Seasonal dynamics of soil fauna in the subalpine and alpine forests of west Sichuan at different altitudes
Bo Tan a ,Fuzhong Wu a ,Wanqin Yang a ,?,Sheng Yu b ,Li Liu c ,Ao Wang a ,Yulian Yang a
a
Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering,Institute of Ecological Forestry,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan,China b
Kaixian Forestry Bureau,Kaixian 405400,Chongqing,China c
Dujiangyan Environmental Monitoring Station,Dujiangyan 611830,Sichuan,China
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 26May 2011Revised 6August 2011Accepted 20March 2012
Keywords:Soil fauna
Community structure Diversity
Functional group
Subalpine and alpine forest
a b s t r a c t
The climate (especially temperature)often plays an important role in the structure,function as well as composition of soil organisms in different latitudes and altitudes.As one of the essential components of soil ecosystem,soil faunal community not only lays their roles as soil engineer in material cycling and energy ?ow,but also acts as the sensitive bio-indicator to environmental change.However,little information has been available on the responses of soil faunal community to the changed environment at different altitudes and seasons.In order to understand the seasonal dynamics of soil faunal diversity under different forests with varying altitudes,three ?r (Abies faxoniana )forests were selected covering a 600m vertical transition zone.The primary ?r forest at 3600m (A1)of altitude,mixed ?r and birch for-est at 3300m (A2)of altitude,and secondary ?r forest at 3000m (A3)of altitude are representative for-ests in the subalpine and alpine region of west Sichuan.A 2years study was conducted in the three subalpine and alpine forests from May in 2009until October in 2010.Soil samples were collected in both the soil organic layer and mineral soil layer.Soil macro-fauna were picked up by hand in the ?elds.Meso/micro-fauna and damp living fauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods in laboratory,respectively.A total of 74,827individuals were collected in the 2years,belonging to seven phyla,16classes,31orders and 125families by preliminary identi?cation.Similar dominant groups were detected in different forests at different altitudes,consisting of Spirostreptida,Formicidae,Staphylinidae,Hesperinidae,Onychiuridae,Isotomidae,Oribatuloidae,Alicoragiidae,Secer-nentea,and Adenophorea.In contrast,the ordinary species of macro-fauna and the ratios of Acarina to Collembolan were obviously different.For instance,the ordinary species were dominated by Cydmaeni-dae and Mycetophilidae at the A1,Scaphidiidae and Helicinidae at the A2,and Lumbricida and Agelenidae at the A3,respectively.Both the individual density and the number of soil faunal groups were signi?-cantly higher in soil organic layer than those in mineral soil layer.The density and group of macro-,meso-and micro-fauna in different forests showed the order as A2>A1>A3,but the density of damp living fauna showed the order as A1>A2>A3.The functional groups of macro-fauna were mainly dominated by saprozoic.The highest density and group of macro-fauna was observed in August,while the highest value of meso/micro-fauna was detected in October.In addition,the Jacard similarity indices showed that the composition and structure of soil fauna were similar in the different forests varied with altitudes,but the Shannon–Wiener indices were signi?cantly different.The highest values of Shannon–Wiener indices were observed in October at both the A1and A3,and in August at the A2.The results suggested that soil faunal community kept a high diversity in the subalpine and alpine forests of west Sichuan,and their structures were signi?cantly affected by the variation of altitudes,which provided important scienti?c evidences for understanding the ecological processes in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forests.
ó2012Ecological Society of China.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
As an essential component of ecosystem [1],soil faunal commu-nity not only lays their important roles as driving force in soil pro-cesses such as litter decomposition,nutrient mineralization,and the change of soil physical structure (soil porosity,soil compaction and soil granule structure)[1,2],but also acts as sensitive bio-indi-cator to environmental changes such as vegetation succession,habitat disturbance,and temperature dynamics [3,4].Climate of-ten changes along altitudinal gradient and latitudinal gradient and results in an obvious difference in the composition,structure
1872-2032/$-see front matter ó2012Ecological Society of China.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee18018601.html,/10.1016/j.chnaes.2012.12.003
Corresponding author.Tel.:+8602886290957.
E-mail address:scyangwq@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ee18018601.html, (W.Yang).
and function of soil fauna in different forest ecosystems[4–6].Fur-thermore,the diversity of soil fauna also signi?cantly affects by successive change of environmental gradient in same forest type [7–9].Previous studies have indicated that high–frigid forest has an obvious character of relatively low temperature and frequent temperature?uctuation[10–12].With the increase of altitude in high-frigid forest,the average temperature decreased,but the tem-perature?uctuation increased[13–16].The signi?cant tempera-ture changes might have further in?uences on the structure and dynamic of soil faunal community,but little attention has available.
The subalpine and alpine forest of western Sichuan is a principal part of the second biggest forest region(southwest forest region)in China,which located in the eastern edge of Qinghai–Tibet plateau and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[15],This region has been well documented as a precious gene bank of biological re-sources as well as a center of geographic distribution and genetic evolution for species[16].There are distinct growing season and non-growing season in these forests.The non-growing season of-ten lasts5–6months with soil freezing and freezing–thawing [17].Therefore,the growing season has an important effect on the structure and function of forest ecosystems in the subalpine and alpine region.Recent researches have indicated that there are still comparable individuals and groups of soil fauna during on-set of soil freezing along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine and alpine forest,and these surviving soil fauna might play essen-tial roles in the transitional period between growing season and non-growing season[17].Seasonal temperature dynamics and its related environmental factors along altitudes might impose differ-ent in?uence on soil faunal community,but little information has been available.As a result,the characteristics of structure,diversity and dynamic of soil faunal community were investigation for 2years in the representative subalpine and alpine?r(Abies faxon-iana)forests along an altitudinal gradient.The results could be pre-dicted to provide scienti?c evidences for understanding forest ecological processes in subalpine/alpine region.
