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2010 Text 1
在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。
从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把…新闻写作?定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个…轻蔑之词?”
不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。
Cardus的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。在他去世之前，新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用处。何况，由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。
2010 Text 2
在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。
现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。
对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。
前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方法（注：也可译为“套期保值或对冲风险”）。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不由三位法官听审，而
是由全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。
联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师Harold C. Wegner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反应”。
2010 Text 3
在《引爆流行》这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。
人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。
但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。
研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外（她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力，而非她与观众互动的人际影响力），即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。
基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应”——影响力通过（人际）网络进行广泛传播——发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。
2010 Text 4
台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身，台面下，他们一直把目标对准他人：会计准则制定者。银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。规则规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值，而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。
不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。
美国FASB（财务会计准则委员会）在与国会激烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规则的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自由，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。然
而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。
欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。
正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们争论道市价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。
为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至是好斗的准则制定者。FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。
2013
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. __1__a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been ___2__ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very __3__ of money itself," only to __4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7__ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8__ form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to __10__ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days __11___ a check is cashed and funds are __12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13__ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may __14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there. The fact that this is not an __16___ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and __17___ from someone else's accounts. The __18__ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic __20___ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around
3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role
4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse
5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady
6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on
7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive
8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant
9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print
10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down
11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when
12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn
13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though
14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease
15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed
16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear
17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return
18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification
19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for
20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of piece s that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of
employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been a acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.
There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect
[B] Technology Goes Cheap
[C] Average Is Over
[D] Recession Is Bad
Text 2 A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic include settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____
[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.
[B] leave their home countries for good.
[C] stay in a foreign temporarily.
[D]find permanent jobs overseas.
27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____
[A] needs new immigrant categories.
[B] has loosened control over immigrants.
[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.
[D]has been fixed via political means.
28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___
[A] financial incentives.
[B] a global recognition.
[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.
[D]the freedom to stay and leave.
29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __
[A] as faithful partners.
[B] with economic favors.
[C] with regal tolerance.
[D]as mighty rivals.
30 which is the most title?
[A] come and go: big mistake.
[B] living and thriving : great risk.
[C] with or without : great risk.
[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.
Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found
that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.
John Gottma n, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31. The time needed in making decisions may____.
[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.
[A] trust our first impression
[B] do as people usually do
[C] think before we act
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.
[A] critical assessment
[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study
[C] sensible explanation
[D] adequate information
35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.
[A] tolerant
[B] uncertain
[C] optimistic
[D] doubtful
Text 4 Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them.
When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.
[A] women take the lead
[B] men have the final say
[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed
[D] senior management is family-friendly
37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.
[A] a reflection of gender balance
[B] a reluctant choice
[C] a response to Reding’s call
[D] a voluntary action
38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.
[A] get top business positions
[B] see through the glass ceiling
[C] balance work and family
[D] anticipate legal results
39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.
[A] skepticism
[B] objectiveness
[C] indifference
[D] approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.
[A] more social justice
[B] massive media attention
[C] suitable public policies
[D] greater “soft pressure”
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph
(41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends
[D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.
41._____________________
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42____________________________________________________________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43_________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's
not
good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning
ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.
44___________________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than
not, they'll let you have for free.
45__________________
You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 t here - or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from
Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.
2012考研英语（二）真题及答案（海天完整版）
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1in World WarⅡand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name isn't much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common
name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G.I. Joe had a 11career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20the most important person in their lives.
1.[A] performed [B] served [C] rebelled [D] betrayed
2.[A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal
3.[A] bore [B] cased [C] removed [D] loaded
4.[A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties
5.[A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence
6.[A] for [B] into [C] form [D] against
7.[A] meaning [B] implying [C] symbolizing [D] claiming
8.[A] handed out [B] turn over [C] brought back [D] passed down
9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed
10.[A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither
11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished
12.[A] company [B] collection [C] community [D] colony
13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned
14.[A] ethical [B] military [C] political [D] human
15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained
16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted
17.[A] neglected [B] avoided [C] emphasized [D] admired
18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances
19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond
20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that point
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing.
Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B]is no longer an educational ritual
[C]is not required for advanced courses
[D]is gaining more preferences
22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.
[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education
[B]have asked for a different educational standard
[C]may have problems finishing their homework
[D]have voiced their complaints about homework
23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.
[A]discourage students from doing homework
[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards
[C]undermine the authority of state tests
[D]restrict teachers' power in education
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated
[B]it counts much in schooling
[C]it places extra burdens on teachers
[D]it is important for grades
25.A suitable title for this text could be______.
[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
[C]Thorny Questions about Homework
[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework
Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by
clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.
26. By saying "it is ... The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink _______.
A should not be the sole representation of girlhood
B should not be associated with girls' innocence
C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
D cannot influence girls' lives and interests
27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?
A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA
B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls
C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders
D White is preferred by babies
28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by ________.
[A] the marketing of products for children
[B] the observation of children's nature
[C] researches into children's behavior
[D] studies of childhood consumption
29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________.
A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothes
B attach equal importance to different genders
C classify consumers into smaller groups
D create some common shoppers' terms
30. It can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____.
A clearly explained by their inborn tendency
B fully understood by clothing manufacturers
C mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
D well interpreted by psychological experts
Text 3
In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______
A. their executives to be active
B. judges to rule out gene patenting
C. genes to be patentable
D. the BIO to issue a warning
32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____
A. genetic tests are not reliable
B. only man-made products are patentable
C. patents on genes depend much on innovations
D. courts should restrict access to genetic tests
