Estimation of 210Po and 210Pb and its dose to human beings due to consumption of marine species of Ennore Creek,South India
M.Saiyad Musthafa &R.Krishnamoorthy
Received:8May 2010/Accepted:14October 2011#Springer Science+Business Media B.V .2011
Abstract A systemic study on the natural radio-nuclides such as 210Po and 210Pb in the environmental matrices and biota of Ennore Creek has been undertaken to establish a baseline data on the radiation profile of Ennore Creek environment.The environmental samples such as water,sediment,and biota (seaweeds,molluscs,crustaceans,and fishes)have been subjected to analyses.It has been observed that the concentration of 210Po and 210Pb in the water samples of Ennore Creek as 2.7and 1.63m Bq L ?1,respectively.The activity concentration of 210Po and 210
Pb in the sediment sample was 17.9and 28.9Bq kg ?1,respectively.The bivalve mollusk Perna viridis have been identified to accumulate higher concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb suggesting that they could serve as bioindicator of radionuclides in the Ennore Creek environment.The committed
effective dose for human beings was found at 81.13–216.8and 2.1–297.2μSv year ?1for 210Po and 210Pb,respectively.
Keywords Ennore Creek .Natural radionuclides .Committed effective dose .Biota
Introduction
210
Po,a high-energy α-particle emitter in the 238U decay chain,is accumulated in very high levels in marine organisms and in fact is responsible for the majority of the internal radiation dose (Cherry and Heyraud 1981;Carvalho 1988).Furthermore,because of these high accumulations of 210Po,which occur in the edible portions of marine organisms,210Po is considered to be the most important contributor of radiation dose received by humans via fish and shellfish consumption (Aarkrog et al.1997).
The consumption of marine foodstuffs contain-ing radioactivity,including fish,seaweeds,and manufactured products,is ordinarily the exposure pathway of greatest importance.The levels of radionuclides in the edible portions of marine plants and animals may be many times higher than that in the seawater because of biological
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DOI
10.1007/s10661-011-2417-8
M.S.Musthafa (*)
Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology,The New College,
Chennai 600014,Tamilnadu,India
e-mail:saiyad_musthafa@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f74276341.html,
R.Krishnamoorthy
Department of Biotechnology,Bharathidasan University,Tiruchirappalli 620024,Tamilnadu,India
reconcentration processes.Among the natural radionuclides occurring in the oceans,alpha emit-ters are considered the most important with respect to potential internal radiation exposure of living tissues.A large contribution to the radiation dose received by marine fauna comes from members of the naturally occurring uranium series accumulated in the body,especially polonium as210Po(Cherry et al.1994).210Po is found to be the major contributor (90%)to the natural radiation dose coming from alpha-emitting radionuclides received by most marine organisms(McDonald et al.1993).
The accumulation of210Po in marine organisms is generally derived from the food chain(Carvalho and Fowler1993),and significant differences in the amount of210Po have been noted in various marine species.For example,2.4Bq kg?1wet weight in fish, 15Bq/kg wet weight in molluscs,and6Bq kg?1wet weight in crustaceans have been computed as“glob-al”average concentrations of210Po in the edible fraction of these types of organisms(Aarkrog et al. 1997).Especially high levels of210Po have been observed in the individual tissues and organs of these species such as the digestive track of fish,the digestive gland of molluscs,and the hepatopancreas of crustaceans;these levels of210Po are generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than in the muscle of these species(Cherry et al.1983;Skwarzec and Falkowski1988;Stepnowski and Skwarzec2000). The concentration and distribution of210Pb,210Po, and226Ra have been studied extensively in the biosphere and more particularly in the human envi-ronment(Osborne1963;Beasely and Palmer1966; Schell et al.1973).Studies on210Pb is particularly important because the amount of the daughter210Bi and210Po in the human and animal(Holtzman1996). The occurrences of210Pb in the environment have been recognized for more than50years.Since it is an ubiquitous component of the natural radiation envi-ronment and hence it is present almost in all abiotic and biotic component leading to direct and indirect human radiation exposure(Holtzman1996),the210Pb is strongly accumulated by organisms and transferred via food along a trophic chain(Cherry and Shannon 1974;Skwarzec and Falkowski1988).The internal dose delivered by210Pb to the general population is important relative to other hazardous radionuclides in environment.There is no systemic data for natural radionuclides in the biota of Ennore Creek.This present baseline study determines the concentrations in biota and committed effective dose due to210Po and210Pb.
Materials and methods
Study area
Physiographic setting
Ennore Creek(latitude13°15′N and longitude80°19′E)is a fresh/brackish water system,which is nearly 800m wide and elongated in a NE–SW direction (Fig.1).Ennore Creek is complex,the average depth rarely exceeding5m in the non-monsoon period, being fed by Koratalaiyar River and the Buckingham Canal;it is also connected to the Pulicat brackish water lake on the northern side,which once nurtured rich fauna and flora,including mangroves.The Ennore Creek flows from the west to east and open into the Bay of Bengal.It is located in the northeastern part of Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India and is spread over an area of4km2along the coast of Bay of Bengal.
