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February 7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x 6in coral
PLANS FOR EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE θ13MAURY GOODMAN Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439,USA E-mail:maury.goodman@https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa6673914.html, New experiments at accelerators and reactors are being designed to search for a possible non-zero value of the MNS matrix parameter θ13.1.Neutrino Parameters and the MNS matrix The neutrino mixing matrix,analogous to the CKM matrix for quarks,is the MNS matrix 1.In the simplest case,that matrix can be parameterized by three angles and one CP violating phase.With the remarkable recent progress in understanding neutrinos,it is known that at least two of these mixing angles are large,unlike the angles in the quark sector.Despite these large angles,neutrino oscillation analyses are usually based on the assumption that there are only two neutrinos.This simpli?es the analyses,and is accurate,but can be confusing.
The three mixing angles are designated θ12,θ23and θ13.Solar neutrino experiments and the KamLAND reactor experiment have measured θ12,also called θsol .Atmospheric neutrino experiments have been used to mea-sure θ23or θatm .Long-baseline accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments have been designed to measure this angle.The third mixing angle,θ13,has only been limited to be smaller than sin 2(2θ13)<0.17by the CHOOZ 2nuclear reactor experiment,at the currently favored value of ?m 2atm .A CP violating phase which appears in the MNS matrix is called δ.Long-baseline neutrino experiments would be sensitive to a non-zero value of θ13by mea-suring νμ→νe oscillations with a rate smaller than the dominant expected νμ→ντoscillations,so this is often called a sub-dominant process.
The current program of long-baseline neutrino experiments includes the K2K experiment in Japan,which has been running since 1998,the NuMI/MINOS program at Fermilab,which will start in 2005,and the CNGS program at CERN which is expected to start in 2006.Accelerator
1
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2
beams consist mostly of muon neutrinos(νμ)which are made when pions
and Kaons decay.All three experiments expect to measure a change in the
number and distribution ofνμas a result ofνμ→ντoscillation.In addi-
tion,CNGS hopes to measureντappearance.Theseντs would be present
in all three experiments,but the production ofτs in K2K and MINOS is
expected to be suppressed by kinematic thresholds.
2.The importance ofθ13
I share the view that the single most important task before the neutrino
community is to measure a non-zero value forθ13if it exists.While
sin2(2θ23)is near1,SNO data supports that sin2(2θ12)is approximately0.7
and is clearly not maximal.Although we don’t know what symmetries if
any control the values of the MNS mixing angles,it is reasonable to expect
that ifθ12is not maximal,θ13is probably not exactly zero.The current
limit on sin2(2θ13)is<0.172.Some of us suspect that a new search which
is sensitive down to0.02would have a90%chance of measuring a non-zero
value forθ13!
Such a result would open up new possibilities for future neutrino re-search.Ifθ13is not zero,searches for matter e?ects and CP violation with
accelerator neutrinos are feasible,in particular usingνμ→νe measurements
as described below in Equation3.The observation of matter e?ects inνor
ˉνtells us if?m231is positive(normal mass hierarchy)or negative(inverted
mass hierarchy).Of even greater interest,the measurement of di?erences
betweenνandˉνoscillation parameters(after removing any matter e?ects)
is sensitive to CP violating e?ects in the lepton sector.The measure of CP
violation is the Jarlskog invariant,which is proportional to factors which
include the product of all mixing angles and?m2values.With the large
mixing in the lepton sector,CP violation in the neutrino sector is poised to
be50times larger than in the quark sector,depending solely on whether
θ13is near is current upper limit,or is much smaller.
The probability in vacuum forνμ→νe is3:
P(νμ→νe)=2sin(2θ13)s23c13s12(s12s23s13?c12c23cδ)sin2φ32(1)
+2sin(2θ13)s23c13c12(c12s23s13+s12c23cδ)sin2φ31
?2sin(2θ12)c213[s12c12(s213s223?c223)+s13s23c23(s212?c212)cδ]sin2φ21
1
+
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral
3 whereφij=?m2ij L/(4E)and c ij and s ij refer to the cosine and sine of
the mixing angle ij.The?rst two terms describe the behavior at an L/E
corresponding to the large value of?m2and the terms proportional to sinδ
(cosδ)are CP odd(even).
