应电专英PPT 2013.10.31
Unit 1 Computer and Its Hardware
without human intervention:无人干预。
instructions: 指令。
data sorting, classifying, calculating, summarizing, and comparing:数据的排序、分类、计算、累加和比较。
retrieval:检索。
long-term retention:长期保存。
coded as numbers:数码表示。
control processing:控制程序。
be coded:数码化。
binary equivalents:等值的二进制。
binary-coded instructions:二进制代码指令。
binary language:二进制语言。
bi-state devices:双电位状态装置。human-readable:人可识别。
video display terminal: VDT,显示终端。
hard-copy:硬拷贝。
typewritten-style:打印形式。
business transaction documents:商务文件。
machine-readable:机器可识别。
hard-copy work station:硬拷贝工作站。
main functional parts:主要的基本部件。
main memory or primary storage:主存储器。
make available for:方便…所用。
scratch pad:便笺式存储器，暂存平台。
activate:驱动。
data paths:数据通道。
register:寄存器。
central processing unit :CPU,中央处理器.
human-readable:人可识别。
video display terminal: VDT,显示终端。
hard-copy:硬拷贝。
typewritten-style:打印形式。
重难句解析：
[1]A computer can compare two data items to determine whether one is equal to ,large than ,or smaller than the other.
计算机能将2个数据进行比较，从而能确定其是相等、不等、大于还是小于的逻辑关系。
[2]Sequences of instructions to perform input, arithmetic, logical, output, and storage operations can be written and placed inside a computer, and executed automatically.
指令执行程序输入、算术、逻辑、输出和储存等操作功能的指令编程能写入和置于计算机内，并能自动执行。
[3]For example, within a computer, electrical current either flows along a wire or it doesn’t; electricity flows either in one direction or the other; a circuit is either open or closed to the flow of electricity; an electronic switch is set either on or off.
例如，在计算机内，导线中要么有电流，要么没有电流；电流流向要么是某个方向，要么是另一个方向；电路对电流在其中的流动来说要么是开路，要么是闭路；电子开关的状态要么是闭合，要么是断开。
[4]Thus, all data processed by a computer and all of the instructions that control processing must be coded and represented internally as combinations of 0 and 1 data values.
因此，由计算机所处理的所有数据，以及控制程序的所以指令，在计算机内部必须数码化，并一律表示为由0和1这两个数字组成的数字组合。
[5]The processor unit contains the electronic circuitry that arithmetic and logical operations required for sorting, classifying, calculating, summarizing, and comparing data.
处理器单元，这是这样一种电子电路，其能进行诸如数据的排序、分类、计算、；累加及比较等这样一些算术及逻辑运算。
[6]A keyboard may be part of a hard-copy word station that provides printed copies of the keyed data.
键盘还可以说是计算机的硬拷贝部件的一部分，可提供关键数据的打印件。
[7]Memory, also called main memory or primary storage ,is a storage area that holds programs and data temporarily during processing.
存储器也成为主存储器，其为计算机处理信息期间暂时存放程序及数据的地方。
[8]Once the computer has completed its processing, memory is cleared that made available for use in running other programs with other data.
一旦计算机完成处理过程后，主存储器内的内容就会被消除，以便供带有不同数据的其他程序运行使用。
[9]Then, the control recalls program instructions one at a time, as needed, evaluates each instruction to determine what operation is required, and activates the electronic circuitry and data paths necessary to carry out the operation.
然后，控制器依次调出程序的指令，必要时还会对每条指令进行判断，以便确定进行哪一步操作，然后驱动执行这些操作所需要的电子线路和数据通道。
[10]Because the computer operates and alternates among the different programs so quickly,each person has the impression that he or she is the sole user.
因为计算机运行的速度，以及在每个不同程序之间交替变化的速度是如此之快，以至于每个用户都感觉自己是唯一的使用者。
[11]These hard-copy devices are controlled by the computer, which transmits coded information to the printer.
这些硬拷贝的设备由计算机控制，后者将信息代码传送给打印机。
[12]The circuitry within the printer translates the signals into printed characters, producing a typewritten-style copy of the output.
打印机内部的电路将这些信息转换为打印的字符，从而生成打印形式的输出拷贝。
Unit 2 Computer Software and Human Resource
Programming Languages
computer software:计算机软件
computer hardware:计算机硬件
perform on data:对数据进行处理
machine-language:机器语言
重难句解析：
[1]A computer program is a detailed, step-by-step set of instructions that the computer must perform on data.
程序语言是一系列具体的和具体执行步骤的一系列指令。
[2]This feature makes it conveniet for people to express problem solutions in their own languages rather than in the binary language of the computer.
这种程序所具有的如此特性，有助于人们用自己的语言，而不是用计算机的二进制语言表述问题。
[3]Business programming languages offer features that are tailor-made to meet these processing needs conveniently and efficiently.
商务程序语言是专门方便及有效地满足处理需要而产生的。
[4]Scientific programming languages are used for application characterized by relatively low volumes of data and by sophisticated mathematical processing.
科学程序语言是一种用于数据处理量较小，而具有数学处理过程相对复杂的语言。
[5]General-purpose programming languages are designed to combine the data handling and formatting capabilities of business languages and the mathematical processing features of scientific languages into a single programming language.
普通程序语言是这样设计生成的，其将商务语言数据处理及表格生成能力，与科学程序语言的数学处理功能相结合而形成的一种程序语言。
[6]So, in fact, the user’s program only specifies what operations are to be perfo rmed, not how to perform them.
因此实际上，用户的程序只能指定计算机执行何种操作，而不能指导它如何操作。
System Software
storage space within memory:主存储器中的存储空间
[7] Programs that act upon instructions provided in application programs are known collectively as system software.
