定语从句中 which\ that 的用法与区别
修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分
使用that的情况：
1.当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。
e.g. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?
2.当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。
e.g. I have some books that are very good.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
e.g. This is the first book that I bought mysel
f.
The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.
4.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时
e.g. Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.
5.当先行词在从句和主句中都作表语时,无论先行词是人还是物.
China is no longer the country that she was.
6.如有两个定语从句,其中一个已用which引导,另一个宜用that .
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
7.在there be句型中,只用that.
He asked for the latest book (that) there is on the subject.
8.当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等词修饰时。
e.g. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.
9.当先行词又有人又有物时。
e.g. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.
只能使用which的情况。
1、非限制性定语从句中。
e.g. Mary has a book, which is very precious.
2、在介词之后。
e.g. This is a house in which lives an old man.
3、当主句中的主语被that修饰时。
e.g. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.
定语从句中的特殊用法 定语从句是起定语作用的,修饰,说明名词,代词或句子内容的从句,被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句，并在句中担任成分的词叫做关系代词或关系副词。定语从句是高考常考内容之一，使用时要尤其注意以下十种特殊用法。 一、只用that不用which的情况 1、当先行词是all, little, few, much, something,everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。 I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我说的话全都告诉他。 2、当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。例如：The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。 That’sthe very thing that we can do.那正是我们能做的事。 3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。 This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。 4、被修饰词为数词时。例如： Yesterday I caught two fishes and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。 5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。例句：There’sstill a room that is free.还有一个空房间。
英语中定语从句的基本用法(一) 摘要]本文通过实例浅析了英语中定语从句的基本 用法,如有不当之处,望大家批评指正。 关键词]定语从句用法宾语主语 英语,作为一门学科,每天有很多人在其中徜徉,可是也有 很多人虽为它倾注了很多精力却依然觉得举首无措?的确,在 英语中有很多的学问,需要我们去了解和掌握,下面就其中的某 个方面——定语从句,通过实例,分析一下它的基本用法,和大 家一起学习。 在句子中用作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常位 于它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语 从句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语和定语等等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。 I.由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that引导的定 语从句。 i.who代替人,在从句中作主语。 e.g.Amanwhodoesn’ttrytolearnfromotherscannot hopetoachievemuch. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 ii.whom代替人,在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略。 e.g.Theengineerwhomwemetyesterdayhaveworked outanewautomaticdevice. 我们昨天碰到的工程师研制出了一种新型的自动化装置。 iii.whose代替人或物,在从句中作定语。 e.g.MadamCurieisagreatscientistwhosenameis knownallovertheworld. 居里夫人是一位世界闻名的伟大科学家。Theyliveinthehousewhosedoorandwindowsareall broken. 他们住在一间门窗都已破败不堪的房子里。 iv.which代替物,在从句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语。作宾 语时,通常可以省略。 e.g.Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsinone directiononly. 直流电是沿着一个方向流动的电流。Themusictowhichwelistenedlastnightwaswrittenby myfather. 我们昨晚欣赏的音乐是由我父亲写的。 v.that代替人或物。在从句中作主语或宾语,但不能作介 词宾语。作宾语是通常可以省略。 e.g.HeistheonlyoneamongusthatknowsEnglish. 他是我们中间唯一懂英语的人。ThecarthatalmostcrashedintomebelongedtoBrown.
