a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0606162v 2 5 A u g 2006
Draft version February 3,2008
Preprint typeset using L A T E X style emulateapj v.6/22/04
XMM-NEWTON DETECTION OF THE RARE FR II BAL QUASAR
FIRST J101614.3+520916
Justin J.Schaefer,1,2Michael S.Brotherton,1Zhaohui Shang,1Michael D.Gregg,3,4Robert H.Becker,3,4Sally https://www.doczj.com/doc/f2631159.html,urent-Muehleisen,3Mark Lacy,5and Richard L.White 6
Draft version February 3,2008
ABSTRACT
We have detected FIRST J101614.3+520916with the XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory.FIRST J101614.3+520916,one of the most extreme radio-loud,broad absorption line (BAL)quasars so far discovered,is also a Fanaro?-Riley type II (FR II)radio source.We ?nd that,compared to its estimated intrinsic X-ray ?ux,the observed X-rays are likely suppressed,and that the observed hardness ratio indicates signi?cant soft X-ray photons.This is inconsistent with the simplest model,a normal quasar spectrum absorbed by a large neutral HI column density,which would primarily absorb the softer photons.More complex models,involving partial covering,an ionized absorber,ionized mirror re?ection,or jet contributions need to be invoked to explain this source.The suppressed but soft X-ray emission in this radio-loud BAL quasar is consistent with the behavior displayed by other BAL quasars,both radio-loud and radio-quiet.
Subject headings:quasars:absorption lines —quasars:general —quasars:individual (FIRST
J101614.3+520916)—X-rays:galaxies
1.INTRODUCTION
About 10–20%of quasars show broad absorption lines (BAL),especially in their ultraviolet (UV)spectra.These absorption features usually extend to velocities as high as ～104km s ?1relative to the emission lines,indicating high-velocity out?ows in the quasars.These absorbers have been identi?ed with winds blowing from an obscuring torus or arising from smaller scales asso-ciated with an accretion disk feeding a super massive black hole.The popular orientation model suggests that BAL quasars are normal quasars viewed along the spe-ci?c line of sight,or particularly edge-on,skimming the torus or through a wind (e.g.,Weymann et al.1991).Although in this picture,quasar radio properties and BALs would seem to be independent,no radio-loud BAL quasars were found for a long time.It remained so un-til deep radio surveys like the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS,Condon et al.1998)and FIRST Bright Quasar Survey (FBQS,Becker et al.1995;Gregg et al.1996;White et al.2000)were conducted,surveying large areas to mJy levels,and radio-loud BAL quasars started to be identi?ed (Becker et al.1997;Brotherton et al.1998;Becker et al.2000;Menou et al.2001;Brotherton et al.2002).Still,BAL quasar frequency does drop signi?-cantly among the most radio-loud quasars (Becker et al.2001).Becker et al.(2000)studied 27BAL quasars from the FBQS sample and found that they show a wide
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Wyoming,Laramie,WY 82072
2Department of Astronomy,University of Florida,Gainesville,FL 32611
3Department of Physics,University of California,Davis,CA 95616
4Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics,Lawrence Liv-ermore National Laboratory,L-413,7000East Ave,Livermore,CA 94550
5Spitzer Science Center,California Institute of Technology,MC 220-6,Pasadena,CA 91125
6Space Telescope Science Institute,3700San Martin Drive,Bal-timore MD 21218
range of radio spectral indices,from ?at to steep,indicat-ing that a range of orientations is present and therefore strongly challenging the orientation model.
So far,only a few radio-loud BAL quasars have been studied at X-ray energies (Brotherton et al.2005).FIRST J101614.3+520916(hereafter J1016+5209)is the ?rst con?rmed BAL quasar that has also been identi-?ed as radio-loud Fanaro?-Riley type II (FR II)source (Gregg et al.2000).Figure 1shows the BALs in a rest-frame UV spectrum of J1016+5209and Table 1provides its optical and radio parameters.The radio luminos-ity places it among the extreme end of radio-loud BAL quasars.Its double-lobed radio morphology and lumi-nosity indicate a classic FR II radio source.Gregg et al.(2000)argue that J1016+5209is a rejuvenated quasar,possibly through a merger or interaction.We note that another known radio-loud,FR II BAL quasar is LBQS 1138-0126(Brotherton et al.2002),and that the double radio lobed BAL quasar candidate PKS 1004+13(Wills,Brandt &Laor 1999)has recently been con?rmed by HST observation (Wills et al.2006)as a bone ?de FR II BAL quasar.The other known radio-loud BAL quasars have compact structures (Becker et al.2000).Observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton show that BAL quasars are up to 2orders of magnitude fainter in X-rays than non-BAL quasars of the same optical brightness (Green et al.2001;Sabra &Hamann 2001;Gallagher et al.2002;Brotherton et al.2005).Available X-ray spectral anal-yses of radio-quiet BAL quasars show that they ap-pear to have normal radio-quiet X-ray photon indices (Γ≈2),partially or totally covered by absorbing columns of N H ≤1023cm ?2(e.g.,Gallagher et al.2002).Although the N H derived from UV absorption lines cannot account for the absorption in the X-ray,the UV and X-ray absorbers are probably closely related (Brandt,Laor &Wills 2000).