根据应用程序所提供的指令而执行动作的程序统称为系统软件。
[8]A computer cannot perform usually unless there is a user group that has a need for the results of processing.
如果没有对数据结果有需要的用户群，计算机通常是不可能有所表现的。
[9]Although they may not have a hands-on need for computers, users play a critical role in defining the tasks computers perform and the products they deliver.
尽管用户不可包揽对计算机的所有需求，但是其在设计计算机所需要完成的任务，以及其所需提供的结果这两方面起着至关重要的作用。
[10]On the other hand, computer professionals must understand that if they did not produce useful products, they wouldn’t be needed.
另一方面，计算机专业人员必须懂得，如果他们未生产有用的产品，他们就不会被需要。
Systems Analysts and Designers
专业词汇
functional specification : 功能约定
information processing professionals：信息处理专业人员
blueprint:蓝图
physical reality:具体实现
technical specification : 技术规约
[11]Within any large organization, Specialists can be found who work with users to develop computerbased systems that will do the jobs and produce the results required.
在任何大型公司中，都能找到与用户合作为其研制计算机的应用系统，从而让计算机为他们工作并得出其所需要的结果。
[12]Together, users and analysts study the business environment and develop an understanding of the business procedure to be computerized, the data to be processed, and information to be delivered.
用户与分析师一道共同研究商务环境，从而得到对用于计算机的商务处理程序、需处理的数据和需提供的信息的深刻理解。
[13]Then, these functional specifications become the blueprints for designing a computer-based system.
这样，这些对功能的具体约定便成了设计计算机应用系统的蓝图。
[14]Systems designers work from these documents to design the actual configurations of hardware, software, data files, manual procedures, communication networks, and human resource that will be required to implement the system.
系统设计师根据这些文件设计出硬件、软件、数据文件、手工操作步骤、通信网络和人力资源等，这样一些完成计算机系统设计的必要条件的实际框架。
[15]Designers take the functional requirements identified during the analysis step and translate them into physical realities.
设计人员掌握这些在分析阶段所确立的针对计算机系统的功能要求，并将其转化为具体的实体。
[16]The technical specifications for which hardware will be acquired and which programs will be written are developed as part of the design step.
这些技术规约会演变成设计步骤的一部分，因为其与计算机硬件的选定和程序的编写紧密相关。
[17]Programming includes determining the computer processing functions to be performed, arranging those functions in an organized fashions , selecting the specific computer operations that will implement the functions, coding the operations in a programming language, and testing the program on a computer.
程序编辑包括确定需执行的计算机处理功能、以一种有序的方式安排这些功能、选择计算机实现这些功能的具体操作方法、用程序语言对操作指令进行编码，以及用计算机测试这个程序。
[18]Common jobs for programmers are as applications programmers, who write programs to perform business functions identified by the systems analyst and designed by the systems designer, and maintenance programmers. Maintenance programmers revise or modify applications programs in accordance with processing changes that inevitably arise when a system is in operation for a long period of time.
计算机编程师的工作通常有2种，一种是应用型编程师的工作，另一种是维护型编程师的工作。应用型编程师编写程序，或根据处理过程的变化（这在系统运行了较长一段时间后是难免的）修改应用程序。
Computer Operators
专业词汇:
financial analysis:财务分析
individual work station:独立工作站
data management：数据管理
word processing:文字处理
information center:信息中心
electronic filing:电子文档
central computer:中央计算机
computer terminal:计算机终端
data entry operator:数据输入操作员
input media:输入媒介
personal computer:个人计算机
nontechnical user:非专业用户
source document:源文件
inventory of program:程序清单
operating manual:操作手册
data storage media:数据存储媒介
Technical Specialists
专业词汇
technical specialist:技术专业人员
operation system:操作系统
system development specialist:系统开发专业人员
systems programmer:系统程序员
system software:系统软件
operation staff;操作人员
applications programmer:应用程序员
field engineer;现场工程师
end user:终端用户
companywide, nationwide,or worldwide communication network:公司范围，全国范围，或是世界范围内的通信网络
telecommunication specialist:远程通信专业人员
database administrator:数据库管理员
specialized knowledge:专业知识
massive data resource：巨型数据资源。
company storage file:公司的存储文件
Unit 3 Personal Computer word Processing and Electronic Spreadsheets
software packages:软件包
operational and managerial-level:操作和管理层面
electronic spreadsheets:电子表格
data management:数据管理
business graphics:商务绘图
data communication:数据通信
word processing program:文字处理程序
available commercially:市面上可买到的
electronic text capture:电子文本输入
wrapped around:另换一行
line feeds:换行
carriage returns:回车
full-screen editing:全屏幕编辑
move and copy：移动和复制
block of text:文本板块
search and replace feature:搜索及替换功能
column tabulation:竖式制表
align columns:列对齐
around decimal points:围绕小数点，在小数点前后
row and column arithmetic:行和列的算术运算
page heading:页首
footnote references:下角标注
spelling checkers:拼写检查器
mail-merge:通信格式生成
personalize form letters and memos:私人性质形式的信件和备忘录
sales revenues:销售收入
production costs:生产成本
spreadsheet program:电子表格生成程序
scrolling and windowing:滚动及多窗口显示
file loading:文档下载
[1]Perfect copy can be produced before a single character is printed.
（这样）所生成的文本可在处理得完美无缺后再进行打印。
[2]A variety of word processing programs is available commercially.
在市面上可买到多种（版本）的文字处理程序。
[3]Following the insertion, the text is closed up, with the computer adjusting line lengths and spacing to integrate the additional text.
