Newspaper – Reading 1
Text One
What do we learn from the front page?
The first page of any newspaper, called the front page, is the one readers are guaranteed to see. It is only logical then for newspapers to use this page to present the most important news of the day. Even more logical is to use this space to chronicle other information contained in the paper and about the paper itself.
1. The paper’s banner, or flag. This is the name of the newspaper, usually written in large, ornate, or distinctive lettering. The banner may also contain a trademark picture or symbol. Some papers also print the weather forecast for the day to one side of the banner. The other side may list a brief index to what can be found on the inside pages. When items such as the weather and index are placed at either side of the banner—the head of the newspaper—they are commonly referred to as ―ears.‖
2.Date of publication tells you the day of the week, the month, and the year that the newspaper was printed.
3. Newsstand price. This is the amount you will pay for the newspaper if you are buying it from a machine or at the store counter.
4. This is the banner headline, often just called a banner. This should not be confused with the banner that is the name of the newspaper. The banner headline is the top headline, frequently running across the whole page. Its large type size dominates the page.
5. A headline for a news story. By choosing the correct type size and style, the editor tries to focus your attention on the story under the headline. Most headlines (usually called heads, for short, in newsrooms) try to give you an idea of what the stories are about. Headlines are nearly always written with the verb in the present tense. The story, on the other hand, is written in the past tense. It sounds as though the two wouldn’t mix, but they do—and the reason for the difference is logical. Newspapers try to be as up-to-date2as possible. With the headline in the present tense, the reader is given the sense that the events are happening right now. For the story, however, the past tense is used to make the account more accurate and readable. For example, the headline might read:
______________________________________________________________
PRESENDENT MEETS WITH NEW
ARAB CHIEF
______________________________________________________________
And since the newspaper is describing a meeting that has already taken place, the story would be written in the past tense.
6. A byline tells who wrote the story. The writer of a story, however, does not always
receive a byline, and often a story will appear with no byline. Often, credit will be given to reports from the wire service, such as the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). Reports prefer, of course, to have bylines appear on their stories because bylines give them individual credit for a particular piece.
7. The index tells which sections of the paper contain certain types of news. One type of index simply lists the sections in alphabetical order. Others are more complete, in that they also provide a summary of the news and feature articles for this particular day. Unlike a book, which has the index at the back, a newspaper often prints the index on the front page. The exact location and size vary with every newspaper.
Text Two Headlines
How a Headline Is Formed in English Newspapers
In reading English newspapers, one of the difficulties the student will face is the headlines. A headline is full of special grammatical structures, technical expressions and abbreviations. The student must keep it in mind that the purpose of and function of the headline is to catch the reader’s attention at a glance on the one hand and sum up1 the whole news story on the other.
For this reason, the structure of English in a headline is somewhat different from that of prose or other writings, at least, from the grammatical point of view.
If he knows what’s what about the structure of a headline, the student will be in the right direction toward reading any English newspaper at his disposal.
The following points are some of the most essential characteristics (structures) of a headline:
1. Use simple present tense to indicate the action or event which happened in the past, as in:
200 G. I.’s Clash With 50 Koreans (= 200 Government Issues, i.e. American soldiers clashed with 50 Koreans)
Mr. Lu Wins Japan Golf Prize in Play-off
Cabbie Murderer Gets Death
U S OKs Lebanon Offer on P O W s
2. Use present progressive to indicate the action or event which is going on at the present moment or in the near future, for instance:
Water Supply Running Low in Taipei Area (= Water supply is running low in Taipei area) More examples:
Columbia VIPs Visiting Here
Amin Missing after Assassination Attempt
Andy Y oung Watching His Tongue
Protectionism Posing Threat to World Trade
3. Use the infinitive to indicate the future event or action, for example:
Cuba to Swap Captives with US (= Cuba is to swap captives with US)
H K Students to Continue Demonstrations
Panther Leader to Return to US
Gays Rally Worldwide to Fight for Rights
India to Elect New Prexy on Aug. 8
4. Use the past participle tense to indicate the action or event in the passive tense, as in: Taiwan Drug Trafficker Sentenced to Death (= Taiwan drug trafficker was sentenced to death)
Two Jail-breakers Charged in 36 Taipei Burglaries
Peiping Found Fishing in Troubled ME Waters with Equipment as Bait
Russians Said Spying in Canadian Waters
5. V erb-to-be is often omitted, unless to avoid ambiguity2, for example:
S. Africa Optimistic about Future of Gold (= South Africa is optimistic about the future of gold)
Later-Hour Accord to Accept World Court’s Jurisdiction Concorde Valuable for Atmosphere Study
Security Situation in SE Asia Still Crucial, Sensitive
6. Use short phrase for effective purpose, for example:
Sanatorium for Needy
Butterfly Park in South
Local News in Brief
Taiwan Rice for Manlia
7. The articles (a, an and the) are usually omitted in a headline, for example:
Car Rams into Clinic (= A car rammed into a clinic)
New Crackdown on Auto Pollution
Sanatorium for Needy (= A sanatorium is for the needy)
8. Use comma ( , ) for the omission3 of and, as in the following:
Severe Quake Hits Chile, Argentina (= Severe quake hits Chile and
Argentina)
Bus Collision Kills Two, Injuries 40
U.S., USSR to Enlarge N-Test Ban Talk
Chris Evert, Russ Gal Enter Wimby Finals
9. Use semi-colon ( ; ) to separate two independent clauses with two different events, as in:
India Goes Nuclear; U. S. Concerned
Hua Fi res Dissidents; Teng’s Return Likely
Amin to Sever Ties with U. K., Switch Embrace France; Confirms Pilot
10. Use colon ( : ) to indicate the sources of the news, as in:
Shen: ROC to Overcome Any Difficulty
Carter: SALT Talk Not to Link With Human Rights Concept
Many Scholars to Return from U.S.: Dr. Chien
Secret Diplomacy Unavoidable: Dr. K
OPEC Agrees to Freeze Oil Price: Y amani
11. Use question mark ( ? ) to indicate the event or the news which is highly doubtful, for example:
Mao In Critical Condition?
U Thant Open to draft?
NA TO for Far East?
Many different styles or patterns of headlines are widely used on the pages of school and daily newspapers.
1) Flush Left Headlines
These are basic headlines for streamlined newspapers. Caps5and lower case are used to make them easy to read. For good appearance, each line should fill at least three-quarters of its column; It may extend all the way across the column if described.
Flush left headlines may be written in various sizes to suit each story’s importance.