The Ennore Creek is the estuary of the river Kortaliar,which is an outlet for the excess water from the Poondi reservoir.The Ennore Creek flows from the west to east and open into the Bay of Bengal,at Ennore.
Sample collection and process
Samples of water,sediment,seaweeds(Gracilaria edulis,Ulva reticulata,and Sargasum wightii),crus-taceans(Penaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon), bivalves(Perna viridis,Mytilus edulis,and Mytilius gravincia provincialis),and fish(Sacinella fimbriata and Tilapia mossambica)were collected(each sample taken seven times)from the Ennore Creek.The biological samples were washed thoroughly with distilled water to free them from attached sand/silt owing to high radionuclide association with silt/ detritus materials.The soft tissue and muscle from shell and bone were separated in molluscan,crusta-cean,and fish.The wet weights of the samples were recorded and then dried in an oven at110°C overnight to obtain the dry weights.
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Fig.1Map showing the study area
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210Po analysis
Water
Approximately50L of water was filtered through pre-weighted Whatman?cellulose filter paper(pore size0.45μm)and acidified with concentrated HCl to pH1.Fe3+carrier(500mg)was added to the filtered and acidified sample and the210Po in the filtered water was collected on Fe(OH)3by slow addition of concentrated ammonium hydroxide with rapid stirring until pH reached9.Two repeat precipitations were carried out to completely carry210Po activity by Fe (OH)3.The precipitate was dissolved in0.5N HCl and210Po deposited on both sides of a polished silver planchette by electrochemical deposition technique. Alpha counting was carried out following the procedure of Flynn(1968)and Iyengar et al.(1980).
Analysis of210Po in biota
The biota samples were dried,homogenized,and transferred to a400-ml beaker and repeatedly digested with a concentrated HNO3:H2O2(1:1) oxidizing mixture until a white ash was obtained. The residue was evaporated with concentrated HCl repeatedly to convert to chloride medium,then taken up in0.5N HCl and210Po was plated on a silver planchette by electrochemical deposition method and the activity was alpha counted following the method given below.
Electrochemical deposition of210Po
The sample solution in0.5N HCl was placed on a magnetic stirrer with thermostat control at a temper-ature of90°C.Ascorbic acid(100mg)was added to reduce ferric ions to ferrous,thus eliminating its interference in electrochemical deposition of poloni-um.A silver planchette(0.8-mm thickness and2.5-cm diameter)of predetermined background and whose both sides were brightly polished with emery paper was suspended in the sample solution by means of a nylon thread at the end of a glass rod,connected to a stirrer.The silver planchette was kept spinning for a period of5–6h with the aid of the stirrer.Spontane-ous deposition of210Po on both sides of the silver planchette took place under these conditions.At the end of the plating period,the planchette was taken out,rinsed with alcohol,dried under infrared lamp for few minutes,and counted for activity on both sides in an alpha counter.Deposition efficiency of210Po on biological samples spiked with uranium ore solution containing equilibrium activity of210Po using the above method yielded a recovery range varying from 95%to100%with an average efficiency of98±2%. The counting instrument used was a Radiation Counting System(ECIL-RCS4027-A)with an alpha counter of ZnS(Ag)detector(ECIL-SP647-A) having a background of0.1–0.2cpm and a counting efficiency of25–28%for239Pu(244.4dpm)standard source.
210Pb analysis
Water
Water(~100L)was filtered through pre-weighted Whatman?cellulose filter paper(pore size0.45μm) and passed through ferric hydroxide-impregnated acrylic fiber(25g)packed in a glass column at a flow rate of50–60ml/min(Krishnaswamy et al. 1972).After complete passage of the river water,the column was washed with distilled water,and the fiber was transferred to a500-ml beaker containing hot8N HCl.The fiber was kept immersed for some time to leach out the ferric hydroxide matrix containing210Pb and other radioelements that have strong affinities for adsorption.Treatment of the ferric hydroxide-coated fiber with hot8N HCl was continued until the fiber was bleached white.The leachate was evaporated to dryness on a hot plate,followed by dissolution of the residue in2M HNO3and made up to50ml.This solution was then used for the determination of210Pb via its beta-emitting daughter(Iyengar et al.1980; Kamath et al.1964).
Analysis of210Pb in biota
The biota samples were dried,homogenized,and repeatedly digested with a concentrated HNO3+ H2O2(1:1)mixture to achieve complete decomposi-tion until a white ash was obtained.The residue was leached with2N HNO3,filtered,and made up to 50ml.This solution was then used for210Pb determination.