Radio-loud quasars are factors of 2–3times brighter in the X-rays than radio-quiet quasars with the same opti-
2Schaefer et al.
cal magnitude(Brinkmann et al.2000),and tend to have harder X-ray spectra(Γ～1.6,e.g.,Reeves&Turner 2000;Page et al.2005).These factors may make them particularly suitable for initial exploratory studies of the intrinsic X-ray properties and the properties of the line-of-sight absorbers(Brotherton et al.2005).We re-port the results of a short XMM-Newton observation of J1016+5209in this paper.We detect the object with enough counts to compute a hardness ratio,but not enough for more detailed spectral analysis.Still,the de-tection can rule out some simple models and has shown us that even the most powerful radio-loud BAL quasars are weak in X-rays.
2.X-RAY OBSERVATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS
We observed FIRST J1016+5209with XMM-Newton on November3,2001with a duration of≈10ks.This was the?rst X-ray observation of an FR II BAL quasar. Unfortunately high X-ray background?ares limited the usable data of the detectors to only6.1ks from the EPIC MOS1detector,5.8ks from the EPIC MOS2detector (Fig.2),and nothing from the more sensitive EPIC-pn detector.Table2gives the X-ray properties of FIRST J1016+5209.All of the counts have been background subtracted.We de?ne the soft X-ray band to be0.2–2 keV,and the hard X-ray band to be2–8keV.The hard-ness ratio is then determined to be HR=(H?S)/(H+S) =?0.5±0.08,where H and S are the source counts in the hard and soft bands,respectively,with errors follow-ing Gehrels(1986).Assuming only Galactic absorption, we used PIMMS to estimate that a photon index of1.76 would give the measured hardness ratio seen in the MOS detectors.There were too few counts(46)for a detailed spectral analysis,but the hardness ratio indicates an ex-cess of soft photons over hard photons.
The0.2–8keV?ux after Galactic absorption correc-tion,F x=6.5×10?14erg s?1cm?2,is calculated using PIMMS and assuming the average power-law photon in-dexΓ=1.7for radio-loud quasars,consistent with our measured HR and Reeves&Turner(2000);Page et al. (2005).We also estimate the rest-frame optical-X-ray spectral index,αox=?1.06,using an optical?ux at rest-frame2500?A,and an unabsorbed rest-frame2keV?ux (0.579keV in the observed frame).The unabsorbed rest-frame2keV?ux was calculated using the observed count rate,PIMMS and the Galactic absorption,Γ=1.7,and making a K-correction.Cosmological e?ects in the con-version between?uxes in observed frame and rest frame have been taken into account.
Whileαox=?1.06would indicate a rather X-ray bright BAL quasar,two additional facts should be considered in evaluating the intrinsic X-ray brightness of J1016+5209: the optical?ux appears signi?cantly reddened and the X-ray brightness may also be estimated based on the radio ?ux.
We estimate the intrinsic X-ray?ux of J1016+5209us-ing the radio-X-ray correlation(Brinkmann et al.2000) considering the3σuncertainty about the correlation7. We used the total5GHz?ux from Gregg et al.(2000) 7Due to the scatter in the correlation,the uncertainty in the estimated X-ray?ux can be as large as a factor of1.24.However, this does not a?ectαox very much,becauseαox spans a large frequency range and an uncertainty of a factor of2in X-ray?ux only changesαox by0.12.and the relationship shown in Figure13of Brinkmann et al.(2000)for radio-loud quasars.The intrinsic X-ray ?ux is estimated to be17(±21)times larger than the observed?ux in the ROSAT bandpass.Based on this apparent supression and an optical?ux dereddened for intrinsic reddening(see Gregg et al.2000),we calculate an intrinsic optical-X-ray spectral index,αox=?1.19. At2keV and z=2.455,a neutral HI column density of N H=8×1023cm?2would be required to account for the faintness of the observed X-ray?ux.However,such a high HI column density would result in an extreme hard-ness ratio,close to unity,inconsistent with our observed HR=?0.5,which is only consistent for a column density of N H≤1×1021.5cm?2or less(assuming a normal radio-loud quasar X-ray slope).In other words,most of the observed soft X-ray photons would have been absorbed if X-ray source in J1016+5209is fully covered by such a high column density absorber.Therefore,we conclude that the absorber for J1016+5209is not a simple neutral absorber with a high column density.This conclusion should be be tempered by the signi?cant uncertainties in these estimates,but is consistent with what is seen in other BAL quasars.