插入工程完成后，随着计算机调整每行长度和安置欲插入的文本的工作的进行，新的文本便合成了。
[4]The block of text to be moved or copied is marked and the cursor is placed at the location in the document where the text is to appear.
先将欲移动或复制的那整块文本做上记号，然后将光标放置在该块文本在文件中所出现的地方。
[5]The “search and replace” feature allows for selected changes to be made to some or all occurences of a particular character, word, or phrase.
搜索及替换功能可实现对选定的字母、单词或短语的某些部分或整体进行有选择性的修改。
[6] The computer searches through the document, character by character, to find the indicated text.
计算机在整个文件中逐字逐字地进行搜索，以便查找出指定的修改文件。
[7]Depending upon the instruction the operator provides, the computer either stops at each indicated occurrence and allows the operator to change the wording, or automatically replaces the text with the requested change.
根据操作员所提供的不同指令，计算机或是停止在每一指定的更改处，让操作员对字符进行更改，或是用所需的更改内容自动替换原文本。
[8]Within many word processing programs, automatic tabulation is available to align columns of text or numbers.
在许多文字处理程序中，可运用自动列对齐程序对文本或数据进行列对齐。
[9]A special feature of many word processing packages is the automatic alignment of numbers around decimal points, and the capability for row and column arithmetic.
许多文件处理软件包的特定功能，就是围绕小数点对数字自动进行列对齐，并能进行行和列的算术运算。
[10]Blocks of text, such as page heading, that will appear on every page of the document can be entered once and then copied automatically onto each subsequent page.
像文件的每一页的开头都会出现的（具有固定格式的）页首那样的文本板块，一旦一次性输入后，便可自动地复制到后续的各页中。
[11]These spelling checkers advance through the text and compare each word with the word list stored in the dictionary.
这些拼写检查器将整个文本中的字词，逐个逐个地与词典中存储的字词进行比较。
[12]List of names and addresses can be stored separately from a document.
经常保持通信联系的人的名单和地址，可与文件分开存放。
[13]Data, mailing addresses, salutation lines, and other individualized blocks of text can be integrated within documents so that a standard document does not have to be retyped for each addressee.
数据、通信地址、称呼及文本就不必每次都重打印了。
[14]Options typically permit choices of type styles and pitches, automatic page numbering, right-margin justification, and printing of multiple copies.
通常的选项有如下几种：字体和行距、页码自动标记、右边界对齐，以及多份打印等。[15]Then, the actual revenue and expense amounts would be keyed into six consecutive columns, with each column representing a one-month period.
然后，将实际的收入及支出之值键入到六个相邻的列中，每一列代表一个月的时间周期。[16]After these formulas have been entered into the worksheet, the calculations can be performed by the computer, which outputs a comparision of the two amounts over the six-month period.
当该运算公式进入表格后，其通过计算机运算的结果，便是六个月内的总收入和总支出的比较情况。
[17]Great flexibility is provided to rearrange rows and columns for convenience of analysis or for presentation impact.
为了分析的方便和整个表格的视觉效果，软件在调整行和列的方面具有很大的灵活性。[18]As in the case of the move and copy facilities, formulas and cell relationships are maintained automatically by the software whenever row and column references are changed.
当处于和移动及复制状态时，一旦行和列的计数改变，软件会将运算公式与所处的方格之间的关系自动地维持下来。
[19]Values can be placed within the cells of a spreadsheet in one of two ways: The user can key the figures into the table using simple editing commands to insert, delete, change, and format values, or the values can be loaded into the table from a data file.
数据可以用一下两种方法放置于表格中的方格内：一种是用户运用简单的编辑命令，将数据、以插入、删除、修改、或格式化等方法输入表格中。另一种是将数据从数据文档中下载到表格内。
Unit 4 Personal Computer Data Management and Business Graphics
专业词汇:
data management:数据管理
pencil-and-paper system:用于手工书写的铅笔纸张系统
interfaces with programming language:与程序编程之间的接口
electronic file drawer:电子文档抽屉
multiple-file access:多文档通道
cross-referencing:交叉比照
business graphics:商务绘图
summarize masses of numbers within:将大量的数据信息浓缩于
bar chart:棒形图
break down of operation expense:运行费用的分摊
pie chart:饼形图
line graph:曲线图
a set of graphic techniques:一组绘图技术
analytic graphics:图形分析技术
presentation graphics:演示图
color slides or transparency:幻灯片
[1]Once a company’s major accounting and data processing applications have been computerized, the files that support these applications actually represent, or model, the organization.
一旦公司的主要业务及数据处理都已计算机化了，支持这些应用的文件实际上就代表了这些公司，或者说是这些公司的模型。
[2]Consider the value of computer-maintained records in a typical company.
看看那些常见的公司用计算机所保存的记录，就可知计算机的作用了，这些公司保存的记录有下列几种。
[3]It is also possible to determine how these data items are to be maintained in computer files and how they can be accessed for operational and analytic users.
也可以自行决定这些数据项目如何存在计算机档案中，以及运行和分析人员如何能得到这些数据项目。
[4]A personal computer can be an efficient and economical way to do this necessary job,as long as the manager works within an awareness of requirements and potential problems.
只要管理人员对需求及潜在问题有足够的认识，个人计算机将是做这种必要工作既有效而又经济的工具。
[5]Other special aids and prompts are included to make it easy for an operator to fill in the forms. 程序中还有一些特殊的辅助方法和提示，可让操作员很容易地填写表格。
[6]For example, a file of customer order forms can be indexed and arranged alphabetically on the basis of customer names,
or numerically according to customer numbers.
