Beer filling, Gland machine PLC control system
1.Intorduction
Malt beer production process is divided into manufacturing, manufacturing wort, before fermentation, after fermentation, filtration sterilization, packaging, and so few procedures. Beer filling, Gland part of a packaging machine processes. The membrane filtration of beer after the pipeline into the rotary Jiugang, then the valve into the bottle of wine, Gland, was bottled beer. Beer filling, Gland machine's efficiency and degree of automation direct impact on the level of beer production.
China's beer industry to meet the increasing scale of production and the demand for beer modern high-speed filling machinery filling the requirements of domestic beer manufacturers are actively seeking to transform the unit or the filling of beer production equipment, making it a good use Performance, advanced technology and high production efficiency and operating a safe and secure, low maintenance costs of the modernization of beer filling machine.
2. Filling beer, Gland principle and control aircraft parts
Liquid filling machine by filling principle can be divided into atmospheric filler,filling machines and vacuum pressure on the filling machine. Beer filling,Gland-filling method used pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure under the filling, storage of the cylinder pressure than the pressure of the bottle, beer bottle into the liquid on pressure.
Technology at home and abroad to achieve the filling line is basically: The Rotary Jiugang the rotating movement, placed in Jiugang slots on the empty bottles through the machinery will be fixed at the upper Jiugang vacuum valve to open, closed Vacuum bottles for good treatment, Bozhuan stem from operating, open the valve of the bottle filling CO2 gases, vacuum convex .Round to open the vacuum valve, the bottle will air mixed with CO2 out of gas, open the valve again, the CO2
gas bottle filling, the filling valve on the pressure valve in the bottle close to back-pressure gas pressure at the open-Jiuye Pingbi into the bottle, through pneumatic or electrical control filling valve to achieve the filling of beer.
Today's advanced international beer filling, Gland machine control system mainly by the photoelectric switch position detection part and take the bottles with, Jiugang speed part, dominated by the PLC, touch screen and other components. Filling, Gland of the mechanical structure and PLC programmable control devices, frequency stepless speed regulation, human-computer interface, and other modern means of complete automatic control technology, the combination of a mechanical and electrical integration.
3. Controlled part of the programme
Many domestic beer manufacturers are now using the filling, Gland of the control system of uneven degree of automation; button and all the manual switch technology have set up operations in a box on the panel, PLC controller for the majority of Japanese companies or OMRON Mitsubishi's early products, equipment chain of control, less protection settings, plus the beer filling the scene poor environment, humidity, such as contact with the switch contacts serious corrosion, the system's signal detection of the high failure rate, resulting in equipment control system Operation of low reliability, the normal operation of equipment, such as short-cycle phenomenon.
To the actual transformation of the Dandong Yalu River Brewery Co., Ltd. of filling, Gland machine control system as an example, the transformation of methods to clarify the control of such equipment thinking and ideas, according to the scene of the actual process conditions, to prepare the operation of the PLC Procedures. For beer filling, Gland control system of the actual situation and in accordance with the actual process conditions at the scene, re-design of the equipment of the PLC control system. This transformation of the same methods and ideas can be applied to other liquids and the transformation of filling equipment.
3.1 system hardware configuration
Japan's Mitsubishi Corporation to use the FX2N128MRPLC use the system to replace the original 2-OMRON's C60P PLC, the original system of the PLC is due to old models, and computer on-line communications need to configure special converters, the system need to increase the external I / O input points , The extension of spare parts more difficult to find. FX2N128MRPLC is an integrated 128-point I / O controller of the box, a computing speed, command rich, high-cost performance, on-line programming simple and easy extension of the advantages of the Mitsubishi FX series, features the strongest small controller .
(1) by the Mitsubishi 900 series of 970 GOT human-computer touch screen system to replace the original use of the button panel display equipment and monitor the operation of operating parameters. 970GOT HMI for the 16-color high-brightness significantly, through the convergence of connectivity and FX2N128MRPLC directly connected to the CPU, achieving rapid response. Has many maintenance features, such as the list-editing features, ladder monitoring (troubleshooting) function, the system monitoring functions to find fault and maintenance of PLC Systems.
(2) filling, Gland of the frequency converter in the transformation of no replacement, on-site detection signal means-testing is still used switch, switch for detecting long-term work in the humidity of the great occasions, the choice of capacitive proximity switches, according to PLC I / O terminal of the connection mode, select the type of close PNP switch, the control system of Figure 1.
3.2Systems Programming
PLC controller programming focus and the core is around Jiugang the rotation speed control and Jiugang on 60 bottles of detecting the location of the displaced, broken bottles, empty bottles at the location of testing and related displacement filling Such as control valves. The bottles displacement of testing procedures, using a Mitsubishi PLC in the left command.Figure 1 control system structure diagram .