3.DISCUSSION
As mentioned above,the apparently low X-ray?ux and the fact that the spectrum is not excessively hard to-gether suggest that a fully covering neutral absorber with high column density cannot explain our data.Possible alternative scenarios for our observed X-rays include a partially covering neutral absorber,re?ection by an ion-ized mirror,an ionized absorber,or jet contributions.
A partially covering neutral absorber with very high column density would leave the observed X-ray spectrum similar to the incident spectrum except for suppressed X-ray?ux.If our estimate of the intrinsic X-ray?ux is correct,the covering factor derived from the X-ray reduction factor of17for J1016+5209would be94%. An X-ray spectrum dominated by re?ection o?an ionized“mirror”(Ross&Fabian1993; Ballantyne,Iwasawa,&Fabian2001)could also ex-plain our data,depending on the ionization state of the mirror.In this scenario,at some ionization parameters, Fe Kαemission would present in the X-ray spectrum, but would require better X-ray observations to be detected.
Ionized absorbers have also often been invoked to explain the X-ray observations of active galac-tic nuclei(e.g.,Kaspi et al.2002;Grupe et al.2003; Gallagher et al.2002,2004),since these absorbers can also be transparent for soft X-ray photons,but our data set has too few counts to identify any possible absorption edges in order to test this explanation.
Due to the radio-loud nature and the lobe-dominated morphology of this object,it is also possible that at least part of the observed X-ray is from the jets. Recent high-resolution X-ray observations have made it possible to systematically study X-ray jets and lobes(Sambruna et al.2002,2004;Marshall et al.2005; Croston et al.2005).The detection rate is typically ～60%(Sambruna et al.2004;Marshall et al.2005).We therefore speculate that X-rays from the accretion disk could be completely absorbed,and we are detecting in-trinsically weaker but unabsorbed X-rays from the jets,
XMM-Newton Detection of J101614.3+5209163
even if beaming e?ects are not be large given that J1016+5209has a steep radio spectrum.The average photon index of the jets is～1.5for a sample of mostly FR II objects(Sambruna et al.2004),and the core-to-jet X-ray?ux ratio has a wide range for the detections in another sample(Marshall et al.2005),from5to about 200.This range covers the supression factor of this object (17)and most of those radio-loud BAL quasars(42-348) in Brotherton et al.(2005),which have X-ray?uxes con-sistent with what might be expected arising solely in the jets.Again,better data are required to test this expla-nation.
Finally,there is a possibility that J1016+5209is in-trinsically X-ray faint,or in a low state at the time of the observation since some BAL quasars do show sig-ni?cant variability(e.g,Gallagher et al.2004).Unfor-tunately our short,high background observation consti-tutes more of a detection rather than a light curve,pre-venting us from detecting variability.However,all BAL quasars so far observed with enough counts for spectral analysis(Gallagher et al.2001)indicate that X-ray ab-sorption is more likely the primary cause of the“X-ray weak”quasars(Laor et al.1997).
Recently,Brotherton et al.(2005)reported X-ray de-tections of5radio-loud core-dominated BAL quasars with Chandra.The hardness ratio ranges from?0.7to 0.1,andαox from?0.8to?2.0.All5objects also show signi?cant X-ray suppression compared to estimates of their intrinsic X-ray?https://www.doczj.com/doc/f2631159.html,pared with this sample, J1016+5209does not seem to be abnormal inαox or hardness ratio;our XMM hardness ratio from table2 (HR=?0.5)is equivalent to a Chandra HR=?0.7(es-timated using PIMMS,set to CXO3).The X-ray proper-ties of these radio-loud BAL quasars are in general agree-ment with the results for radio-quiet BAL quasars.Based on their X-ray spectral analyses,Gallagher et al.(2002) suggested that radio-quiet BAL quasars have typical in-trinsic power-law X-ray continuum of normal radio-quiet quasars,but with signi?cant absorption column density. However,they argue that the absorption is likely very complicated and it is not typically possible to distin-guish between a partially covering and an ionized ab-sorber with their data.Grupe et al.(2003)showed ex-cess soft X-ray photons in their spectra of2radio-quiet BAL quasars,and also reported that both a partially covering absorber and an ionized absorber could?t their observed spectra.It is still not clear whether radio-loud BAL quasars also have the typical intrinsic X-ray contin-uum of normal radio-loud quasars or whether the FR II type BAL quasars like J1016+5209have special X-ray properties.High-quality X-ray spectra are needed to an-swer these questions and to reveal the real X-ray nature of J1016+5209and other radio-loud BAL quasars.