例如，客户的文档可按命令的形式检索，也可按基于客户名的字母顺序安排，或是按照客户号数顺序来安排。
[7]For example, a business might assign the same secondary key value to all records of employees who live in the same town.
例如，某个公司可能会将相同的第二关键词，安排给居住在同一城市中的所有雇员的文档记录。
[8]Other secondary keys could be used to locate the records for all employees who work in the same department, for all employees who earn the same pay rate, and so on.
而另一些第二关键词则用来寻找工作在相同部门所有雇员的记录，或者是其工资相同的雇员的记录，等等。
[9]During retrieval, some packages sort the documents according to the primary and secondary key fields so that the documents can be viewed in a particular sequence.
在提取过程中，某些软件可将文件按第一和第二个关键词域进行分类，以便文件能按一定顺序阅读。
[10]Therefore, filing software provides methods for retrieving records and allowing the user to change the values of data fields.
因此，文档软件提供提取记录及允许用户改变数据域的方法。
[11]These routines allow for direct printing of a stored documents, or through use of the retrieval techniques mentioned above, the printing of selected documents and data items.
这些程序可用来直接打印所存储的文件，或者通过运用上述提取技术，打印部分文件及数据项。
[12]One of the most common uses of filing systems is to maintain mailing lists from which mailing labels can be generated and printed.
文档系统最普遍应用的一种方法是保存通信地址录，以便根据其编号生成和打印出通信地址。
[13]Such software packages can be used to generate source documents for data entry, to maintain customer and employee files, to establish personal calendar and reminder files, to create and maintain business transaction files, and to maintain mailing lists.
这些软件包能用于进行数据输入、维护客户及雇员的档案、建立个人日历和备忘录文档、创建及维护商务贸易档案，以及保存通信地址录等的源文件。
[14]Database management systems often provide for larger storage capacities, more elaborate searching, sorting, and merging techniques, a greater variety of mathematical functions, and more flexibility of use.
由于数据库管理系统的存储容量大，因此其搜索、分类、合并的技术更精细，数学运算功能更多样，运用更灵活。
[15]The primary difference between electronic filing systems and database management systems lies in the number of files that can be processed simultaneously.
电子文档系统与数据库管理系统之间的最基本的不同之处是它们所能同时处理的文档数。
[16]A database management system requires considerably more design and programming effort than is required to define a typical filing system.
进行数据库管理系统的设计和编程，要比制作一个常见文档系统所花费的气力大的多。[17]By scanning the comparative lengths of the bars, a sales manager can tell, at a glance, the relative sales revenue figures produced by the different offices.
只要扫视一下这些棒的相对长度，销售经理一眼便能得知不同部门销售情况的差异。[18]This circle would be “sliced” into pieces that correspond in size with the proportions, or percentages, of expenses incurred by employee salaries, office supplies, furniture and fixtures, telephone and mailing expenses, and other cost categories.
这个饼形被切成数块，其每一块的大小与其所代表的哪一个部门的开销，在总的开销中所占的比例，即百分数一一对应，而该部门的所有开销又包括雇员的工资、部门支出、家具和设备、电话和邮资，以及其他各类开支。
[19]Line graphs are drawn on a grid with the horizontal axis representing increments of time and the vertical axis represent amounts of money or other quantitative measures.
曲线图在坐标图中绘出，其水平轴表示时间，垂直轴代表金额或其他所需表示的量。[20]The visual outputs summarize the results of these activities so that a manager can evaluate the policies and operating procedures that led to the results.
这种生动的输出形式明了地概括这些商务活动所产生的结果，以便经理能对产生这些结果的策略和运行程序做出评估。
[21]Presentation graphics are used for making presentations to groups of people rather than for individual, private analysis of quantitative information.
演示图用于对一群人而不是个别的人进行展示，以便进行数量信息方面的分析。
Unit 5 Personal Computer Data Communication
coaxial cables:同轴电缆
telecommunication channel:远程通信信道
microwave carrier:微波载波
data communications:数据通信
modem:调制解调器
modulator:调制器
demodulator:解调器
compatible modem:兼容性调制解调器
establish necessary connection:建立线路上的必要连接
call mainframe computer over telephone lines:通过电话线访问主机；
transmission of account numbers and passwords:输入账号和密码；
sign on to system：签字登录进入系统；
local-area network(LAN):局域网;
download:下载;
upload:上传;
voice-grade:语音传送级别;
standard telephone line:标准电话线；
telephone cables：电话电缆;
financial database:财务数据库
medical database:医药数据库
educational database:教育数据库
encyclopedic database:百科数据库
law database:法律数据库
stand-alone system:独立系统
management presentation:管理层的陈述
office, administrative, professional, and management personnel：行政管理部门、技术业务部门integrated software package:集成软件包
[1]The term data communications refers to the capability of computers to exchange data over telecommunications channels such as telephone lines, coaxial cables, and microwave carriers.
数据通信指的是计算机通过电话线、同轴电缆、微波载波等这样一些远程通信线路交换数据的能力。
[2]However, the processing power of a PC can be enhanced considerably through communication with other microcomputers and with lager mainframe computers.
然而，如若将个人计算机与其他的微机及大型主（计算）计之间用通信方式联系起来，其处理能力将得到相当大的提高。
[3]In general, a modem translates the digital signals generated by the computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over communications channels.
总体来说，调制解调器将计算机产生的数字信号转换为能够在通信线路中传送的模拟信号。
[4]When this conversion is made, a computer can communicate with any other computer-anywhere in the world-that is equipped with a compatible modem.