Bottles displacement of detection, using the left-PLC command, which
commands the whole of one of the core control procedures, the main electrical switch detection and bottles at the bottle simultaneously detect mobile, the main motor to every week, just to the corresponding Jiugang Have a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 60 bottles of the unit for the M500 ~ M559, the number of units by the first letter K is set to K60, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M50 Reaction of the empty bottles in the short position, and detect the location of the motor speed to go on the frequency shift in the corresponding unit within the built-in "1" or "0", control valves and the corresponding mixing caps The motor stopped and opened. Continuous detection system in place after the 90 empty bottles, stop stirring caps the motor running, testing the number of bottles in accordance with the user's requirements can be arbitrary.
A bottle of detection. Rotary Jiugang through pressure to back pressure with the bottle of liquor in the process of empty bottles in the back-pressure, because the bottle itself may crack and other reasons leading to a sudden burst bottles, which need to detect the location of unexploded bottle bottle, in this bottle - The position opened purge solenoid valves, compressed air out, broken bottles at the bottle-blowing from the position in a row after the purge and several bottles of the electromagnetic valve open jet, a high-pressure spray Shuizhu, in the break Bottle position around a few bottles of spray bottles in a row.
Detection of broken bottles and bottle-detection switch simultaneously detect movement of breaking bottles, to the main motor of each week, precisely corresponding Jiugang passed a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 20 broken bottles at the unit for the M600 ~ M619, unit With the number of the first letter K is set to K20, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M52 response to the location of the broken bottles and detected the location of the motor speed to the frequency shift continue, In the corresponding unit within the built-in "1" or "0", control and the corresponding jet purge solenoid valve opened and stopped. Continuous Spray and purge solenoid valve open to listen, time stopped in accordance with technological requirements can be arbitrary.
System security is to control access to the caps simultaneously tracking, not only
accurately detect the electrical switching speed detection, the broken bottles into the bottle and detection switch detection switch three conditions.
970GOT human-computer touch-screen terminals operated by the software company's Mitsubishi GT WORKS package, which is a GT Designer with the entire GOT9000 series of graphics software packages. The package is simple, prior to a personal computer simulation on the configuration and debug, after the man-machine operators to download terminals. At the same time, because the man-machine interface and a touch-screen role, will set common switch on the screen to facilitate the operation. And also to increase the number of features, such as setting alarm information.
4After transformation control system
System at the normal operation of the machine for automatic control, in accordance with bottles into and out of the bottle for lack or slow pace set by running into the bottle stall bottles, no less than a bottle cap, automatic washing bottles burst, filling automatic back-pressure position , Covered under the system automatically lose covered a stop and safety protection, such as the coordination of action interlock. All the original button after the operation of the touch screen on.
5Detection of the state control system monitoring
Detection switch into the bottle and break bottles detection switch bottles of pressure by testing each part of the small metal plates above the location of a photoelectric pulse output, a further PLC acquisition, as each bottle of the pressure above the small metal plates is the location of activities , In the machine running after some time, some pressure above the small bottles of iron tablets and detection switch in the location of displacement, resulting in detection switch mistaken judgement, if not for the judgement of bottles of bottles, bottle explosion Lou Jian, misuse, such as the seizure of output errors So that the PLC have mistaken action, such as a back-pressure, unexploded bottle blowing, washing, stirring cap control system
malfunction, such as failure phenomenon.
Before the transformation of the daily production process, encountered this phenomenon, the operatives could only switch to the various functional or manual control buttons reach the stall so that the equipment work in the absence of monitoring state, the machine lost control function. Caused a lot of production of raw materials such as gas, water, wine waste. Only in the production of intermittent, can be fitter and maintenance electrician in accordance with the detection of small switch on the light-emitting diodes and anti-displacement by adjusting the distance only 5 ~ 8 mm detection switch installation location, and switch to fix detection of small metal plates Gap. This means of detection is very backward, after adjustment reaction to the results, timely response can not be adjusted results.
In view of this testing situation, after the transformation of the filling, Gland control system configuration, this part of a new detection and integration in human-computer touch screen, complete bottle of detection.
In human-computer touch screen interface on the page display, respectively, at customs, such as electromagnetic motor mixing valve switch state are in different colors to show, very intuitive.
Increase the system's functions is to ensure the irrigation of the machine-Gland normal operation of automated control system specifically designed to.
6 Concluding remarks
After the transformation of the control system will greatly simplify the complicated mechanical structure, the running and control of inspection, the degree of automation systems meet the design requirements, greatly reducing the operational strength of the labor so that the shrub-like beer output than in the past Raising more than 30 percent, greatly reduce the failure rate. Embodies the modern equipment of automatic control technology. In the digestion and absorption of today's industrial control on the basis of advanced technology innovation, development of domestic technology from the most advanced filling control system.