Reshuffle
Reduces
France’s
Cabinet
2) Streamer or Banner Headlines
An important story may rate a streamer headline across the top of the front page or the sports page. This headline, in large type, extends completely across all columns. It must therefore be written to an exact unit count. For example:
12th Party Congress Opens
3) Other Styles or Patterns of Headlines
a.Drop Form ( 阶梯下坠形)
Many New Y ork Clubs
And Office Buildings
Violate the Fire Law
b.Inverted Pyramid Form (倒金字塔形)
Heavy Losses Are Reported in
Fighting in South Lebanon
and along the Coast
c.Jump Head （转页标题）
Pentagon Plans U.S. Plans Weapon
System to Fight Against Satellites
Soviet Satellites
( 原标题) ( 转页标题)
Many New Y ork Clubs Power bills
And Office Buildings spark
Text Tree
The Compositions of a Newspaper Story
Each news story must answer the questions which are called a reporter’s ―five (really six) faithful servants‖—who? What? When? Where? How or Why? In writing a news story, a reporter will try to answer each of these questions in the first two paragraphs. These paragraphs are called the lead (pronounced leed). The lead is the most important facts. In the body of the story, the reporter must document or support these facts. As a result, the structure of a news story resembles an upside-down triangle, and sto ries written in this manner are said to follow the ―inverted pyramid‖ style3. The lead summarize the main facts, and each succeeding paragraph fleshes out the story by adding other facts in descending order of importance4. The diagram below illustrates a typical
these questions to help you: What happened? When did it happen? How did it happen? Who was involved? Where did it happen?
Three convicts from the city jail who escaped yesterday by hiding in a laundry truck may still be in the area, the sheriff’s Office announced today.
Y ou do not have to read further in this story unless you want to know more details. The lead satisfied all the questions you would generally want to know about a news event.
Most news stories begin with the ―who?‖ or ―what?‖ although the ―why?‖ or ―how?‖ can be nearly as impo rtant as lead beginnings. Below are examples of each type
of lead.
The “Who?” Lead: Betty Ann Smith announced yesterday that she has dropped out of the race for district mayo5r, but will seek to retain her seat on the City Council.
The “What?” Lead:Two of Maryland’s prisons are packed to nearby twice their planned capacities as inmates6 continue to be sent to the institutions at a record rate, according to correction officials.
The “How?” Lead: Emergency mouth-to-mouth resuscitation7by a local firefighter prevented the death of Amy Cole, 3, when she was rescued from her burning home at 8315 Lavery St., College City.
The “When?” Lead: Not until Monday will low-income persons be permitted to obtain the federal government’s free 5 pounds of chees e per individual, city officials announced today.
There are two main reasons why news stories are written the way they are. First, people want to learn the main facts quickly, and to take in the supporting facts, if at all, at a more leisurely pace. Second, newspapers have limited space. If an editor has to cut down on the space allotted to8 a particular story, the least important details are the first to go. Editors can easily cut stories from the bottom up when the invented pyramid style is used. Since time is always important in newspaper work, it makes sense to be able to cut a story down rather than rewrite the whole piece.
Text Four
The Editorial
Most newspapers in a community cover the same newsworthy events. And since there are only so many ways the same sets of facts can be written, the only place where readers can find broad differences among competing papers is in the editorial section. This part of the paper is different from the news pages in a very important way. In news stories you get the facts. In editorials you get th e newspaper’s, and its readers’ opinions about facts in these news stories, although not every news story will be the subject for an editorial.
An articl e on the editorial page may be written by a member of the newspaper’s staff or a well-known columnist, or may be a letter from one of the newspaper’s readers. Whatever its form, an article is an editorial if it expresses an opinion about an event in the news.
Lead stories from national news sources are often the subject of editorials in nearly every newspaper in the nation. One such event was the jury’s verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity in the trial of John Hinckley, Jr., the man who attempted to assassinate President Reagan.
If you read this headline on the front page of your newspaper …
Hinkley Innocent; Legally
Insane, Says Jury
… you could turn to the editorial page within the newspaper that same day and find out how your newspaper interpreted the meaning of the jury’s verdict. In an editorial, however, you would get more than just the facts about the jury’s decision. Y ou would also get:
● more background information on the event. For example, the editorial may relate the
Hinckley verdict to those reached at the trials of other would-be assassins.
● an analysis of the facts that contributed to the jury’s verdict.
● the newspaper’s opinion of the verdict and perhaps of the insanity plea2 itself. Editorials are helpful because they do for readers what so few have a chance to do for themselves —research the background of news events (such as the Hinkley verdict), bring
Text Five
Editorial Page
The editorial page is usually found at the end of the first section of the newspaper. Most editorial pages have these five components:
1. the paper’s own editorials;
2. articles by syndicated3columnists ( writers who regularly sell articles to a large
number of papers for publication at the same time);
3. letters from readers;
4. editorial cartoons, drawn by either the paper’s own artist or a syndicated cartoonist;
5. articles by local opinion writers and columnists, and articles reprinted from other
newspaper sources. A well-known local judge, for example, may write an article that helps interpret the jury’s verdict in the Hinckley trial.
The following editorial deals with what one newspaper thinks about a new state program to combat drunk driving which was reported by the paper in a front page news story.
The post’s opinion …
Citizen Patrol
This week’s edition of The Prince George’s Post carries an article on a new program being launched by state and local authorities to combat drunk driving by encouraging citizen identification of the villainous culprits.
What has been pegged an innovative, new program is really nothing more than encouraging what should already be happening. All of us have been touched in some way
by the senseless killing and destruction inflicted each year by people who do not have the sense to turn over their keys when they have had too much to drink. Rather than shaking our heads, clucking our tongues, or worse, laughing at the drunken driver weaving all over the road it is the responsibility of other motorists to get him off the road.
As a result of the recent focus on the tragedy drunk driving can inflict, public awareness of the problem has increased noticeably. People seem to be drinking less at parties when they are driving, and are receptive to blockades to catch the intoxicated offenders7. Increased emphasis on the fact that citizens can assist in the apprehension of drunk drivers cannot but help the situation even more.
There is need for caution when untrained citizens begin enforcing the law and careful attention should be paid to the do’s and don’t’s on helping police remove drunk drivers from the roads, which appear on page 8 of this edition. However, with discretion on the part of the sober driver, the program should be very successful.
The fourth of July holiday is rapidly approaching. Remember that if you are driving, don’t drink, and watch out for the other gut on the road because he might not have shown the same restraint. For him, the answer is a police squad car before he does any harm.
As with enforcing any type of law, the police cannot stop drunk drives alone. Have a safe and happy holiday.
People who read this editorial may get arguments to support their own thinking about drunk drivers. Or it may help them form their own opinions about the subject if they haven’t given it much thought before.
Editorials are not expected to do your thinking for you, but to assist you in thinking things through for yourself. The drunk driving editorial may cause readers to stop and think why this program might be a good idea, or may give them something to think about that never occurred to them before.