2.Materials and methods
2.1.Study site
This study was conducted in the Bipenggou Nature Reserve (E102°530—102°570,N31°140—31°190,2458–4619m a.s.l.),which is located in Li county,western Sichuan,China.This region is a transitional area between the Qinghai–Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin.The mean annual temperature ranges between2and4°C with maximum and minimum temperatures of23°C andà18°C, respectively.Annual precipitation is about850mm.Forest vegeta-tion is deciduous broadleaf forest,mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest,coniferous forest,alpine shrub,and alpine meadow along altitudinal gradient[17].Abies faxoniana,Picea likiangensis var bal-fouriana,and Betula albo–sinensis are representative forest vegeta-tion and main arbor species in the study sites thereamong.The understorey shrubs are dominated by Fargesia spathacea,Rhodo-
dendron delavayi,Salix paraqplesia,Berberis julianae,Sorbus rufopil-
osa,Hippophae rhamnoides,Rosa weginzowii,etc.;the herbs are
dominated by Cacalia Spp.,Cystopteris Montana,Carex spp.and
Cyperus spp.etc.
2.2.Experimental design
Three sites were selected covering a vertical600m transition
zone at elevation with3600m(A1),3300m(A2)and3000m
(A3),respectively.The forest at the A1is dominated by?r(Abies
faxoniana)in canopy with tree’s age about120years old,and the
understorey are consisted of Rhododendron delavayi,Berberis juli-
anae,and Cystopteris montana etc.;the forest at the A2is domi-
nated by?r(Abies faxoniana)and birch(Betula albo–sinensis)in
canopy with tree’s age about80years old,and Fargesia spathacea,
Sorbus rufopilosa,and Salix paraqplesia dominate the understorey;
the forest at the A3is dominated by secondary?r(Abies faxoniana)
in canopy with tree’s age about70years old,and the understorey
are dominated by Fargesia spathacea,Berberis julianae,and Rosa
weginzowii etc.[17].The soil in all sites is Acid–Udic Cambisols
[17].Basic soil properties in the study sites at different altitudes
were shown in Table1.
2.3.Soil sample and analysis
Based on the?eld investigation and previous local data,one
buttony recorder(DS1923-F5#,Maxim/Dallas semiconductor Inc.,
USA)that recorded soil temperature every2h was buried in the
soil at each of the three altitudes from May2009until October
2010.The Characteristics of soil temperature in the sampled for-
ests at different altitudes were showed in Table2.
Soil samples were collected from each site in May,August,and
October in2009and2010,including spring,summer,and autumn
in the selected study sites.Five5m?5m sampled plots were se-
lected randomly with similar environmental factors in each alti-
tude.Because of the subalpine and alpine soil characters such as,
low mineralization rate,simple soil structure and slow develop-
ment[16],therefore,soil samples were separated from soil organic
layer and mineral soil layer with the deep of15cm for extraction of
soil fauna.Macro-faunas were picked up by hand in the?elds with
the area of50cm?50cm.After recording the types of soil fauna,
the collected soil faunas were put in a container with75%alcohol,
and transported to laboratory to detailed classi?cation.Meso-/mi-
cro-faunas were collected by steel core(v=100ml)with the area of10cm?10cm,and damp living faunas were collected by steel
core(v=25ml)with the area of5cm?5cm.A total of720sam-ples were collected at three altitudes.The collected samples were stored in soil fauna sealing bags with a freezer box,and then trans-ported to laboratory within12h.
Subsequently,meso-/micro-faunas and damp living faunas
were separated by Tullgren and Baermann methods over a period
of48h,respectively.All collected soil faunas were calculated and
Table1
Soil properties in the sampled forests at different altitudes.
Altitude Layer Thickness(cm)pH Organic carbon(g/kg)Nitrogen(g/kg)Phosphorus(g/kg)Aspect Slope
A1(3582m)I15±2 6.2±0.3161.4±20.39.5±1.9 1.2±0.2NE45°34°II23±3 5.8±0.241.9±15.8 2.8±0.20.7±0.2
A2(3298m)I12±2 6.6±0.2174.0±55.89.5±2.1 1.5±0.1NE42°31°II24±4 5.9±0.253.7±17.2 3.2±0.2 1.2±0.3
A3(3023m)I12±2 6.5±0.3161.9±31.18.1±1.60.9±0.1NE38°24°II21±3 5.9±0.343.8±10.8 2.0±0.50.8±0.1
I,Soil organic layer;II,Mineral soil layer.
B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica33(2013)12–2213
classi?ed by microscope.Microscope assay for meso-/micro-faunas with an interval of12h,and for damp living faunas initially with an interval of4h to preventing autolysis of Enchytraeidae,then prolonged.Most of collected soil faunas were identi?ed to family level following the key protocol by Yin et al.[18]and Li et al.
[19]etc.,excepte for a few species such as nematode.Furthermore, about500g soil also was sampled in each plot to determine soil physical and chemical properties.Soil water content was measured gravimetrically on all collected soil sample by oven drying at105°C.The pH values were measured with a Microprocessor pH/mV meter(PHS-25W,China).Total organic carbon concentration was determined by the dichromate oxidation–ferrous sulfate titration method.After digestion with8mL H2SO4(q=1.84g cm–3)and 3mL H2O2solution,semi-micro-Kjeldahl and phosphorus molyb-denum–blue colorimetry were used to determine the concentra-tions of total nitrogen and total phosphorus,respectively[20]. 2.4.Statistical analyses
Soil faunas were classi?ed to macro-fauna(>2mm)and meso-/ micro-fauna(0.1–2mm)based on body size,excepting protozoan [17,21].Meanwhile,macro-faunas were broadly divided into three functional groups based on feeding habits,including predators, phytophaga,and saprozoic[22].As the different groups of soil fau-na were sampled with inconsistent sampling area,data in table and?gure were in-transformed to average density and group num-ber before analysis,so as to comparison of the results with other ecosystems.The dominated species,ordinary species and infre-quent species is characterized with the proportion of individual to total above10%,1.0–10%,and below1.0%respectively[7,17].