啤酒灌装、压盖机PLC控制系统
1. 引言
啤酒生产过程分为麦芽制造、麦芽汁制造、前发酵、后发酵、过滤灭菌、包装等几道工序。啤酒灌装、压盖机部分属于包装工序。啤酒经膜过滤后由管路送入回转酒缸，再经酒阀进入瓶子中，压盖后获得瓶装啤酒。啤酒灌装、压盖机的工作效率和自动化程度的高低直接影响啤酒的日产量。
为了满足我国啤酒行业日益扩大生产规模的需求和啤酒现代化灌装机械高
速灌装的要求，国内各啤酒生产厂家都在积极寻求或改造本单位的啤酒灌装生产设备，使其成为具有良好的使用性能，先进的技术水平及高生产效率、运行稳妥可靠、维护成本低的啤酒现代化灌装机。
2. 啤酒灌装、压盖机工作原理和控制部分构成
液体灌装机按灌装原理可分为常压灌装机、压力灌装机和真空灌装机。啤酒灌装、压盖机采用压力灌装方法，是在高于大气压力下进行灌装，贮液缸内的压力高于瓶中的压力，啤酒液体靠压差流入瓶内。
目前国内外实现灌装工艺路线基本上是：利用回转酒缸产生的旋转运动，使安放在酒缸槽位上的空瓶通过机械机构将固定在酒缸上部的欲抽真空阀打开，对已封好的瓶子进行抽真空处理，拨转外操作阀杆，打开气阀，对瓶内充填CO2气体，抽真空凸轮继续打开真空阀，将瓶内空气与CO2混合气体抽出，气阀再次打开，对瓶内充填CO2气体，灌装阀内的液阀在瓶内压力接近背压气体压力时打开，酒液顺瓶壁注入瓶内，通过气动或电动控制灌装阀实现啤酒的灌装。
当今国际先进的啤酒灌装、压盖机的控制系统主要由光电开关位臵检测部分、走瓶带、酒缸转速的变频调速部分、主控由可编程控制器、触摸屏等组成。灌装、压盖机的机械结构装臵与PLC可编程控制、变频无级调速、人机界面等现代自动控制技术手段完整的结合，形成机电一体化。
3. 控制部分改造方案
国内很多啤酒厂家现使用的灌装、压盖机的控制系统的自动化程度参差不齐；所有手动按钮和工艺开关都设臵在一个操作箱的面板上，PLC控制器大都为日本OMRON公司或三菱公司的早期产品，设备连锁控制、保护设臵少，加之啤酒灌装的现场环境恶劣，潮湿度大，使开关等接触触点锈蚀严重，系统的信号
检测部分故障率较高，造成设备控制系统运行的可靠性低，设备正常运行周期短等现象。
以实际改造的丹东鸭绿江啤酒有限公司的灌装、压盖机的控制系统为例，介绍改造方法，阐明改造这类设备的控制思想和思路；根据现场的实际工艺条件，重新编写了PLC的运行程序。针对啤酒灌装、压盖机控制系统的实际状况，并根据现场的实际工艺条件，重新设计了设备的PLC控制系统。这种改造方法和思路同样可以应用与其他液体介质灌装设备的改造。
3.1 系统硬件配臵
使用日本三菱公司的FX2N128MRPLC替换原系统使用的2台OMRON公司的C60P PLC，原系统的PLC由于是老型号产品，和计算机联机需要配臵特殊的通讯转换器，系统需要增加外部I/O输入点时，扩展模块备件较难寻。
FX2N128MRPLC是集成128点I/O的箱体式控制器，具有运算速度快，指令丰富、性能价格比高、联机编程简单、扩展方便等优点，是三菱FX系列中功能最强的小型控制器。
(1) 采用三菱公司的900系列的970GOT人机触摸屏替换原系统使用的面板按钮并监控显示设备的运行工作参数。970GOT HMI为高亮度的16色显，通过汇流连接和FX2N128MRPLC的CPU直接连接，实现快速回应。具有许多维护功能，如列表式编辑功能、梯形图监控(故障查找)功能、系统监控功能等用来查找故障和维护PLC系统。
(2) 灌装、压盖机的变频器在改造中没有更换，现场检测信号的手段仍然采用开关式检测，因检测开关长期工作在湿度很大的场合，因此选择电容式的接近开关，根据PLC I/O端子的接线方式，选择PNP型的接近开关。
3.2. 系统程序设计
PLC控制器的程序设计重点和核心是围绕着酒缸的旋转速度控制和酒缸上60个瓶位相关位臵的检测移位、破瓶、空瓶瓶位相关位臵的检测移位和相关灌装阀等的控制。其中的瓶位移位检测程序中，采用了三菱PLC位左移指令。
瓶位移位检测，采用PLC位左移指令，这条指令是整个子控制程序的核心之一，主电机和瓶位检测开关同步检测移动的酒瓶，主电机每转一周，正好对应酒缸转过一个瓶位，PLC内部单元内对应这60个瓶位的单元为M500~M559，单元个数用第一个字母K设臵为K60，每次变化一位用第二个字母K设臵为K1，M50反应了瓶位的空、缺位臵，并将检测到的这个位臵以电机转速的频率移位下去，在内部相应的单元内臵"1"或"0"，控制相应的阀门和搅拌瓶盖的电机的
开与停。系统在连续检测90个空瓶位后,停止搅拌瓶盖的电机的运行,检测瓶位的个数可以根据用户的要求任意设定。
出瓶位检测。回转酒缸通过压力往瓶内背压装酒的过程中，空瓶在背压后,可能由于瓶子本身裂纹等原因导致突然爆瓶,这就需要检测出爆瓶瓶子的位臵,在这个瓶位的位臵进行打开吹扫电磁阀,喷出压缩空气,将瓶位上的碎瓶片吹离位臵,在连续吹扫几个瓶位后,在打开喷射电磁阀,喷射出高压水注,在对破瓶位臵周围
瓶位连续喷射几个瓶位。
破瓶检测和瓶位检测开关同步检测移动的破瓶，主电机每转一周，正好对应酒缸转过一个瓶位，PLC内部单元内对应这20个破瓶位的单元为M600~M619，单元个数用第一个字母K设臵为K20，每次变化一位用第二个字母K设臵为K1，M52反应了破瓶的位臵，并将检测到的这个位臵以电机转速的频率移位下去，在内部相应的单元内臵"1"或"0"，控制相应的喷射和吹扫电磁阀开与停。连续喷射和吹扫电磁阀的开听、停时间可以根据工艺要求任意设定。
系统自动化运行可靠的保障就是控制进出瓶盖的同步跟踪，既准确检测电机转速检测开关、破瓶检测开关和进瓶检测开关三个条件。
970GOT人机触摸屏操作终端机的软件采用三菱公司的GT WORKS软件包，其中GT Designer是一个用与整个GOT9000系列的绘图套装软件。该软件包操作简单，事先可在个人计算机上组态并仿真调试，完毕后下载至人机操作终端机。同时，因为人机界面又具有触摸屏的作用，将常用的开关设在显示屏上，方便操作。还可并以增加一些功能，如设臵报警信息等。
4．改造后控制系统功能
系统正常运行时，机器为自动控制，根据进出瓶带上瓶的满缺，按设定速度或慢速运行，进瓶档瓶，无瓶不下盖，爆瓶自动冲洗，灌装位臵自动背压，下盖输盖系统的自动开停和安全保护等动作的协调联锁。原来所有按钮的操作改造后都在触摸屏上进行。
5．控制系统检测状态的监控功能
进瓶检测开关和破瓶检测开关通过检测每个压瓶部分上面的小铁片的位臵，产生光电脉冲输出，再有PLC采集，由于每个压瓶部分上面的小铁片的位臵是活动的，在机器运行一段时间后，压瓶部分上面的小铁片和检测开关的位臵发生位移，造成检测开关误判断，如没瓶判断为有瓶，爆瓶漏检、误检等造成输出失误，使PLC产生误动作，造成如背压、爆瓶吹、洗、瓶盖搅拌系统控制失灵等故障现象。