4.CONCLUSIONS
We have observed and detected the?rst con?rmed radio-loud FR II BAL quasar FIRST J1016+5209in the X-ray with XMM-Newton for the?rst time.We have enough counts to derive the hardness ratio,but not enough for detailed spectral analysis.The X-ray?ux appears to be suppressed by a factor of17relative to the intrinsic X-rays estimated from the radio-X-ray cor-relation,although signi?cant uncertainties are associated with this factor.If the X-rays are suppressed due to ab-sorption associated with a high column density of neutral hydrogen,the X-rays observed would be much harder, which is inconsistent with the observations.This implies that the X-ray absorption in J1016+5209is more compli-cated,such as an ionized absorber,an ionized mirror,or neutral but partially covering the X-ray source.Contri-butions from a jet are also possible.High-quality X-ray spectra are necessary to understand the nature of the absorber.
This work is funded by Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium,NASA Grant NGT-40102and by Wyoming NASA EPSCoR NASA Grant NCC5-578.This work is also funded in part by NASA through the US XMM-Newton Program with data provided by ESA.This work was partly performed under the auspices of the US De-partment of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No.W-7405-Eng-48.
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Fig.1.—Total light spectrum of FIRST J101614.3+520916from a spectropolarimetric observation obtained with Keck in January 2000,showing the broad absorption lines.Emission-line positions are marked.Also marked are atmospheric absorption bands (⊕
).
Fig.2.—FIRST J101614.3+520916detected by the XMM-Newton MOS2detector.
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XMM-Newton Detection of J101614.3+5209165 TABLE1
Optical and Ratio Properties of J1016+5209
BAL Quasar z E(≈R)S20cm A V a M B log(L5GHz)log(R?)f
2500?A a
(Mag)mJy(Mag)(Mag)(ergs s?1Hz?1)(10?29ergs s?1cm?2Hz?1) J1016+5209 2.45518.61770.35?26.2(?27.3)34.3 3.4(2.7)8.24(17.3)
Note.—Parameters from Gregg et al.(2000)unless noted.A V indicates the intrinsic reddening estimated by Small Magellanic Cloud reddening law(Pr′e vot et al.1984)and matching the UV spectrum of J1016+5209to the FBQS composite quasar spectrum (Brotherton et al.2001).Galactic reddening in this direction is insigni?cant(A V=0.017).L5GHz and R?(ratio of radio-optical brightness)are for the total radio?ux,including that of both the core and lobes.Values in the parentheses have been corrected for intrinsic reddening.We note that the absolute magnitude was k-corrected by Gregg et al.(2000)based on the broad-band colors.
a Not from Gregg et al.(2000).Calculated for this work.The values of f
2500?A
are in observed frame.
TABLE2
X-Ray Properties of J1016+5209
BAL Quasar N H Counts s?1Soft Hard S+H HR F XαOX
(cm?2)(10?4)cts cts cts(ergs s?1cm?2)
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
Note.—Col.(2):The Galactic neutral hydrogen column density(Dickey&Lockman1990).Col.(3):X-ray counts per second(0.2–8keV)from the two MOS detectors.Col.(4):Counts in the soft bandpass(S,0.2–2keV) from the two MOS detectors.Col.(5):Counts in the hard bandpass(H,2–8keV)from the two MOS detectors.Col.
(6):Total counts(0.2–8keV)from the two MOS detectors.Col.(7):Hardness ratio de?ned as(H-S)/(H+S),error following Gehrels(1986).Col.(8):The observed,unabsorbed0.2–8keV X-ray?ux using PIMMS and assuming only the Galactic column density and the photon indexΓ=1.7.Col.(9):The optical-X-ray spectral index(rest frame 2500?A–2keV).The value in the parentheses is calculated from estimated intrinsic X-ray?ux and a dereddened optical ?ux.
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。
定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：
The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子
Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线
He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）
way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that