In addition,a diversity indices of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index(H’),Pielou evenness index(J),and Jaccard similarity index (q)are calculated to describe characteristics of soil faunal commu-nity,respectively[9,23].
Shannon—Wiener diversity index:H0?à
X s
i?1
P i ln P i
Pieluo evenness index:J?H0=ln S
Jaccard similarity index:q?
c
atbàc
where P i is the proportion of individuals in the i th taxon,and S is the total number of taxa identi?ed.q is common index,and a is group in A plot,and b is group in A plot,and c is common group in both A and B plots.
All the variables from measurements and calculations among forests are analyzed using one–way ANOVA.When signi?cant dif-ferences were noted,Tukey’s multiple range tests is used to deter-mine where differences existed at0.05levels.All of the statistical analyses are performed using SPSS software package(Standard re-leased version19.0for Windows,IBM SPSS Statistics Inc.,IL.,USA).3.Results
3.1.Macro-faunal community structure
A total of7289macro-faunas were collected in the2years, belonging to91families and91groups(Appendix A).Similar dom-inated species(family level)were collected along the altitudinal gradient,including Spirostreptida,Formicidae,Staphylinidae,and Hesperinidae(larvae).However,the composition of ordinary spe-cies showed difference.For example,Cydmaenidae and Myceto-philidae(larvae)etc.were ordinary species at the A1,and Scaphidiidae and Helicinidae etc.were ordinary species at the A2, but Lumbricida and Agelenidae etc.were ordinary species at the A3.The individual density and group number of macro-fauna showed distinct difference(P<0.05)in all sampled forests with the order as A2>A1>A3(Fig.1).Moreover,the highest and lowest individual density and group number of macro-fauna were respec-tively observed in August and in May except that at the A1in2010. Additionally,soil organic layer had signi?cantly(P<0.05)higher density and groups of macro-fauna regardless of sampled altitudes in comparison with mineral soil layer(Table3).
3.2.Meso-/micro-faunal structure and damp living faunal structure
A total of27,665meso-/micro-faunas and39,873damp living faunas were collected in the2years,belonging to26and8groups, respectively(Appendices
B and C).Although the dominated species of meso-/micro-faunas were consisted of Onychiuridae,Isotomi-dae,Oribatuloidae,and Alicoragiidae at the three altitudes,the ra-tios of Collembolan to Acarina signi?cantly(P<0.05)changed along the altitudinal gradient with the order as A1(1.33)>A3 (0.89)>A2(0.73).Meanwhile,the damp living faunas were abso-lutely dominated by Secernentea and Adenophorea.The individual density and group number of meso-/micro-fauna showed obvious difference(P<0.05)in all sampled altitudes,and the individual density of damp living fauna also showed obvious difference (P<0.05)at the different altitudes.The density and group of meso-/micro-fauna showed the order as A2>A1>A3(Fig.2),but the density of damp living fauna showed the order as A1>A2>A3(Fig.3).Moreover,the highest and lowest individual density of meso-/micro-fauna respectively occurred in October and in May at the three altitudes,and the consistent results were observed in damp living fauna except that at the A1in2010.Addi-tionally,soil organic layer had signi?cantly(P<0.05)higher den-sity and groups of meso-/micro-fauna and damp living fauna regardless of sampled altitudes in comparison with mineral soil layer(Table3).
3.3.Soil faunal diversity and similarity
The difference of Shannon–Wiener diversity index was signi?-cant at the three altitudes with the order as A2>A3>A1in both May and August,but that in October was the order as A2>A1>A3(Fig.4).Moreover,the highest Shannon–Wiener
Table2
Characteristics of average soil temperature in the sampled forests at different altitudes.
Altitude Layer Average soil temperature in2009(°C)Average soil temperature in2010(°C)
May August October May August October
A1(3582m)I 6.9610.51 5.297.2111.75 4.02 II 6.4110.71 5.34 6.6611.41 5.76 A2(3298m)I8.1411.26 5.738.0612.14 5.22 II7.7210.71 5.34 6.7411.90 6.10 A3(3023m)I 6.8511.64 6.389.1113.62 5.87 II 6.7511.54 5.558.8413.61 6.32
I Soil organic layer;II Mineral soil layer.
14 B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica33(2013)12–22
diversity index was observed in October at both the A1and A3,and that in August at the A2,but little change(P>0.05)was observed for Pielou evenness index in the2years.Meanwhile,because Jac-card similarity index can indicate the similar extent of soil faunal community in different ecosystems,the calculated values in 0.75–1.00and0.50–0.75suggest high similarity and moderate similarity,respectively.Therefore,soil faunal community along the altitudinal gradient was moderate similarity in May,but that was high similarity in both August and October except for similar-ity index between A1and A3in2010(Table4).In addition,the highest similarity index was observed in August regardless of sam-pled altitudes,excepting that of between A1and A3in2009.
3.4.Functional group of macro-fauna
The ratios of saprozoic macro-fauna,phytophaga macro-fauna, predators macro-fauna showed the order as A1(53.58%)>A2 (49.86%)>A3(45.56%),A3(23.71%)>A2(20.68%)>A1(17.04%), and A3(30.73%)>A1(29.38%)>A2(27.08%)at the three altitudes, respectively(Fig.5).Meanwhile,the highest ratios of phytophaga macro-fauna was observed in August regardless of sampled alti-tudes,and that of saprozoic macro-fauna was observed in May at both the A2and A3,and in October at the A1.