在改造前的日常生产过程中，碰到这种现象时，操作工只能将各个功能开关或按扭打到手动控制档位，使机器设备工作在无监控状态下，机器失去自动控制功能。造成了很大的生产原料如气、水、酒的浪费。只能在生产的间歇，才能由维修钳工和电工根据检测开关上的小发光二极管的亮和灭通过调整位移距离只有5~8mm的检测开关的安装位臵，来修正检测开关和小铁片的间隙。这种检测手段非常落后，调整后的效果反应致后，不能及时反应调整结果。
针对这种检测状况，结合改造后的灌装、压盖机控制系统的配臵，新增了这部分检测功能，并集成在人机触摸屏中，完成瓶位检测。
在人机触摸屏的界面分页显示屏上，可以分别时关、搅拌电机等电磁阀的开关状态都以不同颜色来显示，非常直观。
增加这套系统功能的是为保证灌状压盖机的自动化控制系统正常运行而专门设计的。
6．结束语
改造后的控制系统大大地简化了复杂的机械结构，经现场运行情况和控制效果检验，系统的自动化程度达到了设计要求，大大减少了操作人员的劳动强度，使啤酒灌状的日产量比过去提高30%以上，故障率大大减低。体现了现代设备的自动控制技术。是在消化、吸收当今工业控制的先进技术的基础上加以创新、研制而成的目前国内技术最先进的灌装控制系统。
中英文资料对照外文翻译 最小化传感级别不确定性联合策略的机械手控制 摘要：人形机器人的应用应该要求机器人的行为和举止表现得象人。下面的决定和控制自己在很大程度上的不确定性并存在于获取信息感觉器官的非结构化动态环境中的软件计算方法人一样能想得到。在机器人领域，关键问题之一是在感官数据中提取有用的知识，然后对信息以及感觉的不确定性划分为各个层次。本文提出了一种基于广义融合杂交分类（人工神经网络的力量，论坛渔业局）已制定和申请验证的生成合成数据观测模型，以及从实际硬件机器人。选择这个融合，主要的目标是根据内部（联合传感器）和外部（ Vision 摄像头）感觉信息最大限度地减少不确定性机器人操纵的任务。目前已被广泛有效的一种方法论就是研究专门配置5个自由度的实验室机器人和模型模拟视觉控制的机械手。在最近调查的主要不确定性的处理方法包括加权参数选择（几何融合），并指出经过训练在标准操纵机器人控制器的设计的神经网络是无法使用的。这些方法在混合配置，大大减少了更快和更精确不同级别的机械手控制的不确定性，这中方法已经通过了严格的模拟仿真和试验。 关键词：传感器融合，频分双工，游离脂肪酸，人工神经网络，软计算，机械手，可重复性，准确性，协方差矩阵，不确定性，不确定性椭球。 1 引言 各种各样的机器人的应用（工业，军事，科学，医药，社会福利，家庭和娱乐）已涌现了越来越多产品，它们操作范围大并呢那个在非结构化环境中运行 [ 3,12,15]。在大多数情况下，如何认识环境正在发生变化且每个瞬间最优控制机器人的动作是至关重要的。移动机器人也基本上都有定位和操作非常大的非结构化的动态环境和处理重大的不确定性的能力[ 1,9,19 ]。每当机器人操作在随意性自然环境时，在给定的工作将做完的条件下总是存在着某种程
Programmable logic controller A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 1.History The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable logic controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as electricians needed to individually rewire each and every relay. In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner. One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84
编号：SY-AQ-03920 ( 安全管理) 单位：_____________________ 审批：_____________________ 日期：_____________________ WORD文档/ A4打印/ 可编辑 全自动液体灌装机的维护保养 措施 Maintenance measures of automatic liquid filling machine
全自动液体灌装机的维护保养措施 导语：进行安全管理的目的是预防、消灭事故，防止或消除事故伤害，保护劳动者的安全与健康。在安全管 理的四项主要内容中，虽然都是为了达到安全管理的目的，但是对生产因素状态的控制，与安全管理目的关 系更直接，显得更为突出。 在液体灌装机械的使用中，液体灌装机的种类在科技的推动下分成半自动液体灌装机/全自动液体灌装机/手动液体灌装机。相对来说，全自动液体灌装机的市场使用率与市场占有率都是最高的，充分说明生产企业对于全自动化灌装设备的需求量也是最多的。 不管是在食品行业，还是医药行业，不管是饮料行业，还是日化行业，都可见全自动液体灌装机忙碌的身影。但是，随着市场使用率的不断提升，对于全自动液体灌装机的操作使用企业也逐渐增多，相应的设备出现的问题也逐渐的增多。 所以为了延长全自动液体灌装机的使用寿命，需要对它进行定期的维护，及时处理并解决相应的问题。那么，在日常生产中，对于全自动液体灌装机的使用企业来说，究竟该如何对灌装机进行维护和保养呢？期间又有那些应该注意的细节呢？ 常州江立机械制造有限公司是从事液体、粉体、散状物料自动计量
设备的国家高新技术型企业，拥有数十项发明专利。江立公司聚集了一批多学科的专业人才，在全自动液体灌装机研发、生产、维护保养方面非常的有经验，他们给出如下措施： 1、经常排放全自动液体灌装机气水分离器中的水分。 2、经常添加全自动液体灌装机油雾中的机油，机油量至杯的三分之一即可。 3、灌装机的汽水分离器的过滤和存水杯应定期清洗，过滤芯必须放矿物油中清洗，然后用压缩空气吹干。 4、液体灌装机的出料活塞上及出料筒下端的密封圈磨损后及时更换。 5、灌装物中不得混入异物，否则可能引起出料不准或损坏机件。 6、为保持全自动液体灌装机机身不锈钢光洁，请勿用尖，硬的利器刮其表面，如有污染，请用酒精或油擦拭。 7、全自动液体灌装机的气缸在出厂时已经加好润滑油，请勿坼开气缸或添加任何润滑油。 8、全自动液体灌装机的单向阀，不锈钢三通，料缸都能方便的坼洗。