which, who引导的定语从句 看下面的几个例句： It successfully shows the rich culture which makes Beijing so famous. 它成功地展示了使北京闻名遐迩的悠久文化。 The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 我们最喜欢的照片是赵敏照的 先行词是物 It successfully shows the rich culture which makes Beijing so famous. 引导词在从句中作主语 先行词是物 The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 引导词在从句中作宾语 由此，我们可以看出：which引导的定语从句修饰的是无生命的东西。which 在从句中的成分是可以作主语，也可以作宾语。 下面我们再看一个句子： 先行词是人 His father is the person who will be most unhappy. 引导词在从句中作主语 由此，我们可以看出： 如果先行词是人，那么定语从句的引导词就可以是who。 注意：当who 在从句中作宾语时，在现代语法规则简化为大多数情况下都可用who了。 如：Do you know Mr Zhang who(m) they like very much? 在先行词是物的定语从句中，一般情况下that和which都可以通用, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。 (1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不 定代词时。 I am sure she has something that you can borrow. (2).先行词被all, little, much, every, no, 等修饰时。 I’ve read all the books that are not mine. (3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that he has read (4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。 This is the very book that belongs to him. (5)先行词为人和物的组合。 They talked for an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the
Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点 1. We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly. A.which B.as C.why D.where 2.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car. A.which B.as C.why D.where 两道题都选where ，但是case, situation 都不是地点，如何理解？ 在“先行词不是表示地点的名词”的前提下，如何判断是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题是一个高频考点。就是说，关系副词where所指代的先行词不只是表示地点的名词。 用Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解，当where引导定语从句时，它的先行词就是表示地点的名词，但事实并不是我
们想象的那么简单。很多情况下，where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请看以下几个例句： 1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other. 请记住，最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。 点评：这里where引导的定语从句修饰先行词one，也就是relationship (此处one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地点名词，但此处却用了where来引导，where在这里表示“在这样的感情关系下”。从定语从句的结构来看，定语从句不缺主语和宾语，引导词where在从句中充当的是状语。 2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low. 欺诈行为在这种情况下最有可能发生：利益重大， 而且欺诈行为被发现的可能性小。
一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1．作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如： The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3．作定语用whose, 如： (a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. （二）关系副词的用法： 1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,
关于which引导从句的小结： 关系代词which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语，既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。 1. 引导限制性定语从句 A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. [ stock存货] 商店应存有最畅销的货物。 This is the family which is planning to move to the city 这是要搬进城里的一家。 2. 引导非限制性定语从句。 （1 ）用来指代一个句子。 Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen. 因特网是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能发生。 （2 ）用来指代句子的一部分。 When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him. 他常常陷入沉思，这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。 （3 ）如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句，第二个which 前要加and. He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend. 他买了本鲁迅写的书，他决定送给朋友。
练习1. [1. board董事会 2. data资料,数据 3. shareholder 【英】股东 4. on behalf of代表 5. guard保护] The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders. which的先行词是谁？ 译文：保护客户资料的能力是市场价值的关键，董事会代表股东对市场价值负有责任。 【难点小结：1.介词短语 2.which 的先行词 3. 非限制性定语从句有时要翻译成一句话】 例2. 【1.semiconductor半导体 2. casualty伤亡，灭亡，覆灭 3.< A sit at the heart of B> A是B的核心】
定语从句三 (关系副词的用法) 一．关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指______，在定语从句中做________。 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指_______，在定语从句中做_________。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指_______，在定语从句中做________。 、 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词＋关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city where/in which I was born. 二．关系代词和关系副词的区别 1. 取决于从句中的谓语动词。 不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系副词或介词+关系代词； 及物动词后接宾语，就要求用关系代词。 ~ 2. 要看他们在从句中充当什么成分而定，即先行词在从句中是作主语、宾语还是作状语而定。 (1) This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. (2) I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. (3) I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 【专项练习3】 用关系代词、关系副词或介词+关系代词填空 1. I’ll never forget the days __________ we spent together in Paris. 2. I’ll remember the days __________ we stayed together in Paris. 3. This is the factory ____________ we visited last year. ) 4. This is the farm ____________ Lincoln once worked 5. The reason ___________ he missed the speech is that he forgot the time.
