Green Barriers Trade and its Influence on China’s
Foreign Trade
Student No. Name
Abstract: Under the impetus of economic globalization and the new situation of China’s access to the WTO, economic integration of the world has been developing rapidly. And environment protection has drawn increasingly national attention, many countries have treated environmental protection as an important part of their foreign trade decisions. In this situation, Green barriers is considered as a new trade protection measure to prevent himself from restriction by multilateral system.
Keywords: Green Barriers; products; trade
1.The definition of Green Barriers
Green barrier refers to a country sets the trade barriers to boycott foreign goods import, and guarantee its sustainable development and ecologic environment protection.
2.Analysis on the causes of formation of “Green Trade Barriers”
a. the worsening of ecology is the main reason for “Green Barriers”. With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But the same time, the development of society is at a cost of the destruction of environment. From then on, an increasing number of concern about the environmental problems. The developed countries began to make strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.
b. the difference between countries in technology and environmental standards directly cause the “Green Trade Barriers”. As we all know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they very strict environmental standards, their products can reach the requirements of while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries.
c. the rise protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green Barriers. In modern market economy, competition is tenser than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been limite
d. Therefore, restrictions of importation such as Green Barriers to protect their own interests, which gives chance to the increase of Green Barriers.
3.The main forms of Green Barriers Trade
According to the related rules of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green Barriers are usually in the forms as follows:
a.Green Tariff
Some developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harm to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green Barrier to Trade.
b.Green standards
Green standards refers to those compulsory green standards provided through legistration. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developing countries.
c.Package requirements
Certain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. What’s more, if such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.
d.Sanitary and Quarantine Inspection System
On the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.
4. Influence of Green Barriers on China’s foreign trade
China has suffered great loss due to the “Green Barriers”. Owing to Green Trade Barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of Eu. According to the statistics of the United States, China has suffered a loss 7.4 billion dollars in 2002 due to “Green Barriers Trade”. Therefore, “Green Barriers to trade”has become a major obstacle in Chinese exportations.
5.Countermeasures to the green barriers of the developed countries
As we mentioned, it is a fact that Chinese export products are facing green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. So Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries ruled in the Agreement of Green Trade Barrier. Secondly, China should make full use the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect his interests. Thirdly, China should place emphasis on the protection of environment and green level of his export products to meet higher green standards, which fundamentally solve the problem of Green Barriers.
References:
[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.
[2]Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.