Y ou might also read other people’s opinions on the editorial page. Many newspapers employ special writers who comment on the leading news story of the day. These special writers are called columnists. People find their comments interesting because the style of writing is clever and even entertaining. They also read some columns regularly because they don’t agree with the columnis t on most occasions. They find a good sparring partner9in the columnist, someone to match wits with. A columnist may be the newspaper’s own or nationally syndicated (with columns appearing in large numbers of newspapers throughout the nation). By printing columnists’ views, as well as their own, newspapers give readers more than one opinion on a subject.
Readers’ Letters
Also found on the editorial page are letters which readers have written to the newspaper editor. These letters tell others what readers think about an issue. The following letter was written to express the writer’s opinion about the governor’s drunk driving program.
To the Editor: What do we hire police officers for if ordinary citizens are now expected to enforce the drunk driving laws, ac cording to the Governor’s plan? I am as against drunk drivers as the next guy, but enforcing these laws is strictly a police matter. If the Governor is really serious about combating drunk drivers, he’d come up with a better program than this one.
Terri Jones
Oldtown
Anyone can write a letter to the editor. People write when they have strong feelings about a program in the community or when they disagree with something the newspaper has said. By writing to the newspaper, they feel they have aired their views in a place where someone will be listening. Another reader had this to say in response to the newspaper’s editorial about the citizen patrol for getting drunk drivers off the road:
To the editor: I am happy to say that I totally agree with your support of the Governor’s plan for catching drunk drivers and getting them off the streets. Keep up3 the good work.
J.M. Smith
Newtown
Newspapers don’t publish every letter they receive. The vast majority of papers refuse to print letters without a signature, for example. They also will not include letters that are too dull, too long, not interesting to the paper’s readership, or written so poorly as to unintelligible.
If you want to ensure that your letter to the editor has a chance for publication, follow these simple rules:
1. Write clearly and legibly.
2. State your purpose in the body of the letter.
3. Keep the letter short.
4. Put a date on it.
5. Sign it.
6. Include your address and phone number. Many newspapers will want to contact
you before printing your letter to make sure you actually wrote it.
Text Six
Editorial Cartoons
Cartoonists also express opinions on the editorial page. Their cartoons usually deal with serious matters, but often in a humorous way. The best political cartoons — use no words at all and yet clearly express an opinion at a glance. To accomplish this goal, editorial cartoonists use many symbols in their drawings: Uncle Sam often represents the United States; a donkey, the Democratic Party; an elephant, the Republican Party.
To poke fun at well-known people, cartoonists also use caricatures, drawings that exaggerate a feature, such as height, shape, size of teeth, number of wrinkles, or facial expressions. Generally, caricatures are unflattering, but public figures know that when they run for high office, very likely they will be the subject of a political cartoon sooner or later7.
Editorial cartoons are often used to help explain how two issues are related. In the cartoon above, for example, the cartoonist relates the video game craze with the government’s ―fever‖ to collect amusement tax money on to eat up tax money. The players are unhappy because increasing the amusement tax means it will cost more to play each game.
Text Seven
Features and Classifieds
Along with covering the news, newspapers also print a lot of other information for your entertainment and needs. This information is contained in the special sections of the newspaper. Articles that fill these sections deal with today’s life, books, music, the theater, sports, humor, and social and economic commentary.
The special sections are very important to the paper’s readers. Suppose your community has two newspapers. The chances are that the news section of both papers will report the same facts in the most important news stories and give the other news as well. Y our choice of one paper over the other probably depends on how you answer this question: Does this paper have enough of the kinds of things I like to read about?
If it doesn’t, you may feel like the woman who cal led the newspaper office to complain when her paper arrived on her doorstep without Thursday’s food section in it: ―Y ou gave me all the bad news and left out the good news!‖
Stories and articles which deal with something other than actual news are called features. And because they are not late-breaking news stories, they are placed in separate sections of the newspaper. Some of the more familiar subjects of feature stories are:
● animal and zoo stories
● unusual happenings
● family life — past or present
● acts of heroism
● people coping with adversity2
● famous people
Besides stories like these, newspapers print many other articles in the special sections that focus on the way people live and play. Among these articles might be the following: ● theater, art, and book reviews
● fashion news
Articles will be selected with thousands of people in mind —joggers, dieters, dancers, cooks, even Pac-Man fanatics!
The following titles of articles and story headlines will help you to see the types of reading that newspapers offer in specialty sections.
Bow Ties Are Back
In Men’s Wear
Women’s Legal Rights
Victorian Homes
Have Special
Christmas Touch
Grandma Was Right:
An Apple a Day Is
Good for Y ou
Rock Star Is Star Father
Summer Movie Winners
Cutting Y our Meat Budget
Returning to the Job Market
There are many ways you can use the newspaper feature section in your studies. For example, the story under this headline …
Teens in California Pan for
Gold in 1949 Streams
… could help you learn more about the gold rush of 1849 and how local California teens are reworking the same streams. This information would add to knowledge acquired in your texts.
This story could increase your understanding of boomtown conditions in the past as well as today:
Needy Coal Boomtowns Ask
Government for Help
Y ou will find newspapers from other parts of the nation in public libraries. By scanning these papers, you can detect general style and fads popular in these regions. This can also help you find out what subjects people in other parts of America like to read about as compared with what is presented in your hometown paper.
Old newspaper can tell you a lot, too. Looking at newspapers published in the past can show you how our living patterns have changed. Look at this list of feature article headlines and try to find the one that probably appeared in 1900. Which one most likely appeared in 1934? 1942? 1968? 1980?
Fashion Wear for the Adventurous
Automobilist
How to Use Ration Book
Food Stamps7
Patterns for Shirley Temple Doll
Clothes Y ou Can Make
Home Computers
They’re Wonderful, but
What Can Y ou Do
With Them?
Campuses Across America Feel
Viet Nam War Protests
Reviews
Many people like to see a good play or escape through the fantasy of a movie. With ticket prices as high as they are today, no one wants to spend money and be disappointed in the plays and movies they see, so the reviews in the newspaper are important. A reviewer or critic tells you how much he or she enjoyed (or disliked) a certain work.
A critic’s job is to criticize new productions you might want to see. To criticize does not mean just saying what is bad but also what is well done in a play, movie, symphony1, book, recital2, exhibit, and other productions available to the public.
Most reviews begin with a general statement of the subject and the writer’s reaction to it. If a plot is involved, it is stated briefly. The work of the author, composer, or players is then summed up, and in the case of a performance, you are told who performed well and who did not. The concluding paragraph restates the opening statement so that readers may be in no doubt over the reviewer’s opinion. In covering theater, movies, and cultural events, critics ask themselves these questions before telling readers their reaction:
● Will it appeal to many people?
● Is it entertaining?
● Is it worth seeing?
● How does it compare with similar productions?
Classifieds
This section of the paper has no pictures to clever headlines to attract the eyes of readers, yet it is one of the most popular sections of the newspaper. The reason is simple.