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Determination of210Pb
To the above-mentioned solution(50ml),Pb carrier (100mg),and Ba carrier(10mg)were added and boiled.Sulfates were then precipitated with9N H2SO4.The210Pb carried on the Ba(Pb)SO4 precipitate was dissolved in ammoniacal EDTA. Barium sulfate was then precipitated with acetic acid leaving the carrier Pb and210Pb in solution.The solution was stored for50days to allow for the growth of210Bi.Bismuth carrier(10mg)and Ca carrier(200mg)were then added and Bi(OH)3was precipitated with ammonia.Then,Bi(OH)3was dissolved in0.5N HNO3.The210Bi was then precipitated with H3PO4as BiPO4,which was then washed,dried,and counted for beta activity in a special type of low background beta-counting system. The counting system consisted of a gas flow type GM counter with argon as the counting gas and isopropyl alcohol vapor as the quenching agent.Coincidence and anticoincidence technique was used to reduce the background.A15-cm thick lead shield surrounding the detector also reduced the background consider-ably.The background of the counting system was 1.5–2.0cpm,with a counting efficiency of40%for 40K beta energy.The sample purity was checked by following up the210Bi decay over a120-h period,and the final activity was calculated by applying the necessary corrections for decay,chemical recovery (80±4%),date of sampling,etc.Spiked experimental recoveries on water and biological samples using the above method yielded an overall efficiency of90%.
Committed effective dose calculations
Committed effective doses(CEDs)were calculated using conversion factors(in sieverts per becquerel) for adults adopted in the coordinated project MAR-DOS(IAEA1995),namely,4.3×10?8for210Po and 6.9×10?7for210Pb.Therefore,the dose calculations proceeded using the following formulas:
D Poà120?4:3?10à7?C Poà210?Ire1T
D Pbà210?6:9?10à7?C Pbà210?Ire2Twhere D Po?210and D Pb?210are the CED values for 210Po and210Pb,respectively(in sievert per year),C Pb?210and C Po?210are the radionuclide concen-trations in the edible part of fish(in becquerels per kilogram wet weight),and Ir is the ingestion rate(in kilograms per year).The ingestion rate used for biota is the international mean(FAO1999)equal to 4.45kg year?1.
Results and discussion
The activity concentration of210Po and210Pb mea-sured in the water,sediment,and biota(seaweeds, molluscs,crustaceans,and fishes)was collected from Ennore Creek,South India is given in Table1.All the results are discussed on the basis of dry weight.
The210Po and210Pb concentration in the water sample of Ennore Creek was found to be2.7and1.63m Bq L?1,respectively.Bukhari et al.(2003)reported that the210Po and210Pb activity in coastal water of Palk Strait mean valve was1.54and3.15mBq L?1. These values are lesser than the Gulf of Mannar coastal water(34.18mBq L?1)(Somasundaram 1998).The activity concentration of210Po and 210Pb in the sediment sample was17.9and 28.9Bq kg?1,respectively.The reported210Pb value is higher than the value recorded in Kalpakkam beach (3.2Bq kg?1)which is less when compared to the Gulf of Mannar sediment(35.3Bq kg?1)and Kalpakkam beach sediment(385Bq kg?1;Iyengar et al.1980).
Three species of seaweeds(https://www.doczj.com/doc/f74276341.html,lis,U.reticulata, and S.wightii)were analyzed for210Po and210Pb the concentration which ranged from19.6to 32.1Bq kg?1and from2.0to4.7Bq kg?1,respec-tively.The concentrations of210Po and210Pb in the seaweed were found to be in the range of 5.90–20.0Bq kg?1and1.35–1.98Bq kg?1,respectively (Bukhari et al.2003).Among the seaweeds,S.wightii displayed high activity of210Po level(20.00Bq kg?1) than the others.The recorded values are lower with the values reported by Masilamani(2001).The accumulation of210Pb was,however,significantly lower than that of210Po in all the species of seaweeds examined.It was observed that Hypena sp.was found to have Pb-210in higher concentration(1.98Bq kg?1) than the others.
In the present study,the bivalves(P.viridis,M. edulis,and M.gravincia provincialis)accumulated the highest concentration(96.12–113.32Bq kg?1and
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25.42–96.80Bq kg?1)of210Po and210Pb respectively in the Ennore Creek environment.The maximum concentrations of these radionuclides were observed in P.viridis species.Bukhari et al.(2003)observed that the soft tissue recorded a high level of210Po (33.70–345.20Bq kg?1)and shell recorded a high level of210Pb210(6.30–12.10Bq kg?1).The bivalves are used as indicator of pollutants such as heavy metals,pesticides,and radionuclides in the environment for the reason that suspension feeding bivalve mollusks are capable of accumulating con-taminants in biological system(Forester1980).