广东外语外贸大学公开学院辅导资料 商务英语翻译课程试卷 （课程代码：5355） 考生注意：1. 答案必须写在答卷上，写在问卷上无效。 2. 考试时间150分钟。 I. Multiple Choices (20 points, 2 points for each) 第一套试卷 1.It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies. A.在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。 B.不足为奇，全世界看到了汇率的回归，因此各国中央银行无需维持本币的汇价了。 C.此时此刻，世界各国又恢复了移动的交换比率，因此各国中央银行无需维持本币汇价。 D.在这种情况下，全世界又恢复了浮动交换率，这已不足为奇了，因此各国中央银行也就无需维持本币价格了。 2．Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we would certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis. A.假定实验室检验顺利，并且你的报价有竞争力，我们会大量向贵公司订货的。 B.若实验室检验合格，且你们给我们的报价具有竞争力，我们一定会定期大量订货的。 C.若实验室检验良好，且你们给出的报价具有竞争性，我们一定会定期定量订货的。 D.假定实验室发展良好，且你们的报价具有竞争力，我们一定会大量定期订货的。 3．Chinese researchers have made a breakthrough in developing new materials for nickel-hydrogen batteries used in low temperatures, Inhaul reported. A.中国研究者已经在开发新材料用于低温下使用的镍氢电池方面有了突破，据新华社报道。 B.新华社报道，中国科学家在从事新材料制造低温镍氢电池方面有了突破。 C.新华社报道，中国研究人员在开发利用新材料制造在低温下使用的镍氢电池方面已有了突破。 D.中国研究者在开发新材料制造低温镍氢电池有了重大突破，这是新华社报道的。 4. Since the initiation of economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has achieved impressive
商务英语的翻译标准及要求 商务英语是英语在商务场合这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语。下面是小编分享的商务英语的翻译标准及要求，一起来看一下吧。 商务英语的翻译标准及要求 对于翻译的标准，自1898 年严复提出“信、达、雅”的翻译主张以来，人们一直讨论不断，争论不休，目前尚无定论。而各家学者对商务英语的翻译标准也不一，比如，刘法公先生曾提出了“忠实、准确、统一”的商务翻译标准；叶玉龙等认为“对商务英语来说，翻译标准除 ‘忠实通顺’外，还应加上‘地道’”。张新红、李明认为，“商务英语 翻译译者除了要精通两种语言及其文化以及熟悉翻译技巧之外，还必须熟悉商务方面的知识，了解商务各个领域的语言特点和表达法”。 专家们的论述见仁见智，但笔者认为，对于对外商务英语的翻译应博采众长，“以忠实通顺为基础，力求准确与统一”。 “忠实通顺”，指商务英语的译文应是英语原文信息的真实反映，译者应最大限度地将商务英语原文作者所赋予原文的语言文字转移到汉语译文里。译文除了要忠实于商务英语原文外，还要明白晓畅，符合汉语商务文献的语言规范和行为规范的要求，也就是说，译文要像汉语里商界人士所说的行话。忠实与通顺二者相互依存，若译文忠实而不通顺，读者就看不懂，也就达不到交易的目的;若通顺而不忠实，脱离原文的内容与风格，则会使商务活动受到阻碍，通顺也就毫无意义。 “准确统一”是指译文要准确传达原文的信息，译文所传递的信息同商务英语原文所传递的信息要保持一致；在翻译过程中，译文采用的译名、概念、术语等都应该保持前后统一，不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译名。因此，商务英语的翻译应以准确的语言、统一的汉语商务套语加以表达，不得出任何差错，否则会酿成不可挽回的损失。
Key to Test Two I. Choose the correct answer(1 point each,20 points in all ). 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. A II. Translate the following terms from Chinese into English(1.5 points each, 15 points in all). 1. Commercial Counsellor’s Office 2. specific inquiry 3. firm offer 4. Memorandum 5. in urgent need of 6. commodity name/ name of commodity 7. generally speaking 8. inquiry list 9. as follows 10. business contract III. Translate the following terms from English into Chinese (1 point each, 10 points in all). 1. 价目单 2. 还盘 3. 购货单 4. 毫无延误，立即 5. 下订单 6. 付款条件 7. 规格 8. 公吨 9. 以…为条件，以…为准 10. 不可撤销信用证 IV. Complete the following sentences (4 points each, 20 points in all).
电大网考《商务英语基础(1)》作业试题及答案 一单选题 1. Can I ____a message or would you like to ring him on his mobile phone? （5.00分） A. make B. leave C. have D. take 2. The engineer recommended________ （5.00分） A. when we look at this question. B. that values his new ideas. C. that the process can be made simpler. D. which is the Mark 2 project. 3. Shall we get straight ________to business? （5.00分） A. in B. down C. over D. for 4. We’ll do our _____to make your visit worthwhile.（5.00分） A. best B. much C. most D. worst 5.We very much appreciate your efforts________（5.00分） A. our production costs must be no more than 15 percent. B. has done damage to our reputation C. to negotiate with you D. to make this product possible 6.Because we can’t find a compromise________（5.00分） A. we’ve ever given before. B. but I got nothing out of it. C. and there are two hundred and sixteen thousand employees worldwide. D. I am afraid we can go no further. 7. I have the authority________（5.00分） A. to negotiate with you B. has done damage to our reputation C. to make this product possible D. what seemed an impossible problem 8.Could you come______ to the development workshop for a second?（5.00分） A. up B. on C. down D. over 9. Could you _________the times of flights to Atlanta and reserve me a seat? （5.00分） A. find through B. find C. find over D. find out 10.The company really needs the fax machine by tomorrow________（5.00分） A. we’ve ever given before. B. but I got nothing out of it. C. or it will have to look elsewhere. D. I am afraid we can go no further. 11. I have a small token of our gratitude________ （5.00分） A. that the process can be made simpler. B. when we look at this question. C. which is the Mark 2 project. D. which I would like you to have. 12.I wonder __________you could check Mr. Sakai’s European itinerary.（5.00分） A. how B. if C. that D. what
商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2