Classified ads are the place to look if you want to buy something, find a job, or locate a lost pet. The classifieds in a typical newspaper are divided in categories2 such as: Announcements and notices
Pets
Home Services
Recreation and Leisure
Merchandise
Instruction
Help Wanted
Real Estate3
Financial
Automobile
Many skills are important when reading or writing classified advertisements. The first is not difficult, as you need to know only the alphabet.
Text Eight
Reading Abbreviations
When you read a classified ad, it’s essential to be able to determine which information is important and which is not. Read to determine the item, service, or job that is being offered. Reading classified ads can be very much like reading a foreign language. What can help is a good dictionary. The following lists contain the abbreviations for the most frequently used terms and words in the categories of employment, Real Estate, and Transportation (Automobile). Some abbreviations will be found on all three lists because they are used often in each category. These abbreviations are used with other types of ads as well. This dictionary can help you to read advertisements more effectively.
Classified Dictionary
Abbreviation Meaning
EMPLOYMENT
appt appointment
avail available
benes benefits
co/com company
exper’d experienced
grad graduate
immed immediate
lic license/licensed
ofc office
mgr/mgmt manager/management
neg negotiate/negotiable perm permanent
a/c air conditioned
appl appliance
apt apartment
B bath
BR bedroom
bldg building
bkyd backyard
bsmt basement
fpl fireplace
finan financing
incl included
liv rm living room
loc location
mos months
nbrhd neighborhood
nego negotiable
sep separate
w/d washer and dryer
w/ with
unfurn unfurnished
a/c air conditioner
cass cassette
cond condition
cpe coupe
dr drive
eng engine
equip equipment
excel or ex excellent
fin finish
immac immaculate
insp inspected or inspection K $ 1000.00
lfbk liftback
ligg rk luggage rack
mech mechanic or mechanical mi mileage
off offer
pwr (PB, PS, PW) power (power brakes, steering, windows)
recond reconditioned
restor roof
spd speed
trans transmission
wag wagon
ABBREVIATIONS, CLIPPINGS AND BLEND WORDS (PAPERS)
1. General abbreviations:
a.The letter represent full words:
ROC—Republic of China
ROK—Republic of Korea
PRC—People’s Republic of China
VIP—very important person
CIA—central intelligence agency
FBI—federal bureau of investigation
EEC—European Economic Community
UFO—unidentified flying object
b. The letters represent elements in a compound or just parts of a word:
GHQ—general headquarters
ID—identification card
TB—tuberculosis
2. Acronyms
NA TO—the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
UNESCO—untied nation educational, scientific and cultural organization
WHO—world health organization
WASP—white Anglo-Saxon protestant
Laser—lightwave amplification by stimulate emission
CORE—congress of racial equality
Radar—radio detecting and ranging
Sonar—sound navigation ranging
Clippings
Back clipping: the beginning is retained.
ad—advertisement auto—automobile
bach—bachelor biz—business
doc—doctor confab—confabulation
con—convict dorm—dormitory
frat—0fraternity gas—gasoline
gym—gymnasium
homo--homosexual hood—hoodlum
lab—lboratory lav—lavatory
mag—magazine- memo-memorandum
pro—professional prof—professor
photo—photograph rep—representative
stereo—stereophonic sub—subway; submarine
vet—veteran zoo—zoological garden
mike—microphone
Front clipping: the end is retained.
Bus—omnibus bo—hobo
Chute—parachute copter—helicopter
Phone—telephone varsity—university Front-and-back clipping:
flu—influenza fridge, frige—refrigerator Middle clipping:
Nat’l—national int’l—international
Gov’t—government c’tee—committee
Cric—critic C’wealth—Commonwealth clipped adjective-noun phrases:
pub—public house op—optical art
pop—popular music prefab—prefabricated structure Other irregular clippings:
Bike—bicycle co-ed—female college student Clipped forms with a suffix –y or –ie:
Aussie—Australian hanky-handkerchief
Bookie—bookmaker movie—moving picture
Commie—communist telly—televsion
Blend words
Smog—smoke fog
Smaze—smoke fog
Motel—motor hotel
Telex—teleprinter exchange
Boost—boom hoist
Stagflation—stagnation inflation
Seep—sea jeep
Eurovision—European television
Heliport—helicopter (air)port
Interpol-international police
Moped—motor pedal (cycle)
Newscast—television broadcast
Transistor—transfer resistor
Bit—binary digit
Breathalyzer—breath analysis
SOME OTERH WORDS WHICH ARE TUYPICALY USED AND COMMONLY F THE ENGLISH NEWSPAPER
Prexy—president
V eep—vice president
Solon—member of the National Assembly
Lawmaker—member of the legislative organization
Watchdog—member of the control organization
City father—city councilman
White collar—salaried man
Blue collar—worker, hard-hat, wage-earner
Green horn/hand—inexperienced man
Old/veteran hand—experienced man
Old China hand—an expert on Chinese affairs
Small potato—a person of little importance
Big shot/brass—VIP, A VERY IMPORTANT PERSON
G-man—government man, eg: FBI agent
Con-man—confidence man
Brain drain—exodus of talented persons
Brain gain—the opposite of brain drain
Brain trust—an advisory group with expertise
Think tank—the same as brain trust
Black sheep—an ill-conducted person
Dark horse—an unexpected winner
Greenback—U.S. dollar
Women’s lib—women’s liberation movement
Buck—one U.S. dollar
Gay lib—gay people (homosexual) liberation movement
Moonlighting –a part time job
Dove—a person who frowns on war
Hawk—a person who is in favor of war
Middle-of-the-roader—a person who is neutral
Hard-liner—a person who lives up very stubbornly
Soft-liner—the opposite of hard-liner
Beatnik—a typical member of the beat generation
Hippie—a person who breaks away from convention society
Yippie—the second generation of hippie
Zippie—the third generation of hippie
Hit man—pro killer
Wildcat strike—an illegal strike
Work horse—workaholic, a hard-working person
War horse—veteran
Afternooner—afternoon paper
Baby kisser—tactful politician
Back burner—something held in reserve
Background—give detailed information
Backslapper—flatterer
Bankroll—support financially
Big stick—force, high-handed measure; threat
Blue-sky thinking—wishful thinking, utopian thinking
Boiling point—about to explode; very angry
Brain man—talented man
Brain picker—one who gathers and makes use of ideas from others
Brass tacks-essential facts
Cold turkey—hard facts
Con game—confidence game; pigeon dropping
Cry uncle—admit defeat
Fat cat—wealthy person
Glad-hander—person who is always friendly and cheerful
Go-getter—able man
NEOLOGISM OR COINED WORDS
Sit-in—staging a demonstration by sitting on the floor
Bed-in—performing the wedding ceremony in bed as a protest against the convention Beer-in—lodging a protest by drinking beer on campus
Love-in—staging a demonstration by making love in public
Streak-in running nude in public
Tree-in—a protest against cutting down a tree by sitting up there
Die-in—a demonstration against the war by pretending dead lying on the street
A cave-in – a collapse
A lie-in – staging in bed after the usual time of rising
A look-in –- an opportunity of winning
A tuck-in – a big meal
A stand-in – a substitute
Peacenik, vietnk, no-goodnik, far-outnik, jazznik, beatnik, goodwillnik, filmnik, computernik, etc.