The concentration of210Po and210Pb in the crustaceans(P.indicus and P.monodon)was ranged between42.4and61.3Bq kg?1and0.7and 1.4Bq kg?1,respectively.Hameed(2001)reported that the Crustacean muscle recorded a high level of 210Po(41.3–89.4Bq kg?1)and exoskeleton recorded a high level of210Pb(40.2–51.6Bq kg?1).It is suggested that the presence of organic moiety such as chitin is responsible for the higher level of210Po in crustaceans.Cherry and Heyraud(1981)states that 210Po has higher binding affinity for organic moiety and possibly accounting for the high activity of210Po in the exoskeleton of crustacean.
The concentration of210Po and210Pb in the fishes (S.fimbriata and T.mossambica)ranged from41.3to 81.6Bq kg?1and from0.72to2.0Bq kg?1.The concentration of210Po in fish muscle was in the range from20.8to181.3Bq kg?1and in bone from12.6to 102.2Bq kg?1(Krishnamoorthy et al.2006b).In this present study,the higher concentration of210Po and 210Pb observed in bivalves could possibly due to their benthic mode of life and detritivore feeding,which tend to accumulate enormously.Germain et al.(1995) reported that the210Po concentrations in the https://www.doczj.com/doc/f74276341.html,lis ranged from90to700Bq kg?1in the English Channel Coast environment of France.This concen-tration was very high when compared with the present study.The210Po and210Pb concentrations in the edible tissues of biota are higher in the present study than reported for biota in the Palk Strait Coastal environment,India(Suriyanarayanan et al.2008)and Marshall Island,USA(Noshkin et al.1994).The values of210Po and210Pb concentrations were higher in the present study than those reported for fishes in the marine environments of Japan and Syria(Yamamoto et al.1994;Al-Masri et al.2000).
The annual dose received by the general public via ingestion of210Po through dietary components is
Table1The concentration of210Po and210Pb and environmental matrices and biota of Ennore Creek,South India Species Activity concentration(Bq kg?1)Committed effective dose(μSv year?1)
210Po (mBq L?1)210Pb
(mBq L?1)
210Po210Pb
Water 2.70±1.24 1.63±0.62––
Sediment17.9±1.328.9±1.7––
Seaweeds
Gracilaria edulis13.6±1.7 2.5±0.21––
Ulva reticulata32.1±2.1 4.7±1.17––
Sargasum wightii19.6±2.2 2.0±0.43––
Bivalves
Perna viridis113.32±7.1096.80±5.25216.8297.2
Mytilus edulis96.12±5.2225.42±1.73183.9278.1
Mytilus gravincia provincialis101.90±5.9049.42±3.08195.7151.74
Prawn
Penaeus indicus61.3±4.3 1.4±0.26117.3 4.3
Penaeus monodoan42.4±2.10.7±0.2281.13 2.1
Fishes
Sarcinella fimbriata41.3±3.10.72±0.3679.03 2.2
Tilapia mossambica81.6±6.7 2.0±0.62156.1 6.1
±standard deviation(number of samples,7)
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important from the fact considerable variations in the intake levels of210Po(Holtzman1996).Radiation dose deposition in human body due to consumption of seafood can be estimated by two methods(IAEA 1995).The first is based on the210Po and210Pb concentrations in the marine water of the fishing areas.The second method is based on the210Po and 210Pb concentrations in the edible tissues of fish.The committed effective dose was found to be79.03–216.8μSv year?1and2.1–297.2μSv year?1for210Po and210Pb,respectively.Krishnamoorthy et al.(2006a) reported that the higher210Po dose is expected via the consumption of fish Sardinella longicepes (552.1μSv year?1)in Athangarai estuary and Thryssa malabarica(406.9μSv year?1)in Punnai-kayal estuary.The CED to the public from210Po due to consumption of seafood from Bombay Harbour bay(2.1–40.0μSv year?1)and Kalpakkam environ-ment(36.3μSv year?1)were lower than the present study reported by Bangera and Rudran(1995)and Rajan et al.(1980).The present study indicated that the dose transfer to the inhabitants of the Ennore Creek through210Po intake was higher when compared to those in Bombay coast and Kalpakkam coast.