4.Discussions
The subalpine and alpine region of west Sichuan has extremely harsh climate condition with deep frozen in winter and signi?cant temperature?uctuations.Temperature dynamics and its related environmental factors often show distinctly different at varying altitudes.In this study,amounts of individuals and groups of soil fauna were detected in the representative forests at different alti-tudes in the subalpine and alpine region(Appendixes).The succes-sive change of soil environment(Table1)and forest vegetation,as affected by varying climate along an altitudinal gradient,obviously changed the composition of ordinary species and functional groups of macro-fauna as well as structure of meso-/micro-fauna.More-over,the seasonal variations of soil water and temperature(Table 2)had signi?cant effects on the dynamics of individual density, group number and diversity index.The results not only indicated that soil animal communities showed sensitive responses to envi-ronmental change in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forests of
Table3
Pro?le distribution of average density and group of soil fauna in the sampled forests at different altitudes.
Altitude Layer Average density(ind/m2)Total groups
Macro-fauna Meso/micro-fauna Damp living fauna Macro-fauna Meso/micro-fauna Damp living fauna
A1I278.6(43.6)a24243.3(3375.4)a226,580(21645.3)a63(11)a25(3)a8 II42.4(23..8)b5859.5(1025.6)b43,719(6132.7)b25(6)b13(2)b7
A2I328.5(34.2)a28974.8(4563.4)a145846.5(18322.3)a70(11)a25(2)a8 II65.2(24.7)b6532.2(1433.8)b50272.3(7319.5)b26(5)b15(2)b7
A3I235.8(30.8)a22659.7(3847.5)a139884.8(17638.4)a60(13)a26(1)a8 II53.1(18.3)b6532.2(1433.8)b47823.6(6483.4)b25(5)b13(2)b7
Notes:I,Soil organic layer;II,Mineral soil layer,SD in the brackets,the different letters.
a,b,c Meant signi?cant difference within different soil layer at the0.05level by LSD.
B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica33(2013)12–2215
west Sichuan,but also provided important basis for understanding the soil processes in these forests.
The subalpine and alpine forest of west Sichuan locates in mountain and valley regions with frequent natural disturbance.Many environmental factors such as climate,soil texture,and veg-etation type in the forest are rather difference with boreal temper-ate forest and frigid forest [14,16,17].Therefore,the structure and diversity of soil faunal community might have obvious differences with boreal temperate forest and frigid forest.In this study,soil faunas,belonging to 31orders and 125families,were detected in the representative ?r forest community with average density reaching 182,137ind/m 2–345,749ind/m 2.The detected group numbers of soil fauna in the subalpine and alpine forest are signif-icantly higher than those in the alpine meadow [14]and consistent with those in the forest-pasture ecotone in the same region [7,3].Moreover,the detected group numbers of soil fauna are also signif-icantly higher than those in coniferous forest and mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest of Daxinganling Mountains [10,11,24]as well
16 B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica 33(2013)12–22
as boreal temperate forest[24,25],but it is close to the studies of subtropical and tropical regions[5,9,23].However,the average density of soil faunal community in the subalpine and alpine forest showed distinct differences with that in boreal temperate forest and frigid forest.This could be related to altitude,temperature and understorey vegetation etc.Meanwhile,the dominate species of macro-fauna are consist of Spirostreptida,Formicidae,Staphy-linidae,and Hesperinidae(larvae),and the results are inconsistent
May August October May August October May August October Pr S
Shannon-wiener diversity index
y t r y t r y t r
Table4
Similarity index of soil fauna in the sampled forests at different altitudes.
Altitude Similarity index(2009)Similarity index(2010)
May August October May August October
A1A2A1A2A1A2A1A2A1A2A1A2
A30.6600.6570.8260.8750.9430.8120.6590.7050.7540.8280.7340.765 A20.7350.8610.7800.7310.8330.798
B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica33(2013)12–2217
with the study of Fu et al.[25].Previous studies have demonstrated that Staphylinidae plays a key role in the litter decomposition in coniferous forest,and Staphylinidae as dominate species in our study that is similar to the result of Changbai Mountain coniferous forest[12].Furthermore,amounts of Hesperinidae(larvae)were detected in the study sites,and this could be related to grazing. Nevertheless,in comparison with others forest ecosystems, although the same dominate species of meso/micro-fauna and damp living fauna were collected with Collembolan,Acarina Secer-nentea,and Adenophorea at the three altitudes,the ratios of indi-vidual and Collembolan to Acarina in regardless of forest were obvious difference with those in boreal coniferous forest[11,22]. Additionally,the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index of soil faunal community in the study forested are signi?cantly higher than those in boreal temperate and frigid coniferous forest[12,22,24,25].These results indicated that the diversity of soil fauna kept a relatively high level with a regional character in the representative subalpine and alpine forest of west Sichuan.
The variations of climate and vegetation along altitudinal gradi-ent often have deeply in?uence on the composition,structure and function of soil faunal community[1,2,7,17].In this study,the suc-cession change of soil temperature(Table2)as affected by varying altitudes did not change the composition of dominate species,but changed the composition of ordinary species(Appendixes).For example,Cydmaenidae was ordinary species at the A1,and Heli-cinidae was ordinary species at the A2,but Lumbricida was ordin-ary species at the A3.The changes are mainly due to varying temperature and its related understorey vegetation along the alti-tudinal gradient.Moreover,the individual density,group number, and diversity index neither increased nor decreased along the alti-tudinal gradient.The highest values were observed at the A2since the complexity of forest vegetation and diversity of litter type [7,13,16].Additionally,it should be noted that the value of Collem-bolan to Acarina and Shannon–Wiener diversity index signi?cantly changed along the altitudinal gradient.These results indicated that the varying environment along the altitudinal gradient distinctly in?uenced the structure of soil faunal community in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forest.