Antihero, antiheroine, antipollution, antismog
Nondiscrimination, nonnegative, nonperson, nonnegtotiate, nonpolitical Sovietology, Pekingology, planetology
Talkaholic, workaholic, bookahlic
Text Ten
Special Expressions
One of the thorny problems the student must solve before he can have his newspaper reading at his finger’s tips is the problem of special expressions. By special expressions, it means that these expressions have special shades of meanings so that they can not be taken word for word, that is, they give different meanings other than literal meanings. …
To begin with, we believe that science and technology are probably the most prolific providers of new words today: for instance, the exploration of the moon has given us words for novel experiences: moonwalk and earthrise.
Medicine is a major contributor of new terms such as open-heart surgery, sudden infant death syndrome and the famous pill.
For military vocabulary, we have ABMs,and MIRVs.We have over-kil and megadeath .
The division of American opinion on the undeclared war in Vietnam gave us Doves and hawks.
The young people of the English-speaking world have spurned the establishment to join the counter-culture as hippies or flower people. The music of the young has given us acid rock, hard rock, and folk rock.
So many people have become involved with drug subculture. We talk of Uppers and downers, acid, pot, of people who have OD’d and of people busted for trying to smuggle in a couple of keys.
The civil right movement that began with freedom rides and sit-ins has made us all more aware of black culture. Black culture itself has given us many new words:black studies, Afro,dashiki, the Black Panthers, the Black Muslims, and soul.
From women’s movement we get such terms as the now widely used Ms, sexism, chairperson, and chairone.From senior citizen, we have Golden-agers, Gray Panthers
and ageism.
The changing attitude of Americans towards sexual matters has also contributed to the language. Movies are now rated G, PG, R, or X. The homosexual subculture has become more open, bring into general use such terms as homophile, gay, butch and camp Education is another source of new vocabulary, giving us underachiever, open classroom, TA, grade-point average, and pass-fail grading. Increasing interest in the consumer has given us consumerism, callback, unit pricing and generic.
Entertainment has always been a source of new words. We have sitcoms and shoot-’em-ups on television and call-in program on radio.
And finally, the martial arts of the Far East have given us aikido and kung fu and black belt.
中考语文现代文阅读各种文体基础知识 一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论 二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬） 三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、弓I用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语 四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果 五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙 六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写 七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌 八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉 九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远） 十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、侧面（又叫间接） 十^一、散文的分类：叙事散文?抒情散文.哲理散文十二.散文的特点：形散而神不散十三、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局（序幕?尾声）十五、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境十七、说明文分类： 1、事物说明文、事理说明文 2、科技性说明文、文艺性说明文（也叫科学小品或知识小品） 十八、说明文结构：：“总（概说）一一分（具体）”式、“总一一分一一总”式、“分一—总”式、并列式、递进式等。 十九、说明顺序： 1、时间顺序： 2、空间顺序： 3、逻辑顺序：（先总后分、由主到次、由表及里、由简到繁、由此及彼、从特殊到一般、由现象到本质等）。 十六、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、引用，下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、 二十、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证二十一、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据二十二、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证二十三、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证） 二十四、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。中考语文现代文阅读各种文体答题技巧 中考记叙文阅读常见的考点：一、理解文章重要词语的含义。二、理解文中重要句子的含意。三、理解文中重要句段作用。四、筛选并整合文中的信息。五、分析文章结构，把握文章思路。六、归纳内容要点，概括中心意思。七、鉴赏文学作品形象、语言、表达技巧。八、评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度。九、体验作品的形象和情境，拓展作品的主旨 和内涵。 中考记叙文阅读答题技巧 1语句在表情达意方面的作用： 渲染气氛、烘托人物的形象（或人物感情）、点明文章中心（揭示主旨）、突出主题（深化中心） 2、布局谋篇的技巧：开门见山、首尾呼应、卒章显志、伏笔照应、层层深入、过度铺垫、设置线索；结构严密，完整匀称；烘托铺垫，前后照应；设置悬念，制造波澜，起承转合，曲折有致。材料和中心的关系的处理，主次详略是否得当；材料是否典型、真实、新颖、有力。 3、环境描写作用： ⑴自然环境描写作用。［景物描写的作用］ ①交代故事发生的时间、地点。②渲染……气氛。③烘托人物……心情，表现人物…… 性
