 篇一:Innovation创新-英语演讲稿 What we cannot afford to lose We cannot lose innovation There is a wonderful word which expresses the most original motions and desires among human-beings. With solving any kind of imperfections, our world has moved ahead. This is the word “innovation” that we cannot afford to lose. We chicaned every detail of the innovation. Thousands years before, we created fire when we took a stone to knock another one. Since Han Dynasty, four great inventions had been created and it is one of the greatest signs that China become to the ancient civilized country. And nowadays, thousands of software, products, architectures and public facilities have upgraded more than that about 100 years ago. So how did these happen What will you do if you are not satisfied with your tools anymore What will you do if old mode cannot afford to develop in a company There is no doubt that we should innovate no matter where we are and what we do. Not because of the design itself, but actually

创新 Innovation

Topic of PresentationTitle of Presentation 八个关于在中国创新的迷思 8 innovation myths in China 马祺 尼尔森大中华区总裁 Mitch Barns The Nielsen Company

八个关于在中国创新的迷思 8 innovation myths in China 1) 中国≠创新1) China ≠Innovation 2) 在中国创新= 成功的保证2) Innovation in China = success guaranteed 3) 中国≠其他国家3) China ≠Other countries 4) 创新者> 追随者4) Innovator > Follower 5) 跨国企业= 创新者 5) Multinational company = Innovator 6) 本土企业= 追随者6) Local company = Follower 7) 本土品牌= 低端品牌7) Local brand = Mass 8) R&D研发花费= 成功8) R&D Spending = Success

迷思一:中国缺乏创新 Myth #1: China is not an innovator 2) 在中国创新= 成功的保证2) Innovation in China = success guaranteed 3) 中国≠其他国家3) China ≠Other countries 4) 创新者> 追随者4) Innovator > Follower 5) 跨国企业= 创新者5) Multinational company = Innovator 6) 本土企业= 追随 者 6) Local company = Follower 7) 本土品牌= 低端品牌7) Local brand = Mass 8) R&D研发花费= 成功8) R&D Spending = Success 1) 中国≠创新1) China ≠Innovation

(完整版)Innovation关于创新的英语6级作文

Innovation With the development of social economy, innovation has received more and more attention as to the obbligato role of innovation in social development. Why do so many people think that innovation is important? Later on, I will demonstrate this problem from three aspects. First of all, for individuals, innovative thinking has a significant impact on the future of human beings. People make progress by way of innovation day by day. Furthermore, for enterprises, innovation is the basis of the survival and development. Innovation can improve production efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. Last but not least, for countries, innovation is the soul of national prosperity and national progress. Without innovation, countries couldn't survive in the world. So how do we promote innovation? As far as I am concerned, both individuals and governments should take an active part. For individuals, we should enhance the innovative thinking and improve the ability of innovation. In addition, we should actively participate in innovation activities. For governments, they should encourage social innovation, providing preferential policies and favorable conditions. Merely in this way, can we create a social environment conducive to innovation virtually. By the way, what do you think of this topic?

Innovation 创新 英语作文

I n n o v a t i o n With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. What can we benefit from it? Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Israel is about the size of China’s B eijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on. Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes. That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society. Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

新题型 作文 The Importance of Innovation

The Importance of Innovation 2011年12月17日四六级写作,之前2011年12月17日的四六级作文,有如下特点: 1、全英文给题,无中文提纲 2、文章给出一句名人名言或是俗语谚语,对其进行评论 3、文章主题与“人生哲理、优秀品质”相关,不再是以往的校园、学习或社会热点。四六级作文如果同时满足以上三条特点,那么以下的5篇练习题的针对性是很强的。 学习建议:建议同学们参照范文进行比较,看看文章思路、遣词造句方面有没有可以改进的地方;然后进行范文背诵,找到套路,让你的考场作文大放异彩。Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Innovation by commenting on Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s famous remark ““Mindless habitual behavior is the enemy of innovation.”You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. The Importance of Innovation “Mindless habitual behavior is the enemy of innovation. ” I assume that you are familiar with Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s famous remark. It is o bvious that a man who always stick to habit and experience can hardly create new things . Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s remark aims at informing us of the significance of innovation. Why does innovation play an indispensable role in our life ? innovation can promote the advancement of both individuals and society as a whole. Only those who are innovative can make continuous progress and maintain a competitive edge. Quite a few examples can be given to prove the importance of it, and I can think of no better illustration than the following one: how could Steve Jobs, a genius who changed the way of modern communication, recreation and even our life, launch so many powerful electronic products constantly without creative spirit? We should always bear in mind t hat the consciousness of innovation is of great significance to us all. Hence, we need to develop a habit of discovering new things,using new methods and applying new thoughts in our work, study or simply everyday life. “Innovation is the spirit of human being’s progress.” A philosopher once said. (202 words) “不用心思的习惯性行为是创新的敌人”我觉得你对Rosabeth Moss Kanter的这句名言很熟悉。很明显,一个总是遵循习惯和经验的人是很难创造出新事物的。 Rosabeth Moss Kanter 的这句名言目的在于告诉我们创新的重要性。为什么创新在我们的生活中扮演如此重要的角色呢?创新可以促进个人和整个社会的进步。只有那些创新的人才能去的持续的进步并且保持竞争优势。相当多的例子可以用来证明创新的重要性,我想不出比一下这个例子更好的了:斯蒂夫.乔布斯,这个改变了我们的通讯方式、娱乐方式甚至是生活方式的天才,如果没有创新精神,他怎么可能持续地发布功能强大的电子产品呢? 我们应该牢记在心,创新对于我们每个人都非常重要。因此,在我们的工作、学习甚至是生活中,我们要养成发现新事物、使用新方法、运用新思维习惯。“创新是人类进步的灵魂”一位哲学家也曾这么说过。 Unity breeds success