33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for_____
A. establishing disease compellations
B. discovering gene interactions
2020年考研英语一阅读解析 2020年考研英语一阅读解析 1)理解主旨要义； 2)理解文中的具体信息； 3)理解文中的概念性含义； 4)实行相关的判断、推理和引申； 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义； 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系； 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度； 8)区分论点和论据。 万变不离其宗，在此再次提醒考生如何有重点地实行下一步复习：真题再现，反复精练，摸清思路，再次提升 真题是最应该重视的，近十年的考研英语阅读真题对于备考来说 是非常有价值的，出题形式稳定，掌握出题规律，也是最真的模拟。 各位考生在私下备考时，应侧重从宏观上掌握此题命题走向，微观了 解此题细分题型及应对技巧。其中，考研英语的阅读在整张试卷中所 占的比重，除40分值的传统阅读理解题型，还有10分的新题型，即 七选五、补全段落之类题目，使得考生又对其不得不更加重视。同时，翻译和完形填空题型的解答与阅读水平的高低也有着直接的联系，读 懂是首要，才能更好地实行下一步，翻译或完成句子。所以，提升阅 读水平，在考研英语中绝对不容忽视。 同时，在专项练习中，根据自己实际情况，强项稳住，弱项增强 练习，对于真题中涉及到的每一篇文章，每一道题目，每一个选项， 都要从精读的角度，真正理解和掌握文章的词、句，将答案中的关键
点与文章中、题干中的关键词结合起来，仔细分析，找出其中的联系，学会定位原文，这就是熟悉作者的出题思路和掌握自己的做题思路。 错不怕，重分析，做总结，心态调整好 做题的过程中，难免有些同学偶尔发现自己的错题过多，不要焦 躁与灰心，错题分析的过程中就是总结提升的过程。只要发现问题实 行总结，相信到最后好的结果一定等着我们。考题的难度就是历年真 题的难度，但是只要反复练习，整理思路，持续提升，在自己的水平 范围内拿到更高的分数，就是成功。
2018考研英语阅读解题思路：细节题 理解文章的具体信息和概念含义是大纲对阅读的明确要求。细节题目的考查在每年的考研英语真题当中都会占到一半以上，考生必须给予足够重视，牢牢掌握细节题的解题方法和思路。我们以2009年的真题为例： The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 31. The author holds that the importance of education in poor countries______. [A] is subject to groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated 解析：首先依据题干关键词the importance of education in poor countries定位到第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood，但是仔细研读后发现贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。，该句只是在说正式教育和经济发展之间的关系，并不是题干所要找的教育的重要性。继续定位到第三句however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.那种认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重要因素之一的传统观点是错误的。句中涉及了和教育的重要性相关的信息，锁定为答案出处。作者说这种传统的观点时错误的，可以理解为作者认为贫困国家不应该把教育看的如此重要，即，现在的贫困国家太过于注重教育了，所以答案选[D] has been overestimated教育被高估了。[C] is conventional downgraded被降级轻视，和原文事实相反。A和B选项所说的怀疑和偏见态度在原文中找不到依据，可排除。
2019考研英语阅读理解常见题型总结 来源：智阅网 考研英语阅读理解虽然难度不小，但是还是有规律可循。掌握好了规律，可以有效提高我们的复习效率和复习成绩。所以，就来说说阅读理解的常见题型有哪些。 1.主旨大意题。 这类题实质考察考生对中心思想的理解，难度不高，具体应对技巧如下： A.关注各段落首句，尤其是第一段首句，这与西方人思维相关，他们习惯开门见山表达出自己的观点，然后广泛引用材料去论述。因此，一般而言首段的首句构成文章的中心句，而各段的首句构成各段的中心。 B.关注首段末句。有些作者习惯先列出一些传统的观点或先对一些具体现象进行说明，然后提出与之不同的观点或在结尾对现象进行总结，在接下来的段落中继续论述。对于这类文章，如果作者没有提出不同的观点，则最后总结性语句为文章中心，一旦提出不同或完全对立的观点，又在后文中加以论述，则作者提出的新观点为文章中心;如果新老观点均是对同一个结果的论述，那么该论述的结论为文章中心。 C.当不能直接找出主题句时，通常文章中作者给予叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或某一观点即文章的中心。在题目作答时，可采用中心词定位法，排除不含中心词的选项，对比有中心词的选项，选择最接近中心的选项。 D.如果对选项仍有异议，可把有异议的选项逐个带入文章中，看哪个能更好的囊括文章中心。这是一个检验的过程。 2.事实细节题。 此类题占阅读总分40分中的50%左右，因此十分重要。注意，这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过