In contrast reactor neutrino disappearance at small distances(i.e.L/E ～?m231,so L～1km),the formula is the simpler familiar one:
P(ˉνe→ˉνe)～=1?sin2(2θ13)sin2φ32(2)
3.Future O?-Axis Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiments
The search for a few percentνμ→νe in long-baseline experiments is made
di?cult by three backgrounds.First,there areνe in the beam near the
percent level from K andμdecays in the beam pipe.Second,when the
dominantνμ→ντoscillation takes place and aτis produced by charged
current interaction,theτdecays to an electron17%of the time.Third,for
any detector which resembles a calorimeter,some fraction of the neutral
current events are going to be indistinguishable from an electron,particu-
larly the singleπ0neutral current events.
The kinematics of neutrino production is such that o?the main axis of the neutrino beam,the average neutrino energy is both lower and more
peaked toward a single value.The lower energy means that event rates are
way down,already a signi?cant limitation for long-baseline neutrino exper-
iments.However,an o?-axis narrow-band beam can be used to reduce all
three backgrounds.Theνe in the beam are mostly at high energy,and do
not constitute a large background to the expected signal.There are noντ
charged current interactions below4GeV,so the tau decay background is
greatly reduced,and though the neutral current background is not elimi-
nated,it is greatly reduced since there is no high energy tail on the neutrino
spectrum.This has led to consideration of new accelerator based neutrino
programs in the US and Japan.
3.1.T2K
The Japanese Particle Research Center(JPARC)is a new50GeV proton
synchrotron being built in Tokai.A neutrino beam is being planned.4In a
?rst phase the accelerator would operate at0.77MW,but an upgrade to
4MW is being considered.The22.5kiloton Super-Kamiokande detector
is295km away,and the beam could be built to be simultaneously a few
degrees o?axis to that experiment and to the proposed site for a new1000
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral
4
kiloton Hyper-Kamiokande detector in Tochibora.With a5year run of
JPARC,and the proposed2degree o?-axis beam,T2K would be able to
measureθ13or set a limit on sin2(2θ13)<0.006at90%CL forδ=0.The
Hyper-Kamiokande detector would be similar in design to Super-K,using
large50cm diameter Hamamatsu phototubes.
3.2.NOνA
A proposal is being developed for an o?-axis experiment using the NuMI
beam at Fermilab.5Any detector would be built near the surface of the
earth,about10km away from the center of the NuMI beam.The detector
would have a mass of50Kilotons,and be sensitive to1GeV electron show-
ers.The passive detector is planned to be7sheets of2.5cm particle board
between readout planes.Active detector technologies being considered are
resistive plate chambers and liquid and solid scintillator.
The liquid scintillator design is for14.4m long multi-cell extrusions of PVC,each containing32cells of width3.75cm.The cells would be3cm
thick along the beam direction.A looped?ber would be inserted in each
cell and an end-cap would be glued on one end,with a manifold/optical
connector assembly at the other.There are no critical tolerances,such as
positioning of the?ber.The proposal is under consideration at Fermilab.
3.3.Brookhaven Wide Band Beam
An alternative to the o?-axis program has been developed at Brookhaven.6
Using a wide-band beam,a huge detector such as the UNO described in the
last section of this paper,and a longer distance to exploit possible matter
e?ects,the Brookhaven idea uses?ts to the full energy spectrum to?nd
and measure oscillation parameters.
4.Reactor Experiments
From the discovery of the neutrinos by Reines and Cowan7at Savannah
River to the evidence forˉνe disappearance at KamLAND8,reactor neu-
trino experiments have studied neutrinos in the same way–observation
of inverse beta decay with scintillator detectors.Since the signal from a
reactor falls with distance L as1/L2,as detectors have moved further away
from the reactors over the years,it has become more important to reduce
backgrounds.That is achieved with a su?cient overburden,and experi-
ments one kilometer or more away from reactors(Chooz,Palo Verde and
KamLAND)have been underground.
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral
5 The KamLAND experiment measured a40%disappearance ofˉνe pre-sumably associated with the2nd term in Equation3:
P(ˉνe→ˉνe)～=?sin22θ13sin2(?m231L
4E
)+1
(3)
The Chooz and Palo Verde data put a limit onθ13(through the?rst term in Equation3)of sin22θ13<0.17.Those experiments could not have had greatly improved sensitivity toθ13because of uncertainties related to knowledge of the?ux of neutrinos from the reactors.They were designed to test whether the atmospheric neutrino anomaly might have been due to νμ→νe oscillations,and hence were searching for large mixing.