商务英语翻译试题（二） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分） 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规范。（10分） (1) promote A. to encourage the popularity, sale or development B. to change or vary C. to act as judge in an argument D. to speak or write to someone (2) to address A. to speak or write to someone, or to direct information at someone. B. to offer, supply C. to stipulate D. to come up with ideas (3) to indemnify A. to pay for the damage B. to state something officially C. to suggest an idea D. to use something instead of another (4) to cancel an order A. to confirm an order B. to deliver a letter C. to recommend a candidate D. to make void or of no effect (5) ceiling A. upper limit B. cancellation C. bottom D. the lowest point (6) tide over A. to help sb. during a period of difficulty B. to spend a lot of time doing C. to tie to sth. D. to try one’s best (7) carry out A. to take away B. to perform or complete C. to give or offer something D. to suggest an idea (8) to complicate A. to finish something B. to be dissatisfied with something C. to make something more difficult to deal with D. to compare with something (9) to put on an event A. to come up with ideas B. to come on for sth. 2
考试简介 全国商务英语翻译（ETTBL）是我国一项系统的“外语+专业”的商务翻译培训、考试，以全国《商务英语翻译教程》（口译/笔译）的培训大纲为基础，内容涵盖广告、产品描述、产品与保险、人力资源与职业、经济、国际贸易、金融证券、市场营销、法律、合同与协议、旅游业等。由商务英语专业教授及富有商务背景的外籍教师进行授课，侧重于常用商务材料英汉互译对照、常用商务专业词汇及典型句型解析、翻译技巧等。打造商务英语翻译培训的优秀品牌，弥补高素质商务英语翻译人才的市场缺口，培养出专业化、知识化的口译/笔译人才，缩短新学员进入企业的磨合期，尽快适应工作；提高在职人员商务英语翻译专业水平及职业能力，更好地胜任工作。 学员完成培训计划规定的全部内容和课时后，参加全国商务英语翻译的考核及综合评定，根据考评结果，颁发相应等级相应层次的《全国商务英语翻译证书》。是商务英语人员上岗就业的依据，是工商、合资企业、外事单位用人的资格凭证.该证书全国通用，并网上注册()。并为学员建立个人资料库，借助中国商务人才网（）的网络平台协助考生就业和提供继续教育服务等。
职业定义 初级：能在商务往来中进行一般性商务英语交谈。涉外企业的员工及同层次的企业外销人员、宾馆接待人员、商场收银员等。 中级：能在一般性商务会谈和商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业的职员及同层次的秘书，办公室主管等。 高级：能在一般性商务会议和外事商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业主管及同层次的企业经理助理、企业经理等。 翻译师：能在大型商务会议中进行复杂的口译和笔译，并胜任专职商务翻译工作。 高级翻译师：能在各种国际会议中进行口译和笔译。在口译中能交替传译和同声传译；在笔译中对商务活动会议的文件及商务专业性的资料作笔译。能承担国际商务会议中各种复杂的笔译、口译，解决商务英语中的一切疑难问题。 考试对象 凡遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律、恪守职业道德、具备一定外语水平、有志于从事商务领域翻译工作的在职和求职人员及在校生，不论学历高低，均可参加。
初级商务英语（20）(1) Unit 20 The budget meeting Modals 1. Listening Listen to the extract from a budget meeting. Peter, John and Susan are discussing next year’s departmental budgets. As you listen, indicate their opinions on the table below. Use these symbols: + = more money should be spent - = less money should be spent OK = the proposed figure should remain the same Budget proposals 请见附图20-1 Listening Task P: Right, let’s get started. Now, you’ve all seen the budget proposals for next year. Have you got anything to say? J: I think the research figure is too low. We should increase it by at least 5%. P: Well, we could do that, but it means less money for the other departments. I think it should stay the same. S: I agree with John. We could reduce the figure for marketing-that would allow us to increase the budget for research. P: I felt marketing needed a good figure this year. They’ve got a big launch mid-year. I think they couldn’t manage with less. J: I’m sure they could and… P: Just a moment. Let’s look at the other two department budgets. That’s production and sales. J: Well, we can’t cut the production budget, that’s for sure. I don’t know about sales. S: Why do you say we can’t cut production’s budget? They had a big investment last year. Well, surely they could manage on less this year? P: Yes, I think I agree. Production ought to manage with less this year, having spent so much last year. S: A small cut in the production budget might mean we could increase the research figure. P: Right, I’ll put that to the Production Manager. Finally, what about sales? S: I think it’s a bit high. They might save a bit by spending less on the after-sales side. P: John, any views? J: Well, I think we should spend more on sales. P: That’s out of the question. The figure shouldn’t be changed. 2. Presentation Modal verbs(such as should, ought, can, could, might) can be used to indicate speakers’ attitudes or opinions. These can be categorized as follows:
商务英语翻译测试题及 答案 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended
without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil.