有了这种转换，计算机便能与世界上任何地方的任何别的计算机进行通信（只要其装有兼容性的调制解调器）
[5]A basic function of communications software is to allow for terminal emulation, in which a microcomputer can function as an access terminal to a mainframe computer.
通信软件的基本功能是可让微型计算机代替主计算机作为终端显示，在执行该功能中，微型计算机只是作为主计算机的一个入口。
[6]The personal computer can call the mainframe computer over telephone lines, establish the necessary connection, and sign on to the system through transmission of account numbers and passwords.
个人计算机可与主机通过电话访问主机，也可在线路上建立必要的连接，并通过输入帐号及密码登录进入系统。
[7]These direct link-ups offer higher transmission speeds and better quality communication than do voice-grade telephone cables.
这些直接的连接方式要比处于语音传送级别的电话电缆的传送速度更高，通信质量更好。[8]With these services, personal computers have access to large databases, or libraries of
information, from which the personal computer user can download.
有了这些服务机构，个人计算机便可访问大型数据库或是信息图书馆，个人计算机的用户可在那里进行信息下载活动。
[9]Data communications facilities offer several word and data processing alternatives that are not possible with stand-alone system.
数据通信设备可提供多种文字及数据的处理方法供人选择，这是独立系统不可能做得到的。
[10]With data communications capabilities, the personal computer user can establish an electronic link with virtually any other person or computer in the world.
有了数据通信能力，个人计算机的用户实际上可与全世界的任何人或计算机建立起电子联系。
[11]The system is updated continually to provide both a current and a historic picture of business activity.
系统会不断地更新其数据，以便既提供当前的商务活动情况，也提供以往的商务活动状况。
[12]The manager can investigate trends, project the possible financial results of continued operations, or pose ”what if …”question concerning expected outputs of financial plans and policies.
这样经理便能研究其趋势，预测后续的运行可能会出现的财务结果，或者提出诸如‘如果出现这样的情况，那么结果究竟是怎样的？’这种关于对财务计划和政策走向的预测结果的问题。
[13]Thus, the spreadsheet package can be combined with the database management system to support decision making that relates to future commitments of a company financial resources.
因此，制表软件包可与数据库管理软件系统相结合，做出与公司的财务资源对公司未来会提供什么样的保障，以及与问题相关的决定。
[14]Also, the communications package could be used to access national financial data maintained in large databases. As mentioned previously, these databases are made available through nationwide communications networks.
此外，通信软件还可用于访问大型数据库以获取国家的财务数据，其原因是如前所述，这些数据库是系于国家通信网络而运用的。
[15]These graphic reports can be used during management presentations of the analysis results.
这些图表形式的报表，在管理层作分析结果的陈述时很有用。
[16]Depending on the features included in the word processing package, the tables, charts, and graphs produced by the spreadsheet program can be integrated within the text of the reports.
运用不同性能的文字处理软件包，便可将由制表程序所产生表格、曲线、图表等分别归并到报告的文本中去。
[17]Furthermore, users would benefit from software products whose file formats and processing commands are compatible from package to package.
此外，如若用户运用的软件中的文本格式和处理命令，在其软件包与软件包之间是可兼容的，那么这些用户将会从这种软件产品中受益。
[18]Integrated software provides for convenient transfers of data and text among all processing routines can be run concurrently.
集成软件可很方便地在所有的处理程序中进行间文本和数据转换。
[19]Through display of two or more programs on portions of the same screen, users can coordinate these multiple programs to run multiple processing routines.
通过运用在同一屏幕中的多个部分，同时显示两个或多个程序窗口这样的方法，用户可同时协调多个程序在多处运行。
Unit 6 Intelligent Technology
intelligent technology:智能技术
fuzzy predicates:模糊术语
forward-chaining:向前链接
fuzzy probabilities:模糊概率
expert system:专家系统
backward-chaining:后向链接
AI(Artificial Intelligence):人工智能
CASE:计算机辅助软件工程
SQL(Structured Query Languae)：结构化查询语言
knowledge base:知识库
MIS and DP:管理信息系统与数据处理
X Window System:一种图形和显示管理的工业标准
general-purpose workstation:通用工作站
CLOS(Common Lisp Object System):一种面向对象的编程和表达的工业标准
fuzzy truth value:模糊真值
user interfaces:用户接口
assembly or microcode:汇编语言或微处理码
[1]All three generations were oriented toward generic problem solving and represented generalized implementation environments for the construction of expert system, knowledge bases and AI application.
发展所有这三代智能技术是为着解决一些带有普遍性的问题，其代表专家系统的结构、知识库和人工智能应用抽象化的实施环境。
[2]Some of the solution-oriented products are also seamlessly integrated with generic knowledge-engineering environments, permitting end users to add custom rules and objects, as well as predefined knowledge-based logic to address problems in manufacturing simulation.
某些面向解决实际问题的产品也与一般知识工程环境进行无缝地连接，可令终端用户在其内添加用户自己规则和要求。此外，还可预先定义基于知识的逻辑，以解决制造业仿真中的问题。
[3]There will always be a tremendous demand for generic knowledge-engineering environments form such areas as the aerospace, defense, manufacturing, finance and telecommunications industries.
诸如宇航、国防、制造、金融和电信等这样一些部门，将一直会对一般知识工程环境有相当大的需求。
[4]The number of potential problems far out weights the ability of the few companies in that field to build prepackaged intelligent solution.
其潜在的需求数量，远远超出在此领域中拥有创建预包装的智能解决方法为数不多的那几家公司的能力。
[5]However, the key to intelligent technology becoming widespread and omnipresent lies in products that solve problems.