2灌装生产线概念设计 全自动液体灌装机的使用和需求日益增长，已经逐步代替手工灌装或半自动灌装， 并将发展成为液体灌装行业所必备的设备。目前，市场上对全自液体灌装机没有明确的定义和划分，大多只对能进行自动计量或某部分机构能实现自动控制就定义其为全自动灌装机，这种定义不完全，不能真正的对全自动液体灌装机进行定义。 2．1液体灌装基本原理 灌装就是将一定量的液体物料注入到包装容器中的过程IUl。这种液体物料主要是指 具有低粘度的可流动型液体物料，如酒类、汽水、果汁等。它们可以依靠自重以一定速度流入到包装容器中。另外还可灌装一些中等粘稠液体物料和一些高粘度物料，如果酱、油脂，牙膏及黄油等。对这些物料的灌装依靠重力是不能使其按要求流动的，因此需要施加一定的压力将其挤入或压入到包装容器中。由于液体种类很多，其性能不一，如粘度、起沫性、含气性、挥发性等各不相同，所以采用的灌装方法不一样，其次液料的包装容器也不同，有玻璃瓶、金属罐、塑料瓶、复合纸盒等，所以，依据不同的包装容器、包装物料及不同的灌装工艺，灌装机的灌装方法也是不相同的。 2．2液体灌装方式 由于液体物料性能不同，灌装方式多种多样。根据灌装压力的不同可分为常压灌装、 压力灌装、等压灌装、负压灌装等旧。 2．2．1常压灌装 常压灌装，又称重力灌装，即在常压下，利用液体自身的重力将其灌入包装容器内， 其整个系统处于敞开状态下工作，该灌装方法是最原始的灌装方法。至今仍被用在流动性很好的液体灌装中，这各方法比较适用于流动性好、不含气、不易挥发的液体中。如矿泉水、白酒、酱油、牛奶等。 2．2．2负压灌装 负压灌装是先将包装容器抽气形成负压，再将液体物料灌入包装容器内【13J。这种灌 装方法不但能提高灌装速度，而且能减少包装容器内残存的空气，防止液体物料氧化变质，可延长产品的保存期。此外，还能限制毒性液体的逸散，并可以避免灌装有裂纹或
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
Application of PLC PLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.” In the 1970s the last stage, the programmable controller entered the practical application development phase, the computer technology has introduced in comprehensively the programmable controller, causes its function to have the leap. The higher operating speed, the subminiature volume, the more reliable industry antijamming design, the simulation quantity operation, the PID function and the extremely high performance-to-price ratio has established it in the modern industry status. In the early-1980s, the programmable controller has obtained the widespread application in the advanced industrial nation. This time programmable controller develops the characteristic is large-scale, the high velocity, the high performance, the product seriation. This stage's another characteristic is in the world produces the programmable controller's country to increase day by day, the output rises day by day. This symbolizes that the programmable controller marched into the mature stage. The 20th century last stage, the programmable controller's development characteristic was even more adapts in the modern industry need. From the control scale, this time has developed the large-scale machinery and subminiature machine; From the control, was born various special function unit, used in the pressure, the temperature, the rotational speed, the displacement and so on all kinds of control situation; From product necessary ability, has produced each kind of man-machine contact surface unit, the correspondence unit, caused to apply the programmable controller's industrial control equipment necessary to be easier. At present, the programmable controller in domain and so on machine manufacture, petroleum chemical industry, metallurgy steel and iron, automobile, light industry applications obtained the considerable development.