★小说阅读（一）之情节类型题 目标： （1）掌握小说情节的概括技巧 （2）掌握5种记叙顺序 （3）掌握小说情节的作用 （一）什么是情节 小说中的情节是指作品所描写的事件发展、演变的全过程。小说故事情节用以展示人物性格，表现作品主题。 （二）小说情节的概括 （1）完整叙述：按照“何时何地何人做何事”的格式加以概括，应有的要素不能丢失。“何事”一环中有时要包括“开端、发展、高潮、结局”。 （2）从主人公的角度叙述：故事较复杂，关涉到的人物较多时，要避免前后情节的相互交错。注意把握事件涉及的对象，从同一角度概述，做到前后贯通。 （三）小说的记叙顺序 （1）顺叙：即按时间的先后顺序来写。情节发展脉络分明，层次清晰。 （2）倒叙：不按时间的先后顺序，而是把某些发生在后面的情节或结局先行提出，然后再按顺序叙述下去的一种方法。造成悬念，引人入胜。 （3）插叙：在叙述中心事件的过程中，暂时中断叙述的线索，插入一段与主要情节相关的回忆或故事。对主要情节或中心事件作必要的补充说明，使情节更加完整，结构更加严密，内容更加充实丰满。 （4）补叙：也叫追叙，是指行文中用三两句话或一小段话对前面说的人或事作一些简单的补充交代。补叙大都无情节，前后不必有什么过渡的话。补叙通常是中心事件的有机组成部分，文章的关键之处。没有补叙，故事情节上就可能出现漏洞，令人不解。 （四）小说情节作用 开头 1.一般开头 （1）交代故事发生的时间和地点（2）开门见山，点明主题。（3）引出下文，为后面的故事情节做铺垫 2.开头设疑 （1）造成悬念，引出下文（2）引起读者的兴趣和思考 3.开头写景 （1）交代故事发生的环境（背景）（2）渲染气氛，奠定感情基调（3）烘托人物心情
《英语报刊阅读》课程教学大纲 课程编码：30614003 学分：2 总学时：36 说明 【课程性质】 英语报刊阅读是全日制英语专业本科高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课，开设时间为第五学期。 【教学目的】 1. 通过为学生提供一定数量的英美报刊阅读，使学生了解国际重大时事，获得最新信息，增加国际知识，提高独立阅读的能力。 2.通过课堂讲授，使学生了解世界主流英文报刊，了解英文报刊阅读常识，提高对信息分析、判断的能力。 3．通过课堂讲授与课后练习，提高学生阅读报刊文章并进行摘要写作的能力。 【教学任务】 此课程教学旨在使学生大致了解英美等英语国家报刊的基本特点，初步掌握阅读英语报刊的技能，学会运用各种工具书和各方面的知识，了解英语报刊的内容和实质，进而在提高学生语言能力的同时提高综合能力和知识水平。 【教学内容】 英语报刊阅读主要包括英语国家报刊简介、英语报刊中的术语、新闻的写作等报刊知识以及报刊文章选读，所选的文章主要来源于国内的21st Century 、China Daily 以及美国《读者文摘》、《今日美国》、《时代周刊》及《新闻周刊》等报刊以及部分互联网文章。选材注重思想性和代表性及学生的实际英语水平。 【教学原则和方法】 教学原则：在《英美报刊阅读》课程当中，强调学生思维能力的培养，我们要有意识地思维能力的培养有机地融合在英语专业技能、英语专业知识和相关知识课程的教学中。要努力为学生创造发表个人见解的机会，对不同的意见和看法要采取鼓励和宽容的态度。 教学方法：以讲授为主，辅以学生查阅相关资料，探究式学习。 【先修课程要求】 可以在第一、二、三、四学期开设了基础英语，以及第二，三学期的英语阅读课的基础上开设此课程。
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
现代文阅读知识点 1.景物描写的作用：渲染气氛；烘托人物心情；推动情节发展；表现人物的品质；衬托中心意思 2.运用描写方法的作用：表现人物性格；反映作品主题 3.运用比喻拟人等修辞的作用：运用了的修辞，生动形象地写出了 4.运用排比的作用：增强语言启示，生动形象地写出了 5.反问句的作用：加强语气；引起下文；承上启下 6.设问句的作用：引起读者的注意和思考；引出下文；承上启下 7.题目的作用：概括内容；揭示主题；提示线索； 8.记叙文第一段的作用： 1）环境描写：点明故事发生的地点,环境；引出下文；为下文情节发展作铺垫； 2）其他：开篇点题；奠定全文的感情基调；总领全文或引起下文；为下文情节发展作铺垫； 9.中间句段的作用：承上启下的过度作用 10.结尾议论性句子的作用：总结全文；照应开头；点明中心；深化主题 11.记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙 12.写作人称的好处：第一人称,真实可信；第二人称,亲切自然；第三人称,可以多角度描写,不受时间和空间的限制 13.记叙线索的形式：实物；人物;思想感情变化；时间；地点变换；中心事件 14.找线索的方法：标题；反复出现的某个词语或某个事物；抒情议论句 15.赏析句段从三方面考虑：内容(写了什么,选材有什么独特之处)；形式(写作方法,语言特色,修辞)；感情(文章的社会价值,意义,作用等) 初中语文基础知识点归纳 第一部分 二种常见叙事线索：物线、情线。 二种语言类型：口语、书面语。 二种论证方式：立论、驳论。 二种说明语言：平实、生动。二种说明文类型：事理说明文、事物说明文。 二种环境描写：自然环境描写--烘托人物心情，渲染气氛。 社会环境描写--交代时代背景。 二种论据形式：事实论据、道理论据。 第二部分 三种人称：第一人称、第二人称、第三人称。 三种感情色彩：褒义、贬义、中性。 小说三要素：人物（根据能否表现小说主题思想确定主要人物）情节（开端/发展/高潮/结局）环境（自然环境/ 社会环境。） 人物主要掌握通过适当的描写方法、角度刻画人物形象，反映人物思想性格的阅读技巧。 情节主要了解各部分的基本内容及理解、分析小说情节的方法、技巧。 开端交代背景，铺垫下文。例：《孔乙己》开端部分叙写咸亨酒店的格局和两种不同 身份、地位的酒客（短衣帮、长衫主顾）来往的情景，交代了当时贫富悬殊、阶级对立的社会背景，为下文孔乙己这一特殊的人物的出场作下铺垫。 发展刻画人物，反映性格。例：《孔乙己》发展部分叙写孔乙己第一次到咸亨酒店喝酒遭人耻笑的情景，通过刻画孔乙己的肖像、神态、动作、语言等，揭示其贫困潦倒、自欺欺人、迂腐可笑、死要面子、好逸恶劳的思想性格。 高潮表现冲突，揭示主题。例：《孔乙己》高潮部分叙写孔乙己最后一次到咸亨酒店喝酒遭人耻笑的情景，通过侧面反映丁举人的横行霸道、心横手辣和正面描写孔乙己的身残气微，表现其悲惨遭遇，从而深刻的揭露了封建科举制度的罪恶。 结局深化主题，留下思考。例：《孔乙己》结局部分以“大约”、“确实”这样一组意味深长的词句，不仅为孔乙己的悲惨命运增添了悲剧意味，还给读者留下了无穷的思考。 环境主要理解自然环境和社会环境的作用。 自然环境描写自然景观，渲染气氛、衬托情感、预示人物命运、揭示社会本质、推动情节发展。 例1：《孔乙己》高潮部分通过描写秋天悲凉的景象，渲染了凄凉的气氛，预示着孔乙己即将死亡的悲惨结局。 例2：《在烈日和暴雨下》全文极力描写烈日、狂风暴雨，不仅步步亦趋地推动着情节发展，还表现了拉车人牛马不如的悲惨命运，更深刻地揭示了当时社会的炎凉。
初中语文考点及解题方法归纳 基础方法 一、解答阅读题的一般环节和步骤： 1、看标题。（大致了解文章文体） 2、看题目； 3、看文章。①边看边归纳各段或各部分的大意，理解文章的思路、情感；②划出有助于回答题目的词、短语或句子； 4、简单归纳文章的整体内容和作者的情感变化； 5、再看题，明确有几点要求； 6、根据题目要求确定答案在文中的范围； 7、在确定的范围内细细筛选提取或概括符合题目要求的要点； 8、将要点连缀成答案。（用数字序号明确标出要点） 二、整体感知的内容 1.理清文章的内容和思路； 2.明确作者的思想和情感倾向； 3.判断文体、表达技巧、语言风格等。 三、审题、确定答案范围的方法 1、切分题干，明确题目有几点要求。 2、在文中找出与题干相照应的句子，结合上下文寻求答案。 3、答案不在前面就在后面，既不在前面也不在后面，就在句子本身。 四、题干中，一些短语的暗示作用 1．“结合全文”，指答案分布不在一处，常常有2处以上，经常是一段或几段一个要点，需一段一段地阅读，归纳要点； 2.“在第x段中”，指答案需在相应的段落中一句一句地阅读，提取要点； 3.“结合上下文”，指答案在上下文中。 4.“结合材料作答”，指形成的答案里，要有链接材料里筛选的要点，提取的词语。 5.“举具体事例证明xx观点（道理）”，指举的事例要有具体的人名、取得的成就，用词要和观点（道理）相照应。 五、解答阅读题的2个注意点 1、阅读理解是指弄明白作者的思想、态度、情感等，除有特殊要求的外，一般要先抛开自己的观点解读，不可以自己的想法代替作者的思想。 2、回答问题应用平实性的语言明确表达意思，不可用修辞、象征等方法含蓄表达。（题目有要求的除外） 文学类作品题型及解法： 一、品味词语的方法 1、明确手法①修辞——比喻、拟人、排比、反问等。②句式——整散结合、长短相间等。 ③表达方式——描写、议论、抒情。④词语——色彩词、动作词、叠音词等 2、根据词语的基本义理解其在文中的意思； 3、联系上下文，通过增、删、换、移等方法思考词语在句中的表达效果；（表意） 4、体味作者蕴含在词里的情感（人物描写要通过动作、神态等领会人物的心理）。（表情） 二、理解句子的方法
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
人教部编版初中语文中考现代文阅读知识点汇总 现代文阅读基础知识及答题格式归类（一） 一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论 二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬） 三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语 四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果 五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙 六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写 七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌 八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉 九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远） 十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、反面（又叫间接） 十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写 十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序 十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、