然而，智能技术能广为推广和深入各行业的关键，就在于其能提供解决问题的产品。[6]Important in this area is the environment’s ability to handle SQL,an industry standard for communicating with relational databases; the X Window System, an industry standard for graphics and presentation management; and CLOS, an industry standard for object oriented
programming and representation.
在这个领域中，重要的是此环境的各种能力，即处理结构查询化语言（一种与相关的数据库进行通信的工业标准）的能力，处理X Window System（一种图形和显示管理的工业标准）的能力，以及处理CLOS（一种面向对象的编程和表达的工业标准）的能力。
[7]The year 1965 signaled the birth of a new branch of computer and cognitive science referred to as artificial intelligence (AI).
1965年标志着计算机和认知科学一个新分支的诞生，这就是通常所说的人工智能。
[8]The third and current stage of AI computer-system evolution is characterized by advances in AI integration, a transition from prototyping to incremental development and a shift back to AI on general-purpose computers.
人工智能计算机系统发展的第三阶段，也就是当前的这个阶段，是以人工智能的集成化的进步为特征的，这种进步既是由原型产生向其增量开发的一种转换，又人工智能返回到通用的计算机的运用上了。
[9]Although both of these trends spur AI integration, more important is the current trend to treat AI development as conventional software development.
尽管这两种倾向刺激了人工智能的集成化，但当前更重要的是将人工智能的开发作为常规的软件开发。
[10]Occuring in parallel with the shift to conventional software development for AI applications was a move from prototyping to incremental development.
与人工智能应用转到常规软件开发的同时，所出现的是从原型产生向其增量开发方向转移。
[11]Because AI tools provided better support for integration, it was possible to build and test increasingly complete versions of the final system.
因为人工智能工具为集成化提供了更好的支持，因此其能为最终的系统编制和测试逐步完整的版本。
[12]Prototyping, however, continues to be important as a means of answering focused questions that facilitate the incremental development of software.
然而，原型将继续是回答实现软件的增量开发这样一个焦点问题的重要方法。
[13]With the introduction of powerful workstations and advances in compilation technology, it became possible in the mid 1980s to implement efficient versions of symbolic programming languages on conventional computer systems.
随着功能强劲的工作站的出现和编辑技术的进步，20世纪80年代中期，在常规计算机系统上实现符号编程的高效版本已成为可能。
[14]When Lofti Zadeh introduced the idea that computers could act on shades of gray information instead of the traditional clear cut yes no operations currently used ,he was often mocked by the scientific community, sometimes for little more than the unscientific name he attached to his theory—“fuzzy logic”.
当Lofti Zadeh提出计算机能作为灰度信息的一种斜度，而不是现在运用的传统的是与非的运算的思想时，他常常遭到科学界的嘲笑，有时只不过是由于他给其理论起了“模糊逻辑”这样一个不科学的名字而已。
[15]But Zadeh, a professor of computer science and electrical engineering at the University of California at Berkeley, is having the last laugh 25 years later.
但是，身为加州大学伯克利分校的一名计算机科学与电子工程教授，Zadeh在25年之后却笑到了最后。
[16]The gain in acceptance has not been overnight, but there has been a quantum jump as a result of development in Japan.
要人们接受它不是一夜之间就能实现的，但是日本方面对模糊逻辑的开发却产生了量的跃变。
[17]Some of the products include a trading program for Yamaichi Securities Ltd. on the Tolyo market, which often responds to fads as well as the economic logic used in Wall Street, train controls, auto-focus cameras, elevator controls and automatic transmissions.
有些产品包括Yamaichi证券公司的一个交易程序，其在东京股票市场上是常用的工具。此外，还有些产品可运用于华尔街的经济逻规律的分析、列车的运行控制、自动聚焦照相机、电梯控制，以及自动传输等。
[18]Since the computer science community in the U.S. has been resistant to fuzzy logic, few indigenous corporations have any basis for developing products using it.
由于美国的计算机科学界对模糊逻辑采取抵制态度，因而几乎没有纯粹的美国本土公司具有开发利用此项技术的产品的任何基础。
专升本英语阅读理解50 篇 (1) One sho u ld be moderate（适度）in a ll things. Moderation i s a l ways the safes t way to do t h ing s and a v irtu e（品质）we shou ld have. Let's take th e stodcnt Ii fe for exam pl e. The re arc some students who s tu dy too hard a nd play 100 little, while there are o th ers who play too mu c h and study too linle. On o n e hand, it is harm fu l 10 his heallh i f h c ha s too few exercises, and on the o th e r hand, i t is harmful 10 h is mind if h c pl ays t oo mu c h. In th e matter of eating, one a l so shou l d be m odera t e. Do not eat 100 much or 100 li ule. Too much eat in g wi ll m ake you s ick, whi l e 100 litt le eating will make yo u weak T h e man of progrcss i s h e who neithcr has I OO h ig,h an opin i on of h imse lf nor Ihin ks lOO poorly of h imse lf. l f a man thinks 100 hig h ly of h imse l f, he is sure 10 become very pro ud, but ifhe has 100 poor an o pini on of h i m self, h e w ill ha ve no courage 10 make an adva n ce. Bo 由lh c cond 山ons above wi ll make you l ose your advancing a im. A broad m i nded man i s he w h o a l ways moves with in the o rbit （轨道）of rca onab l cness. W h c1hcr in any aetivilies in life, moderation i s one of the be t ways 10enjoy re a l happin css. I . ''Someone c modcra1e" mea n s A.he wa l ks neither 100 fast nor 100 s l owly B.h e hasgood characters and good ways to do things C. h e i s not on l y safe bu1 a l so successful D. he i s e i1h crt a ll o r shor l 2.T h e ,vriter s u gge 1s that a st u dcn l shou l d A, have much more time to st ud y 1han10 play B.spend m ost of 1h c time playing difleren1 games C.on l y study hard w i t h o ut any 1irne to play D.correct l y arrange （安排）h i s time for study and play 3. Modcra1c eating m eans A.eating as much food as o n e ca n if 1he food i s 1a t y B.eating food ri ch of fa1 C.eati n g a proper amounl of food D.eating either too much or 100 l i1t l e 4 , If one want to be br oad-minded. he must A.believe in himself B.be full of co u r age C.enjoy rea l happine s D, do every1h ing that i s reasonable 答案：B D C D (2) Daniel Boone was born in the U n i ted States in 1734. He didn't go to schoo l a nd cou l dn't r ead, a lth ough h e l earned a ll about th e fo r csl , streams and hunting. He could move sile nt ly lik e an Indian l eaving no marks. He l oved to li ve alone in th e woods where nothing frightened him When he grew up, he married an d tri ed t o 沁ide down o n a farm. A year la t er, however, h e wasn't sa ti sfie d a nd decided t o go i nt o the unknown western land s, crossing the Appalachian Mou nt ai n s. Whe n he returned a 仆er l\vo years, hebecame famous for h is lo n g journey. He brought va lu ab l e an im a l sk in s and t o ld stories about the Indians. After thi s, he cho沁10 keep travelling to unknown places. Once he lost t o the Indians in batt le and was taken away. T h e Indian. li ked him and bec"1me his frie n岱 Daniel Boone died a t the age of86.He i s remembered as a n ex p lo r c（-r探险者）a nd a p i o n eer who lived an exciting li fe in the early years of American nation I . Daniel Boone's ea-rly li fe was mainly s p en t i n A. l earn ing about nature 8. hunting wi th his friends