经典商务英语句子翻译 那些期待在网络销售大战中买到低价家用电器的顾客可要失望了，因为只有一部分的产品真正比之前降价了。 总部位于的京东商城率先发难，承诺其价格会比头号竞争对手，中国最大的家电零售商宁电器，在实体店的售价还要低10%。 Customers expecting to cash in on a widely anticipated price war among online home appliance retailers were disappointed to find that only a limited number of products were cheaper yesterday. The war kicked off when Beijing-based 360Buy. promised to keep its prices at 10 percent below those sold at the offline retail outlets of its major rival, Suning, China's largest home appliance retailer. 1. It was the second most-visited online retailer in December, after eBay。 它是12月份访问人数第二多的在线经销商，仅次于eBay。 2.Ecommerce continues to thrive on the Web, and no company is going to shut its Web site as an information resource. 电子商务继续在互联网上茁壮成长，作为信息资源没有哪个公司会把自己的关闭。 3. Now business organizations such as the Alliance for Electronic Business (AEB) are adding to the criticism. 如今，诸如电子商务联盟这样的商业机构也加入到了批评的队伍中。
商务英语考试(BEC)/模拟试题 2019年商务英语初级翻译试题3 【导语】在每一次发奋努力之后，必然有加倍的奖赏等待着我们。相信通过大家的努力，拿到2019年证书绝对没问题。以下为“2019年商务英语初级翻译试题3”，欢迎阅读参考！更多相关讯息请关注小编！ (1) The contract is entered into between the Sellers who agree to sell and the Buyers who agree to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as set forth below: Name of commodity: Specifications:
Quantity (with3% more or less): Packing: Unit price: Total value: Shipping Marks: Time of shipment: Port of loading and Discharge: Insurance:
(2) Terms of Payment: By Confirmed, Irrevocable and Divisible L/C in favor of ×××，allowing transshipment and partial shipments. The Letter of Credit shall reach the Sellers before ----and remain valid at above loading port until the 15th day after the aforesaid time of shipment .If the Buyers fail to open the Letter of Credit in time, the Sellers shall have the right to cancel this sales contract without further notice and /or claim on the Buyers for losses resulting therefrom. 【参考答案】
Unit 1 Introductions and Greetings I: Listening & Speaking Task Two :Listen to the dialogue again and fill in the missing words. 1. boss 2. meet 3. lot 4. business 5. seat 6. card 7. mine 8. Coffee Task Three: Listen to the dialogue twice and decide “T” or “F”. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T Practice Comprehension of the Text I. Read the passage and decide whether the following statement are True or False. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.恰当的介绍是以后沟通的好的开端。 2.握手是显示你对另一方的信任和尊敬。 3.一旦你被介绍，你将引起别人的关注。 4.通过重复另一方的名字来问候对方。 Word Study III. Give the English words or phrases for the meanings provided. 1.customer 2. communication 3. attract 4. custom 5. company 6. request 7. respect 8. proper IV. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below. 1. respect 2. requested 3.look forward to 4.introduce 5. heard of 6. communication 7. respond 8. customer Grammar Exercises V. Complete the following sentences with the words in blanks. 1. When people meet for the first time 2. First, names and positions 3. a secretary 4. three basic rules 5. the beginning of the first meeting VI. Choose the best answer.
商务英语写作基础知识 使用日常讲话的方式来写作 Pedantic学究式的Readable日常可用的ascertain find out (发现) aforementioned these (这些) is a result of because (因为) at this point in time now (现在) before long soon (不久) cease stop (停止) commence start, begin (开始) compensate pay (报酬) correspondence letter (信函) demonstrate show (表现) desire want (需要) due to the fact because (因为) during the time that while (当……的时候) elect choose (选择) facilitate ease, help (方便) for the purpose of to (为了) give consideration to consider (考虑) implement do (完成) in close proximity near (靠近) in the future soon (不久) in the event that if (如果) indebtedness debt (欠债) indicate show (表现) in the view of the fact that since (由于) locate find (发现) numerous many (许多) on condition that provided (如果) prior to before (在……之前) purchase buy (购买) rapid fast (快速) reason is because reason is (因为) residence address (住址) subsequent to after (在……之后) subsequently later (之后) sufficient enough (足量)
商务英语翻译测试题及 答案 标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil. 4. I have no head for mathematics. 5. This would lead to a countdown in Afghanistan.