液体灌装机的操作流程 液体灌装机的流程一般为：装有空瓶的箱子堆放在托盘上，由输送带送到卸托盘机，将托盘逐个卸下，箱子随输送带送到卸箱机中，将空瓶从箱子中取出，空箱经输送带送到洗箱机，经清洗干净，再输送到装箱机旁，以便将盛有饮料的瓶子装入其中。从卸箱机取出的空瓶，由另一条输送带送入洗瓶机消毒和清洗，经瓶子检验机检验，符合清洁标准后进入灌装机和封盖机。饮料由灌装机装入瓶中。装好饮料的瓶子经封盖机加盖封住并输送到贴标机贴标，贴好标签后送至装箱机装入箱中再送到堆托盘机堆放在托盘上送入仓库。 一、机器使用、保养与安装 1、因为本灌装机是属自动化机器，因此易拉瓶、瓶垫、瓶盖尺寸都要求统一。 2、开车前必须先用摇手柄转动机器，察看其转动是否有异状，确实判明正常再可开车。https://www.doczj.com/doc/ed14866563.html, 3、调整机器时，工具要使用适当，严禁用过大的工具或用力过猛来拆零件以免损坏机件或影响机器性能。 4、每当机器进行调整后，一定要将松过的螺丝紧好，用摇手柄转动机器察看其动作是否符合要求后，方可以开车。 5、机器必须保持清洁，严禁机器上有油污、药液或玻璃碎屑，以免造成机器损蚀，故必须：
⑴机器在生产过程中，及时清除药液或玻璃碎屑。 ⑵交班前应将机器表面各部清洁一次，并在各活动部门加上清洁的润滑油。 ⑶每周应大擦洗一次，特别将平常使用中不容易清洁到的地方擦净或用压缩空气吹净。 二、机器的安装注意事项 1、机器开箱后，首先检查随机技术资料是否齐全，机器在运输中是否损坏，以便及时解决。 2、将进料组件及出料组件按本说明书中的外形图示安装并调节。 3、将各润滑点加以新润滑油。 4、用摇手柄转动机器，检查机器是否运转方向正确（面对电动机主轴为逆时针方向），机器必须保护接地。
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：可编程逻辑控制器技术 系部名称：信息工程系专业班级： 学生姓名：学号： 指导教师：教师职称： 2014 年3 月XX 日
译文 可编程逻辑控制器技术 引言 PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）实际是一个工业控制系统（近来我们看到更多的是用处理器来取代微控制器），在软件和硬件都配备的条件下，适合应用于工业环境。PLC 的发明是相当必要的，它代替了传统的依靠由继电接触器电路来控制电机。PLC 的工作原理是根据它的输入信号和工作状态来确定输出。用户通常是通过软件或编程输入一个程序，来输出所需要的结果。 如图 8-1 所示，PLC 是由典型的黑色构件组成。特别需要注意的是它的输入和输出， 因为在这些模块上，工业环境会给 CPU 一个输入线，所以很有必要将 CPU 模块隔离以保护其免遭有害的影响。程序单元通常是用计算机来编写程序（一般是梯形图）。 1.1CPU 的中央处理单元 中央处理单元（CPU）是一个 PLC 的主控制器。一般 CPU 本身是一个微控制器。通常这些都是 8 位微控制器，如 8051 ，现在的这些是 16 位和 32 位微控制器。潜规则是，你会发现用在 PLC 控制器上的微控制器多数是由日本生产的日立和富士通，欧洲的西门子控制器，和美国的摩托罗拉微控制器。CPU 也负责通讯，与 PLC 控制器的其它部分相互联系，如程序执行，内存操作，监督输入和设置输出。PLC 控制器拥有复杂的程序用于内存检查，以确保 PLC 内存不被损坏（内存检查是为了安全原因而作出的）。一般来说，CPU 单元多数用来检查 PLC 控制器本身，所以有可能出现的错误很早就会被发现。你可以简单地看任何 PLC 控制器,查看错误信号在发光二极管上的种种指示形式。 1.2内存 系统内存（今天主要是在 FLASH 技术上实现）用于一台 PLC 的过程控制系统。除了 这个操作系统它还包含用户程序将梯形图翻译成二进制的形式。 FLASH 存储器的内容仅在 用户程序改变下可以改变。PLC 控制器较早被用来代替闪存，EPROM 存储器代替了那些只能依靠紫外线灯等擦除内存并依靠程序员来编程的 FLASH 存储器。在 FLASH 技术的作用下这个过程被大大的缩短了。重组程序内存通过程序中的串行通讯用于应用程序开发。使用内存被划分成多个具有特殊功能的模块。存储器某些部分用来存储输入状态和输出状态。一个 输入信号的实际状态是用 1 或0 存储在一个特定的存储位。每一个输入信号和输出信号在内存里都有一个位与之相对应。内存的其他部分用来存储用户程序中使用的变量以及变量的内容。例如，定时器的值和计数器的值都将被存储在这部分内存里。 1.3PLC 控制器的编程 PLC 控制器可以通过计算机（常用的方式）进行编程，还可以通过手动编程器（控制台）编程。这实际上意味着如果你有需要的编程软件那么每个 PLC 控制器都可以通过计算机进行编程。今天的传输计算机是非常适合在工厂对 PLC 控制器进行编程的。这对工业有着非常重要的意义。一旦系统被刷新，重新读取正确的程序到 PLC 就很重要。还可以定期检查 PLC 中的程序是否改变了。这有助于避免在工厂车间发生危险状况（部分汽车制造商建立了通信网络，定期检查项目中的 PLC 控制器，以确保执行的程序是正确的）。
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
1 Bit Logic Instructions 1.1 Overview of Bit Logic Instructions 1.1.1 Description Bit logic instructions work with two digits, 1 and 0. These two digits form the base of a number system called the binary system. The two digits 1 and 0 are called binary digits or bits. In the world of contacts and coils, a 1 indicates activated or energized, and a 0 indicates not activated or not energized. The bit logic instructions interpret signal states of 1 and 0 and combine them according to Boolean logic. These combinations produce a result of 1 or 0 that is called the “result of logic operation” (RLO). The logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a variety of functions. There are bit logic instructions to perform the following functions: ---| |--- Normally Open Contact (Address) ---| / |--- Normally Closed Contact (Address) ---(SAVE) Save RLO into BR Memory XOR Bit Exclusive OR ---( ) Output Coil ---( # )--- Midline Output ---|NOT|--- Invert Power Flow The following instructions react to an RLO of 1: ---( S ) Set Coil ---( R ) Reset Coil SR Set-Reset Flip Flop RS Reset-Set Flip Flop Other instructions react to a positive or negative edge transition to perform the following functions: ---(N)--- Negative RLO Edge Detection ---(P)--- Positive RLO Edge Detection NEG Address Negative Edge Detection POS Address Positive Edge Detection
摘要 灌装机是酒水、饮料类等食品加工行业的关键设备之一。目前正向着灌装的高速化、精确化；以及智能化、多功能化方向发展。 本文针对传统罐装机性能比较单一、自动化程度低、通用性差，灌装速度调整不方便，而且难以适用瓶形、液体物料及灌装规格的变化等问题，结合全自动液体灌装的工艺流程，分析了全自动液体灌装机的工作过程及其主要部件的功能，重点介绍了全自动液体灌装机关键工作环节的工作原理及控制要求。 全自动液体灌装机实现了灌装生产高速化、精确化、智能化、多功能化以及操作界面人性化的要求。对灌装工作过程进行实时监控及动态管理，提高了液体灌装的自动化水平，提高了生产效率。 关键词：灌装，包装，灌装机，供瓶系统
ABSTRACT Liquid filling machine was one of critical equipments in the filed of food processing for beverages．At present，the development tendency of Liquid filling machine was high speed、accurate、intelligent and multifunction． This paper compared the performance of traditional single．cylinder machine， the lower degree of automation，poor GM，filling speed of adjustment is not convenient，but difficult to apply a bottle—shaped，liquid filling materials and the changes in specifications and other issues，combined with fully automatic liquid filling process processes，analysis of the automatic liquid filling machine of the working process and its main functional parts，focuses on the automatic liquid filling machine of the key aspects of the work of the working principle and control requirements。 Full-automatic liquid filling machine to achieve the filling of the production of high-speed，precision，intelligence，multi—functional as well as human interface requirements．Work on the filling process of real-time monitoring and dynamic management，increased automation level of liquid filling，increased production efficiency． Key words：Filling，packaging，filling machine
全自动灌装机再验证方案及报告
目录一、验证方案 1．概述 2．验证目的及职责 3．验证涉及仪器及相关信息 4．验证涉及文件 5．验证内容 5.1 安装确认 5.2 运行确认 5.3 性能确认 二、验证结论评价及验证周期 1、验证结果评价 2、验证周期 三、验证报告 1、验证职责签字 2、验证内容 2.1安装确认 2.2运行确认 2.3性能确认
1、概述： 该设备主要由试剂组酶免车间用于。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。试剂，设备包括：转盘、输送带、进瓶机构、蠕动泵、灌装机构、电磁振荡、输盖、套盖机构、可调旋盖机构、主传动系统、离合器装置、电控等系统组成，但是由于设备性能与实际生产采用的物料像不适合，所以现在只使用该设备的理瓶、传送、灌装等部分部件的相关功能。 设备信息： 2、验证目的： 通过对该设备的验证，证明该设备的安装符合设计要求，并确认该全自动液体灌装机理瓶、传送、灌装功能的运行和性能符合生产工艺要求。 3、验证职责： 3、验证涉及仪器及相关信息： 4、验证涉及文件：
5.1 安装确认： 5.2 运行确认： 5.3 性能确认： 取40套空瓶子（带瓶盖）进行编号、称重、记录；然后将瓶子平分为8组，放在两个灌装针各自的分装进度的前中后期分别进行分装，分装后取出再次进行称量、记录，得出的数据与分装前对应项进行相减得出每瓶分装的试剂质量。 另取一空瓶称重并记录，然后从分装十五瓶中任取十瓶并逐瓶准确量取1.0ml 试剂打入此瓶称量并记录每次读数，根据密度（ρ）=质量（m）/体积（v），可以得出试剂的十个密度值，取其平均数。 根据以上数据可以回算出每瓶试剂的实际分装体积，根据得出的实际分装量判断是否操作规程允许误差范围内。 验证试剂分装量： 3.2±ml、7.2±ml 编写人：编写日期： 审核人：审核日期： 批准人：批准日期：