Innovation-in-practice-创新-实践-BCG-matrix-波士顿矩阵

A very impressive interview, thank you, Pouline, Chloe and Lynn. Now let’s come to the conclusion part. In this part, I’ll talk from two aspects. One is key to success. That’s why Nokia Lumia 800 can successful got the gold award in Innovation competition. The second part is predicting the future. We will predict the future of Nokia from its current position. IDSA gave the gold award to Nokia Lumia800 and provided reasons like: it established Windows phone; combined hardware with the Windows Phone user interface and the principle of the design team. I think the primary reason for Nokia to win the award is design thinking. The IDEO’s CEO Tin Brown gave a definition of “design thinking” like this, “Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer's toolkit to integrate the needs of people,

Innovation翻译

创新,创业和金融市场周期 虽然硬盘的数据不难发现,金融危机的出现有实质性的负面投资者愿意资助创新创业的影响。特别是这种资金匮乏令人担忧的广泛认可创新企业所谓的“绿芽”需要- 在全球范围内的经济衰退后,重新点燃经济增长。越来越多的证据表明一个强大创业,开拓创新,经济增长之间的关系。本文件首先回顾了关于创新和之间的关系的证据创业。然后将这些活动了解市场周期的后果。我们顺便看看,金融因素影响创新投资决策和创新 特别是创业型企业。然后我又到当前的经济危机的影响。突出四个关键观察: ?当前全球经济危机的创新融资的一个戏剧性的效果,无论是通过风险投资,首次公开发行(IPO),或企业风险投资。 ?这是不是第一次这样的危机,在创业融资。这些模式反映的事实,出现财政拮据限制高潜力企业家。 ?这些资金周期是严重的,因为高潜力企业的重要性创新。 我讨论的影响,越来越多的政府计划,寻求结束鼓励企业家和风险资本融资。过于频繁,这些努力都忽略了上面所讨论的关系。 1.简介:金融危机和创新 1.A.危机的简短摘要 当前的经济危机一直是显着的,它的强度和广度。国家统计局经济研究所(NBER 2008)宣布美国经济已经进入衰退期为12月然而,经济条件已经一直处于下降通道,在许多发达国家世界[两个概述,看到福斯特和马格多夫(2009)和希尔森拉特和所罗门(2009)]经济衰退以来,美国房地产泡沫有着千丝万缕的联系。当联邦储备降低利率以刺激经济在2001年科技泡沫之后9/11,低利率敞开了大门宽松的信贷中的住房市场。从2002年到2004年,作为利息率仍然低,次级贷款成为家常便饭。消费者趁着有利获得抵押贷款和金融机构的信贷条件,推广新的贷款产品和金融仪器。例如,借款人能够获得住房贷款批准几乎没有首付,而贷款人可以放弃时,他们通过他们自己的既得利益,贷款质量向机构投资者。的需求和房屋价值攀升到2006年,但2007年中期,一个信贷危机爆发。杂乱无章的借贷行为的后果和监管不力的系统迅速赶上全球金融市场。2008年的秋天,当投资银行,如贝尔斯登和雷曼兄弟塌陷的压力下,贬值的抵押贷款支持证券,信贷紧缩迫在眉睫。越来越多的房主拖欠贷款或被迫取消抵押品赎回权的时候,例如,他们不能增加按揭付款。贷款人发现自己抵押贷款支持证券,旁边没有什么值得。破灭的房地产泡沫和烦恼大型机构举行他们引发流动性危机,借贷几乎陷于停顿,信用体系完全抓住。2009年9月18日,美国。政府出面用USD700亿美元纾困计划,希望能拯救金融系统的总崩溃的边缘结束“有毒”资产,注入足够的资金进入银行迅速启动信贷市场的周期。该政府接管房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)的救助了美国国际集团(AIG)在9月和有效对超过价值5万亿美元的债务时,结合其他银行的债务担保。在其他国家发生类似的纾困陷入困境的银行,最主要的是瑞士和美国 英国。在过去的一年中,政府的干预,以刺激经济已成为常规,几乎预期,但许多发达国家的经济仍然脆弱。巨额债务织机,股票市场依然动荡,并担忧失业,通货膨胀的危险,挥舞基本行业继续削弱消费者的信心。虽然在某些市场有复苏的迹象,关键如住房部门仍然依赖于政府的支持。 1.B.创业和创新的影响轶事 虽然硬盘的数据不难发现,金融危机的出现有实质性的负面投资者愿意资助创新创业的影响。特别是这种资金匮乏令人担忧的光的广泛认可需要创新企业- 所谓的“绿芽”- 重新点燃经济增长之后,全球性的经济衰退。以介绍方式,可以被看作是一个高潜力的企业家融资景观谱,更先进的企业获得大量资金从不同的逐渐变大