定语从句的基本用法 先请认真阅读下列各句，下列各句中的黑体部分均为该句所包含的定语从句： 1.This is the teacher who played basketball with us yesterday. 2.Tom is the boy whom they are looking for. 3.The house , which they built last year looks very new. 4.Physics is the most interesting subject that we learnt in the middle school. 从以上各句中我们可以看出定语从句是用来修饰它前面的名词或代词的，它起着修饰或限定作用。当然定语从句也可以用来修饰一个句子，在此我们不作讨论。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句所修饰的词是一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物，一般不能省略，拿掉后剩下的部分则没有意义，或者表述不清。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，拿掉以后剩下的部分仍然可以成立，常常用逗号将其隔开。例如： This is the place where the Chinese Communist Party was founded. 此句中的定语从句是限制性定语从句。如果拿掉则This is the place.一句没有意义。 This message was left by Xiao Wang, who telephoned you just now. 此句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。如果拿掉则This message was left by Xiao Wang,一句仍有意义。 被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词称为关系代词或关系副词。常见的关系代词和关系副词有who, whom,that,whose,which,where,when,why等。现在我们侧重讨论如何使用这些关系代词和关系副词。如果关系代词在从句中作主语时一般不能省略，而作宾语时一般可以省略。 一，关系代词who, whom的用法。 1.who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须表示人），在从句中可以担任主语。也可以在 从句中担任宾语，但是它的前面不能带介词，如果带介词则必须使用宾格whom。 whom在从句中只能担任宾语。例如： a)This is the teacher who often tells us interesting stories in class. b)Mary is the girl who/whom Tom wants to marry. c)Mrs White is a teacher whom every student likes. d)She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 2.在定语从句中当先行词表示人时who和that是通用的。例如： a)Miss Green is the new teacher who/that teaches us spoken English. b)John’s father is an engineer who/that came to see him last Wednesday. 但在下列情况下则宜用who 而不用that。
定语从句中的that和which的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that（指人或物）,which （指物）,who (指人）.指人时可用that或who ；指物时可用that 或which 。 That和which在从句里都可以做宾语和主语，做宾语时可以省略。指物时，两者一般可以互换，但在下列情况下只能用that： 1）当先行词是all ,any ,anything ,everything ,nothing 或被它们修饰时.例如： Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么可以为你做的吗? All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做. 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时.例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop . 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一. The first thing that we should do is to get some food . 我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的. 3）当先行词有：the only ,the very ,the same ,the last 等修饰时.例如：
My necklace is not the only thing that's missing . 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西. 4）当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或who .以避免重复.例如： Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁? 5）当先行词既有人又有物时,用that .例如： The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known . 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名. 请注意: 以下几种只能使用which的情况: 1.引导非限制性定语从句，用which。 2.在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。 如：The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 注意：如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首，which就可换为that，例如：This is the question which/that we've had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we've had so much discussion.
定语从句用法总结 一.定义：定语由一个句子来充当，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句。 eg: The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.其中划线部分为定语从句。 二.分类：分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，还有间隔性定语从句。 eg: is the school (that/which)we visited last year. （限制性定语从句） weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect. （非限制性定语从句） days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.（间隔性定语从句） ] 注：定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句无逗号隔开、不可缺少、起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句有逗号隔开、可有可无、起补充说明作用。 三.构成：定语从句有先行词、引导词和从句构成。 先行词是定语从句所修饰限制的名词或代词。 引导词是用来引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。 eg: The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other. 此句中先行词为：narrow streets and small houses, ( 引导词为：that，定语从句为：that are built close to each other 四．基本原则 定语从句中不能出现与先行词在意义上相一致的词 is the book that I like it best .(it 与book指同一物，所以要去掉。) 五．定语从句中常见考点：
定语从句中用Which的几种情况 Abstract :Generally, when talking about the differences between “that”and “which”in the Attributive Clauses, teachers like to emphasize the uses of “that”. So most students are familiar with them and know how to use “that”.But many of th e students don’t know the relative pronoun “which” also has many uses .In the past few years, “which”appeared more frequently in NMET than “that”.So in this article , the author mainly show us when to use “which” and give a complete conclusion of “which”. Key words: which 定语从句指代物指代人 通常，在讲定语从句关系代词“that”与“which”的区别时，老师喜欢强调“that”的用法，大部分学生对其比较熟悉，也知道如何使用“that”。然而，关系代词“which”的用法同样比较多。它既可以指物，也可以指人（这一点可能许多同学不太熟悉和了解）：既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。近几年来，高考对“which”的考查越来越多。请看下面几个高考题： 1 . The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80%_______ are sold abroad . (2004年辽宁卷, 答案:A .which指代物) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 2 . The journey around the world took the sailor nine months ,________ the sailing time was 226 days .(2004年广西卷,答案A . which 指代物) A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 3 . Frank’s dream was to have his own shop ______ to produce the workings of his owm hands. (2005年湖南卷答案：B which 指代物) A. that B. in which C. by which D. on which 4 . The English play _______my students acted at the New Year’s party was great success .(200 5 年全国I卷答案:C which指代物) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 5 . Her sister has become a lawyer , _______ she wanted to be . ( 2005年湖北卷答案D which指代人) A. who B. that C. what D. which 因此，掌握“which”在何种情况下使用是非常有必要的。那么，“which”到底有那些用法呢？笔者在多年的教学实践中将“which”的用法进行了较全面的总结。现将其一些较特殊的和不常见的用法予以展示, 希望可对各位同仁和英语爱好者有所帮助。 一、先行词表物时下列情况只用which;不能用that： 1、在定语从句中,当关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时 Eg：①.The table under which the boy crawled was put up for aution. 男孩在下面爬的那张桌子被拿去拍卖了。 ②.Light is the fast thing in the world , the speed of which is 300,000 kilometers per second. 世界上光的速度是最快的,其速度是每秒三十万公里。 ③.He once participated the investigation the result of which will be soon published. 他参加了结果不久就将公布的那项调查。 另外，还可以在不定式作定语的结构中作介词宾语。此时不定式短语相当于一个定语从句。 Eg : ①. The key with which to open the door has been lost. 开这扇门的钥匙不见了。