Soils faunal community often occupies a same niche in soil eco-system,although different soil faunal communities have obvious differences in body size and immobile ability[1,21,22].Since it is currently dif?cult to detail the classi?cation of all soil faunal com-munity for many studies,soil faunal communities often are broadly classi?ed into many trophic groups such as saprozoic,phy-tophaga,and predators[21,22].Generally,large climate?uctuation often occurs in spring and autumn in the mountain and valley re-gion,and the summer usually has steadily temperature and humidity condition and vigorous plant growth.As a result,the individual density,group number,phytophaga,and predators of marco-fauna were the highest in summer at the three altitudes in this study.Meanwhile,the annual peak production of litter in autumn can offer massive available feeding resources for the growth and reproduction of meso-/micro-fauna and damp living fauna with wide adaptability[13,16,17].Therefore,the highest individual density of meso-/micro-fauna and damp living fauna oc-curred in autumn,and this is consistent with the study in north Daxinganling cool-temperate region[13,22].Moreover,the highest ratios of saprozoic macro-fauna occurred in annual peak produc-tion of litter in October(or May).Consequently,the characteristics of soil faunal structure and diversity were signi?cantly affected by the vertical environmental change and seasonal climate dynamics in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forest.
In summary,there is a distinct regional character for the com-position and structure of soil faunal community with relatively high diversity level in the representative subalpine and alpine?r forest of west Sichuan.Environmental changes along the altitudi-nal gradient have few effects on the composition of dominate spe-cies of soil faunal community,but have signi?cant effects on the composition of ordinary species of macro-fauna,the ratios of Col-lembolan to Acarina,and the structure of soil faunal community. Moreover,the seasonal variations of soil water and temperature at different altitudes have signi?cant effects on the characteristics of the structure,diversity,functional group of soil faunal commu-nity.However,soil faunal community keeps relatively high simi-larity at different forests along the altitudinal gradient.The results provide important scienti?c evidences for understanding the ecological processes in the subalpine and alpine coniferous forests.
Acknowledgements
This project was?nancially supported by National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Nos.31170423,and31000213),Na-tional Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2011BAC09B05),Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Educa-tion of China(20105103110002)and Chinese Post-doctoral Foun-dation(20110491732).This research was carried out in compliance with the laws of People’s Republic of China. Appendix A
Average density of soil macro-fauna in the forests at different altitudes.
18 B.Tan et al./Acta Ecologica Sinica33(2013)12–22
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篇一：励志英语文章10篇 1.失败的意义 failure doesnt mean you are a failure,失败并不代表你是个失败者 it does mean you havent succeeded yet.它只表明你尚未成功 failure doesnt mean youve been disgraced, 失败并不代表你无脸见人 it does mean you were willing to try.它只表明你百折不回 failure doesnt mean you dont have it, 失败并不代表白费功夫 it does mean you have to do something in a different way.它只表明你的 方法仍待改进 failure doesnt mean you are inferior, 失败并不代表你低人一等 it does mean you are not perfect.它只表明你也并非完人 failure doesnt mean youve wasted your life, 失败并不代表你浪费了生命 it does mean you have a reason to start afresh.它只表明你有理由重新开始 failure doesnt mean you should give up, 失败并不代表你应该放弃 it does mean you must try harder.它只表明你要加倍努力 failure doesnt mean youll never make it, 失败并不代表成功永远不属于你 it does mean it will take a little longer.它只表明你可能需要付出更多的时间failure doesnt mean god has abandoned you, 失败并不代表上帝已经将你抛弃 it does mean god has a better idea.它只表明上帝还有更好的主意 2.走自己的路 dont listen to those who say,别听那些人的话 its not done that way.这是 不能那么做 maybe its not, but maybe you will.也许是不能那么做，可是也许你就会那么做dont listen to those who say, 别听那些人的话 youre taking too big a chance.你这个险冒得太大了 michelangelo would have painted the sistine floor,米开朗其罗可能在西斯廷教堂里的地板上做过画 and it would surely be rubbed out by today.到今天肯定已经被抹掉了 most importantly, dont listen ，when the little voice of fear inside of you rear its ugly head and says, they’re all smarter than you out there. they’re more talented, theyre taller, blonder, prettier, luckier and have connections… 最重要的是当你心中恐惧的声音抬起她丑陋的头说：那边那些人都比你聪明，他们更有才华，他们更高大，皮肤更白皙，他们更漂亮更幸运，而且认识各种各样的人。 i firmly believe that if you follow a path that interests you, not to the exclusion of love, sensitivity, and cooperation with others, but with the strength of conviction，that you can move others by