Any new experiment to look for non-zero values ofθ13would need the following properties:
?two or more detectors to reduce uncertainties to the reactor?ux
?identical detectors to reduce systematic errors
?carefully controlled energy calibration
?low backgrounds and/or reactor-o?data
In Equation3,the values ofθ12,?m221and?m231are approximately known.In Figure1,The probability ofˉνe disappearance as a function of L/E is plotted withθ13assumed to be near its maximum allowed value. Note that CP violation does not a?ect a disappearance experiment,and that matter e?ects can be safely ignored in a reactor experiment.The large variation in P for L/E>10km/MeV is the e?ect seen by KamLAND and solarνexperiments.The much smaller deviations from unity for L/E <1km/MeV are the goal for an accurate new reactor experiment.
The optimization of detector distances for such a new experiment is straightforward.The statistical power comes from measuring a de?cit ofˉνe (up to a few percent)at the far detector,along with a change in the energy spectrum consistent with that de?cit.Depending on the value of?m2atm, the far detector should be located about1.7km away.For higher statistics experiments,the importance of the shape of the spectrum is greater than the rate,and the optimum detector location moves about30%closer.The optimum locations for detectors is thus sensitive to eventual systematic errors as well as oscillation parameters.But a near detector around100m and a far detector around1300m will be near the optimum.Since the civil construction of laboratories might contribute half or more to the cost of an experiment,site conditions could change the optimization.
A list of possible sites for a new reactor experiment is included in Ta-
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral 6
Figure1.Probability ofˉνe disappearance versus L/E forθ13near its current upper
limit.
ble4,along with a tabulation of previous reactor experiment sites.9One
obvious choice is the site of the7GW CHOOZ reactors in France,and a
proposal called“Double CHOOZ”is being prepared.A larger15ton far
detector would be placed in an existing hall1050m from the two reactors,
and new near detector would be placed close(～200m).The existing site
is an attraction,but is also a limitation.An even larger detector(50-1000
ton)would be desirable to achieve greater sensitivity onθ13.One of sev-
eral projects being considered is to use the7GW Braidwood Reactors in
Illinois,and place two shafts at200m and the other at1800m,on average
from the two reactor cores.Two25ton detectors would be built.
A sensitivity of0.02in sin22θ13can be achieved with as little as250
ton-Gigawatt-years,while an exposure of8000ton-Gigawatt-years may be
required to achieve a sensitivity of0.01.10A two or more detector reactor
experiment can?nd a non-zero value forθ13faster and less expensively
than an o?-axis experiment.It does not face the degeneracies regarding
CP parameters and the sign of?m2,and hence cannot address those is-
sues.But a measurement ofθ13by reactors followed by optimized o?-axis
experiments would together measure neutrino parameters with much less
uncertainty due to degeneracies and correlations.
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral
7
Reactor L Overburden
GW ton
France8.55
France 5.61/0.5
Arizona11.611.3
Japan200(26)1000
Possible sites for New ReactorνExperiments
Angra350/135060/600
Braidwood200/1800250/250
Double CHOOZ200/105050/300
Daya Bay300/1500200/1000
Diablo Canyon400/1800100/700
KASKA350/1300140/600
KR2DET115/1000600/600
February7,20087:29Proceedings Trim Size:9in x6in coral
8
6.APS Neutrino Study
A large number of ideas to study the neutrino sector are being pursued,
and they come with a variety of costs and feasibility.Ideas for“neutrino
factories”to studyθ13are now considered part of the program of the far
future.A study in the United States to put the di?ering ideas for neutrino
experiments into a single coherent program is being developed under the
auspices of four divisions of the American Physical Society.Six working
groups are holding meetings and a report is due in the late summer of
2004.Reactor experiments to see ifθ13is non-zero,followed by accelerator
projects to measure CP e?ects if it is,should be a major part of such a
program.
References
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa6673914.html,d to honor Maki,Nakagawa and Sakata.
2.Appollonio et al.,Eur.Phys.J.C27(2003)331-374.
3.V.Barger et al.,Phys.Rev.D63,113011(2001),I.Mocioiu and R.Shrock,
JHEP0110,050(2001).
4.See Letter of Intent at http://neutrino.kek.jp/jhfnu/loi/loi.v2.030528.pdf and
subsequent documents at http://neutrino.kek.jp/jhfnu/.
5.I.Ambats et al.,“Proposal to Build an o?-axis detector to study numu
to nue Oscillations in the NuMI Beamline”,March2004,http://www-o?-
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa6673914.html,/
6.M.Diwan et al.,hep-ex/0305105.
7. C.L.Cowan et al.,Science124,103(1956).
8.Eguchi et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.90(2003)021802.
9.K.Anderson et al.,“A New Nuclear Reactor Neutrino Experiment to Measure
theta13”,hep-ex/0402041
10.P.Huber et al.,hep-ph/0303232.