湖北省高等教育自学考试课程考试大纲 课程名称：商务英语翻译课程代码：05355 第一部分课程性质与目标 一、课程性质与特点 商务英语翻译是湖北省高等教育自学考试商务英语专业（专科）的一门专业基础课。该课程实践性强，注重专业知识，以课文的英译汉为主要内容，配以翻译理论和互译技巧的讲解，将英语学习与商务专业知识、英汉翻译理论与商务方面的实际应用等有机结合。本课程具备科学性，典型性，实用性，并紧扣全国国际商务专业技术资格考试中的规定的相关内容，理论联系实际，针对性强。 二、课程目标及基本要求 本课程较全面的涉及到了商务英语活动的各方面，讲解相关内容的翻译方法与技巧，增强翻译技能，通过大量全真的英汉互译的实例训练以达到提高本专业学生在专业英语及商务知识方面的翻译能力的目的。 通过本课程的学习，使学生能够全面、灵活地运用各种翻译方法和技巧，准确、完整地对各种商务英语体裁的文章进行翻译，达到商务英语专业大学专科的要求。 三、与本专业其他课程的关系 商务英语翻译课程的前期课程有综合英语（上）、商务英语听说、商务英语阅读、商务英语写作等课程，其后续课程是综合英语（下）、商务函电等课程，这些课程紧密联系，相辅相成。 第二部分考核内容与考核目标 第一单元 一、学习目的与要求 通过本单元的学习，使学生了解翻译的过程，翻译的形式及其目的；掌握《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的有关内容；对国际商务合同的术语翻译和解读。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）翻译中的词类转换；翻译的形式（重点） 理解：词类转换： 1.英语名词转化为汉语动词 1)动物名词的转化 2)人体名词的转换 3)自然现象名词的转化 4)地点名词的转化 2.英语名词转为为汉语形容词、副词 应用：翻译的形式 (1)直译literal translation (2)意译free translation (3)活译dynamic equivalence translation
商务英语翻译试题（一） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分）BBCCB 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规。 （10分） (1) to conclude A. to give one’s place to each B. to end or judge after some consideration C. to explain D. to contain (2) to enforce A. to break or act against a law B. to cause a law or rule to be obeyed C. to prevent movement from happening D. to direct something into a particular place (3) to appoint A. to take back property B. to meet someone’s needs C. to choose someone officially for a job D. to claim for something (4) to approve A. to abide by B. to comply with C. to have a positive opinion D. to come up with (5) obviate A. to violate B. to remove a difficulty, to avoid C. to allow sb to do D. to be apparent (6) to violate A. to break or act against a law, principle B. to beat or threaten someone C. to obey a law D. to cause a rule to be obeyed. (7) with respect to A. comply with B. in relation to C. conform to D. coincide with (8) to entertain a client .资
基础翻译练习 1．一个人的外语能力有助于他的事业成功（make …successful） The ability of foreign language of a person will make his career successful 2．随着这座城市建设开发，大量人才涌入。（pour in） With the development of this city, a large number of talented people pour in. 3．可以肯定地说,英语拥有世界上最多的学习者。（it is safe to say） It is safe to say that English has the most learners in the world 4．这座城市逐渐成为该国的国际贸易中心。（a center of） This city is gradually becoming a center of international business 5．他拒绝在表格上签名。（sign） He refused to sign his name on the form 6．连续两次联系不上更加使他着急（add to） Twice failure in communication has added to his anxiety 7．这个房间可用做储藏室。（serve） This room can serve as a storeroom 8．我们的任务是在两年内打开海外市场。（open up） Our task is to open up the overseas market in two years 9．两国领导人的互访将加深双方的了解。（understanding） The mutual visit of the leaders of the two countries can increase the understanding of each other 10．双方谈判花了三个月才达成协议。（it takes… to…） It takes three months for the two sides to reach an agreement in negotiation 11你有问题要问吗？（questions to ask） Do you have questions to ask? 12. 他要帮助我学习英语。（to help me with English） He wanted to help me with English 13. 他说了很多话来鼓励我。（to encourage） He said much to encourage me 14. 他太年轻了，不能独自旅行。（too, to） He is too young to travel alone 15我和他不够熟悉，不便请他来帮忙。（enough to） I don’t know him well enough to ask help from him 16．很多亚洲国家，直呼长辈的名字是被认为不礼貌的 In many Asian countries, it is considered impolite to address one’s senior with his first name 17注意到在西方，人们可以从对女性的不同称呼方式中得知她的婚姻状况 He noticed that in the west, people could tell a woman’s marital status from the way she was addressed 18永远也不会忘记儿子当众喊她名字时的尴尬场景 She will never forget the embarrassing experience of being first-named by her son in public 19一些人认为称姓而不呼名是表示对他人的尊敬 Some people think that you could show respect for others by addressing them by their