本科生如何阅读英文原版教材作者：童哲 恭喜你！！看到了这篇文章！！！ 如果你从未看过英文原版教材的话，相信会因此产生不小的改变 PS, 绝非鸡血 阅读英文原版书籍对于绝大多数专业的研究生而言，是无可回避的问题。毕竟很多教材只有英文版，论文也多是英文杂志或者常常追本溯源到某篇英文原典。 但这说的是研究生，对于本科生而言，似乎总有可以完美闪避英语的学习方案（除了四六级），不少同学还会因此大呼过瘾。但其实阿哲校长要提醒你了，其实无论今后做科研与否，阅读原版书籍都将是大有裨益的。一来原版教材实在是太好读了~ 二来原版教材真正能铺平高阶英文研修之路~ 第三，难道你还没有发现这个社会几乎任何文明职业都很难完全离开英文吗？ 为什么原版教材好读？ 相信大家都曾经在英文马马虎虎的时候，被英文小说或者杂志等等这些阅读题常见来源给惊吓到。这种生活中的片段截取英文是最难的，一来是词汇量范围难以琢磨，二来是各种定语倒装等现象层出不穷，三来往往有点俚语夹杂甚至是特定作者的原创词句。 而这恼人的三大英文难点，教材几乎统统没有~！！！ 关于词汇量 英文教材的目标是什么？把一个学术知识点说清楚对吧？往往一个单元一个小节内反复出现同样几个核心学术词汇，词汇量范围在十几页的范围内极窄。简直是背单词的神器啊~ 你想想，一个angular momentum（角动量）在一页纸上出现10次，一个单元出现200次，你会记不住？你简直要忘~！不~！掉~！！！没错，英文原版教材就是背单词神器，各种高端单词瞬间就记下来了。如果你要考GRE出国，恭喜你，你已经在开始准备GRE前牢牢掌握一半了。 关于语法
教材就是用来让人无歧义地看懂的文字，所以英文教材选用的语法，都是特别中规中矩的~！！！教材涉及到要让很多人阅读，来自不同的地域甚至有不同的语法特点，于是教材只能选用最标准的定式英语。新加坡英语有新加坡语法，但是新加坡的英文教材只会有标准语法。通过原版教材学好标准语法之后，进阶灵活的口语语法就顺风顺水了。 关于俚语 如果某人是第一次听老外说grab a chow 或者drive me banana这种 俚语的话，很可能两眼一黑。确实俚语繁多而无规律，但英文教材可不会这样，它为了避免歧义以及保证严肃性，几乎不可能出现俚语。而这就意味着，你可以集中精力在学术内容上，而不是去记那些一年才会碰到一次的俚语（对于这种小概率用到的东西，其实人真的遗忘率很高）。 综上所述，当你开始读一本英文原版教材的时候，绳命体验大致是这样的： ①新单元第一页会觉得有点难，有几个新单词，需要查查字典。 ②唉呀我去，怎么老是这几个单词！？而且反复高频出现，让人再也忘不掉这个单词的意思，甚至在标准定式的语法表达下，已经开始用英文在思维了，中文不再经常跳出来烦你了。 ③开始理解这个知识点的意义了，而且是在英文环境中理解知识点。你不但学术长进了，还锻炼了英文能力。 ④反复按步骤①到③循环，读完了整本教材，发现其实英文教材只是厚，但是挺好读的。于是以后慢慢开始读越来越多的英文原版教材。 ⑤英文教材读够十本的时候，你发现忽然再去看英文的小说啦、报纸啦、美剧啦等等，其实都只是在规范英语下作一点小修正。而此时的你再也不害怕英文了，仅仅需要在一个相对high level的词汇和语法水平下对俚语或特殊用法补缺补漏而已。 这种对英语和专业知识一箭双雕的乐事，只有阅读英文原版教材才能够获得。自从我大二在香港科技大学交换的时候开始阅读原版教材，就颇有相见恨晚之感，以致后来能找到原版教材几乎不会碰中文版，英文水平也随之提升不少。学英语是件循序渐进的事情，阅读英文原版教材可以作为高阶进阶的起点，以此
英语报刊常见栏目名称 Ad/Advertisement广告Agony ['?g?n? Column答读者问专栏；私事广告专栏Anecdote ['? n/kd??t]趣闻轶事Around Nation 国内新闻 Around The Country国内新闻版Around The World国际新闻版 Backgrounding 新闻背景Blurb [bl??b]Sj 品信息 Book Page书评专页Book Review书评 Books书评Brief简讯；简明新闻Briefing简报 Budget 要闻索引Bulletin['b?l??i]新闻简报Business/Trade商业/ 贸易 Business商业版Campus Life校园生Candid ['k?nd?] Camera抓拍镜头；有照为凭Caricature [k?r??t??漫画；讽刺画Chitchat ['t?tt?? t] Column 闲话栏 City本市新闻版City Edition本埠新闻版；地方新闻版City Page＞融和商业新闻版Classified Ads/Classified Advertising类广告Column 专栏；栏目 Comic Strip连环画Continued Story连载故事 Correspondence Column读者来信栏Cover Story （杂志）封面报道 Critique [kr?'ti?有论（区别: critic，批评家/评论家） Crossword猜字游戏；纵横填字字谜Culture/Science文化/科技 Digest [da?d??st]文摘document 文件摘要Domestic 国内新闻 Domestic News国内新闻Double Dayoff Supplement双休特刊 Economics And Business贸版Editor's Note 编者按 Editorial Page/Editorials 社论版；言论版 英文报刊常用术语
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young. 无论是60岁还是16岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，有一座无线电台，它能在多长里接收到人间万物传递来的、、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多长时间。 An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 应当像河流，开始是涓涓细流，受两岸的限制而十分狭窄，尔后奔腾咆哮，翻过危岩，飞越瀑布，河面渐渐开阔，河岸也随之向两边隐去，最后水流平缓，森森无际，汇入大海之中，个人就这样地消失了。 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty.Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals. 意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是不思进取的结果。 Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。 爱情的世界很大也很小 The love world is big, which can hold hundreds of disappointments; the love world is small which is crowded even with three people inside. 原来的世界很大，大到可以装下上百种委屈； 原来爱情的世界很小，小到三个人就挤到窒息。 To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。 Don’t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn’t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费的人而浪费你的时间。
英语励志短文及翻译 梦想是一个可以离我们很近，又很远的东西。下面是我为大家搜集整理出来的有关于英语励志短文及翻译，希望可以帮助到大家！ Today is an excellent day for small improvements. Whatever is working for you, find a way to improve it just a little. There’s no need to make a huge change, just a small one, something you can do right now. If you called just one additional customer each day, over the course of the next month you would talk to about 20 new people. If you learned just one more new word each day, in the next year you would increase your vocabulary by more than 300 words. Small improvements can add up over time into big accomplishments. Look around you. Consider the work you do each day. Think about how you could do it just a little bit better. In a marathon race, each step the winner takes is just a little bit longer and a little bit faster than each stride taken by the 100th place finisher. Yet over the course of the race, that small difference adds up in a big way. Do just a little bit more today, and tomorrow too, and each day after that. Anyone can make just a small improvement, and that can make a big, big difference. 翻译：再多一点点