A good student A developing country A developed country A 5-star friend A man named Chuck A language widely used 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的主谓结构(完整的基本句子结构-----五种句型)。 ↓↓ （主句之中）先行词关系词+其它成分 ↓ 在定语从句中必须担当一个成分。 ↓ 定语从句中缺啥就补啥 定语从句(The Attributive Clause) ( (二)关系代词的作用 1. 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。 先行词是物：which that 先行词是人：who that ※由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。 e.g. This is the man who helped me. The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? ※在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who, whom, 也可用that。 e.g. The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor. The boy (who/whom/that) you saw just now is my brother. 3. 关系代词的具体用法及作用 1).who指人，在从句中做主语。 如：The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2). whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 如：Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如：The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3). which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略
非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。 which引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 ① which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。 如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 She is an artist，which I am not. 她是一位艺术家，而我不是。 Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 ② which指代主句中的形容词。 如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。
定语从句 思维导图 易考易错点总结 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括： 1．考查如何正确选择关系词 解题思路：找出从句，确定被修饰词，即先行词→将先行词代入定语从句，判断先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分:若作主语、宾语、表语、定语，则选择关系代词；若作状语则选关系副词。 2．考查whose的用法 whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose＋名词＝名词＋of which＝of which＋名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 3．考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句 尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和that，what引导的主语从句的区别。4．考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。 如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5．考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。 如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要注意包含复杂介词或代词短语的定语从句与并列句的区别。 如：(1)He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) (2)He loves his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句)
which引导的定语从句的用法 WHICH可以引导定语从句，修饰表示事物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。例如：HEWASREADINGABOOK， WHICHWASABOUTWAR.他正在读一本关于战争的书。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当主语。） HEWASREADINGABOOK，WHICHHEHADBOUGHTFROMLONDON.他正在读一本书，这本书是从伦敦买回来的。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当宾语。） WHICH引导非限定性定语从句时有一个特殊用法，即它所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰主句中更多的部分甚至整个主句（这时被定语从句所修饰的“先行词”要作广义理解），WHICH仍在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：HESETFREETHEBIRDSHAPPILY， WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS.他开心地把鸟放了，这是对他成功的一种庆祝。 把非限定性定语从句“WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”的先行词视为主句中的“THEBIRDS”显然不符合整句的语境，被 “WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”所修饰的是整个主句，WHICH所引导的这类特殊的非限定性定语从句对主句所叙述的情况进行某种意义的补充说明，WHICH常可译为“这一点，这件事”。 ［考题1］ YOUCANFINDWHATEVERYOUNEEDATTHESHOPPINGCENTRE， ____ISALWAYSBUSYATTHEWEEKEND.（2006上海春） A.THAT B.WHERE C.WHAT D.WHICH ［答案］D
定语从句（三） 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。 ②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where。不可用why。 2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况： （1）关系代词指代整个主句内容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy. （2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. （3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时 e.g. You’ve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,
非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句： ⑴非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。 ⑵非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 ⑶从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。 ⑷与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as 和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。 例如： ①We will fly to Xi’an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days. 我们将先飞往西安，在那里我们打算停留两天。 ②My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year. 我的妻子是位医生，她今年在国外工作。 ③As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state. 众所周知，冰是水的固态。 ㈢非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题 ⑴在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。 例如： ①My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isn’t running well. 先行词是car ②He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行词是he had never seen her before ⑵which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较 which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。（见第一讲中as 引导的定语从句） 例如： ①He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. ②As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. ③Mike is late, as is often the case. ④I never heard such stories as he told. ⑤She knew he felt just the same as she did. ⑶在从句中作宾语的关系代词which, who, whom一般不省略。 例如： ①Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. ②He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies. 4. as与which的区别：