1 Bit Logic In structi ons 1.1 Overview of Bit Logic In structi ons 1.1.1 Description Bit logic in structi ons work with two digits, 1 and 0. These two digits form the base of a nu mber system called the binary system. The two digits 1 and 0 are called binary digits or bits. In the world of con tacts and coils, a 1 in dicates activated or en ergized, and a 0 in dicates not activated or not en ergized. The bit logic in struct ions in terpret sig nal states of 1 and 0 and comb ine them accord ing to Boolea n logic. These comb in ati ons produce a result of 1 or 0 that is called the “result of logic operati on ” (RLO). The logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a variety of fun cti ons. There are bit logic in structio ns to perform the followi ng fun cti ons: ---| |--- Normally Ope n Co ntact (Address) ---| / |--- Normally Closed Con tact (Address) ---(SAVE) Save RLO into BR Memory XOR Bit Exclusive OR ---()Output Coil ---(# )--- Midli ne Output ---|NOT|--- In vert Power Flow The followi ng in structio ns react to an RLO of 1: ---(S ) Set Coil ---(R ) Reset Coil SR Set-Reset Flip Flop RS Reset-Set Flip Flop Other in structi ons react to a positive or n egative edge tran siti on to perform the followi ng functions: ---(N)--- Negative RLO Edge Detectio n ---(P)--- Positive RLO Edge Detectio n NEG Address Negative Edge Detectio n POS Address Positive Edge Detectio n
. 机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人 类需求的应用技术科形状和详细结构的基本主要研究产品的尺寸、学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。机械设进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。还必须在机械制设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，计是一项创造性的工作。材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。工程材料、图、运动学、发现和科技机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、如前所诉，知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效必须先确定人们是否需因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，益。要这种产品。系统分析应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决式更为重要。定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。当新的方而且愿意承担一定的风险，一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，所花费法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为为要求屏弃许多陈旧的，的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，一位机由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。人们所熟知的方法。在此过程中应该认真选择原有械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也就没如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。即使产不受各种约束。应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，在设计的初始阶段，只有也会在设计的早期，生了许多不切实际的想法，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 .. . 设计人员的基本职责是努心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。因为实际上并不存在着一个对力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。在开始另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。这一并得到批准。阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，，需要解决般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流下列问题：）所设计的这个产品