2018年北京高职升本科招生统一考试 英语试卷 本试卷共8页，共100分。考试时长120分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or works from the 4 choices marked A.,B.,C. and D. then you should write the letter in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet. 1. —All the streets are wet. —Yes, didn’t you know? _______ for 20 minutes. A. It’s raining B. It’s been raining C. It was raining D. It had rained 2. Here’s your money—if I were you, I__________ it in the bank right now. A. put B. have put C. would put D. should have put 3. ________in 1896, Thomson School is proud of its excellent reputation. A. Establish B. Establishing C. Established D. To establish 4. I believe his design is ________, for it’s completely different from others ’. A. common B. original C. practical D. reliable 5. Being curious, working hard, and believing in____________ was true made Jenny a success. A. what B. that C. which D. whether 6. The painters say that _________ the downstairs rooms by Wednesday afternoon. A. They’ll finish B. they’ve finished C. they’re going to finish D. they’ll have finished 7. I am sick of all the quarreling among politicians who____________ be concentrating on vital issues. A. could B. must C. might D. should 8. The new law will have a great effect___________ the lives of most people. A. about B. in C. on D. of 9. More and more people are coming to appreciate the contribution______________ these talents make to our society. A. which B. where C. when D. whom 10. If you travel frequently, find an agency that will change one foreign currency directly into__________ . A. others B. another C. the other D. one another 11. The expression on her face suggested that she_____________ glad to go shopping with me. A. was B. is C. will be D. should be 12. Weather_________ , we will go boating this afternoon. A. to permit B. permit C. permitted D. permitting 13. All parents worry about_____ their children are getting enough of the right foods. A. how B. when C. whether D. where 14.The quickest way was to use the car. It was a risk_____________ he decided it had to be taken. A. and B. but C. for D. or 15.We are said__________ in the Digital Age. A. living B. lived C. to have lived D. to be living
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
[专升本类试卷]河北专接本英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷7 0 Long before recorded history, our ancestors were bathing for pleasure and health. The earliest records often mention the use of rivers for bathing. And the Hindus have believed for centuries that the Ganges River has the power to clean the soul, as well as the body. Several thousand years ago, the inhabitants of the island of Crete built baths with running water. The early Jews took ceremonial baths on certain occasions, making use of oils and ointments(油膏). The Jews also had a custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates. This friendly custom is still practised in parts of Palestine. Swimming was popular among the Greeks of ancient time. By the third century before Christ, almost every Greek city of a certain size had at least one public bath. The wealthy classes had private baths and pools, some of which were beautifully decorated. Many of the public baths that the Romans built utilized natural mineral springs. Since most of these springs were naturally warm the Romans took advantage of this free hot water. By the time of the Roman Emperors, these baths were often housed in large, marble(大理石) buildings. The baths built by the Emperor Caracalla, in the center of Rome, covered about one square mile and could hold sixteen thousand people. 1 The earliest bathing place was probably_____. （A）the river （B）the Nile （C）the Ganges （D）the River Jordan 2 According to the passage, today, some parts of Palestine also have the custom of_____. （A）bathing in public baths （B）bathing for pleasure
transistor n 晶体管 diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体 resistor n 电阻器 capacitor n 电容器 alternating adj 交互的 amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路 linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数 tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的 adj 非传导性的 deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差 linear device 线性器件 the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 anode n 阳极，正极 cathode n 阴极 breakdown n 故障；崩溃 terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器 collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器 gain n 增益，放大倍数 forward biased 正向偏置 reverse biased 反向偏置 P-N junction PN结 MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体 enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型 integrated circuits 集成电路 analog n 模拟 digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表 frequency n 频率，周率 the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 signal generating device 信号发生器 peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波 triangle wave 三角波 square wave 方波 amplifier 放大器，扩音器 oscillator n 振荡器 feedback n 反馈，回应 phase n 相，阶段，状态 filter n 滤波器，过滤器 rectifier n整流器；纠正者 band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 band-pass filter 带通滤波器 decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的 domain n 域；领域 code n代码，密码，编码v编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片 modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器 plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 dedicated manufactures programming unit 专 供制造厂用的编程单元 beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁 polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化 Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管 neuron n神经元；神经细胞 fuzzy adj 模糊的 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 Expert Systems 专家系统 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwave n 微波 charge v充电，使充电 insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的 antenna n天线；触角 modeling n建模，造型 simulation n 仿真；模拟 prototype n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量 wavelet n 微波，小浪 sine 正弦cosine 余弦 inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v 倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序 设计 spectral adj 光谱的 attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释 distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形 wavelength n 波长 refractive adj 折射的 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode ADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriber line VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digital subscriber line