下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用 十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局 十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境 十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境 十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证 十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据 十九、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证二十、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证） 二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式 二十二、引号的作用：引用；强调；特定称谓；否定、讽刺、反语 二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。 （一）某句话在文中的作用： 1、文首：开篇点题；渲染气氛（记叙文、小说），埋下伏笔（记叙文、小说），设置悬念（小说），为下文作辅垫；总领下文； 2、文中：承上启下；总领下文；总结上文； 3、文末：点明中心（记叙文、小说）；深化主题（记叙
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
现代文阅读知识与答题技巧
现代文阅读知识与答题技巧 记叙文阅读 1、文章体裁？答：此文是一篇。 答案有：歌、小（篇小、中篇小、 短篇小、小小）、散文 (抒情散文、叙事散文、性散文即哲理散文 )——要求形散而神不散、本、明文、文。 2、叙文六要素？、地点、人物、事件起因、、果。 3、文章内容？方法：看目、人物（事物）、事件，行合、概括。三个部分：内容是什么，文章怎么，作者怎么。 答： A、此文叙了（描写了、明了）??的故 事(事迹、、事件、景物 )。即做了什么—可以作一句概 括文章内容答案。 B、表了 (美了、揭示了、刺了、反映了、歌了、揭 露了、批判了 )??。 C、抒了作者的??的感情。 4、材料特点？中心取典型事件， 剪裁得体，略得当。 5、划分次？ （1）按划分（找表示的短）
（2）按地点划分（找表示地点的短） （3）按事情展程（找各个事件） （4）分（掐去尾） 6、叙索及作用？索（明和暗）———核心人物、核心事物、核心事件、、地点、作者的情感。 作用：是穿全文的脉，把文中的人物和事件有机地 在一起，使文章条理清楚、次清晰。 7、文章。 找文章的索或中心，依据有（ 1）核心人物（ 2）核心事物 (3)核心事件（ 4）作者情感。 8、品味目 可以从—— A 内容上 B 主上 C 索 D 置念上等方面行品味。 示例：（1）主上合主旨必答，如象征性的散文目，也 可以回答：巧妙，一双关，本指?指?，突出主，耐人味。 （2）明文：用了什么修辞手法，生形象明了??， 点明了本文明的主要内容，点明了本文明象。 9、了解人称的作用。 第一人称：切，自然，真，适于心理描写，便
大学英语外报外刊阅读教程教学参考手册 第二版 端木义万主编 Lesson 26 Answers to the Questions V. 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C VI. 1. The author thinks that the millennial generation is a generation that primps, dyes, pulls and shapes, younger and with more vigor. 2. Experian’s research finds that 43 percent of 6-to-9-year-olds are already using lipstick and lip gloss, 38 percent use hairstyling products and 12 percent use other cosmetics. 3. This is a group that’s grown up on pop culture that screams, again and again, that everything, everything, is a candidate for upgrading. Ads for the latest fashions, makeup tips and grooming products are circulated with a speed and fury unique to this millennium —on millions of ads, message boards and Facebook pages. 4. Statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery show cosmetic-surgery procedures performed on those 18 and younger have nearly doubled over the past decade. 5. The author, by ―level the playing field‖, means that standards of beauty are ubiquitous and people of all kinds have the same cosmetic options available to them. Outline I. (1) Specific example of Marleigh’s beauty care II. (2—4) Millennial generation’s obsession with beauty 1. Starting grooming and beauty treatments at an early age 2. Surveys and findings III. (5) Analysis of the trend 1. Diva-ization of the generation 2. Influence of pop culture and ads
现代文阅读知识点 高考阅读 2013-09-10 2315 5d56b7b40102eada 现代文阅读知识点 考纲分析 考纲要求 1. 理解文中重要词语和重要句子 2. 分析文章结构，把握写作思路 3. 归纳内容要点，概括作品主题 4.欣赏作品形象，赏析作品内涵，领悟作品艺术魅力 5. 对作品表现出来的价值判断和审美取向作出评价 6. 思考探究 考两种思维分析综合 分析、综合是人们认识事物、解决问题的最基本的方法。综合必须以分析为基础，分析必须以综合为指导。 ①要分析每一个要素，②要抓住要素与要素之间的联系，③要在整体上把握事物的本质。应考策略 两个准备细读文本、筛选信息
1.确定筛选范围。 2.借助信息标志。（如关联词语、表顺序的词语、指代性词语、插入性词语、总起句、总结句、过渡句、呼应句、设问句、反问句等） 两个法宝知人论世、披文入情 只有知其人、论其世，即了解的生活思想和写作的时代背景，才能客观地正确地理解和把握文学作品的思想内容。 文学作品以情为本，因而阅读鉴赏要“披文以入情”，即探究文章表现什么情，怎样表现情，效果如何？ 三个原则整体原则、客观原则、深入原则 1、前后勾联，立足整体。 2、回归文本，实事求是。３、表里参验，由浅入深（思想情感，表达效果）。 三种题型词句题、内容题、技巧题 题型一分析文章词句（前后勾联，表里参验） 一前后勾联（分析语境） 一、分析句子语境（即句子结构及成分间的关系）二、分析段落语境三、分析全篇语境 二表里参验（由浅入深） 一、由浅到深。二、由局部到整体。三、由确认手法到分析效果 题型二概括文章内容（细读文本、客观全面） 理解文章的过程实际上是分析结构——掌握内容——洞悉思想——体会情感的渐次深入的过程。因此对文章内容的迅速把握应该以分析文章结构为前提和基础。 分析文章结构 第一步，逐段细读，概括段意。方法①、寻找中心句。②、根据关键词语归纳。③、自己概括。 第二步，前后勾联，理清思路。方法借助结构标志信息。（标题、过渡段、承递性词语、重复出现的关键词语） 概括中心的两种方法①摘取原文，稍作修改。②综合归纳，求同存异。 几种错误①以偏概全。②主次不分。③自以为是。 附分析观点态度 首先要抓住文体特点，如抓住一些议论性或抒情性关键语句。其次，要抓住一些标志性词句，如“认为”、“觉得”和一些主旨句等。需要特别指出的是，通篇把握整篇文章的大意是最基本的要求。 题型三分析写作技巧（披文入情，分析效果） 一、两种常考文体 1、散文抓住形与神、情与景、托物与言志的关系，以思想情感的抒发为中心。 2、小说抓住情节、人物、环境三要素之间的关系，以人物形象的塑造为中心。 二、六种考察角度 （1）从材料组织上看，要注意材料是否典型，详略是否得当，使用哪种顺序，有无线索贯穿。 （2）从结构方式上看，要注意开合、伏应、过渡、波澜、完整五个方面的问题。 （3）从形象塑造上看，要注意情节的安排和人物描写的方法。外貌、语言、动作、心理、细节、场面、正面、侧面等。 （4）从表达方式上看，要注意记叙、描写、议论、抒情、说明五种表达方式的相互为用。（5）从表现手法上看，要注意常见的手法。（联想、想象；烘托、渲染；比喻、象征；托物言志、借景抒情；虚实结合、动静相衬；欲扬先抑、以小见大） （6）从语言风格上看，要注意语言特色、修辞手法。 三、答案要求