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Environ Monit Assess
从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用 在今天中国的许多大学，为适应现代化，信息化的要求，建立了设备完善的适应多媒体教学的教室。许多学科的研究者及现场教员也积极致力于多媒体软件的开发和利用。在大学日语专业的教学工作中，教科书、磁带、粉笔为主流的传统教学方式差不多悄然向先进的教学手段而进展。 一、多媒体课件和精品课程的进展现状 然而，目前在专业日语教学中能够利用的教学软件并不多见。比如在中国大学日语的专业、第二外語用教科书常见的有《新编日语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《中日交流标准日本語》（初级、中级）（人民教育出版社）、《新编基础日语（初級、高級）》（上海译文出版社）、《大学日本语》（四川大学出版社）、《初级日语》《中级日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新世纪大学日语》（外语教学与研究出版社）、《综合日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新编日语教程》（华东理工大学出版社）《新编初级（中级）日本语》（吉林教育出版社）、《新大学日本语》（大连理工大学出版社）、《新大学日语》（高等教育出版社）、《现代日本语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《基础日语》（复旦大学出版社）等等。配套教材以录音磁带、教学参考、习题集为主。只有《中日交流標準日本語（初級上）》、《初級日语》、《新编日语教程》等少数教科书配备了多媒体DVD视听教材。 然而这些试听教材，有的内容为日语普及读物，并不适合专业外语课堂教学。比如《新版中日交流标准日本语（初级上）》，有的尽管DVD视听教材中有丰富的动画画面和语音练习。然而，课堂操作则花费时刻长，不利于教师重点指导，更加适合学生的课余练习。比如北京大学的《初级日语》等。在这种情形下，许多大学的日语专业致力于教材的自主开发。 其中，有些大学的还推出精品课程，取得了专门大成绩。比如天津外国语学院的《新编日语》多媒体精品课程为2007年被评为“国家级精品课”。目前已被南开大学外国语学院、成都理工大学日语系等全国40余所大学推广使用。
Unit1 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is li kely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace
新视野三版读写B2U4Text A College sweethearts 1I smile at my two lovely daughters and they seem so much more mature than we,their parents,when we were college sweethearts.Linda,who's21,had a boyfriend in her freshman year she thought she would marry,but they're not together anymore.Melissa,who's19,hasn't had a steady boyfriend yet.My daughters wonder when they will meet"The One",their great love.They think their father and I had a classic fairy-tale romance heading for marriage from the outset.Perhaps,they're right but it didn't seem so at the time.In a way, love just happens when you least expect it.Who would have thought that Butch and I would end up getting married to each other?He became my boyfriend because of my shallow agenda:I wanted a cute boyfriend! 2We met through my college roommate at the university cafeteria.That fateful night,I was merely curious,but for him I think it was love at first sight."You have beautiful eyes",he said as he gazed at my face.He kept staring at me all night long.I really wasn't that interested for two reasons.First,he looked like he was a really wild boy,maybe even dangerous.Second,although he was very cute,he seemed a little weird. 3Riding on his bicycle,he'd ride past my dorm as if"by accident"and pretend to be surprised to see me.I liked the attention but was cautious about his wild,dynamic personality.He had a charming way with words which would charm any girl.Fear came over me when I started to fall in love.His exciting"bad boy image"was just too tempting to resist.What was it that attracted me?I always had an excellent reputation.My concentration was solely on my studies to get superior grades.But for what?College is supposed to be a time of great learning and also some fun.I had nearly achieved a great education,and graduation was just one semester away.But I hadn't had any fun;my life was stale with no component of fun!I needed a boyfriend.Not just any boyfriend.He had to be cute.My goal that semester became: Be ambitious and grab the cutest boyfriend I can find. 4I worried what he'd think of me.True,we lived in a time when a dramatic shift in sexual attitudes was taking place,but I was a traditional girl who wasn't ready for the new ways that seemed common on campus.Butch looked superb!I was not immune to his personality,but I was scared.The night when he announced to the world that I was his girlfriend,I went along