11.M.Goodman et al.,“Physics Potential and Feasibility of UNO”,June2001
to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如，食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说，例如对某人而言是重要的，就用for. for和to这两个介词，意义丰富，用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语？ 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。 2．对于 1．She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2．She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3．表示赞成同情，用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法？ 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为，由于（常有较活译法） 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5．当事人对某事的主观看法，对于（某人），对…来说（多和形容词连用）用介词to，不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6．for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用，表示适宜，适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练，他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语，可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1．It would be best for you to write to him. 2．The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3．There was nowhere else for me to go. 4．He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
of与for的用法以及区别 for 表原因、目的 of 表从属关系 介词of的用法 （1）所有关系 this is a picture of a classroom （2）部分关系 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of water a bottle of milk what kind of football，American of soccer？ （3）描写关系 a man of thirty 三十岁的人 a man of shanghai 上海人 （4）承受动作 the exploitation of man by man．人对人的剥削。 （5）同位关系 It was a cold spring morning in the city of London in England． （6）关于，对于 What do you think of Chinese food？ 你觉得中国食品怎么样？ 介词 for 的用法小结 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?
2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多，但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一：表示相对，针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二：表示对比，比较 1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous A is similar to B in many ways.
介词for用法归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如： 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。
of 1....的,属于 One of the legs of the table is broken. 桌子的一条腿坏了。 Mr.Brown is a friend of mine. 布朗先生是我的朋友。 2.用...做成的;由...制成 The house is of stone. 这房子是石建的。 3.含有...的;装有...的 4....之中的;...的成员 Of all the students in this class,Tom is the best. 在这个班级中,汤姆是最优秀的。 5.(表示同位) He came to New York at the age of ten. 他在十岁时来到纽约。 6.(表示宾格关系) He gave a lecture on the use of solar energy. 他就太阳能的利用作了一场讲演。 7.(表示主格关系) We waited for the arrival of the next bus. 我们等待下一班汽车的到来。
I have the complete works of Shakespeare. 我有莎士比亚全集。 8.来自...的;出自 He was a graduate of the University of Hawaii. 他是夏威夷大学的毕业生。 9.因为 Her son died of hepatitis. 她儿子因患肝炎而死。 10.在...方面 My aunt is hard of hearing. 我姑妈耳朵有点聋。 11.【美】(时间)在...之前 12.(表示具有某种性质) It is a matter of importance. 这是一件重要的事。 For 1.为,为了 They fought for national independence. 他们为民族独立而战。 This letter is for you. 这是你的信。
1.表示各种“目的”，用for （1）What do you study English for 你为什么要学英语？ （2）went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 （3）These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 （4）hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。 2．“对于”用for （1）She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 （2）She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3．表示“赞成、同情”，用for （1）Are you for the idea or against it 你是支持还是反对这个想法？ （2）He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 （3）I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4. 表示“因为，由于”（常有较活译法），用for （1）Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。
（2）France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5．当事人对某事的主观看法，“对于（某人），对…来说”，（多和形容词连用），用介词to，不用for. （1）He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 （2）To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 （3）They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6．和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用，表示“适宜，适合”，用for。（1）Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练，他们会胜任这项工作的。 （2）Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 （3）Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 （4）You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. 表示不定式逻辑上的主语，可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 （1）It would be best for you to write to him. （2） The simple thing is for him to resign at once.