1.AP - the abbreviation for the Associated Press 2.B2B - Business to business; describes a business whose primary customers are other businesses. 3.Broadcast - communicating using radio and/or TV. 4.Caption - Text printed below a picture used to describe it and who took it. Sometimes called a cutline. 5.Copy - Main text of a story. 6.Defamation - Information that is written by one person which damages another person's reputation.诽谤，中伤 7.Editorialise - To write in an opinionated固执己见的，武断的way. 8.Headline - The main title of the article. 9.House style - A publication's guide to style, spelling and use of grammar, designed to help journalists write and present in a consistent way for their target audience. The Economist publishes a style guide as does The Guardian 10.The internet - The international network of interconnected computers. The World Wide Web, email, FTP and usenet are all part of the Internet. 11.Intro - Very important first paragraph, known as a 'lead' in the US. 12.Journalist - Someone who writes, researches and reports news, or works on the production of a publication. Sometimes shortened to journo, hack or scribe. 13.Kill - To cancel or delete a story 14.Leading questions - A question that contains the predicted answer within the question. 15.Masthead报头- Main title section and name at the front of a publication. 16.Multimedia - Term used to describe a range of different delivery formats such as video, audio, text and images, often presented simultaneously on the internet. https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec17970439.html,iquette - Online etiquette, eg. reciprocal links. 18.News agency - Company that sells stories to newspapers or magazines. 19.Off the record - Information that must not be disclosed. 20.Pathos :悲怆，痛苦，同情the fact that people like to hear about the misfortunes of others can not be denied ,seeing or hearing about such things commonly elicits feelings of pity ,sorrows ,sympathy ,and compassion 21.Puff piece - A news story with editorialised, complimentary statements. 22.Quote - Record of what a source or interviewee has said. 23.Quality Dailies :the large conventional size of newspapers ,usually carrying 10 to 11columns to the page. Traditional form for broadsheets such as the daily telegraph , the guardian , 24.Reporter - Someone who writes and researches news stories. 25.Retraction - A withdrawal of a previously-published story or fact.撤回，撤销 26.Scoop - An exclusive or first-published story.独家新闻 27.Tabloid - Smaller print newspaper size. What is mass communication media? Newspaper, magazines, radio ,internet ,TV, public relations ,books, advertising What characteristics both does mass communication media have? 1.It comprises both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution 2.It relies on its ability to manufacture and sell large quantities of the work 3.There are separate contexts between the production and reception of information 4.Its reach is far removed in time and space in comparison to the producers 5.It involves information distribution , this is a one of many form of communication whereby products are mass produced and disseminates to a great quantity of audience What is communication at a distance ? 1.Telephone immediate person to person communication 2.Radio signals by air through radio waves https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec17970439.html,puters uses specially equipped telephone lines and satellite links Newspapers typically meet four criteria 1.Publicity: its contents are reasonably accessible to the public 2.Periodicity: it is published a regular intervals 3.Currency :its information is up to date 4.University: it covers a range of topics
人教部编版初中语文中考现代文阅读知识点总结大全 小说阅读（一）之情节类型题 目标： （1）掌握小说情节的概括技巧 （2）掌握5种记叙顺序 （3）掌握小说情节的作用 （一）什么是情节 小说中的情节是指作品所描写的事件发展、演变的全过程。小说故事情节用以展示人物性格，表现作品主题。 （二）小说情节的概括 （1）完整叙述：按照“何时何地何人做何事”的格式 加以概括，应有的要素不能丢失。“何事”一环中有时要包括“开端、发展、高潮、结局”。 （2）从主人公的角度叙述：故事较复杂，关涉到的人 物较多时，要避免前后情节的相互交错。注意把握事件涉及 的对象，从同一角度概述，做到前后贯通。 （三）小说的记叙顺序 （1）顺叙：即按时间的先后顺序来写。情节发展脉络 分明，层次清晰。 （2）倒叙：不按时间的先后顺序，而是把某些发生在 后面的情节或结局先行提出，然后再按顺序叙述下去的一种
方法。造成悬念，引人入胜。 （3）插叙：在叙述中心事件的过程中，暂时中断叙述 的线索，插入一段与主要情节相关的回忆或故事。对主要情 节或中心事件作必要的补充说明，使情节更加完整，结构更 加严密，内容更加充实丰满。 （4）补叙：也叫追叙，是指行文中用三两句话或一小 段话对前面说的人或事作一些简单的补充交代。补叙大都无 情节，前后不必有什么过渡的话。补叙通常是中心事件的有 机组成部分，文章的关键之处。没有补叙，故事情节上就可 能出现漏洞，令人不解。 （四）小说情节作用 开头 1. 一般开头 （1）交代故事发生的时间和地点（2）开门见山，点明主题。（3）引出下文，为后面的故事情节做铺垫 2. 开头设疑 （1）造成悬念，引出下文（2）引起读者的兴趣和思考 3. 开头写景 （1）交代故事发生的环境（背景） （2）渲染气氛，奠定感情基调 （3）烘托人物心情 结尾