HDSL高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber line FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access) WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据 链路控制 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路 控制 IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer Control Protocol)网络传输控制协议 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟 ISO国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）； OSI开放式系统互联参考模型（Open System Interconnect） GSM全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications） GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet Radio Service) FDD(frequency division duplex)频分双工 TDD(time division duplex)时分双工 VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual Path Identifier）； ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）综 合业务数字网 IDN综合数字网（integrated digital network） HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换 VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识 MAN城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN局域网local area network WAN广域网wide area network 同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex transmission 全双工传输full-duplex transmission 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switching 分组交换packet switching 报文交换message switching 奇偶校验parity checking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering 伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocation 信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital transmission technology 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Grey scale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换Hard Handover 相干检测Coherent detection 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合service separation/ integration 网络集合network integration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网Token Ring network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization（通道利用率） 相关性coherence 相干解调coherent demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compression 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression 解压decompression 呼叫控制Call Control 误差控制error control 存储程序控制stored program control 存储转发方式store-and-forward manner 语音\视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视Video Conference 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication 多址干扰Multiple Access Interference 人机交互man machine interface 交互式会话Conversational interaction
广东工业大学2013年度上学期英语考试（B）卷 Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure ( 20 x 1 = 20 ) Directions: In this section , there are 26 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and blacken the corresponding letter. 1. I have never read such a ______ book! A. bored B. bore C. boring D. born 2. He was famous both at home and ______. A. board B. aboard C. broad D. abroad 3. Grandpa once ______ a family of ten on seven dollars a week. A. raised B. arose C. rose D. risen 4. I _____ smoke, but now I have given up. A. was used to B. got used to C. used to D. am used to 5. He had been sent to England at the age of eight to ________ a school in London. A. tend B. attend C. trend D. intend 6. I really ______ the weekend because that’s when we can spend some time together. A. look out for B. look forward to C. look down to D. look around for 7. We do the same job although I am senior ______ him.
大学英语阅读理解辅导资料：（共45题） Passage 1 The Antarctic is actually a desert. It is the only continent on the earth without a river or a lake. The Antarctic is all ice all year round. The warmest temperature ever recorded there is zero, at the South Pole. Explorers used to think that a place so cold would have a heavy snowfall. But less than ten inches of snow falls each year. That is less than half an inch of water. Ten times that much moisture falls in parts of the Sahara. The little snow that falls in Antarctica never melts. It continues to pile up deeper and deeper year after year. When the snow gets to be about eighty feet deep it is turned to ice by the weight of the snow above it. 1. Antarctica is called a desert because it ________. A. is sandy B. has the same temperature as a desert C. has little moisture and no lakes or rivers D. All of the above 2. The Antarctic has ________. A. ten times as much moisture as the Sahara B. the same amount of moisture as the Sahara C. about one-tenth the moisture of the Sahara D. None of these. 3. The temperature in the Antarctic is ________. A. always above zero B. always below zero C. never recorded D. Both B and C 4. The snow in Antarctica is very deep because it ________. A. never stops falling B. piles up year after year C. never melts D. Both B and C 5. The snow turns to ice when ________. A. it gets wet B. the temperature gets colder C. the next snowfall comes D. the snow above it is heavy enough 答案：CDBDD Passage 2 Astronomers ( 宇航员) can tell just how hot the surface of the moon gets. The side of the moon toward the sun gets two degrees hotter than boiling water. The night side reaches 243 degrees below zero. In a lunar eclipse (月食) the earth's shadow falls on the moon. Then the moon's temperature may drop 300 degrees in a very short time. A temperature change like this cannot happen on the earth. Why does it happen on the moon? Astronomers know that the surface of the moon is dust. On the earth, rocks store heat from the sun. When the sun goes down, the rocks stay warm. But the dust of the moon cannot store heat. So when the moon gets dark, the heat escapes quickly. The moon gets very cold.
河南省 2016 年普通高等学校 专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试 公共英语 Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure ( 1 x 40 ) Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence, and then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.- 1. Jane hadn't been to London before. ______ had her husband. A. Neither B. Either C. So D. Or 2. No sooner had he arrived in Rome ______ he heard of the good news. A. when B. than C. then D. until 3. I’m for the suggestion that a special board_____to examine the problem. A. be set up B. will be set up C.must be set up D.has to be set up 4. The disabled children need many things, but____ , they need love. A. first of all B.not at all C.after all D. All in all 5. The coal industry in the north of China is now barely half its ____size. A. Formal B.former https://www.doczj.com/doc/eb11305787.html,tter D. later 6. The football player is hoping to____ to another team soon. A. Transfer B.transport C.transplant D. transact 7. ____the garden, the old man went to have a rest.