Unit 1 1学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 2我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 3到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 4好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不。大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 5直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 6网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 7我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 8学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.
教案检查记录情况记录 精品文档 教案检查记录情况记录 根据学校安排，由教导处组织，学校领导、各教研组长参加，对2013年春季 开学至3月22号期间的教师教案和学生作业情况进行了检查，检查情况汇总如下: 语文组: 本次教案编写课时量充足，设计合理，结构完整，详略得当，作业次数充足， 批注认真，有评语。特别是杨焕荣、尹秋菊等老师的教案内容充实，书写认真，反 思深刻。 数学组: 各教师教案编写认真，规范，内容充实，环节完整，有教学反思。且能从实际 出发，由感而发，作业批改及时，有详细的批注，评语。简亚丽、何修建、王新爱 等老师，教案编写、作业批改很认真 英语组: 通过检查英语组全体教师都能认真备课且设计合理，条理清楚，书写工整。写 有反思的有楚玉莉、董玉玲、余为勇、陈海云老师。作业形式多样，批改认真，董 玉玲、孙俊老师全批全改且有鼓励性语言的有余为勇，存在问题是个别教师备课量 虽足但过于简单，没写课后反思。 政史地组: 本次检查中，教案编写都较认真，及时，足额，且内容较为充实，完备，结构 完整，书写认真，反思深刻，设计 1 / 12 精品文档
操作性强，方法多样，体现了新课改理念，作业批改较及时认真，个别同志有 针对性评语，对学生进行详细评价，具有很大的促进作用。但也有个别同志教案过 于简单，不能完全体现新课改要求，设计不十分合理，需要大力改进。 理化生组: 大多数教师多为详案，书写认真，结构完整，节节有反思。作业有批有改，极 个别教师部分教案书写有点简单，内容空洞。 通过各组反馈情况，总结如下: 好的方面 1(总体检查情况良好，绝大多数老师能根据所任学科教材及班级实际备课、编 写教案，课时教案目标突出，渗透了新课程理念，以人为本，面向全体，积极倡导 自主、合作、探究的教学模式，有一定教学准备，过程清晰。 2(大部分老师的教案具有内容规范、项目填写齐全、突出重难点等优点，还体 现了学习方法、课后练习具有实效性，学习形式多样性的特点。 3(多数老师能根据教学对象和所教科目的不同、科学设计教案、能根据不同年龄、不同层次的学生，采取不同的内容和进度。 4(教学反思有一定的量，大部分老师课后发现有更好的上课思路、方法，能及 时写的备课本上，补上去或修改 2 / 12 精品文档 好，使下次备课更加完美，较有效地达到了反思的目的。 5多数教师能够认真对待作业的布置及批改这一环节;批改及时、认真，对于作业完成出色或有进步的学生能够给出激励性的评语，调动了学生的积极性;模块测试，单词测试，课文背诵检查到位及时. 存在的问题
新大学日语简明教程课文翻译 第21课 一、我的留学生活 我从去年12月开始学习日语。已经3个月了。每天大约学30个新单词。每天学15个左右的新汉字，但总记不住。假名已经基本记住了。 简单的会话还可以，但较难的还说不了。还不能用日语发表自己的意见。既不能很好地回答老师的提问，也看不懂日语的文章。短小、简单的信写得了，但长的信写不了。 来日本不久就迎来了新年。新年时，日本的少女们穿着美丽的和服，看上去就像新娘。非常冷的时候，还是有女孩子穿着裙子和袜子走在大街上。 我在日本的第一个新年过得很愉快，因此很开心。 现在学习忙，没什么时间玩，但周末常常运动，或骑车去公园玩。有时也邀朋友一起去。虽然我有国际驾照，但没钱，买不起车。没办法，需要的时候就向朋友借车。有几个朋友愿意借车给我。 二、一个房间变成三个 从前一直认为睡在褥子上的是日本人，美国人都睡床铺，可是听说近来纽约等大都市的年轻人不睡床铺，而是睡在褥子上，是不是突然讨厌起床铺了？ 日本人自古以来就睡在褥子上，那自有它的原因。人们都说日本人的房子小，从前，很少有人在自己的房间，一家人住在一个小房间里是常有的是，今天仍然有人过着这样的生活。 在仅有的一个房间哩，如果要摆下全家人的床铺，就不能在那里吃饭了。这一点，褥子很方便。早晨，不需要褥子的时候，可以收起来。在没有了褥子的房间放上桌子，当作饭厅吃早饭。来客人的话，就在那里喝茶；孩子放学回到家里，那房间就成了书房。而后，傍晚又成为饭厅。然后收起桌子，铺上褥子，又成为了全家人睡觉的地方。 如果是床铺的话，除了睡觉的房间，还需要吃饭的房间和书房等，但如果使用褥子，一个房间就可以有各种用途。 据说从前，在纽约等大都市的大学学习的学生也租得起很大的房间。但现在房租太贵，租不起了。只能住更便宜、更小的房间。因此，似乎开始使用睡觉时作床，白天折小能成为椅子的、方便的褥子。
新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。 虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。 老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。 由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。 两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。 以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。 每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！” 没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。 我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。 到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。 与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！ 不过情况却远不尽如人意。 由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。 上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。 我开始产生一种畏惧感。 虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。 看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。 这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。 我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。 它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。 我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。 不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。 我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。 有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。 但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。 突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。 尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。 它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。 学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。 与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。 由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。 我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。