以创新为主题的英语作文.doc

以创新为主题的英语作文 1、How to Be Creative Being creative is to have the skill and ability to produce something new . To be honest creative is of immune significance which advances the development of economy and thus gives people pleasure and enjoyment . Do you want to be creative ?if yes here are some suggestion . First of all you should be brave . You should dare break the traditional thoughts without hesitation .You should rid yourself of the idea that what others have put forward is the best and try to doubt it .In other words seeing a good thing or idea you should try your best to creat better rather than only speaking highly of it . In addition you should be confident As the old saying goes "opportunity only knock on the door of a pepared and confident mind ."Or rather the person who are hesitant about anything can't grasp the chance for the reason that creation will flash away if not written down timely .Only when you are confident about yourself can you grasp the idea passing through your mind.

Innovation创新-英语演讲稿

What we cannot afford to lose We cannot lose innovation There is a wonderful word which expresses the most original motions and desires among human-beings. With solving any kind of imperfections, our world has moved ahead. This is the word “innovation” tha t we cannot afford to lose. We chicaned every detail of the innovation. Thousands years before, we created fire when we took a stone to knock another one. Since Han Dynasty, four great inventions had been created and it is one of the greatest signs that China become to the ancient civilized country. And nowadays, thousands of software, products, architectures and public facilities have upgraded more than that about 100 years ago. So how did these happen? What will you do if you are not satisfied with your tools anymore? What will you do if old mode cannot afford to develop in a company? There is no doubt that we should innovate no matter where we are and what we do. Not because of the design itself, but actually for its intended purpose. If there was no Apple, everyone could not imagine how to contact others easily and enjoy a better Internet surfing.

Innovation 创新 英语作文

Innovation With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. Whatcan we benefitfrom it? Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world.Israel is about the size of China’s Be ijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on.Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes.That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society.Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

Innovation创新英语作文

I n n o v a t i o n创新英语 作文 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#

I n n o v a t i o n With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. What can we benefit from it Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Israel is about the size of China’s Be ijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on. Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes. That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society. Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

英语演讲 传统和创新(tradition and innovation )

Tradition and Innovation Good morning, my fellow students and dear teachers. The stories of our fathers and mothers lie in the long tradition, while the future script of our children will be written by innovation. One nation would not be itself any more if it does not inherit their tradition, which is one of the most important ingredients for the culture of a nation. The influence of tradition on the main stream thoughts is still dominant, but there were good ones as well as bad ones. Tradition is the result of our ancestors’ adaption to environment. Part of tradition still suits nowadays, such as the solar term is the guide of weather. But somehow, tradition will make people shut down their will to take a step forward which may stop the development of the economy. So, our attitude towards tradition should be dialectical, take the essence to its dregs to keep its positive energy. Innovation is an important power that will help us improve the society in many aspects. First, innovation is the way that people use their intelligence to create new things by breaking the old. Thus, innovation can activate our economy by creating new growth point and new jobs. Second, politics should suit the economy if one country wants to keep its economic growth. Politics should change along with the economy, if politics remain the same, it will have negative effects on the economy, and thus, innovation in politics is needed. Third, I want to talk about my major, Industrial Design, because a lot of things occur to at the first sight of the word “innovation”. Innovation is also needed in improving our daily life. A great example is the Apple Company and its brilliant products. Design is to produce something new and new means in some way. Einstein said: “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”And apple is one of those who make their products as simple, cheap and functional as they can. You know you’ve achieved perfection in design, not when you have nothing more to add, but when you have nothing more to take away. Tradition is the innovation of the past, and innovation is the new tradition. Innovation is the blast that will bring new towards old. Innovation is the best way for our nation to invest in the future.

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