What sports and other activities do you participate in? What kinds of foods do you eat? What kind of people do you spend time with? Your answers to these and similar questions reflect your total health. Health is a combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being. These parts of your health work together to build good overall health. 你参加过什么体育活动和其他活动吗你吃什么食物你和什么样的人在一起你对这些问题或 者类似的问题的回答反映出了你整体的健康状况。健康是身体、心里和社会安宁感的集合。这些健康的部分结合起来搭建了一个完整的健康体系。 Often, good health is pictured as a triangle with equal sides. As shown in Figure 1.1, one side of the triangle is your physical health. Another side is your mental/emotional health, and the third side is your social health. Like the sides of a triangle, the three “sides” of health meet. They are connected. If you ignore any one side, your total health suffers. By the same token, if you make improvements to one side, the others benefit. For example, when you participate in physical activities, you improve your physical health. This helps you feel good about yourself, benefiting your mental health. Activities can also improve your social health when you share them with family and friends. 通常，全身健康可以描述成一个等边三角形。在Figure1.1展示出来，三角形的一条代表身体健康。另外一边代表心理健康，第三条边代表社会性健康。每一条边代表一个健康部分。他们之间有着密切的联系。如果你忽视任何一边，你就不健康了。同样的，如果你改善其中一个部分，其他的部分也会随之受益。举个例子，你去参加体育活动时，这样做能够改善你的体质。这让你自己的身体感觉更好，你的心理健康受益。活动也能够增强你的社会健康，当你和你的家人朋友一起互动的时候。 Do you stay active? Do you get plenty of rest each night? Do you eat healthy snacks? Your answers to these questions will tell you something about your physical health. Physical health is the condition of your body. Physical health is measured by what you do as well as what you don’t do. Teens who want to be healthy avoid harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. They balance the amount of time they spend watching TV or playing computer games with physical activity. Physical activity includes things such as playing sports, hiking, aerobics, swimming, dancing, and taking a walk. By avoiding harmful substances and being physically active, you can stay physically healthy. In other words, being physically healthy means taking care of your body. 你一直保持积极的状态吗你每天有足够的时间休息吗你吃的食品是有益于身体健康的吗你回答这些问题将要反映你的身体健康的情况。身体健康是通过你自己的身体状况表现出来的。身体健康不仅能通过你做的事情来衡量，也能通过你没有做的事情来衡量。青少年要想有身体健康就必须要远离有害的物质像烟草、酒精和其他毒品。他们用体育运动的时间去平衡他们看电视或玩电脑游戏的时间。体育运动包括做特殊的运动，远足，健身操，游泳，跳舞和做一份工作。通过远离有害物质和坚持体育运动，你可以保持身体健康。另外一种说法就是，要想身体健康就要多运动。 Do you feel good about who you are? Do you know how to handle stressful situations? Do you have a positive attitude about life? Your answers to
英文励志短文模板10篇 英文励志短文（一） Pie in the Sky There is actually a pie in the sky。It was made especially for you。It is your favorite flavor。You can eat as much of it as you want。It is all yours and you don’t have to share it with anyone。 Now，all you have to do to get your pie is build a set of stairs，climb up your stairs，and reach out your hand to take it。 First，you must figure out what the design of your stairs will be。If you don’t know，find a person who has managed to build a set of stairs to reach his pie，and find out what needs to be done。 Next，you will need to prepare for your stairs。You need to buy the wood and the tools。You might need to replace some broken tools。 Finally，and this is the hardest step，you need to focus your mind on your work。The actual work requires constructing the stairs。You may find that you’ve worked really hard for days，weeks or even months，and then suddenly find that your stairs are not going to line up with your pie。So you need to make sure that you still have money to buy new materials and rebuild your stairs in the right direction。 With proper planning and careful pacing，you will be able to reach your pie。Your pie is right there，right above you。All you need to do is get it。
报刊杂志常见的英语缩略语 APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织 BBS - Bulletin Board System 电子布告栏系统，现在国内统称为论坛 CBD - Central Business District 中心商务区 CET - College English Test （中国）大学英语等级考试 CEO - Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CIA - Central Intelligence Agency （美国）中央情报局 DIY - Do It Yourself 自己动手做 DJ - Disc Jockey 电台的音乐节目主持人 EMS - Express Mail Service 邮政特快专递服务 FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局 GDP - Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 GNP - Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GPS - Global Positioning System 全球定位系统 GSM - Global System For Mobile Communications 全球移动通讯系统 HSK - Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi 汉语水平考试 IT - Information Technology 信息技术 ISO - International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织 IQ - Intelligence Quotient 智商 MBA - Master Of Business Administration 工商管理硕士 NASDAQ - National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations 全美证券商协会自动报价系统，但目前已成为纳斯达克股票市场的代名词。 OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织 VIP - Very Important Person 贵宾, 大人物