为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。其基本应对技巧如下： A.基本原则是以中心为导向，忠实原文为基础，千万不可主观臆断，最好的方法是回到原文的出题点进行揣摩。 B.必须看清题目，尤其是当题目就某一个具体细节并且脱离文章中心的提问。一般来说，细节问题绝大部分是围绕文章中心进行出题，但不排除文中就一些具体的，因果互动现象的内容提问。 3.词汇短语题。 其分值不高，考察范围可分为两类。第一，纲内词汇词义的引申。考察考生对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。一般来说，该词的本意不是解，但是其引申义上仍可以找到本意的影子。第二，纲外词汇词义的推断。 4.推断性问题。 此类题大概占20%左右的分值，总体难度不大，是考生的必得分点。中心导向依然是解题的宏观主线，其关键是忠实原文的推断。其应对策略和事实细节题类似，考生在该题型上的主要失误在于脱离文章主观臆断造成的。 5.语气态度题。 对作者态度的判断是构成阅读理解的两条宏观主线之一。因此，正确辨明作者对所叙述事物的态度，不仅关系到本类题型的解答，也潜在影响到其他问题的正确解答。这类题目主要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词，副词，动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时，再回到原文中找关键词。对这类题型，分清褒贬一般不难，是考生的必得分点。 我们还可以做做何老师的2019《考研英语阅读思路解析》，有助于我们更好地理解阅读理解这个题型，并且还能培养好应试心理。
1994 Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [C] A person who has had no education. [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess. [C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________. [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
考研英语阅读理解试题解题方法及步 骤 考研可以说是人生的一个转折驿站，一次改变命运的艰辛历练。作为考研路上的重要科目--英语，也成为不少考生脚下的牵绊石，而占分数比重的阅读理解，自然也是考试中的重头戏，能否巧妙的用对技巧，灵活应答，成为考生研路中的棘手问题，下面我们就层层推进，分析一下阅读的方法技巧和步骤攻略，揭开这层久未露面的神秘面纱。 一、阅读方法 阅读文章基本方法有3种，一是略读，二是精读，三是寻读。略读是一种快速阅读方法，在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读每句话，理解分析其含义，弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系，进而理解整个段落的意思。而寻读则是通过目光扫视，迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考试中3种基本方法可以用在不同的情况。 通过略读，我们可以了解材料的结构安排和主要信息，利用精读我们可以针对考题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析，而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。 二、阅读步骤 第一步：略读短文把握方向 用尽量短的时间扫视短文，特别留意每段的第一句和末段的最后一句。因为各段的主题句往往在句首，而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意，做到对全文的内容心中大致有数，有一个思考的方向。 第二步：浏览问题有的放矢 浏览5个问题，揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题及文章主旨都已了解，在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而过甚至跳过不读。
所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的，基本反映并覆盖了文章的主要内容。先阅读问题再阅读全文，这种方法的优点是：可在较短的时间内有针对性地阅读相关内容，便于给相关问题定位，有的放矢，事半功倍。 第三步：分析判断确定答案 在完成上面两步的基础上，对5个问题逐一解答。需要注意的是：要是文章内容涉及自己熟悉的题材和知识范畴，在选项时绝对不能单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。因为文章考的是你对该篇的阅读理解能力，而不是你的某种知识，因此选项不能脱离文章的题意。 对于英语水平相对较低，阅读速度较慢的考生来说，我们建议不妨直接从第二步开始：先浏览所有5道题的题目，对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解，然后逐一解答。先寻读文章的相关部分，然后选择正确答案。如遇到有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题，可先放一放，等做完其他题再做这类题。先难后易，各个击破。 另外，在阅读过程中，不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语（主题句，关键词）下面划线，标上符号，这样有助于突出重点，活跃思维，同时也便于阅读，节省时间，使阅读更加积极，并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言，记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易得多了。所以，我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标出记号并重点阅读。 总之，英语水平的提高在于日积月累，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，一分耕耘就有一分收获！考生一定要多探索，选择适合自己的学习方法，以便更快更全面的提高自己的知识容量及做题方法，从容应对，你就是最后的赢家。