1.两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for：(1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes? 正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注：有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如：do sb a favour＝do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm＝do harm to sb 对某人有害
1. 两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for： (1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes? 正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注：有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如： do sb a favou r do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harnn= do harm to sb 对某人有害
for的用法： 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:
加入收藏夹 主题： 介词试题It’s + 形容词 + of sb. to do sth.和It’s + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 内容： It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 提交人：杨天若时间：1/23/2008 20:5:54 主题：for 与of 的辨别 内容：It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 答：选A 解析：该题考查的句型It’s + 形容词+ of sb. to do sth.和It’s +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 “It’s + 形容词+ to do sth.”中常用of或for引出不定式的行为者，究竟用of sb.还是用for sb.，取决于前面的形容词。 1) 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb. 例： It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我，真好。 It’s clever of you to work out the maths problem. 你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。 2) 若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb.，这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。例： It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。 It’s difficult for u s to finish the work. 对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。 for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for. 如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for.) 由此可知，该题的正确答案应该为A项。 提交人：f7_liyf 时间：1/24/2008 11:18:42
介词for基本可以归纳为以下几点: 1.for"对……来说"(利益) All for one, and one for all. 人人为我,我为人人。 For all the students, for student s’ all. 为了一切的学生，为了学生的一切。 Smoking is not good for the health. 吸烟有害健康。 2. for"由于"(理由,原因) She was angry with him for being late. 她生气是因为他迟到。 3. In 1933, Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA. for"向,往……"(方向,目的地) This ship is for San Francisco. 这艘船是开往旧金山的。 4. ... but asked for very little money. for"目的,追求"(以……为目的,为了得到……) What is this for? 这是做什么用的? She does exercises for her figure. 为了保持身材,她做有运动。 5. He once refused to speak on the radio for $1,000 a minute. for"交换,抵偿报酬"(以……的金额,与……交换……) She took the blouse back to the store and changed it for another. 她把这件短上衣拿回店里换另一件。 I bought this set of coffee cups for $20. 我花了20美元购买这套咖啡杯。 6. Another time, someone saw him using a cheque for $1,500 as a bookmark. for"面值……" She handed me a bill for $100. 她给了我一张100美元的帐单。 介词of用法：1: 表示剥夺,除去Clarify the river of flowing rubbish 2: of接直接宾语Remind sb. of his duties 3: of接间接宾语Ask a question of sb 4: of表示人物的特性,籍贯,特性或出生等He is of Irish descend 5: 固定词组The room smells of stale cabbage. to的用法一：表示相对，针对be strange to 二：表示对比，比较 1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较
to和for的用法有什么不同（一） 一、引出间接宾语时的区别 两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for，具体应注意以下三种情况： 1. 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. 2. 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose, prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes?
正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 3. 有的动词由于用法和含义不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如： do sb a favor＝do a favor for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm＝do harm to sb 对某人有害 在有的情况下，可能既不用for 也不用to，而用其他的介词。如： play sb a trick＝play a trick on sb 作弄某人 请比较： play sb some folk songs＝play some folk songs for sb 给某人演奏民歌 有时同一个动词，由于用法不同，所搭配的介词也可能不同，如leave sbsth 这一结构，若表示一般意义的为某人留下某物，则用介词for 引出间接宾语，即说leave sth for sb；若表示某人死后遗留下某物，则用介词to 引出间接宾语，即说leave sth to sb。如： Would you like to leave him a message? / Would you like to leave a message for him? 你要不要给他留个话？ Her father left her a large fortune. / Her father left a large fortune to her. 她父亲死后给她留下了一大笔财产。 二、表示目标或方向的区别 两者均可表示目标、目的地、方向等，此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。如： 1. 在come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return 等动词之后通常用介词to 表示目标或目的地。如： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 They walked to a river. 他们走到一条河边。
for的用法完全归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle.正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 (1)有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通 常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。 用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。 We all hope for success. 我们都盼望成功。 Are you coming in for some tea? 你要不要进来喝点茶？ 用法5：给(某人)，供(某人)用。如： That’s for you. 这是给你的。 Here is a letter for you. 这是你的信。 Have you room for me there? 你那边能给我腾出点地方吗？ 用法6：(表原因、理由)因为，由于。如：
202X中考英语：to和for的区别与用法中考栏目我为考生们整理了“202X中考英语：to和for的区别与用法”，希望能帮到大家，想了解更多考试资讯，本网站的及时更新哦。 202X中考英语：to和for的区别与用法 to和for的区别与用法是什么 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb. 表示对某人有直接影响比如，食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for 表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说，例如对某人而言是重要的，就用for. for和to这两个介词，意义丰富，用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语? 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。
2.对于 1.She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2.She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋。 3.表示赞成同情，用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法? 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为，由于(常有较活译法) 1.Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法，对于(某人)，对?来说(多和形容词连用)用介词to，不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。
keep的用法 1. 用作及物动词 ①意为"保存；保留；保持；保守"。如： Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗？ ②意为"遵守；维护"。如： Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必须遵守规章制度。 The teacher is keeping order in class.老师正在课堂上维持秩序。 ③意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。这时要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构 成复合宾语。其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。如： 例：We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词) 我们应保持教室整洁干净。 You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)你最好让孩子离火远一点。 The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。 Don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。 The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词) 班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。 2. 用作连系动词 构成系表结构：keep＋表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"。其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。如： 例：You must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容词) 你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。 Keep off the grass.(副词)请勿践踏草地。 Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.(介词短语)英国的交通是靠左边行驶的。 注意：一般情况下，keep后接形容词较为多见。再如： She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静。 Please keep silent in class.课堂上请保持安静。 3. ①keep doing sth. 意为"继续干某事"，表示不间断地持续干某事，keep后不 能接不定式或表示静止状态的v-ing形式，而必须接延续性的动词。 例：He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。 Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.坚持互相传球，你们就