习惯与礼仪 我是个漫画家，对旁人细微的动作、不起眼的举止等抱有好奇。所以，我在国外只要做错一点什么，立刻会比旁人更为敏锐地感觉到那个国家的人们对此作出的反应。 譬如我多次看到过，欧美人和中国人见到我们日本人吸溜吸溜地出声喝汤而面露厌恶之色。过去，日本人坐在塌塌米上，在一张低矮的食案上用餐，餐具离嘴较远。所以，养成了把碗端至嘴边吸食的习惯。喝羹匙里的东西也象吸似的，声声作响。这并非哪一方文化高或低，只是各国的习惯、礼仪不同而已。 日本人坐在椅子上围桌用餐是1960年之后的事情。当时，还没有礼仪规矩，甚至有人盘着腿吃饭。外国人看见此景大概会一脸厌恶吧。 韩国女性就座时，单腿翘起。我认为这种姿势很美，但习惯于双膝跪坐的日本女性大概不以为然，而韩国女性恐怕也不认为跪坐为好。 日本等多数亚洲国家，常有人习惯在路上蹲着。欧美人会联想起狗排便的姿势而一脸厌恶。 日本人常常把手放在小孩的头上说“好可爱啊！”，而大部分外国人会不愿意。 如果向回教国家的人们劝食猪肉和酒，或用左手握手、递东西，会不受欢迎的。当然，饭菜也用右手抓着吃。只有从公用大盘往自己的小盘里分食用的公勺是用左手拿。一旦搞错，用黏糊糊的右手去拿，
会遭人厌恶。 在欧美，对不受欢迎的客人不说“请脱下外套”，所以电视剧中的侦探哥隆波总是穿着外套。访问日本家庭时，要在门厅外脱掉外套后进屋。穿到屋里会不受欢迎的。 这些习惯只要了解就不会出问题，如果因为不知道而遭厌恶、憎恨，实在心里难受。 过去，我曾用色彩图画和简短的文字画了一本《关键时刻的礼仪》（新潮文库）。如今越发希望用各国语言翻译这本书。以便能对在日本的外国人有所帮助。同时希望有朝一日以漫画的形式画一本“世界各国的习惯与礼仪”。 练习答案 ５、 （１）止める並んでいる見ているなる着色した （２）拾った入っていた行ったしまった始まっていた
新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A 一堂难忘的英语课 1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长，那么我儿子也许是对的。对他而言，我是一个乏味的怪物：一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲，一个还沉湎于语法规则的人，对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。 2 我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时，才开始对这个问题认真起来的。这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。我满怀着诚挚期待问她：“欧洲之行如何？” 3 她点了三四下头，绞尽脑汁，苦苦寻找恰当的词语，然后惊呼：“真是，哇！” 4 没了。所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中！我的学生以“哇！”来表示她的惊叹，我只能以摇头表达比之更强烈的忧虑。 5 关于正确使用英语能力下降的问题，有许多不同的故事。学生的确本应该能够区分诸如their/there/they're之间的不同，或区别complimentary 跟complementary之间显而易见的差异。由于这些知识缺陷，他们承受着大部分不该承受的批评和指责，因为舆论认为他们应该学得更好。 6 学生并不笨，他们只是被周围所看到和听到的语言误导了。举例来说，杂货店的指示牌会把他们引向stationary（静止处），虽然便笺本、相册、和笔记本等真正的stationery（文具用品）并没有被钉在那儿。朋友和亲人常宣称They've just ate。实际上，他们应该说They've just eaten。因此，批评学生不合乎情理。 7 对这种缺乏语言功底而引起的负面指责应归咎于我们的学校。学校应对英语熟练程度制定出更高的标准。可相反，学校只教零星的语法，高级词汇更是少之又少。还有就是，学校的年轻教师显然缺乏这些重要的语言结构方面的知识，因为他们过去也没接触过。学校有责任教会年轻人进行有效的语言沟通，可他们并没把语言的基本框架——准确的语法和恰当的词汇——充分地传授给学生。
新视野大学英语1课文翻译 1下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 2在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 4对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可能成
教导处对作业、教案检查的总结报告 在教导处组织下，以教研组为单位，我们本学期在学初、期中、期末对全体任课教师的作业教案进行了检查与评价。本次检查与评价我们抱着客观、公正的态度，注重检查作业、教案的质量，依据我校制定的相关要求进行的。主要目的是对老师们本学期的工作做一个记载，同时发现好的做法及时推广，发现问题及时纠正。因此，我在总结过程中希望每位教师都能抱着学习的态度来听，这样有利于完善自己。下来，我就从三方面对本次活动作以下总结: 一、优点: 1、全体教师作业、教案数量达标;能重视学生学习主体性和教师主导作用，注重课堂教学情境设计、合理安排内容，不同的教学内容采用形式多样的备课方法。 2、教案书写工整、规范、教学环节齐全、条理清楚。 3、教材基点把握准确，能显示教研教改思路，注意学法渗透，具有教师活动、学生活动设计及设计意图。 4、合理使用信息技术手段，在教案备写中能看到课件、碟片、大屏幕等字眼。 5、教案有的教师开始注重教后修补。 6、新、老教师听课记录达标，记录认真，评析到位。 7、教案具有实用性和可操作性，重视对难点、重点的反复推敲。 8、作业批改详细、认真，鼓励语新颖准确，作文批改认真、批注到位。 9、作业布置分量适中，注重双基，分层次作业，形式多样(活动作业)。 10、各教研组通报会通报到位，注重实效，为作业批改、教案备写指明方向。 二、不足: 1、个别教师备课过程简单，教学设计粗略，字迹潦草，龙飞凤舞，重数量忽质量，更重要的是个别教师有错字、病句现象。
2、个别教师的教学重点、难点、教学目标与课时案及不吻合。 3、个别新教师教案只是教材内容的罗列或者是教材内容的填充，未能体现教学组织和设计，就象是教材的翻版。 4、个别新教师的教案记流水帐，如师说什么，生答什么。 5、个别教师教学反思没有落到实处。 6、个别教师作业批改不规范，细节、步骤中的问题来纠正，一道大题只打一个对号，没有要求补错，鼓励性评语较少。 7、备课新授课多，极少见备练习课和试卷讲评课。 8、个别教师欠认真、细心，如作业本学校名称写错等现象说明这一点。 9、教师对什么是教案知之甚少，不能学习常规制度。 10、听课记录参与活动的评析认真，不参与的记录评析粗略。 11、照抄教案书籍现象严重。 12、作文批改不认真，批注模棱两可。 三、努力的方向: 1、教研组长应加强对个别教师作业、教案进行个别指导，力争将作业批改、教案备写纳入正规化。 2、教导处加强教案的质量管理，要求教师写实实在在的教案，要注重备教法和学法。 3、提倡广大教师备表格教案，要求教师对教案实行再回笼。 4、要求写实实在在的教学心得，不要写空洞的理论。 总之，本次作业教案检查与展评比以前好得多，好的做法我们要认真学习，发扬广大，对于存在的问题要及时解决、不断完善。作业、教案的质量优劣直接关系着教学效果的好与坏，我们决不能走形式，走过程来应付检查，我们必须不断地总结经验与教训，不断探索、不断创新，才能提高教育教学质量。另外，在本次活动中，通过全体教师的展评，我