2015翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思 路分析 2015年考研初试已经完成，2016考研已经也进入紧锣密鼓的准备当中，小编整理2015年考研英语二阅读难度及出题思路分析，希望对大家备战2016年考研有所帮助。预祝每一位考研人都梦想成真。 考研英语的阅读理解题，无非是从宏观和微观等两个角度进行考察，体现在题型上从广义的角度可分为两类：主旨态度题和细节事实题。考生需要有这样的认知。主旨态度是全文的论点，细节事实，是全文的论据。两者相结合，才是一篇逻辑性严谨的文章。文章中的细节，即论据，通常是作者论证文章主题或是论证段落大意而使用的具体信息。因为，就议论文而言，作者阐明所要阐述的问题和观点之后，通常会使用大量的具体细节去支持并加以说明。这些细节可以是原因、事例、数字等等。论据的常用展现方法为：下定义、做比较、打比方等。下面凯程教育英语教研室阅读主讲靳姝老师将对2015年考研英语二的阅读理解部分的题型难度和解题思路进行了细致的分析。 今年的英语二真题题目难度和往年持平，甚至比去年略有下降，四篇文章阅读难度不大，题目也没有偏离大纲要求及出题思路，让学生非常纠结的选项。据统计，今年20道题目中，1道主旨题，1道词义句意题，3道推断题，其余16道全部为细节题，其中四道为细节观点题，2道因果细节题。 一、主旨态度题的题型和难度分析： 考研英语二阅读理解命题思路从宏观上，考察全文的主旨大意，文章标题和作者态度，也就是我们常说的主旨态度题。第四篇文章最后一道题问文章主要讨论了什么，这道题也是四篇阅读中唯一一道主旨大意题，有相当难度。与往年不同的是，今年这道题方法技巧性不强，无论是题干法还是串线摘帽法，都无法准确全面概况全文主旨，而这道题需要在读懂文章的基础上，有一定归纳概括能力。文章首段指出目前的失业率呈现出下降的趋势，而接下来的第二段提出在这种失业率下降的好现象中，我们忽略了那些自愿(voluntary)参加兼职工作的人。第三段就自愿兼职工作者和非自愿兼职工作者的区别展开描述。最后两段表明，那些自愿参加兼职工作的人是因为有了一项名为Obamacare的政策，该政策旨在使那些没有全职工作的人也有可能获得保险，从而提升就业率。可见，全文都是围绕美国的就业形势展开讨论。故A选项employment in the US 美国的就业情况正确。 二、细节事实题的题型和难度分析： 从以往的历年试题分析中，不难发现，细节事实题的比例占据了一半以上，尤其对于英语二
高分学姐总结的考研英语一阅读理解复习方法与技巧 大家都深知考研英语一阅读部分的重要性，但是对于如何复习考研英语阅读还是比较茫然，今天我就根据自己复习考研英语的经验，再结合“零元课”视频讲解的阅读技巧和考点分析，跟大家谈谈如何复习阅读理解才能达到最好的复习效果。 PS：有些是摘录“零元课”讲师的原话，在此特别鸣谢各位老师。 考研英语阅读题型一般分为7种：推理题、例证题、词汇题、句子理解题、指代题、主旨题、态度题。下面就分别谈谈各题型的复习技巧。 （一）词汇题 主要测试考生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力，考察词汇的掌握情况。标志是The word “…”inline …refers to … 复习方法：精读历年真题，将近十年真题文章中的生词全部记住，重点记忆一词多义的，还有固定搭配和相关词组，也要注意近反义词和近似词义辨析。推荐《考研真相》，对词汇注释很细致，也做了一些拓展，利于记忆相关词汇，增加词汇量。 做题技巧：1.返回原文注意结合上下文，理解该词的意思； 2.如果是考纲内词汇，则字面意思必然不是正确答案； 3.词汇的正确答案，经常蕴藏在原文该词出现的前后。 （二）例证题 例证题主要是考查考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、
支持的观点等。标记词有：“example, illustrate, case, exemplify, illustration”等。 复习方法：这种题型一是考察考生文章理解能力，二是考察考生逻辑能力，这些都需要多做题，多多总结，做题的时候要回文定位，总结常考的套路，学会利用文章来把握人物观点和文章主旨。 做题技巧：1.回文定位；2.90％向上，10％向下，搜索该例证周围的区域，找出例证支持的观点。一般要对该观点进行同意替换，既是正确选项。 （三）推理题 推理题一般包括数字推理，知识推断和逻辑推理，它主要考查我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力。推理题常常考查考生：1.进行有关的判断、推理和引申；2.理解作者的意图、观点或态度等。逻辑词常用的有:“infer, imply, suggest, conclude”等。 复习方法：同样需要多多做题，总结解题技巧，需要学会找关键词，比如转折，承接，递进……这些都是逻辑题的出题点，思路一定要清晰，逻辑题一般会有很多陷井，需要学习如何去规避。 做题技巧：1.各选项回文定位；2.依据原文的意思进行:“三错一对”的判断；3.注意推理时的“最近答案”原则。 四、句子理解题 句子理解题要求考生：理解文中的具体信息；理解文中的概
2018考研英语阅读解题方法全面解析考研英语阅读到底该如何取胜?如何才能克服英语难关?下面一些经验和做题方法自认为不错，2018考研英语阅读解解题方法全解析，分享共勉。 先来说说考研英语和大学四六级那点事 许多应届的同学都没有考研经历，但大家一定熟悉大学英语四六级考试，所以，我们从熟悉到陌生说开去。在我的母校华科，英语四六级的高手很多，但我的朋友中有一位英语四六级高手却在考研英语上遭遇了滑铁卢。事实证明，英语四六级与考研英语没有什么必然联系，当然也不存在谁难谁易的问题，因为它们考察的重点有着本质的区别。四六级考察英语能力而考研阅读确侧重于考察逻辑。很多朋友有这样一个感受，考四六级找到答案就能对，但考研找到了也未必能对，更夸张的说法是都翻译成中文了也做不对，真有点高考科技文阅读的味道，选项中有太多的干扰元素。这是基于考研的选拔性而定的，对于研究生而言，英语的主要目的是做学术研究看论文，而看论文尤其是理工科专业需要有良好的逻辑思维能力来分解出文章结构，理解文章主旨等。基于以上分析，面对考研阅读，我们不能因为考四六级考试时高歌猛进而懈怠考研英语，我们也无需因为英语四六级考试的失利而背负巨大的心理阴影，相信只要付出就会有收获，考研英语一切从头开始! 考研英语阅读思维探究 大家应该都很熟悉考研阅读的全部来自英文五大报刊(Time、The Economist、Newsweek、Science、U.S.News&World Report)。星火英语每年会专门出一本《考研英语五大题源报刊阅读150篇》的阅读资料，如果时间充足可以花时间看看，也许考研过程中能碰到原文。在这里提及出处是为了强调阅读选文的作者来自欧美，文章的思