Unit1 TextA Winston chnrchiee-His other life温斯顿?丘吉尔――他的另一种生活 Mary ?soames玛丽索姆斯 1.My father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty i in 1915, he had been deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war. But when the mission failed, with great loss of life, Churchill paid the price, both publicly and privately: He was removed from the Admiralty and lost his position of political influence..我的父亲温斯顿?丘吉尔是在40几岁开始迷恋上绘画的，当时他正身处逆境。1915年，作为海军大臣，他深深地卷入了达达尼尔海峡的一场战役。原本那次战役是能够缩短一场血腥的世界大战的，但它却失败了，人员伤亡惨重，为此丘吉尔作为公务员和个人都付出了代价：他被免去了海军部的职务，失去了显赫的政治地位。 2. Overwhelmed by the disaster —“I thought he would die of grief，，，said his wife, Clementine he retired with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey. There, as Churchill later recalled, “The muse of painting came to my rescue!”“我本以为他会因忧伤而死的。”他的妻子克莱门泰因说。被这一不幸压垮的他同家人一起退隐到萨里郡的一个乡间居处---耘锄农场。在那儿，正如丘吉尔日后所回忆的，“绘画女神拯救了我!” 3. One day when he was wandering in the garden, he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolours. He watched her for a few minutes, then borrowed her brush and tried his hand — and the muse w_d her magic. From that day forward, Winston was in love with painting. 一天他正在花园里漫步，正巧碰上他的弟妹在用水彩画素描。他观看了她几分钟，然后借过她的画笔，试了一下身手----于是缪斯女神施展了她的魔法。自那天以后，温斯顿便爱上了绘画。 4.Delighted with anything that distracted Winston from the dark thoughts that overwhelmed him, Clementine rushed off to buy whatever paints and materials she could find. Watercolours, oil paints, paper, canvas 一Hoe Farm was soon filled with everything a painter could want or need. 任何能让沉浸在忧思中的温斯顿分心的事情都让克莱门泰因高兴。于是，她赶紧去买来她所能找到的各种颜料和画具。水彩颜料、油画颜料、纸张、帆布画布---很快耘锄农场里便堆满了一个绘画者可能想要或需要的各样东西。 5.Painting in oils turned out to be Winston’s great love —but the first steps were strangely difficult. He contemplated the blank whiteness of his first canvas with unaccustomed nervousness. He later recalled. 画油画最终成了温斯顿的一大爱好---但是最初几步却出奇地艰难。他凝视着他的第一块空白画布，异乎寻常地紧张。 6.“Very hesitantly I selected a tube of blue paint,and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field. At that moment heard the sound of a motorcar in the drive and threw down my brush in a panic. I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from the car: the wife of Sir John Lavery, the celebrated painter who lived nearby. 他日后回忆道：“我迟疑不决地选了一管蓝色颜料，然后小心翼翼地在雪白的底子上的画上蚕豆般大小的一笔。就在这时，我听到车道上传来一辆汽车的声音，于是惊恐地丢下我的画笔。当我看清是谁从汽车里走出来时，更是惊慌失措。来者正是住在附近的著名画家约翰?莱佛利爵士的妻子。 7.“‘Painting!，she declared. 'What fun. But what are you waiting for?Let me have the brush —the big one.，She plunged into the paints and before 丨knew it, she had swept several fierce strokes and slashes of blue on the absolutely terrified canvas. Anyone could see it could not hit
Evaluation Only. Created with Aspose.Words. Copyright 2003-2015 Aspose Pty Ltd.英语励志短文带翻译 英语励志短文：A New Day （崭新的一天） The sun has begun to set and I hang up the smile I’ve worn all day, though I will make sure it is the first thing I put back on in the mo rning just in case it is “that day.” I want her to see me at my very best. 太阳将要下山，我收起挂了一天的微笑，不过我会确保明天早上第一件事就是将它又挂回去，以防这天就是“那一天”。我希望她看到我的最佳状态。 I do the normal routine, eat dinner, clean the house, write—the usual stuff. And then I lay down hoping to fall asleep quickly so my new day will hurry up and arrive. A new day with a brand new sun. But as I lay there and wait for the world to turn half way around, I think about her. And sometimes I smile, and sometimes that smile will turn into asnicker, and then often that snicker will turn into a burst of laughter. 我按平时的规律吃晚餐、打扫屋子、写作——做着日常事务。然后我躺下，希望能快点入睡，新的一天就能快点到来——拥有新生太阳的崭新的一天。可当我躺在那儿，等待着世界的日夜回转时，我想到了她。有时我会笑起来，有时那微笑变成了窃笑，然后窃笑又常常变成爆笑。 And then there are times I get that lump in my throat and that tight feeling in my chest, and sometimes that feeling overwhelms me and begins to turn into a tear, and often that tear multiplies itself and I can no longer fight the feeling and I lose the battle. Then somehow through either the joy or the sadness I drift and find myself asleep. Then the dreams begin and keep me company until my new day arrives. 也有些时候，我的喉咙像是被一块东西哽住了，胸口发闷;有时那种伤感席卷 而来，我开始流泪，眼泪常常越流越多，我再也无力抵抗悲伤，败下阵来。然后不知怎的，我在或喜悦或悲伤中飘荡，逐渐入眠。然后梦境开始伴我左右，直至新的一天到来。 When I awake it’s with such excitement because I tell m yself this could be the day that every other day has led up to and the first day of the rest of my life. I quickly don my smile because I do so want her to see me at my very best. Then I look out the window because, even though I know it’s dawn, I still have to confirm I’ve been given another chance to find her.
英文报刊常见栏目名称(英汉对照) Ad/Advertisement 广告 Agony Column 答读者问专栏；私事广告专栏 Anecdote 趣闻轶事 Around Nation 国内新闻 Around The Country 国内新闻版 Around The World 国际新闻版 Backgrounding 新闻背景 Blurb 商品信息 Book Page 书评专页 Book Review 书评 Books 书评 Brief 简讯；简明新闻 Briefing 简报 Budget 要闻索引 Bulletin 新闻简报 Business/Trade 商业/贸易 Business 商业版 Campus Life 校园生活 Candid Camera 抓拍镜头；有照为凭 Caricature 漫画；讽刺画 Cartoon 漫画
Chitchat Column 闲话栏 City 本市新闻版 City Edition 本埠新闻版；地方新闻版 City Page 金融和商业新闻版 Classified Ads/Classified Advertising 分类广告Column 专栏；栏目 Comic Strip 连环画 Continued Story 连载故事 Correspondence Column 读者来信栏 Cover Story （杂志）封面报道 Critique 评论 Crossword 猜字游戏；纵横填字字谜 Culture/Science 文化/科技 Digest 文摘 document 文件摘要 Domestic 国内新闻 Domestic News 国内新闻 Double Dayoff Supplement 双休特刊 Economics And Business 经贸版 Editor's Note 编者按 Editorial Page/Editorials 社论版；言论版
英语阅读理解带翻译10篇：给予 Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery: giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the