新视野大学英语2课文翻译（Unit1-Unit7） Unit 1 Section A 时间观念强的美国人 Para. 1 美国人认为没有人能停止不前。如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个是劳力。 Para. 2 人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。”人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。时光一去不复返。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。 Para. 3 外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙——常常处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。Para. 3b 在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人吃完后用餐，以便按时赶回去工作。你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。 Para. 4 许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。因此，时间老是在我们心中的耳朵里滴滴答答地响着。 Para. 5 因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要花更多的时间, 尤其是在马路上交通拥挤的时候。因此，我们把大多数个人拜访安排在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上。 Para. 6 就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家, 如果没有目光接触，就做不成大生意，这需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多地在电视屏幕上见面，开远程会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能通过卫星解决国际问题。
新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译 Unit 1 The Way to Success 课文A Never, ever give up! 永不言弃！ As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide. Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!" 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选为英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。 在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5 英尺5 英寸高，体重却有107 公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas - none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Both faced immense obstacles and extreme criticism. Both were called "slow to learn" and written off as idiots by their teachers. Thomas Edison ran away from school because his teacher whipped him repeatedly for asking too many questions. Einstein didn't speak fluently until he was almost nine years old and was such a poor student that some thought he was unable to learn. Yet both boys' parents believed in them. They worked intensely each day with their sons, and the boys learned to never bypass the long hours of hard work that they needed to succeed. In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. Consider also the heroic example of Abraham Lincoln, who faced substantial hardships, failures and repeated misfortunes in his lifetime. His background was certainly not glamorous. He was raised in a very poor family with only one year of formal education. He failed in business twice, suffered a nervous breakdown when his first love died suddenly and lost eight political
教案与作业检查记录 二、检查通报 1．教案抽查情况通报（检查人：黄思思） 三年级2016 年11月9 日 说明：1.目标与环节、过程与方法、板书设计及后记与旁批四项检查要求参见教案的使用说明，酌情打分。2.已备教案数与实际授课内容、作业相关联，根据学科特点，略超过一定的课时数即为合格。超一周课时数即为优秀。3.卷面书写酌情打分。4.标注☆表示“优秀”，√表示“合格”，△表示“待加强”。5.单项评价累计有4个“待加强”，综合评价为良，并将根据相关问责制度实施问责。
一：上交情况 全体老师都能按照规定的时间上交教案。 二：优点 1、三年级老师们在教学后记的部分书写的尤为认真，几乎每一课的后面都有老师们细致的教学反思，对于教学方面的帮助可见一斑。 2、英语老师的教案非常的美观，极富学科特色。 本周检查是由检查人下到教研组组进行，以上情况已和备课组长进行现场交流，组长将在集体备课时再进行反馈。 2．作业抽查情况通报（检查人：黄思思） 三年级2016 年11月9日
说明：1.周批改次数时间为最近一周的批改次数。2.作业评价为教师给学生的等级评定及评语等。3.更正为学生更正错误及回批情况。4.批改日期为教师批改是否及时，时间是否明确等。5.收交情况为本次检查是否数量齐备，及时。5.标注☆表示“优秀”，√表示“合格”，△表示“待加强”。6. 单项评价累计有4个“待加强”，综合评价为良，并将根据相关问责制度实施问责。 三年级语文、数学、英语作业批改几点说明： 一、本次作业抽查对象为学号尾数为7号的学生。年级组的老师非常认真，及时、 统一收交作业，基本上能按照备课组的要求进行全批全改，并且有等第评价； 二、作业类型及备课组基本统一要求批改次数：其中语文: 《写字》13次;《练 习册》21次《作文》3次；数学: 《练习册》25次；英语：《单词本》4次，《练习册》8次。