2015年考研英语一阅读理解真题详解 2015年这篇阅读文章的选择依然延续了考研英语选材的一贯做法，选自2014年6月4日《卫报》上一篇名为Is the writing on the wall for all European royals?（所有欧洲皇室注定要失败吗？）的文章。主要讨论了西班牙胡安·卡洛斯国王退位这一事件对欧洲诸多皇室的影响，尤其是对英国皇室的影响。总体来说，作为今年阅读题型的第一篇，文章在内容上难度稍大，尤其是里面涉及到了一些人名、地名的专有名词以及非常地道的英式习语表达等等。但是，如果纯就题目来说的话，难度倒不是很大，答案的出处也比较容易找到。接下来就文章具体的题目来进行深入的解析。 21、According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain [A] used to enjoy high public support [B] was unpopular among European royals [C] ended his reign in embarrassment [D] cased his relationship with his rivals 答案：[C] ended his reign in embarrassment 解析：题目中明确提到答案的范围是在前面两段，而关键词又是King Juan Carl of Spain，那么根据关键词可以主要定位到第一段。在第一段中，对于King Juan Carl of Spain 这个人的主要描述就是King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 根据题目所给的四个选项，可以发现C项ended his reign in embarrassment（在窘迫中结束了他的统治）正好讲的就是第二句话的内容：But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.（但是令人窘迫的丑闻以及在最近欧洲选举中所呈现的共和制的盛行都迫使他食言而退位。） 至于其余三个选项：[A] used to enjoy high public support（过去受到民众的高度支持）、[B] was unpopular among European royals（在欧洲皇室中不受欢迎）、[D] cased his relationship with his rivals（缓和了与对手的关系）在文章中都不曾提到。 22、Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality [C] to give voters more public figures to look up to [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment 答案：[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status 解析：从几个选项来看，题目问“在欧洲君主被保持为国家首脑”的原因或目的。根据阅读题型的命题规律，一般来说该题的答案定位应该是在接下来的第三段。而根据关键词head of state有又可进一度确定为第三段。第三段中，第一句讲It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states.（正是这种显然的政治优越性才能解释君主为什么能持续广泛地担任国家首脑。）这种优越性指的就是上面的monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity（君主能超越单纯的政治而成为国家统一的精神代表）。由此，
历年考研英语作文命题思路解析 近几年考研英语作文特点：既求新求异，又变中有稳。 一、命题依据 考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象，媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。 二、写作技巧 1.精心构造全文的引言段 考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。 2.制造语言的闪光点 “言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。 3.避免中国式英语 母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。 4.尽量有路标词 路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是
2018考研英语阅读解题思路：推断题 该题型可以说是细节题的升级版，难度也要高于一般的细节题，在每年的考研英语真题当中会出现2-4个，而且近两年还有增加的趋势，所以必须高度总是推断题的训练。通常，推断题的题干中会出现infer或suggest这种词眼，比如From paragraph four we can infer that ____. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US_______. 我们以2005年的真题为例： The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 题干：What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 解析：题干中出现infer属于典型的推断题。其中除了定位段落，没有给出具体的定位信息。所以此时我们应该先从定位段落出发，分析其中出现了哪些重点信息。段落当中的首句和转折句是重点信息的出处，因此可以优先匹配首句和转折句的意思，以节省时间。首句The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.讲猴子也受社会情感的引导，A选项的内容同样是讲情感，但是却说猴子可以被训练出情感，所以动词含义和原文不符，属于偷换概念。然后我们读取转折句的意思However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.这个种公平的感觉是在猴子和人身上独立的演化，还是源于共同的祖先，至今还是一个未解之谜。该句正好匹配[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.人类的愤怒情感来源是不确定的，符合原文信息。
翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思路分 析 年考研初试已经完成，考研已经也进入紧锣密鼓的准备当中，小编整理年考研英语二阅读难度及出题思路分析，希望对大家备战年考研有所帮助。预祝每一位考研人都梦想成真。 考研英语的阅读理解题，无非是从宏观和微观等两个角度进行考察，体现在题型上从广义的角度可分为两类：主旨态度题和细节事实题。考生需要有这样的认知。主旨态度是全文的论点，细节事实，是全文的论据。两者相结合，才是一篇逻辑性严谨的文章。文章中的细节，即论据，通常是作者论证文章主题或是论证段落大意而使用的具体信息。因为，就议论文而言，作者阐明所要阐述的问题和观点之后，通常会使用大量的具体细节去支持并加以说明。这些细节可以是原因、事例、数字等等。论据的常用展现方法为：下定义、做比较、打比方等。下面凯程教育英语教研室阅读主讲靳姝老师将对年考研英语二的阅读理解部分的题型难度和解题思路进行了细致的分析。 今年的英语二真题题目难度和往年持平，甚至比去年略有下降，四篇文章阅读难度不大，题目也没有偏离大纲要求及出题思路，让学生非常纠结的选项。据统计，今年20道题目中，1道主旨题，1道词义句意题，3道推断题，其余16道全部为细节题，其中四道为细节观点题，2道因果细节题。 一、主旨态度题的题型和难度分析： 考研英语二阅读理解命题思路从宏观上，考察全文的主旨大意，文章标题和作者态度，也就是我们常说的主旨态度题。第四篇文章最后一道题问文章主要讨论了什么，这道题也是四篇阅读中唯一一道主旨大意题，有相当难度。与往年不同的是，今年这道题方法技巧性不强，无论是题干法还是串线摘帽法，都无法准确全面概况全文主旨，而这道题需要在读懂文章的基础上，有一定归纳概括能力。文章首段指出目前的失业率呈现出下降的趋势，而接下来的第二段提出在这种失业率下降的好现象中，我们忽略了那些自愿(voluntary)参加兼职工作的人。第三段就自愿兼职工作者和非自愿兼职工作者的区别展开描述。最后两段表明，那些自愿参加兼职工作的人是因为有了一项名为Obamacare的政策，该政策旨在使那些没有全职工作的人也有可能获得保险，从而提升就业率。可见，全文都是围绕美国的就业形势展开讨论。故A选项employment in the US 美国的就业情况正确。 二、细节事实题的题型和难度分析： 从以往的历年试题分析中，不难发现，细节事实题的比例占据了一半以上，尤其对于英语二
para6： The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7： The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues even when they come from basic robots 24. James Wiles notes that rats______ [A] can remember other rat’s facial features [B] differentiate smells better than sizes [C] respond more to actions than to looks [D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels para6： The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size(B) as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels(D). “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features(A), and put a scene on it to make it smell(B) like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary(之前内容不重要),” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7： The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues(重点) even when they come from basic robots 24. James Wiles notes that rats______ [A] can remember other rat’s facial features [B] differentiate smells better than sizes [C] respond more to actions than to looks [D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels para6： The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size(B) as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels(D). “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features(A), and put a scene on it to make it smell(B) like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary(之前内容不重要),” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7： The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues(重点) even when they come from basic robots 结构上的必考点 25. It can be learned from the text that rats . [A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings [B] are more socially active than other animals [C] behave differently from children in socializing [D] are more sensitive to social cues than expected 还是否定+解释的结构 para5： Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average